Wikipedia simplewiki https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk MOS MOS talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 308 10967209 10957073 2026-08-19T05:04:59Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of green color comparison chart */ 10967209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox color | title = Green | hex = 00FF00 | image = {{photomontage |photo1a=Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg |photo1b=Rotbugara 2010.JPG |photo1c=Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg |photo2a=First three female Marines graduate Infantry training course 131121-M-JR212-165.jpg |photo2b=Limes.jpg |photo2c=Billiard table1.JPG |photo3a=Champ de blé Côte-d'Or Bourgogne avril 2014.jpg |photo3b= |photo3C= | size = 243 | color_border = #AAAAAA | color = #F9F9F9 | foot_montage = }} | caption = Clockwise, from top left: [[Spain|Spanish]] gold and [[emerald]] pendant; [[chestnut-fronted macaw]]; ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]]; a [[billiards]] table; countryside in [[France]]; a graduating class of [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]]; [[Lime (fruit)|limes]] | wavelength = 495{{ndash}}570 | frequency = ≈575{{ndash}}525 | source = |r=0|g=100|b=0}} {{colorswatch|green|00FF00}} '''Green''' is a [[color]] between the [[yellow]] and [[blue]] colors in the [[rainbow]]. Green is a [[primary color]] (a color that can be mixed with another color) of [[light]]. The others are [[red]] and [[blue]]. Green and blue are next to each other on the spectrum, and there are languages which do not distinguish between them. Examples are old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese. Green [[paint]] can be made by mixing yellow paint and blue tempera paint together. Green light, like all light, is [[quanta]]—composed of [[photon]]s. The [[wavelength]] of green light is about 550 [[nanometer]]s (one-billionth of a [[meter]]). Most [[leaf|leaves]] of growing [[plant]]s, such as [[tree]]s and [[shrub|bush]]es, are green. This is because there is a [[chemical]] in leaves, called [[chlorophyll]], which is colored green. See [[color vision]] for more on the significance of green. {{-}} == Meaning of green == * Green is used as a color associated with [[jealousy]]. The phrase "green-eyed monster" means a jealous person. * The color green is the color of nature. Having a "green thumb" means that you're good at gardening.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green thumb definition|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/green-thumb|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/green%20thumb|title=Green thumb|publisher=Merriam-Webster's Learners Dictionary}}</ref> *Green is a color associated with poison. [[Paris green]] is a highly [[toxic]] [[chemical compound]]. *Green is a color of the Islamic religion and [[Islamism]]. Search the shade "Islamic Green" below. * Green is also the color of sickness. The phrase "green around the gills" is an expression implying that the person is nauseated. {{-}} == Comparison of greens == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- !Name !width=100|Color !HEX Code !Red !Green !Blue !Hue !Sat !Lum |- |Green(Ao English) Hulk |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #000000"|RGB 0,128,0 |#008000 |0 |128 |0 |120° |100% |100% |- |[[Spring green|Spring Green]](Guppie Green) |style = "background-color: #00ff7f; color: #000000"|RGB 0,255,127 |#00FF7F |0 |255 |128 |150° |100% |100% |- |Electric green(Bright Green) Lime(Web)/Hourbour |style = "background-color: #00ff00;color: #ffffff"|RGB 0,255,0 |#00FF00 |0 |255 |0 |120° |100% |50% |- |Sea Green/Lake Green |style = "background-color: #2b8e57; color: #ffffff"|RGB 46,139,87 |#2B8E57 |46 |139 |87 |146° |67% |54% |} == Tones of green color comparison chart == '''Green''' is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by range with a [[wavelength]] of roughly 570-520 [[Nanometre|nm]]. {| width=100% |- |style = "background-color: #f5fffa;"| Mint Cream (web color) (Hex: #F5FFFA) (RGB: 245, 255, 250) |- |style = "background-color: #f0fff0;"| Honeydew (web color) (Hex: #F0FFF0) (RGB:240, 255, 240) |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- |style = "background-color: #e6f8f3;"| Off Green (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E6F8F3) (RGB: 230, 248, 243) |- |style = "background-color: #dbfff8;"| Frosted Mint (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #DBFFF8) (RGB: 219, 255, 248) |- |style = "background-color: #7fffd4;"| Tipler (web color) (Hex:#7FFFD4) (RGB: 127, 255, 212) |- |style = "background-color: #98fb98;"| [[Pale green]] (web color) (Hex: #98FB98) (RGB: 152, 251, 152) |- |style = "background-color: #90ee90;"| Light Green (web color) (Hex: #90EE90) (RGB: 144, 238, 144) |- |style = "background-color: #ade6c4;"| Padua (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #ADE6C4) (RGB: 173, 230, 196) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- |style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- |style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style="background-color: #ecf245;" | Starship (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E3DD39) (RGB: 227, 221, 57) |- |style = "background-color: #dfff00;"| Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- |style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- |style = "background-color: #C9DC87;"| Medium Spring Bud (Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #C9DC87) (RGB: 201, 220, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| [[Lime (color)|Lime]] (Maerz & Paul) Bitter Lime (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Growth Green (Plochere))(Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #c0d8b6;"| Pixie Green (Xona.com Color List)(Hex: #C0D8B6) (RGB: 192, 216, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #d0f0c0;"| Tea Green (Hex: #D0F0C0) (RGB: 208, 240, 192) |- |style = "background-color: #cbe3d7;"| Edgewater (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CBE3D7) (RGB: 200, 227, 215) |- |style = "background-color: #b4cfd3;"| Jungle Mist (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #B4CFD3) (RGB: 180, 207, 211) |- |style = "background-color: #ace1af;"| Celadon (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #ACE1AF) (RGB:172, 225, 175) |- |style = "background-color: #addfad;"| Light Moss Green (Moss Green www.99colors.net) (Hex: #ADDFAD) (RGB:173, 223, 173) |- |style = "background-color: #aaf0d1;"| Magic Mint (Crayola) (Hex: #AAF0D1) (RGB:170, 240, 209) |- | style = "background-color: #98ff98;"| Mint Green (Hex: #98FF98) (RGB:152, 255, 152) |- | style="background-color: #66ff66; " | Ultra Green (Crayola: Screamin’ Green) (Hex: #66FF66) (RGB: 102, 255, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff3f;"| [[Erin (color)|Erin]] (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00FF3F) (RGB: 0, 255, 63) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff7f;"| [[Spring green]] (web color) (Hex: #00FF7F) (RGB: 0, 255, 127) |- |style = "background-color: #00fa9a;"| Medium Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #00FA9A) (RGB: 0, 250, 154) |- |style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff00;"| Electric green / (Bright Green) (web color "Lime") (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #39ff14;"| Neon Green (www.layoutspace.com) (Hex: #39FF14) (RGB: 57, 255, 20) |- | style = "background-color: #77dd77;"| Pastel Green (Hex: #77DD77) (RGB: 119, 221, 119) |- | style = "background-color: #6ca66c;"| Green Gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108) |- |style = "background-color: #0bda51;"| Malachite (Maer & Paul) (Hex: #0BDA51) (RGB: 11, 218, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #03C03C;"| Dark Pastel Green (Hex: #03C03C) (RGB: 3, 192, 60) |- |style = "background-color: #32b141;"| Classic Green (Pantone TPX 16-6340) (Hex: #32B141) (RGB: 50, 177, 65) |- |style = "background-color: #4cbb17;"| Kelly Green (Hex: #4CBB17) (RGB: 76, 187, 23) |- |style = "background-color: #71cc51;"| Green Flash (Pantone TPX 15-0146) (Hex: #71CC51) (RGB: 113, 204, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #74c365;"| Mantis (Praying Mantis) (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #74C365) (RGB: 116, 195, 101) |- |style = "background-color: #50c878;"| Emerald Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #50C878) (RGB: 80, 200, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #66ddaa;"| Medium Aquamarine (web color) (Hex: #66DDAA) (RGB:102, 205, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #00cc99;"| Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153) |- |style = "background-color: #99cc66;"| Dull Green (Hex: #99CC66) (RGB: 153, 204, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #20b2aa;"| Light Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #3cb371;"| Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113) |- |style = "background-color: #00a550;"| Pigment Green (CMYK) (Hex: #00A550) (RGB: 0, 165, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #00ab66;"| GO Green (GO Transit (Toronto)) (Hex: #00AB66) (RGB: 0, 171, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00a86b;"| Jade Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00A86B) (RGB: 0, 168, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #009f6b;"| Green (NCS) (Hex: #009F6B) (RGB: 0, 159, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #1cac78;"| Green (Crayola) (Hex: #1CAC78) (RGB: 28, 172, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #00a877;"| Green (Munsell) (Munsell 5G Green) (Hex: #00A877) (RGB: 0, 168, 119) |- |style = "background-color: #3eb489;"| Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #29ab87;"| Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #29AB87) (RGB: 41, 171, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #00ad83;"| Green (Pantone) (Green Grey) (Hex: #00AD83) (RGB: 0, 173, 131) |- |style = "background-color: #00a693;"| Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147) |- |style = "background-color: #1ab385;"| Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #1AB385) (RGB: 26, 179, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #009b7d;"| Spanish Viridian (''Verde Verones'' Gallego & Sanz) (Hex: #009B7D) (RGB: 0, 155, 125) |- |style = "background-color: #009e60;"| Shamrock Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #009E60) (RGB: 0, 158, 96) |- |style = "background-color: #00993a;"| Christmas Green (Liquitex Soft Body Decorative colors) (Hex: #00993A) (RGB: 0, 153, 58) |- |style = "background-color: #009000;"| Islamic Green (Islamic flag) (Hex: #009000) (RGB: 0, 144, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #138808;"| India Green (Flag of India) (Hex: #138808) (RGB: 19, 136, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #2e8b57;"| Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB: 46, 139, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #228b22;"| Forest Green (web color) (Hex: #228B22) (RGB:34, 139, 34) |- |style = "background-color: #7da98d;"| Bay Leaf (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #7DA98D) (RGB: 125, 169, 141) |- |style = "background-color: #c0db50;"| Leaf Green (Hex: #C0DB50) (RGB: 192, 219, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #8fbc8f;"| Dark Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #8FBC8F) (RGB: 143, 188, 143) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD85) (RGB: 165, 197, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- |style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-Green (web color) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- |style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #87a96b; color: #ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #7BA05B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color: #ffffff"| Moss Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB:138, 154, 91) |- |style = "background-color: #78866b; color: #ffffff"| Camouflage Green (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #679267; color: #ffffff"| Russian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #679267) (RGB: 103, 146, 103) |- |style = "background-color: #6b8e23; color: #ffffff"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6B8E23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- |style = "background-color: #808000; color: #ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #44944a; color: #ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (Harlequin (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7e00; color: #ffffff"| Napier Green (Original British Racing Green) (Hex: #3B7E00) (RGB: 59, 126, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #507d2a; color:#ffffff"| Sap Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #507D2A) (RGB: 80, 125, 42) |- |style = "background-color: #4f7942; color:#ffffff"| Fern Green (Crayola) (Hex: #4F7942) (RGB: 79, 121, 66) | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #ffffff "| Green (Ao English) (HTML/CSS “Green”) (Grass) (Hex: #008000) (RGB: 0, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008080; color:#ffffff"| Teal (web color) (Hex: #008080) (RGB: 0, 128, 128) |- |style = "background-color: #0095b6; color:#ffffff"| Blue-Green (Crayola) (Hex: #0095B6) (RGB: 0, 149, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #009698; color: #ffffff "| Viridian Green (Pantone TPX 17-5126) (Hex: #009698) (RGB: 0, 150,152) |- |style = "background-color: #01796f; color: #ffffff "| Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB:1, 121, 111) |- |style = "background-color: #007474; color: #ffffff "| Skobeloff (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007474) (RGB: 0, 122, 116) |- |style = "background-color: #317873; color: #ffffff "| Myrtle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #317873) (RGB: 49, 120, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #2b6963; color: #ffffff "| Antique Green (Pantone TPX 18-5418) (Hex: #2B6963) (RGB: 43, 105, 99) |- |style = "background-color: #40826d; color: #ffffff "| Viridian (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB:64, 130, 109) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7a57; color: #ffffff"| Amazon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #3B7A57) (RGB: 59, 122, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #00755e; color: #ffffff"| Tropical Rainforest (Crayola) (Hex: #00755E) (RGB: 0, 117, 94) |- |style = "background-color: #177245; color: #ffffff "| Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #006a4e; color: #ffffff "| Bottle Green (Bangladesh Green) (Flag of Bangladesh) (Hex: #006A4E) (RGB: 0, 106, 78) |- |style = "background-color: #006600; color: #ffffff "| Pakistan Green (Flag of Pakistan) (Hex: #006600) (RGB: 0, 102, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #037949; color: #ffffff "| Medium Green (Hex: #037949) (RGB: 3, 121, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #006400; color: #ffffff "| Dark Green (web color) (Hex: #006400) (RGB: 0, 100, 0) |- |style="background-color: #056608; color: #ffffff "| Deep Green (Crayola: Green) (Hex: #056608) (RGB: 5, 102, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #306030; color:#ffffff"| Mughal Green (Flag of Mughal Empire) (Hex: #306030) (RGB: 48, 96, 98) |- |style = "background-color: #355e3b; color:#ffffff"| Hunter Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #355E3B) (RGB: 53, 94, 59) |- |style = "background-color: #4d5d53; color:#ffffff"| Feldgrau (Mindjunker) (Hex: #4D5D53) (RGB: 77, 93, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #4b5320; color:#ffffff"| Army Green (Hex: #4B5320) (RGB: 75, 83, 32) |- |style = "background-color: #444c38; color:#ffffff"| Rifle Green (Pantone TPX 19-0419) (Hex: #444C38) (RGB: 68, 76, 56) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #1b4d3e; color: #ffffff "| British Racing Green (Modern) (representative sample) (Hex: #1B4D3E) (RGB: 27, 77, 62) |- |style = "background-color: #004953; color: #ffffff "| Midnight Green (Eagle Green) (Hex: #004953) (RGB: 0, 73, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #004b49; color: #ffffff"| Deep Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #004B49) (RGB: 0, 75, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #354230; color: #ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |- |style = "background-color: #1c352d; color: #ffffff"| Medium Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1C352D) (RGB: 28, 53, 45) |- |style = "background-color: #123524; color: #ffffff "| Phthalo Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #123524) (RGB: 18, 53, 26) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2421; color: #ffffff"| Dark Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1A2421) (RGB: 26, 36, 33) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2118; color: #ffffff "| Charleston Green (Hex: #1A2118) (RGB: 26, 33, 24) |} == Green (web color) == Dark green is a color. {{colorswatch|green|008000}} == Related pages == {{commonscat}} * [[Color vision]] * [[List of colors]] * [[Chartreuse green]] * [[Emerald (color)|Emerald green]] * [[Erin (color)|Erin]] * [[Fruitamins (color)|Fruitamins]] *[[Grape (color)|Grape]] *[[Gray-green]] *[[Harlequin (color)|Harlequin green]] * [[Kiwi (color)|Kiwi green]] * [[Lime (color)|Lime green]] * [[Mint (color)|Mint green]] * [[Olive (color)|Olive green]] * [[Parrot (color)|Parrot]] * [[Spring green]] * [[Sweet Lime (color)|Sweet Lime green]] * [[Viridian]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Shades of green}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] 1ykj6b75mri8j9g87k1xhsj5lqo3ca7 10967213 10967209 2026-08-19T05:07:23Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of green color comparison chart */ 10967213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox color | title = Green | hex = 00FF00 | image = {{photomontage |photo1a=Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg |photo1b=Rotbugara 2010.JPG |photo1c=Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg |photo2a=First three female Marines graduate Infantry training course 131121-M-JR212-165.jpg |photo2b=Limes.jpg |photo2c=Billiard table1.JPG |photo3a=Champ de blé Côte-d'Or Bourgogne avril 2014.jpg |photo3b= |photo3C= | size = 243 | color_border = #AAAAAA | color = #F9F9F9 | foot_montage = }} | caption = Clockwise, from top left: [[Spain|Spanish]] gold and [[emerald]] pendant; [[chestnut-fronted macaw]]; ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]]; a [[billiards]] table; countryside in [[France]]; a graduating class of [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]]; [[Lime (fruit)|limes]] | wavelength = 495{{ndash}}570 | frequency = ≈575{{ndash}}525 | source = |r=0|g=100|b=0}} {{colorswatch|green|00FF00}} '''Green''' is a [[color]] between the [[yellow]] and [[blue]] colors in the [[rainbow]]. Green is a [[primary color]] (a color that can be mixed with another color) of [[light]]. The others are [[red]] and [[blue]]. Green and blue are next to each other on the spectrum, and there are languages which do not distinguish between them. Examples are old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese. Green [[paint]] can be made by mixing yellow paint and blue tempera paint together. Green light, like all light, is [[quanta]]—composed of [[photon]]s. The [[wavelength]] of green light is about 550 [[nanometer]]s (one-billionth of a [[meter]]). Most [[leaf|leaves]] of growing [[plant]]s, such as [[tree]]s and [[shrub|bush]]es, are green. This is because there is a [[chemical]] in leaves, called [[chlorophyll]], which is colored green. See [[color vision]] for more on the significance of green. {{-}} == Meaning of green == * Green is used as a color associated with [[jealousy]]. The phrase "green-eyed monster" means a jealous person. * The color green is the color of nature. Having a "green thumb" means that you're good at gardening.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green thumb definition|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/green-thumb|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/green%20thumb|title=Green thumb|publisher=Merriam-Webster's Learners Dictionary}}</ref> *Green is a color associated with poison. [[Paris green]] is a highly [[toxic]] [[chemical compound]]. *Green is a color of the Islamic religion and [[Islamism]]. Search the shade "Islamic Green" below. * Green is also the color of sickness. The phrase "green around the gills" is an expression implying that the person is nauseated. {{-}} == Comparison of greens == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- !Name !width=100|Color !HEX Code !Red !Green !Blue !Hue !Sat !Lum |- |Green(Ao English) Hulk |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #000000"|RGB 0,128,0 |#008000 |0 |128 |0 |120° |100% |100% |- |[[Spring green|Spring Green]](Guppie Green) |style = "background-color: #00ff7f; color: #000000"|RGB 0,255,127 |#00FF7F |0 |255 |128 |150° |100% |100% |- |Electric green(Bright Green) Lime(Web)/Hourbour |style = "background-color: #00ff00;color: #ffffff"|RGB 0,255,0 |#00FF00 |0 |255 |0 |120° |100% |50% |- |Sea Green/Lake Green |style = "background-color: #2b8e57; color: #ffffff"|RGB 46,139,87 |#2B8E57 |46 |139 |87 |146° |67% |54% |} == Tones of green color comparison chart == '''Green''' is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by range with a [[wavelength]] of roughly 570-520 [[Nanometre|nm]]. {| width=100% |- |style = "background-color: #f5fffa;"| Mint Cream (web color) (Hex: #F5FFFA) (RGB: 245, 255, 250) |- |style = "background-color: #f0fff0;"| Honeydew (web color) (Hex: #F0FFF0) (RGB:240, 255, 240) |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- |style = "background-color: #e6f8f3;"| Off Green (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E6F8F3) (RGB: 230, 248, 243) |- |style = "background-color: #dbfff8;"| Frosted Mint (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #DBFFF8) (RGB: 219, 255, 248) |- |style = "background-color: #7fffd4;"| Tipler (web color) (Hex:#7FFFD4) (RGB: 127, 255, 212) |- |style = "background-color: #98fb98;"| [[Pale green]] (web color) (Hex: #98FB98) (RGB: 152, 251, 152) |- |style = "background-color: #90ee90;"| Light Green (web color) (Hex: #90EE90) (RGB: 144, 238, 144) |- |style = "background-color: #ade6c4;"| Padua (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #ADE6C4) (RGB: 173, 230, 196) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- |style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- |style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style="background-color: #ecf245;" | Starship (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E3DD39) (RGB: 227, 221, 57) |- |style = "background-color: #dfff00;"| Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- |style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- |style = "background-color: #C9DC87;"| Medium Spring Bud (Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #C9DC87) (RGB: 201, 220, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| [[Lime (color)|Lime]] (Maerz & Paul) Bitter Lime (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Growth Green (Plochere))(Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #c0d8b6;"| Pixie Green (Xona.com Color List)(Hex: #C0D8B6) (RGB: 192, 216, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #d0f0c0;"| Tea Green (Hex: #D0F0C0) (RGB: 208, 240, 192) |- |style = "background-color: #cbe3d7;"| Edgewater (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CBE3D7) (RGB: 200, 227, 215) |- |style = "background-color: #b4cfd3;"| Jungle Mist (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #B4CFD3) (RGB: 180, 207, 211) |- |style = "background-color: #ace1af;"| Celadon (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #ACE1AF) (RGB:172, 225, 175) |- |style = "background-color: #addfad;"| Light Moss Green (Moss Green www.99colors.net) (Hex: #ADDFAD) (RGB:173, 223, 173) |- |style = "background-color: #aaf0d1;"| Magic Mint (Crayola) (Hex: #AAF0D1) (RGB:170, 240, 209) |- | style = "background-color: #98ff98;"| Mint Green (Hex: #98FF98) (RGB:152, 255, 152) |- | style="background-color: #66ff66; " | Ultra Green (Crayola: Screamin’ Green) (Hex: #66FF66) (RGB: 102, 255, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff3f;"| [[Erin (color)|Erin]] (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00FF3F) (RGB: 0, 255, 63) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff7f;"| [[Spring green]] (web color) (Hex: #00FF7F) (RGB: 0, 255, 127) |- |style = "background-color: #00fa9a;"| Medium Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #00FA9A) (RGB: 0, 250, 154) |- |style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff00;"| Electric green / (Bright Green) (web color "Lime") (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #39ff14;"| Neon Green (www.layoutspace.com) (Hex: #39FF14) (RGB: 57, 255, 20) |- | style = "background-color: #77dd77;"| Pastel Green (Hex: #77DD77) (RGB: 119, 221, 119) |- | style = "background-color: #6ca66c;"| Green Gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108) |- |style = "background-color: #0bda51;"| Malachite (Maer & Paul) (Hex: #0BDA51) (RGB: 11, 218, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #03C03C;"| Dark Pastel Green (Hex: #03C03C) (RGB: 3, 192, 60) |- |style = "background-color: #32b141;"| Classic Green (Pantone TPX 16-6340) (Hex: #32B141) (RGB: 50, 177, 65) |- |style = "background-color: #4cbb17;"| Kelly Green (Hex: #4CBB17) (RGB: 76, 187, 23) |- |style = "background-color: #71cc51;"| Green Flash (Pantone TPX 15-0146) (Hex: #71CC51) (RGB: 113, 204, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #74c365;"| Mantis (Praying Mantis) (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #74C365) (RGB: 116, 195, 101) |- |style = "background-color: #50c878;"| Emerald Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #50C878) (RGB: 80, 200, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #66ddaa;"| Medium Aquamarine (web color) (Hex: #66DDAA) (RGB:102, 205, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #00cc99;"| Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153) |- |style = "background-color: #99cc66;"| Dull Green (Hex: #99CC66) (RGB: 153, 204, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #20b2aa;"| Light Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #3cb371;"| Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113) |- |style = "background-color: #00a550;"| Pigment Green (CMYK) (Hex: #00A550) (RGB: 0, 165, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #00ab66;"| GO Green (GO Transit (Toronto)) (Hex: #00AB66) (RGB: 0, 171, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00a86b;"| Jade Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00A86B) (RGB: 0, 168, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #009f6b;"| Green (NCS) (Hex: #009F6B) (RGB: 0, 159, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #1cac78;"| Green (Crayola) (Hex: #1CAC78) (RGB: 28, 172, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #00a877;"| Green (Munsell) (Munsell 5G Green) (Hex: #00A877) (RGB: 0, 168, 119) |- |style = "background-color: #3eb489;"| Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #29ab87;"| Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #29AB87) (RGB: 41, 171, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #00ad83;"| Green (Pantone) (Green Grey) (Hex: #00AD83) (RGB: 0, 173, 131) |- |style = "background-color: #00a693;"| Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147) |- |style = "background-color: #1ab385;"| Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #1AB385) (RGB: 26, 179, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #009b7d;"| Spanish Viridian (''Verde Verones'' Gallego & Sanz) (Hex: #009B7D) (RGB: 0, 155, 125) |- |style = "background-color: #009e60;"| Shamrock Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #009E60) (RGB: 0, 158, 96) |- |style = "background-color: #00993a;"| Christmas Green (Liquitex Soft Body Decorative colors) (Hex: #00993A) (RGB: 0, 153, 58) |- |style = "background-color: #009000;"| Islamic Green (Islamic flag) (Hex: #009000) (RGB: 0, 144, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #138808;"| India Green (Flag of India) (Hex: #138808) (RGB: 19, 136, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #2e8b57;"| Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB: 46, 139, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #228b22;"| Forest Green (web color) (Hex: #228B22) (RGB:34, 139, 34) |- |style = "background-color: #7da98d;"| Bay Leaf (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #7DA98D) (RGB: 125, 169, 141) |- |style = "background-color: #c0db50;"| Leaf Green (Hex: #C0DB50) (RGB: 192, 219, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #8fbc8f;"| Dark Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #8FBC8F) (RGB: 143, 188, 143) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD85) (RGB: 165, 197, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- |style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-Green (web color) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- |style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #87a96b; color: #ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #7BA05B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color: #ffffff"| Moss Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB:138, 154, 91) |- |style = "background-color: #78866b; color: #ffffff"| Camouflage Green (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #679267; color: #ffffff"| Russian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #679267) (RGB: 103, 146, 103) |- |style = "background-color: #6b8e23; color: #ffffff"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6B8E23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- |style = "background-color: #808000; color: #ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #44944a; color: #ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (Harlequin (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7e00; color: #ffffff"| Napier Green (Original British Racing Green) (Hex: #3B7E00) (RGB: 59, 126, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #507d2a; color:#ffffff"| Sap Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #507D2A) (RGB: 80, 125, 42) |style = "background-color: #4f7942; color:#ffffff"| Fern Green (Crayola) (Hex: #4F7942) (RGB: 79, 121, 66) |- | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #ffffff "| Green (Ao English) (HTML/CSS “Green”) (Grass) (Hex: #008000) (RGB: 0, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008080; color:#ffffff"| Teal (web color) (Hex: #008080) (RGB: 0, 128, 128) |- |style = "background-color: #0095b6; color:#ffffff"| Blue-Green (Crayola) (Hex: #0095B6) (RGB: 0, 149, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #009698; color: #ffffff "| Viridian Green (Pantone TPX 17-5126) (Hex: #009698) (RGB: 0, 150,152) |- |style = "background-color: #01796f; color: #ffffff "| Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB:1, 121, 111) |- |style = "background-color: #007474; color: #ffffff "| Skobeloff (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007474) (RGB: 0, 122, 116) |- |style = "background-color: #317873; color: #ffffff "| Myrtle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #317873) (RGB: 49, 120, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #2b6963; color: #ffffff "| Antique Green (Pantone TPX 18-5418) (Hex: #2B6963) (RGB: 43, 105, 99) |- |style = "background-color: #40826d; color: #ffffff "| Viridian (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB:64, 130, 109) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7a57; color: #ffffff"| Amazon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #3B7A57) (RGB: 59, 122, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #00755e; color: #ffffff"| Tropical Rainforest (Crayola) (Hex: #00755E) (RGB: 0, 117, 94) |- |style = "background-color: #177245; color: #ffffff "| Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #006a4e; color: #ffffff "| Bottle Green (Bangladesh Green) (Flag of Bangladesh) (Hex: #006A4E) (RGB: 0, 106, 78) |- |style = "background-color: #006600; color: #ffffff "| Pakistan Green (Flag of Pakistan) (Hex: #006600) (RGB: 0, 102, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #037949; color: #ffffff "| Medium Green (Hex: #037949) (RGB: 3, 121, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #006400; color: #ffffff "| Dark Green (web color) (Hex: #006400) (RGB: 0, 100, 0) |- |style="background-color: #056608; color: #ffffff "| Deep Green (Crayola: Green) (Hex: #056608) (RGB: 5, 102, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #306030; color:#ffffff"| Mughal Green (Flag of Mughal Empire) (Hex: #306030) (RGB: 48, 96, 98) |- |style = "background-color: #355e3b; color:#ffffff"| Hunter Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #355E3B) (RGB: 53, 94, 59) |- |style = "background-color: #4d5d53; color:#ffffff"| Feldgrau (Mindjunker) (Hex: #4D5D53) (RGB: 77, 93, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #4b5320; color:#ffffff"| Army Green (Hex: #4B5320) (RGB: 75, 83, 32) |- |style = "background-color: #444c38; color:#ffffff"| Rifle Green (Pantone TPX 19-0419) (Hex: #444C38) (RGB: 68, 76, 56) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #1b4d3e; color: #ffffff "| British Racing Green (Modern) (representative sample) (Hex: #1B4D3E) (RGB: 27, 77, 62) |- |style = "background-color: #004953; color: #ffffff "| Midnight Green (Eagle Green) (Hex: #004953) (RGB: 0, 73, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #004b49; color: #ffffff"| Deep Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #004B49) (RGB: 0, 75, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #354230; color: #ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |- |style = "background-color: #1c352d; color: #ffffff"| Medium Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1C352D) (RGB: 28, 53, 45) |- |style = "background-color: #123524; color: #ffffff "| Phthalo Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #123524) (RGB: 18, 53, 26) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2421; color: #ffffff"| Dark Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1A2421) (RGB: 26, 36, 33) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2118; color: #ffffff "| Charleston Green (Hex: #1A2118) (RGB: 26, 33, 24) |} == Green (web color) == Dark green is a color. {{colorswatch|green|008000}} == Related pages == {{commonscat}} * [[Color vision]] * [[List of colors]] * [[Chartreuse green]] * [[Emerald (color)|Emerald green]] * [[Erin (color)|Erin]] * [[Fruitamins (color)|Fruitamins]] *[[Grape (color)|Grape]] *[[Gray-green]] *[[Harlequin (color)|Harlequin green]] * [[Kiwi (color)|Kiwi green]] * [[Lime (color)|Lime green]] * [[Mint (color)|Mint green]] * [[Olive (color)|Olive green]] * [[Parrot (color)|Parrot]] * [[Spring green]] * [[Sweet Lime (color)|Sweet Lime green]] * [[Viridian]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Shades of green}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] 8cvb5w2h3kf4fsw85u8jf3ds98238ec 10967216 10967213 2026-08-19T05:09:49Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of green color comparison chart */ 10967216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox color | title = Green | hex = 00FF00 | image = {{photomontage |photo1a=Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg |photo1b=Rotbugara 2010.JPG |photo1c=Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg |photo2a=First three female Marines graduate Infantry training course 131121-M-JR212-165.jpg |photo2b=Limes.jpg |photo2c=Billiard table1.JPG |photo3a=Champ de blé Côte-d'Or Bourgogne avril 2014.jpg |photo3b= |photo3C= | size = 243 | color_border = #AAAAAA | color = #F9F9F9 | foot_montage = }} | caption = Clockwise, from top left: [[Spain|Spanish]] gold and [[emerald]] pendant; [[chestnut-fronted macaw]]; ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]]; a [[billiards]] table; countryside in [[France]]; a graduating class of [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]]; [[Lime (fruit)|limes]] | wavelength = 495{{ndash}}570 | frequency = ≈575{{ndash}}525 | source = |r=0|g=100|b=0}} {{colorswatch|green|00FF00}} '''Green''' is a [[color]] between the [[yellow]] and [[blue]] colors in the [[rainbow]]. Green is a [[primary color]] (a color that can be mixed with another color) of [[light]]. The others are [[red]] and [[blue]]. Green and blue are next to each other on the spectrum, and there are languages which do not distinguish between them. Examples are old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese. Green [[paint]] can be made by mixing yellow paint and blue tempera paint together. Green light, like all light, is [[quanta]]—composed of [[photon]]s. The [[wavelength]] of green light is about 550 [[nanometer]]s (one-billionth of a [[meter]]). Most [[leaf|leaves]] of growing [[plant]]s, such as [[tree]]s and [[shrub|bush]]es, are green. This is because there is a [[chemical]] in leaves, called [[chlorophyll]], which is colored green. See [[color vision]] for more on the significance of green. {{-}} == Meaning of green == * Green is used as a color associated with [[jealousy]]. The phrase "green-eyed monster" means a jealous person. * The color green is the color of nature. Having a "green thumb" means that you're good at gardening.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green thumb definition|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/green-thumb|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/green%20thumb|title=Green thumb|publisher=Merriam-Webster's Learners Dictionary}}</ref> *Green is a color associated with poison. [[Paris green]] is a highly [[toxic]] [[chemical compound]]. *Green is a color of the Islamic religion and [[Islamism]]. Search the shade "Islamic Green" below. * Green is also the color of sickness. The phrase "green around the gills" is an expression implying that the person is nauseated. {{-}} == Comparison of greens == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- !Name !width=100|Color !HEX Code !Red !Green !Blue !Hue !Sat !Lum |- |Green(Ao English) Hulk |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #000000"|RGB 0,128,0 |#008000 |0 |128 |0 |120° |100% |100% |- |[[Spring green|Spring Green]](Guppie Green) |style = "background-color: #00ff7f; color: #000000"|RGB 0,255,127 |#00FF7F |0 |255 |128 |150° |100% |100% |- |Electric green(Bright Green) Lime(Web)/Hourbour |style = "background-color: #00ff00;color: #ffffff"|RGB 0,255,0 |#00FF00 |0 |255 |0 |120° |100% |50% |- |Sea Green/Lake Green |style = "background-color: #2b8e57; color: #ffffff"|RGB 46,139,87 |#2B8E57 |46 |139 |87 |146° |67% |54% |} == Tones of green color comparison chart == '''Green''' is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by range with a [[wavelength]] of roughly 570-520 [[Nanometre|nm]]. {| width=100% |- |style = "background-color: #f5fffa;"| Mint Cream (web color) (Hex: #F5FFFA) (RGB: 245, 255, 250) |- |style = "background-color: #f0fff0;"| Honeydew (web color) (Hex: #F0FFF0) (RGB:240, 255, 240) |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- |style = "background-color: #e6f8f3;"| Off Green (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E6F8F3) (RGB: 230, 248, 243) |- |style = "background-color: #dbfff8;"| Frosted Mint (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #DBFFF8) (RGB: 219, 255, 248) |- |style = "background-color: #7fffd4;"| Tipler (web color) (Hex:#7FFFD4) (RGB: 127, 255, 212) |- |style = "background-color: #98fb98;"| [[Pale green]] (web color) (Hex: #98FB98) (RGB: 152, 251, 152) |- |style = "background-color: #90ee90;"| Light Green (web color) (Hex: #90EE90) (RGB: 144, 238, 144) |- |style = "background-color: #ade6c4;"| Padua (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #ADE6C4) (RGB: 173, 230, 196) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- |style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- |style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style="background-color: #ecf245;" | Starship (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E3DD39) (RGB: 227, 221, 57) |- |style = "background-color: #dfff00;"| Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- |style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- |style = "background-color: #C9DC87;"| Medium Spring Bud (Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #C9DC87) (RGB: 201, 220, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| [[Lime (color)|Lime]] (Maerz & Paul) Bitter Lime (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Growth Green (Plochere))(Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #c0d8b6;"| Pixie Green (Xona.com Color List)(Hex: #C0D8B6) (RGB: 192, 216, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #d0f0c0;"| Tea Green (Hex: #D0F0C0) (RGB: 208, 240, 192) |- |style = "background-color: #cbe3d7;"| Edgewater (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CBE3D7) (RGB: 200, 227, 215) |- |style = "background-color: #b4cfd3;"| Jungle Mist (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #B4CFD3) (RGB: 180, 207, 211) |- |style = "background-color: #ace1af;"| Celadon (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #ACE1AF) (RGB:172, 225, 175) |- |style = "background-color: #addfad;"| Light Moss Green (Moss Green www.99colors.net) (Hex: #ADDFAD) (RGB:173, 223, 173) |- |style = "background-color: #aaf0d1;"| Magic Mint (Crayola) (Hex: #AAF0D1) (RGB:170, 240, 209) |- | style = "background-color: #98ff98;"| Mint Green (Hex: #98FF98) (RGB:152, 255, 152) |- | style="background-color: #66ff66; " | Ultra Green (Crayola: Screamin’ Green) (Hex: #66FF66) (RGB: 102, 255, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff3f;"| [[Erin (color)|Erin]] (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00FF3F) (RGB: 0, 255, 63) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff7f;"| [[Spring green]] (web color) (Hex: #00FF7F) (RGB: 0, 255, 127) |- |style = "background-color: #00fa9a;"| Medium Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #00FA9A) (RGB: 0, 250, 154) |- |style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff00;"| Electric green / (Bright Green) (web color "Lime") (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #39ff14;"| Neon Green (www.layoutspace.com) (Hex: #39FF14) (RGB: 57, 255, 20) |- | style = "background-color: #77dd77;"| Pastel Green (Hex: #77DD77) (RGB: 119, 221, 119) |- | style = "background-color: #6ca66c;"| Green Gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108) |- |style = "background-color: #0bda51;"| Malachite (Maer & Paul) (Hex: #0BDA51) (RGB: 11, 218, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #03C03C;"| Dark Pastel Green (Hex: #03C03C) (RGB: 3, 192, 60) |- |style = "background-color: #32b141;"| Classic Green (Pantone TPX 16-6340) (Hex: #32B141) (RGB: 50, 177, 65) |- |style = "background-color: #4cbb17;"| Kelly Green (Hex: #4CBB17) (RGB: 76, 187, 23) |- |style = "background-color: #71cc51;"| Green Flash (Pantone TPX 15-0146) (Hex: #71CC51) (RGB: 113, 204, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #74c365;"| Mantis (Praying Mantis) (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #74C365) (RGB: 116, 195, 101) |- |style = "background-color: #50c878;"| Emerald Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #50C878) (RGB: 80, 200, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #66ddaa;"| Medium Aquamarine (web color) (Hex: #66DDAA) (RGB:102, 205, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #00cc99;"| Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153) |- |style = "background-color: #99cc66;"| Dull Green (Hex: #99CC66) (RGB: 153, 204, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #20b2aa;"| Light Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #3cb371;"| Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113) |- |style = "background-color: #00a550;"| Pigment Green (CMYK) (Hex: #00A550) (RGB: 0, 165, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #00ab66;"| GO Green (GO Transit (Toronto)) (Hex: #00AB66) (RGB: 0, 171, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00a86b;"| Jade Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00A86B) (RGB: 0, 168, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #009f6b;"| Green (NCS) (Hex: #009F6B) (RGB: 0, 159, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #1cac78;"| Green (Crayola) (Hex: #1CAC78) (RGB: 28, 172, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #00a877;"| Green (Munsell) (Munsell 5G Green) (Hex: #00A877) (RGB: 0, 168, 119) |- |style = "background-color: #3eb489;"| Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #29ab87;"| Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #29AB87) (RGB: 41, 171, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #00ad83;"| Green (Pantone) (Green Grey) (Hex: #00AD83) (RGB: 0, 173, 131) |- |style = "background-color: #00a693;"| Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147) |- |style = "background-color: #1ab385;"| Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #1AB385) (RGB: 26, 179, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #009b7d;"| Spanish Viridian (''Verde Verones'' Gallego & Sanz) (Hex: #009B7D) (RGB: 0, 155, 125) |- |style = "background-color: #009e60;"| Shamrock Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #009E60) (RGB: 0, 158, 96) |- |style = "background-color: #00993a;"| Christmas Green (Liquitex Soft Body Decorative colors) (Hex: #00993A) (RGB: 0, 153, 58) |- |style = "background-color: #009000;"| Islamic Green (Islamic flag) (Hex: #009000) (RGB: 0, 144, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #138808;"| India Green (Flag of India) (Hex: #138808) (RGB: 19, 136, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #2e8b57;"| Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB: 46, 139, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #228b22;"| Forest Green (web color) (Hex: #228B22) (RGB:34, 139, 34) |- |style = "background-color: #7da98d;"| Bay Leaf (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #7DA98D) (RGB: 125, 169, 141) |- |style = "background-color: #c0db50;"| Leaf Green (Hex: #C0DB50) (RGB: 192, 219, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #8fbc8f;"| Dark Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #8FBC8F) (RGB: 143, 188, 143) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD85) (RGB: 165, 197, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- |style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-Green (web color) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- |style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #87a96b; color: #ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #7BA05B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color: #ffffff"| Moss Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB:138, 154, 91) |- |style = "background-color: #78866b; color: #ffffff"| Camouflage Green (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #679267; color: #ffffff"| Russian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #679267) (RGB: 103, 146, 103) |- |style = "background-color: #6b8e23; color: #ffffff"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6B8E23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- |style = "background-color: #808000; color: #ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #44944a; color: #ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (Harlequin (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7e00; color: #ffffff"| Napier Green (Original British Racing Green) (Hex: #3B7E00) (RGB: 59, 126, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #507d2a; color:#ffffff"| Sap Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #507D2A) (RGB: 80, 125, 42) |- |style = "background-color: #4f7942; color:#ffffff"| Fern Green (Crayola) (Hex: #4F7942) (RGB: 79, 121, 66) |- | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #ffffff "| Green (Ao English) (HTML/CSS “Green”) (Grass) (Hex: #008000) (RGB: 0, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008080; color:#ffffff"| Teal (web color) (Hex: #008080) (RGB: 0, 128, 128) |- |style = "background-color: #0095b6; color:#ffffff"| Blue-Green (Crayola) (Hex: #0095B6) (RGB: 0, 149, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #009698; color: #ffffff "| Viridian Green (Pantone TPX 17-5126) (Hex: #009698) (RGB: 0, 150,152) |- |style = "background-color: #01796f; color: #ffffff "| Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB:1, 121, 111) |- |style = "background-color: #007474; color: #ffffff "| Skobeloff (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007474) (RGB: 0, 122, 116) |- |style = "background-color: #317873; color: #ffffff "| Myrtle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #317873) (RGB: 49, 120, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #2b6963; color: #ffffff "| Antique Green (Pantone TPX 18-5418) (Hex: #2B6963) (RGB: 43, 105, 99) |- |style = "background-color: #40826d; color: #ffffff "| Viridian (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB:64, 130, 109) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7a57; color: #ffffff"| Amazon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #3B7A57) (RGB: 59, 122, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #00755e; color: #ffffff"| Tropical Rainforest (Crayola) (Hex: #00755E) (RGB: 0, 117, 94) |- |style = "background-color: #177245; color: #ffffff "| Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #006a4e; color: #ffffff "| Bottle Green (Bangladesh Green) (Flag of Bangladesh) (Hex: #006A4E) (RGB: 0, 106, 78) |- |style = "background-color: #006600; color: #ffffff "| Pakistan Green (Flag of Pakistan) (Hex: #006600) (RGB: 0, 102, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #037949; color: #ffffff "| Medium Green (Hex: #037949) (RGB: 3, 121, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #006400; color: #ffffff "| Dark Green (web color) (Hex: #006400) (RGB: 0, 100, 0) |- |style="background-color: #056608; color: #ffffff "| Deep Green (Crayola: Green) (Hex: #056608) (RGB: 5, 102, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #306030; color:#ffffff"| Mughal Green (Flag of Mughal Empire) (Hex: #306030) (RGB: 48, 96, 98) |- |style = "background-color: #355e3b; color:#ffffff"| Hunter Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #355E3B) (RGB: 53, 94, 59) |- |style = "background-color: #4d5d53; color:#ffffff"| Feldgrau (Mindjunker) (Hex: #4D5D53) (RGB: 77, 93, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #4b5320; color:#ffffff"| Army Green (Hex: #4B5320) (RGB: 75, 83, 32) |- |style = "background-color: #444c38; color:#ffffff"| Rifle Green (Pantone TPX 19-0419) (Hex: #444C38) (RGB: 68, 76, 56) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #1b4d3e; color: #ffffff "| British Racing Green (Modern) (representative sample) (Hex: #1B4D3E) (RGB: 27, 77, 62) |- |style = "background-color: #004953; color: #ffffff "| Midnight Green (Eagle Green) (Hex: #004953) (RGB: 0, 73, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #004b49; color: #ffffff"| Deep Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #004B49) (RGB: 0, 75, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #354230; color: #ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |- |style = "background-color: #1c352d; color: #ffffff"| Medium Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1C352D) (RGB: 28, 53, 45) |- |style = "background-color: #123524; color: #ffffff "| Phthalo Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #123524) (RGB: 18, 53, 26) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2421; color: #ffffff"| Dark Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1A2421) (RGB: 26, 36, 33) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2118; color: #ffffff "| Charleston Green (Hex: #1A2118) (RGB: 26, 33, 24) |} == Green (web color) == Dark green is a color. {{colorswatch|green|008000}} == Related pages == {{commonscat}} * [[Color vision]] * [[List of colors]] * [[Chartreuse green]] * [[Emerald (color)|Emerald green]] * [[Erin (color)|Erin]] * [[Fruitamins (color)|Fruitamins]] *[[Grape (color)|Grape]] *[[Gray-green]] *[[Harlequin (color)|Harlequin green]] * [[Kiwi (color)|Kiwi green]] * [[Lime (color)|Lime green]] * [[Mint (color)|Mint green]] * [[Olive (color)|Olive green]] * [[Parrot (color)|Parrot]] * [[Spring green]] * [[Sweet Lime (color)|Sweet Lime green]] * [[Viridian]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Shades of green}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] 560trjz0pcn4ijcqcp42c2qztn9uwch 10967225 10967216 2026-08-19T05:27:17Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of green color comparison chart */ 10967225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox color | title = Green | hex = 00FF00 | image = {{photomontage |photo1a=Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg |photo1b=Rotbugara 2010.JPG |photo1c=Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg |photo2a=First three female Marines graduate Infantry training course 131121-M-JR212-165.jpg |photo2b=Limes.jpg |photo2c=Billiard table1.JPG |photo3a=Champ de blé Côte-d'Or Bourgogne avril 2014.jpg |photo3b= |photo3C= | size = 243 | color_border = #AAAAAA | color = #F9F9F9 | foot_montage = }} | caption = Clockwise, from top left: [[Spain|Spanish]] gold and [[emerald]] pendant; [[chestnut-fronted macaw]]; ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]]; a [[billiards]] table; countryside in [[France]]; a graduating class of [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]]; [[Lime (fruit)|limes]] | wavelength = 495{{ndash}}570 | frequency = ≈575{{ndash}}525 | source = |r=0|g=100|b=0}} {{colorswatch|green|00FF00}} '''Green''' is a [[color]] between the [[yellow]] and [[blue]] colors in the [[rainbow]]. Green is a [[primary color]] (a color that can be mixed with another color) of [[light]]. The others are [[red]] and [[blue]]. Green and blue are next to each other on the spectrum, and there are languages which do not distinguish between them. Examples are old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese. Green [[paint]] can be made by mixing yellow paint and blue tempera paint together. Green light, like all light, is [[quanta]]—composed of [[photon]]s. The [[wavelength]] of green light is about 550 [[nanometer]]s (one-billionth of a [[meter]]). Most [[leaf|leaves]] of growing [[plant]]s, such as [[tree]]s and [[shrub|bush]]es, are green. This is because there is a [[chemical]] in leaves, called [[chlorophyll]], which is colored green. See [[color vision]] for more on the significance of green. {{-}} == Meaning of green == * Green is used as a color associated with [[jealousy]]. The phrase "green-eyed monster" means a jealous person. * The color green is the color of nature. Having a "green thumb" means that you're good at gardening.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green thumb definition|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/green-thumb|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/green%20thumb|title=Green thumb|publisher=Merriam-Webster's Learners Dictionary}}</ref> *Green is a color associated with poison. [[Paris green]] is a highly [[toxic]] [[chemical compound]]. *Green is a color of the Islamic religion and [[Islamism]]. Search the shade "Islamic Green" below. * Green is also the color of sickness. The phrase "green around the gills" is an expression implying that the person is nauseated. {{-}} == Comparison of greens == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- !Name !width=100|Color !HEX Code !Red !Green !Blue !Hue !Sat !Lum |- |Green(Ao English) Hulk |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #000000"|RGB 0,128,0 |#008000 |0 |128 |0 |120° |100% |100% |- |[[Spring green|Spring Green]](Guppie Green) |style = "background-color: #00ff7f; color: #000000"|RGB 0,255,127 |#00FF7F |0 |255 |128 |150° |100% |100% |- |Electric green(Bright Green) Lime(Web)/Hourbour |style = "background-color: #00ff00;color: #ffffff"|RGB 0,255,0 |#00FF00 |0 |255 |0 |120° |100% |50% |- |Sea Green/Lake Green |style = "background-color: #2b8e57; color: #ffffff"|RGB 46,139,87 |#2B8E57 |46 |139 |87 |146° |67% |54% |} == Tones of green color comparison chart == '''Green''' is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by range with a [[wavelength]] of roughly 570-520 [[Nanometre|nm]]. {| width=100% |- |style = "background-color: #f5fffa;"| Mint Cream (web color) (Hex: #F5FFFA) (RGB: 245, 255, 250) |- |style = "background-color: #f0fff0;"| Honeydew (web color) (Hex: #F0FFF0) (RGB:240, 255, 240) |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- |style = "background-color: #e6f8f3;"| Off Green (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E6F8F3) (RGB: 230, 248, 243) |- |style = "background-color: #dbfff8;"| Frosted Mint (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #DBFFF8) (RGB: 219, 255, 248) |- |style = "background-color: #7fffd4;"| Tipler (web color) (Hex:#7FFFD4) (RGB: 127, 255, 212) |- |style = "background-color: #98fb98;"| [[Pale green]] (web color) (Hex: #98FB98) (RGB: 152, 251, 152) |- |style = "background-color: #90ee90;"| Light Green (web color) (Hex: #90EE90) (RGB: 144, 238, 144) |- |style = "background-color: #ade6c4;"| Padua (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #ADE6C4) (RGB: 173, 230, 196) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- |style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- |style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style="background-color: #ecf245;" | Starship (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E3DD39) (RGB: 227, 221, 57) |- |style = "background-color: #dfff00;"| Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- |style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- |style = "background-color: #C9DC87;"| Medium Spring Bud (Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #C9DC87) (RGB: 201, 220, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| [[Lime (color)|Lime]] (Maerz & Paul) Bitter Lime (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Growth Green (Plochere))(Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #c0d8b6;"| Pixie Green (Xona.com Color List)(Hex: #C0D8B6) (RGB: 192, 216, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #d0f0c0;"| Tea Green (Hex: #D0F0C0) (RGB: 208, 240, 192) |- |style = "background-color: #cbe3d7;"| Edgewater (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CBE3D7) (RGB: 200, 227, 215) |- |style = "background-color: #b4cfd3;"| Jungle Mist (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #B4CFD3) (RGB: 180, 207, 211) |- |style = "background-color: #ace1af;"| Celadon (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #ACE1AF) (RGB:172, 225, 175) |- |style = "background-color: #addfad;"| Light Moss Green (Moss Green www.99colors.net) (Hex: #ADDFAD) (RGB:173, 223, 173) |- |style = "background-color: #aaf0d1;"| Magic Mint (Crayola) (Hex: #AAF0D1) (RGB:170, 240, 209) |- | style = "background-color: #98ff98;"| Mint Green (Hex: #98FF98) (RGB:152, 255, 152) |- | style="background-color: #66ff66; " | Ultra Green (Crayola: Screamin’ Green) (Hex: #66FF66) (RGB: 102, 255, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff3f;"| [[Erin (color)|Erin]] (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00FF3F) (RGB: 0, 255, 63) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff7f;"| [[Spring green]] (web color) (Hex: #00FF7F) (RGB: 0, 255, 127) |- |style = "background-color: #00fa9a;"| Medium Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #00FA9A) (RGB: 0, 250, 154) |- |style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff00;"| Electric green / (Bright Green) (web color "Lime") (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #39ff14;"| Neon Green (www.layoutspace.com) (Hex: #39FF14) (RGB: 57, 255, 20) |- | style = "background-color: #77dd77;"| Pastel Green (Hex: #77DD77) (RGB: 119, 221, 119) |- | style = "background-color: #6ca66c;"| Green Gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108) |- |style = "background-color: #0bda51;"| Malachite (Maer & Paul) (Hex: #0BDA51) (RGB: 11, 218, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #03C03C;"| Dark Pastel Green (Hex: #03C03C) (RGB: 3, 192, 60) |- |style = "background-color: #32b141;"| Classic Green (Pantone TPX 16-6340) (Hex: #32B141) (RGB: 50, 177, 65) |- |style = "background-color: #4cbb17;"| Kelly Green (Hex: #4CBB17) (RGB: 76, 187, 23) |- |style = "background-color: #71cc51;"| Green Flash (Pantone TPX 15-0146) (Hex: #71CC51) (RGB: 113, 204, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #74c365;"| Mantis (Praying Mantis) (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #74C365) (RGB: 116, 195, 101) |- |style = "background-color: #50c878;"| Emerald Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #50C878) (RGB: 80, 200, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #66ddaa;"| Medium Aquamarine (web color) (Hex: #66DDAA) (RGB:102, 205, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #00cc99;"| Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153) |- |style = "background-color: #99cc66;"| Dull Green (Hex: #99CC66) (RGB: 153, 204, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #20b2aa;"| Light Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #3cb371;"| Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113) |- |style = "background-color: #00a550;"| Pigment Green (CMYK) (Hex: #00A550) (RGB: 0, 165, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #00ab66;"| GO Green (GO Transit (Toronto)) (Hex: #00AB66) (RGB: 0, 171, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00a86b;"| Jade Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00A86B) (RGB: 0, 168, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #009f6b;"| Green (NCS) (Hex: #009F6B) (RGB: 0, 159, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #1cac78;"| Green (Crayola) (Hex: #1CAC78) (RGB: 28, 172, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #00a877;"| Green (Munsell) (Munsell 5G Green) (Hex: #00A877) (RGB: 0, 168, 119) |- |style = "background-color: #3eb489;"| Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #29ab87;"| Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #29AB87) (RGB: 41, 171, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #00ad83;"| Green (Pantone) (Green Grey) (Hex: #00AD83) (RGB: 0, 173, 131) |- |style = "background-color: #00a693;"| Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147) |- |style = "background-color: #1ab385;"| Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #1AB385) (RGB: 26, 179, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #009b7d;"| Spanish Viridian (''Verde Verones'' Gallego & Sanz) (Hex: #009B7D) (RGB: 0, 155, 125) |- |style = "background-color: #009e60;"| Shamrock Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #009E60) (RGB: 0, 158, 96) |- |style = "background-color: #00993a;"| Christmas Green (Liquitex Soft Body Decorative colors) (Hex: #00993A) (RGB: 0, 153, 58) |- |style = "background-color: #009000;"| Islamic Green (Islamic flag) (Hex: #009000) (RGB: 0, 144, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #138808;"| India Green (Flag of India) (Hex: #138808) (RGB: 19, 136, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #2e8b57;"| Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB: 46, 139, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #228b22;"| Forest Green (web color) (Hex: #228B22) (RGB:34, 139, 34) |- |style = "background-color: #7da98d;"| Bay Leaf (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #7DA98D) (RGB: 125, 169, 141) |- |style = "background-color: #c0db50;"| Leaf Green (Hex: #C0DB50) (RGB: 192, 219, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #8fbc8f;"| Dark Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #8FBC8F) (RGB: 143, 188, 143) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD85) (RGB: 165, 197, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- |style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-Green (web color) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- |style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #66cc00;"| Apple Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #66CC00) (RGB: 102, 204, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #87a96b; color: #ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #7BA05B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color: #ffffff"| Moss Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB:138, 154, 91) |- |style = "background-color: #78866b; color: #ffffff"| Camouflage Green (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #679267; color: #ffffff"| Russian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #679267) (RGB: 103, 146, 103) |- |style = "background-color: #6b8e23; color: #ffffff"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6B8E23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- |style = "background-color: #808000; color: #ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #44944a; color: #ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (Harlequin (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7e00; color: #ffffff"| Napier Green (Original British Racing Green) (Hex: #3B7E00) (RGB: 59, 126, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #507d2a; color:#ffffff"| Sap Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #507D2A) (RGB: 80, 125, 42) |- |style = "background-color: #4f7942; color:#ffffff"| Fern Green (Crayola) (Hex: #4F7942) (RGB: 79, 121, 66) |- | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #ffffff "| Green (Ao English) (HTML/CSS “Green”) (Grass) (Hex: #008000) (RGB: 0, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008080; color:#ffffff"| Teal (web color) (Hex: #008080) (RGB: 0, 128, 128) |- |style = "background-color: #0095b6; color:#ffffff"| Blue-Green (Crayola) (Hex: #0095B6) (RGB: 0, 149, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #009698; color: #ffffff "| Viridian Green (Pantone TPX 17-5126) (Hex: #009698) (RGB: 0, 150,152) |- |style = "background-color: #01796f; color: #ffffff "| Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB:1, 121, 111) |- |style = "background-color: #007474; color: #ffffff "| Skobeloff (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007474) (RGB: 0, 122, 116) |- |style = "background-color: #317873; color: #ffffff "| Myrtle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #317873) (RGB: 49, 120, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #2b6963; color: #ffffff "| Antique Green (Pantone TPX 18-5418) (Hex: #2B6963) (RGB: 43, 105, 99) |- |style = "background-color: #40826d; color: #ffffff "| Viridian (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB:64, 130, 109) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7a57; color: #ffffff"| Amazon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #3B7A57) (RGB: 59, 122, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #00755e; color: #ffffff"| Tropical Rainforest (Crayola) (Hex: #00755E) (RGB: 0, 117, 94) |- |style = "background-color: #177245; color: #ffffff "| Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #006a4e; color: #ffffff "| Bottle Green (Bangladesh Green) (Flag of Bangladesh) (Hex: #006A4E) (RGB: 0, 106, 78) |- |style = "background-color: #006600; color: #ffffff "| Pakistan Green (Flag of Pakistan) (Hex: #006600) (RGB: 0, 102, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #037949; color: #ffffff "| Medium Green (Hex: #037949) (RGB: 3, 121, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #006400; color: #ffffff "| Dark Green (web color) (Hex: #006400) (RGB: 0, 100, 0) |- |style="background-color: #056608; color: #ffffff "| Deep Green (Crayola: Green) (Hex: #056608) (RGB: 5, 102, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #306030; color:#ffffff"| Mughal Green (Flag of Mughal Empire) (Hex: #306030) (RGB: 48, 96, 98) |- |style = "background-color: #355e3b; color:#ffffff"| Hunter Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #355E3B) (RGB: 53, 94, 59) |- |style = "background-color: #4d5d53; color:#ffffff"| Feldgrau (Mindjunker) (Hex: #4D5D53) (RGB: 77, 93, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #4b5320; color:#ffffff"| Army Green (Hex: #4B5320) (RGB: 75, 83, 32) |- |style = "background-color: #444c38; color:#ffffff"| Rifle Green (Pantone TPX 19-0419) (Hex: #444C38) (RGB: 68, 76, 56) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #1b4d3e; color: #ffffff "| British Racing Green (Modern) (representative sample) (Hex: #1B4D3E) (RGB: 27, 77, 62) |- |style = "background-color: #004953; color: #ffffff "| Midnight Green (Eagle Green) (Hex: #004953) (RGB: 0, 73, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #004b49; color: #ffffff"| Deep Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #004B49) (RGB: 0, 75, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #354230; color: #ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |- |style = "background-color: #1c352d; color: #ffffff"| Medium Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1C352D) (RGB: 28, 53, 45) |- |style = "background-color: #123524; color: #ffffff "| Phthalo Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #123524) (RGB: 18, 53, 26) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2421; color: #ffffff"| Dark Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1A2421) (RGB: 26, 36, 33) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2118; color: #ffffff "| Charleston Green (Hex: #1A2118) (RGB: 26, 33, 24) |} == Green (web color) == Dark green is a color. {{colorswatch|green|008000}} == Related pages == {{commonscat}} * [[Color vision]] * [[List of colors]] * [[Chartreuse green]] * [[Emerald (color)|Emerald green]] * [[Erin (color)|Erin]] * [[Fruitamins (color)|Fruitamins]] *[[Grape (color)|Grape]] *[[Gray-green]] *[[Harlequin (color)|Harlequin green]] * [[Kiwi (color)|Kiwi green]] * [[Lime (color)|Lime green]] * [[Mint (color)|Mint green]] * [[Olive (color)|Olive green]] * [[Parrot (color)|Parrot]] * [[Spring green]] * [[Sweet Lime (color)|Sweet Lime green]] * [[Viridian]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Shades of green}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] 8b1i9o9e70tqopdjtr8kjcupbqzutda 10967227 10967225 2026-08-19T05:30:39Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of green color comparison chart */ 10967227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox color | title = Green | hex = 00FF00 | image = {{photomontage |photo1a=Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg |photo1b=Rotbugara 2010.JPG |photo1c=Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg |photo2a=First three female Marines graduate Infantry training course 131121-M-JR212-165.jpg |photo2b=Limes.jpg |photo2c=Billiard table1.JPG |photo3a=Champ de blé Côte-d'Or Bourgogne avril 2014.jpg |photo3b= |photo3C= | size = 243 | color_border = #AAAAAA | color = #F9F9F9 | foot_montage = }} | caption = Clockwise, from top left: [[Spain|Spanish]] gold and [[emerald]] pendant; [[chestnut-fronted macaw]]; ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]]; a [[billiards]] table; countryside in [[France]]; a graduating class of [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]]; [[Lime (fruit)|limes]] | wavelength = 495{{ndash}}570 | frequency = ≈575{{ndash}}525 | source = |r=0|g=100|b=0}} {{colorswatch|green|00FF00}} '''Green''' is a [[color]] between the [[yellow]] and [[blue]] colors in the [[rainbow]]. Green is a [[primary color]] (a color that can be mixed with another color) of [[light]]. The others are [[red]] and [[blue]]. Green and blue are next to each other on the spectrum, and there are languages which do not distinguish between them. Examples are old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese. Green [[paint]] can be made by mixing yellow paint and blue tempera paint together. Green light, like all light, is [[quanta]]—composed of [[photon]]s. The [[wavelength]] of green light is about 550 [[nanometer]]s (one-billionth of a [[meter]]). Most [[leaf|leaves]] of growing [[plant]]s, such as [[tree]]s and [[shrub|bush]]es, are green. This is because there is a [[chemical]] in leaves, called [[chlorophyll]], which is colored green. See [[color vision]] for more on the significance of green. {{-}} == Meaning of green == * Green is used as a color associated with [[jealousy]]. The phrase "green-eyed monster" means a jealous person. * The color green is the color of nature. Having a "green thumb" means that you're good at gardening.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green thumb definition|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/green-thumb|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/green%20thumb|title=Green thumb|publisher=Merriam-Webster's Learners Dictionary}}</ref> *Green is a color associated with poison. [[Paris green]] is a highly [[toxic]] [[chemical compound]]. *Green is a color of the Islamic religion and [[Islamism]]. Search the shade "Islamic Green" below. * Green is also the color of sickness. The phrase "green around the gills" is an expression implying that the person is nauseated. {{-}} == Comparison of greens == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- !Name !width=100|Color !HEX Code !Red !Green !Blue !Hue !Sat !Lum |- |Green(Ao English) Hulk |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #000000"|RGB 0,128,0 |#008000 |0 |128 |0 |120° |100% |100% |- |[[Spring green|Spring Green]](Guppie Green) |style = "background-color: #00ff7f; color: #000000"|RGB 0,255,127 |#00FF7F |0 |255 |128 |150° |100% |100% |- |Electric green(Bright Green) Lime(Web)/Hourbour |style = "background-color: #00ff00;color: #ffffff"|RGB 0,255,0 |#00FF00 |0 |255 |0 |120° |100% |50% |- |Sea Green/Lake Green |style = "background-color: #2b8e57; color: #ffffff"|RGB 46,139,87 |#2B8E57 |46 |139 |87 |146° |67% |54% |} == Tones of green color comparison chart == '''Green''' is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by range with a [[wavelength]] of roughly 570-520 [[Nanometre|nm]]. {| width=100% |- |style = "background-color: #f5fffa;"| Mint Cream (web color) (Hex: #F5FFFA) (RGB: 245, 255, 250) |- |style = "background-color: #f0fff0;"| Honeydew (web color) (Hex: #F0FFF0) (RGB:240, 255, 240) |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- |style = "background-color: #e6f8f3;"| Off Green (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E6F8F3) (RGB: 230, 248, 243) |- |style = "background-color: #dbfff8;"| Frosted Mint (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #DBFFF8) (RGB: 219, 255, 248) |- |style = "background-color: #7fffd4;"| Tipler (web color) (Hex:#7FFFD4) (RGB: 127, 255, 212) |- |style = "background-color: #98fb98;"| [[Pale green]] (web color) (Hex: #98FB98) (RGB: 152, 251, 152) |- |style = "background-color: #90ee90;"| Light Green (web color) (Hex: #90EE90) (RGB: 144, 238, 144) |- |style = "background-color: #ade6c4;"| Padua (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #ADE6C4) (RGB: 173, 230, 196) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- |style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- |style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style="background-color: #ecf245;" | Starship (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E3DD39) (RGB: 227, 221, 57) |- |style = "background-color: #dfff00;"| Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- |style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- |style = "background-color: #C9DC87;"| Medium Spring Bud (Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #C9DC87) (RGB: 201, 220, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| [[Lime (color)|Lime]] (Maerz & Paul) Bitter Lime (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Growth Green (Plochere))(Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #c0d8b6;"| Pixie Green (Xona.com Color List)(Hex: #C0D8B6) (RGB: 192, 216, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #d0f0c0;"| Tea Green (Hex: #D0F0C0) (RGB: 208, 240, 192) |- |style = "background-color: #cbe3d7;"| Edgewater (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CBE3D7) (RGB: 200, 227, 215) |- |style = "background-color: #b4cfd3;"| Jungle Mist (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #B4CFD3) (RGB: 180, 207, 211) |- |style = "background-color: #ace1af;"| Celadon (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #ACE1AF) (RGB:172, 225, 175) |- |style = "background-color: #addfad;"| Light Moss Green (Moss Green www.99colors.net) (Hex: #ADDFAD) (RGB:173, 223, 173) |- |style = "background-color: #aaf0d1;"| Magic Mint (Crayola) (Hex: #AAF0D1) (RGB:170, 240, 209) |- | style = "background-color: #98ff98;"| Mint Green (Hex: #98FF98) (RGB:152, 255, 152) |- | style="background-color: #66ff66; " | Ultra Green (Crayola: Screamin’ Green) (Hex: #66FF66) (RGB: 102, 255, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff3f;"| [[Erin (color)|Erin]] (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00FF3F) (RGB: 0, 255, 63) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff7f;"| [[Spring green]] (web color) (Hex: #00FF7F) (RGB: 0, 255, 127) |- |style = "background-color: #00fa9a;"| Medium Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #00FA9A) (RGB: 0, 250, 154) |- |style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff00;"| Electric green / (Bright Green) (web color "Lime") (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #39ff14;"| Neon Green (www.layoutspace.com) (Hex: #39FF14) (RGB: 57, 255, 20) |- | style = "background-color: #77dd77;"| Pastel Green (Hex: #77DD77) (RGB: 119, 221, 119) |- | style = "background-color: #6ca66c;"| Green Gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108) |- |style = "background-color: #0bda51;"| Malachite (Maer & Paul) (Hex: #0BDA51) (RGB: 11, 218, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #03C03C;"| Dark Pastel Green (Hex: #03C03C) (RGB: 3, 192, 60) |- |style = "background-color: #32b141;"| Classic Green (Pantone TPX 16-6340) (Hex: #32B141) (RGB: 50, 177, 65) |- |style = "background-color: #4cbb17;"| Kelly Green (Hex: #4CBB17) (RGB: 76, 187, 23) |- |style = "background-color: #71cc51;"| Green Flash (Pantone TPX 15-0146) (Hex: #71CC51) (RGB: 113, 204, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #74c365;"| Mantis (Praying Mantis) (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #74C365) (RGB: 116, 195, 101) |- |style = "background-color: #50c878;"| Emerald Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #50C878) (RGB: 80, 200, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #66ddaa;"| Medium Aquamarine (web color) (Hex: #66DDAA) (RGB:102, 205, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #00cc99;"| Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153) |- |style = "background-color: #99cc66;"| Dull Green (Hex: #99CC66) (RGB: 153, 204, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #20b2aa;"| Light Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #3cb371;"| Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113) |- |style = "background-color: #00a550;"| Pigment Green (CMYK) (Hex: #00A550) (RGB: 0, 165, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #00ab66;"| GO Green (GO Transit (Toronto)) (Hex: #00AB66) (RGB: 0, 171, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00a86b;"| Jade Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00A86B) (RGB: 0, 168, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #009f6b;"| Green (NCS) (Hex: #009F6B) (RGB: 0, 159, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #1cac78;"| Green (Crayola) (Hex: #1CAC78) (RGB: 28, 172, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #00a877;"| Green (Munsell) (Munsell 5G Green) (Hex: #00A877) (RGB: 0, 168, 119) |- |style = "background-color: #3eb489;"| Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #29ab87;"| Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #29AB87) (RGB: 41, 171, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #00ad83;"| Green (Pantone) (Green Grey) (Hex: #00AD83) (RGB: 0, 173, 131) |- |style = "background-color: #00a693;"| Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147) |- |style = "background-color: #1ab385;"| Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #1AB385) (RGB: 26, 179, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #009b7d;"| Spanish Viridian (''Verde Verones'' Gallego & Sanz) (Hex: #009B7D) (RGB: 0, 155, 125) |- |style = "background-color: #009e60;"| Shamrock Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #009E60) (RGB: 0, 158, 96) |- |style = "background-color: #00993a;"| Christmas Green (Liquitex Soft Body Decorative colors) (Hex: #00993A) (RGB: 0, 153, 58) |- |style = "background-color: #009000;"| Islamic Green (Islamic flag) (Hex: #009000) (RGB: 0, 144, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #138808;"| India Green (Flag of India) (Hex: #138808) (RGB: 19, 136, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #2e8b57;"| Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB: 46, 139, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #228b22;"| Forest Green (web color) (Hex: #228B22) (RGB:34, 139, 34) |- |style = "background-color: #7da98d;"| Bay Leaf (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #7DA98D) (RGB: 125, 169, 141) |- |style = "background-color: #c0db50;"| Leaf Green (Hex: #C0DB50) (RGB: 192, 219, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #8fbc8f;"| Dark Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #8FBC8F) (RGB: 143, 188, 143) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD85) (RGB: 165, 197, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- |style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-Green (web color) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- |style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #87a96b; color: #ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #7BA05B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color: #ffffff"| Moss Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB:138, 154, 91) |- |style = "background-color: #78866b; color: #ffffff"| Camouflage Green (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #679267; color: #ffffff"| Russian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #679267) (RGB: 103, 146, 103) |- |style = "background-color: #66cc00;"| Apple Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #66CC00) (RGB: 102, 204, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #6b8e23; color: #ffffff"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6B8E23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- |style = "background-color: #808000; color: #ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #44944a; color: #ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (Harlequin (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7e00; color: #ffffff"| Napier Green (Original British Racing Green) (Hex: #3B7E00) (RGB: 59, 126, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #507d2a; color:#ffffff"| Sap Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #507D2A) (RGB: 80, 125, 42) |- |style = "background-color: #4f7942; color:#ffffff"| Fern Green (Crayola) (Hex: #4F7942) (RGB: 79, 121, 66) |- | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #ffffff "| Green (Ao English) (HTML/CSS “Green”) (Grass) (Hex: #008000) (RGB: 0, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008080; color:#ffffff"| Teal (web color) (Hex: #008080) (RGB: 0, 128, 128) |- |style = "background-color: #0095b6; color:#ffffff"| Blue-Green (Crayola) (Hex: #0095B6) (RGB: 0, 149, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #009698; color: #ffffff "| Viridian Green (Pantone TPX 17-5126) (Hex: #009698) (RGB: 0, 150,152) |- |style = "background-color: #01796f; color: #ffffff "| Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB:1, 121, 111) |- |style = "background-color: #007474; color: #ffffff "| Skobeloff (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007474) (RGB: 0, 122, 116) |- |style = "background-color: #317873; color: #ffffff "| Myrtle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #317873) (RGB: 49, 120, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #2b6963; color: #ffffff "| Antique Green (Pantone TPX 18-5418) (Hex: #2B6963) (RGB: 43, 105, 99) |- |style = "background-color: #40826d; color: #ffffff "| Viridian (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB:64, 130, 109) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7a57; color: #ffffff"| Amazon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #3B7A57) (RGB: 59, 122, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #00755e; color: #ffffff"| Tropical Rainforest (Crayola) (Hex: #00755E) (RGB: 0, 117, 94) |- |style = "background-color: #177245; color: #ffffff "| Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #006a4e; color: #ffffff "| Bottle Green (Bangladesh Green) (Flag of Bangladesh) (Hex: #006A4E) (RGB: 0, 106, 78) |- |style = "background-color: #006600; color: #ffffff "| Pakistan Green (Flag of Pakistan) (Hex: #006600) (RGB: 0, 102, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #037949; color: #ffffff "| Medium Green (Hex: #037949) (RGB: 3, 121, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #006400; color: #ffffff "| Dark Green (web color) (Hex: #006400) (RGB: 0, 100, 0) |- |style="background-color: #056608; color: #ffffff "| Deep Green (Crayola: Green) (Hex: #056608) (RGB: 5, 102, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #306030; color:#ffffff"| Mughal Green (Flag of Mughal Empire) (Hex: #306030) (RGB: 48, 96, 98) |- |style = "background-color: #355e3b; color:#ffffff"| Hunter Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #355E3B) (RGB: 53, 94, 59) |- |style = "background-color: #4d5d53; color:#ffffff"| Feldgrau (Mindjunker) (Hex: #4D5D53) (RGB: 77, 93, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #4b5320; color:#ffffff"| Army Green (Hex: #4B5320) (RGB: 75, 83, 32) |- |style = "background-color: #444c38; color:#ffffff"| Rifle Green (Pantone TPX 19-0419) (Hex: #444C38) (RGB: 68, 76, 56) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #1b4d3e; color: #ffffff "| British Racing Green (Modern) (representative sample) (Hex: #1B4D3E) (RGB: 27, 77, 62) |- |style = "background-color: #004953; color: #ffffff "| Midnight Green (Eagle Green) (Hex: #004953) (RGB: 0, 73, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #004b49; color: #ffffff"| Deep Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #004B49) (RGB: 0, 75, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #354230; color: #ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |- |style = "background-color: #1c352d; color: #ffffff"| Medium Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1C352D) (RGB: 28, 53, 45) |- |style = "background-color: #123524; color: #ffffff "| Phthalo Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #123524) (RGB: 18, 53, 26) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2421; color: #ffffff"| Dark Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1A2421) (RGB: 26, 36, 33) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2118; color: #ffffff "| Charleston Green (Hex: #1A2118) (RGB: 26, 33, 24) |} == Green (web color) == Dark green is a color. {{colorswatch|green|008000}} == Related pages == {{commonscat}} * [[Color vision]] * [[List of colors]] * [[Chartreuse green]] * [[Emerald (color)|Emerald green]] * [[Erin (color)|Erin]] * [[Fruitamins (color)|Fruitamins]] *[[Grape (color)|Grape]] *[[Gray-green]] *[[Harlequin (color)|Harlequin green]] * [[Kiwi (color)|Kiwi green]] * [[Lime (color)|Lime green]] * [[Mint (color)|Mint green]] * [[Olive (color)|Olive green]] * [[Parrot (color)|Parrot]] * [[Spring green]] * [[Sweet Lime (color)|Sweet Lime green]] * [[Viridian]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Shades of green}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] evtpowsrd4tbg77ruhde498uxshqjy9 10967229 10967227 2026-08-19T05:33:05Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 10967229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox color | title = Green | hex = 00FF00 | image = {{photomontage |photo1a=Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg |photo1b=Rotbugara 2010.JPG |photo1c=Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg |photo2a=First three female Marines graduate Infantry training course 131121-M-JR212-165.jpg |photo2b=Limes.jpg |photo2c=Billiard table1.JPG |photo3a=Champ de blé Côte-d'Or Bourgogne avril 2014.jpg |photo3b= |photo3C= | size = 243 | color_border = #AAAAAA | color = #F9F9F9 | foot_montage = }} | caption = Clockwise, from top left: [[Spain|Spanish]] gold and [[emerald]] pendant; [[chestnut-fronted macaw]]; ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]]; a [[billiards]] table; countryside in [[France]]; a graduating class of [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]]; [[Lime (fruit)|limes]] | wavelength = 495{{ndash}}570 | frequency = ≈575{{ndash}}525 | source = |r=0|g=100|b=0}} {{colorswatch|green|00FF00}} '''Green''' is a [[color]] between the [[yellow]] and [[blue]] colors in the [[rainbow]]. Green is a [[primary color]] (a color that can be mixed with another color) of [[light]]. The others are [[red]] and [[blue]]. Green and blue are next to each other on the spectrum, and there are languages which do not distinguish between them. Examples are old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese. Green [[paint]] can be made by mixing yellow paint and blue tempera paint together. Green light, like all light, is [[quanta]]—composed of [[photon]]s. The [[wavelength]] of green light is about 550 [[nanometer]]s (one-billionth of a [[meter]]). Most [[leaf|leaves]] of growing [[plant]]s, such as [[tree]]s and [[shrub|bush]]es, are green. This is because there is a [[chemical]] in leaves, called [[chlorophyll]], which is colored green. See [[color vision]] for more on the significance of green. {{-}} == Meaning of green == * Green is used as a color associated with [[jealousy]]. The phrase "green-eyed monster" means a jealous person. * The color green is the color of nature. Having a "green thumb" means that you're good at gardening.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green thumb definition|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/green-thumb|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/green%20thumb|title=Green thumb|publisher=Merriam-Webster's Learners Dictionary}}</ref> *Green is a color associated with poison. [[Paris green]] is a highly [[toxic]] [[chemical compound]]. *Green is a color of the Islamic religion and [[Islamism]]. Search the shade "Islamic Green" below. * Green is also the color of sickness. The phrase "green around the gills" is an expression implying that the person is nauseated. {{-}} == Comparison of greens == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- !Name !width=100|Color !HEX Code !Red !Green !Blue !Hue !Sat !Lum |- |Green(Ao English) Hulk |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #000000"|RGB 0,128,0 |#008000 |0 |128 |0 |120° |100% |100% |- |[[Spring green|Spring Green]](Guppie Green) |style = "background-color: #00ff7f; color: #000000"|RGB 0,255,127 |#00FF7F |0 |255 |128 |150° |100% |100% |- |Electric green(Bright Green) Lime(Web)/Hourbour |style = "background-color: #00ff00;color: #ffffff"|RGB 0,255,0 |#00FF00 |0 |255 |0 |120° |100% |50% |- |Sea Green/Lake Green |style = "background-color: #2b8e57; color: #ffffff"|RGB 46,139,87 |#2B8E57 |46 |139 |87 |146° |67% |54% |} == Tones of green color comparison chart == '''Green''' is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by range with a [[wavelength]] of roughly 570-520 [[Nanometre|nm]]. {| width=100% |- |style = "background-color: #f5fffa;"| Mint Cream (web color) (Hex: #F5FFFA) (RGB: 245, 255, 250) |- |style = "background-color: #f0fff0;"| Honeydew (web color) (Hex: #F0FFF0) (RGB:240, 255, 240) |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- |style = "background-color: #e6f8f3;"| Off Green (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E6F8F3) (RGB: 230, 248, 243) |- |style = "background-color: #dbfff8;"| Frosted Mint (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #DBFFF8) (RGB: 219, 255, 248) |- |style = "background-color: #7fffd4;"| Tipler (web color) (Hex:#7FFFD4) (RGB: 127, 255, 212) |- |style = "background-color: #98fb98;"| [[Pale green]] (web color) (Hex: #98FB98) (RGB: 152, 251, 152) |- |style = "background-color: #90ee90;"| Light Green (web color) (Hex: #90EE90) (RGB: 144, 238, 144) |- |style = "background-color: #ade6c4;"| Padua (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #ADE6C4) (RGB: 173, 230, 196) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- |style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- |style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style="background-color: #ecf245;" | Starship (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E3DD39) (RGB: 227, 221, 57) |- |style = "background-color: #dfff00;"| Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- |style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- |style = "background-color: #C9DC87;"| Medium Spring Bud (Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #C9DC87) (RGB: 201, 220, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| [[Lime (color)|Lime]] (Maerz & Paul) Bitter Lime (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Growth Green (Plochere))(Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #c0d8b6;"| Pixie Green (Xona.com Color List)(Hex: #C0D8B6) (RGB: 192, 216, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #d0f0c0;"| Tea Green (Hex: #D0F0C0) (RGB: 208, 240, 192) |- |style = "background-color: #cbe3d7;"| Edgewater (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #CBE3D7) (RGB: 200, 227, 215) |- |style = "background-color: #b4cfd3;"| Jungle Mist (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #B4CFD3) (RGB: 180, 207, 211) |- |style = "background-color: #ace1af;"| Celadon (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #ACE1AF) (RGB:172, 225, 175) |- |style = "background-color: #addfad;"| Light Moss Green (Moss Green www.99colors.net) (Hex: #ADDFAD) (RGB:173, 223, 173) |- |style = "background-color: #aaf0d1;"| Magic Mint (Crayola) (Hex: #AAF0D1) (RGB:170, 240, 209) |- | style = "background-color: #98ff98;"| Mint Green (Hex: #98FF98) (RGB:152, 255, 152) |- | style="background-color: #66ff66; " | Ultra Green (Crayola: Screamin’ Green) (Hex: #66FF66) (RGB: 102, 255, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff3f;"| [[Erin (color)|Erin]] (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00FF3F) (RGB: 0, 255, 63) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff7f;"| [[Spring green]] (web color) (Hex: #00FF7F) (RGB: 0, 255, 127) |- |style = "background-color: #00fa9a;"| Medium Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #00FA9A) (RGB: 0, 250, 154) |- |style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #00ff00;"| Electric green / (Bright Green) (web color "Lime") (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #39ff14;"| Neon Green (www.layoutspace.com) (Hex: #39FF14) (RGB: 57, 255, 20) |- | style = "background-color: #77dd77;"| Pastel Green (Hex: #77DD77) (RGB: 119, 221, 119) |- | style = "background-color: #6ca66c;"| Green Gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108) |- |style = "background-color: #0bda51;"| Malachite (Maer & Paul) (Hex: #0BDA51) (RGB: 11, 218, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #03C03C;"| Dark Pastel Green (Hex: #03C03C) (RGB: 3, 192, 60) |- |style = "background-color: #32b141;"| Classic Green (Pantone TPX 16-6340) (Hex: #32B141) (RGB: 50, 177, 65) |- |style = "background-color: #4cbb17;"| Kelly Green (Hex: #4CBB17) (RGB: 76, 187, 23) |- |style = "background-color: #66cc00;"| Apple Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #66CC00) (RGB: 102, 204, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #71cc51;"| Green Flash (Pantone TPX 15-0146) (Hex: #71CC51) (RGB: 113, 204, 81) |- |style = "background-color: #74c365;"| Mantis (Praying Mantis) (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #74C365) (RGB: 116, 195, 101) |- |style = "background-color: #50c878;"| Emerald Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #50C878) (RGB: 80, 200, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #66ddaa;"| Medium Aquamarine (web color) (Hex: #66DDAA) (RGB:102, 205, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #00cc99;"| Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153) |- |style = "background-color: #99cc66;"| Dull Green (Hex: #99CC66) (RGB: 153, 204, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #20b2aa;"| Light Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 170) |- |style = "background-color: #3cb371;"| Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113) |- |style = "background-color: #00a550;"| Pigment Green (CMYK) (Hex: #00A550) (RGB: 0, 165, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #00ab66;"| GO Green (GO Transit (Toronto)) (Hex: #00AB66) (RGB: 0, 171, 102) |- |style = "background-color: #00a86b;"| Jade Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #00A86B) (RGB: 0, 168, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #009f6b;"| Green (NCS) (Hex: #009F6B) (RGB: 0, 159, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #1cac78;"| Green (Crayola) (Hex: #1CAC78) (RGB: 28, 172, 120) |- |style = "background-color: #00a877;"| Green (Munsell) (Munsell 5G Green) (Hex: #00A877) (RGB: 0, 168, 119) |- |style = "background-color: #3eb489;"| Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137) |- |style = "background-color: #29ab87;"| Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #29AB87) (RGB: 41, 171, 135) |- |style = "background-color: #00ad83;"| Green (Pantone) (Green Grey) (Hex: #00AD83) (RGB: 0, 173, 131) |- |style = "background-color: #00a693;"| Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147) |- |style = "background-color: #1ab385;"| Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #1AB385) (RGB: 26, 179, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #009b7d;"| Spanish Viridian (''Verde Verones'' Gallego & Sanz) (Hex: #009B7D) (RGB: 0, 155, 125) |- |style = "background-color: #009e60;"| Shamrock Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #009E60) (RGB: 0, 158, 96) |- |style = "background-color: #00993a;"| Christmas Green (Liquitex Soft Body Decorative colors) (Hex: #00993A) (RGB: 0, 153, 58) |- |style = "background-color: #009000;"| Islamic Green (Islamic flag) (Hex: #009000) (RGB: 0, 144, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #138808;"| India Green (Flag of India) (Hex: #138808) (RGB: 19, 136, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #2e8b57;"| Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB: 46, 139, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #228b22;"| Forest Green (web color) (Hex: #228B22) (RGB:34, 139, 34) |- |style = "background-color: #7da98d;"| Bay Leaf (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #7DA98D) (RGB: 125, 169, 141) |- |style = "background-color: #c0db50;"| Leaf Green (Hex: #C0DB50) (RGB: 192, 219, 80) |- |style = "background-color: #8fbc8f;"| Dark Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #8FBC8F) (RGB: 143, 188, 143) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD85) (RGB: 165, 197, 133) |- |style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- |style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-Green (web color) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- |style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- |style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #87a96b; color: #ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #7BA05B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color: #ffffff"| Moss Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB:138, 154, 91) |- |style = "background-color: #78866b; color: #ffffff"| Camouflage Green (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- |style = "background-color: #679267; color: #ffffff"| Russian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #679267) (RGB: 103, 146, 103) |- |style = "background-color: #6b8e23; color: #ffffff"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6B8E23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- |style = "background-color: #808000; color: #ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #44944a; color: #ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (Harlequin (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7e00; color: #ffffff"| Napier Green (Original British Racing Green) (Hex: #3B7E00) (RGB: 59, 126, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #507d2a; color:#ffffff"| Sap Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #507D2A) (RGB: 80, 125, 42) |- |style = "background-color: #4f7942; color:#ffffff"| Fern Green (Crayola) (Hex: #4F7942) (RGB: 79, 121, 66) |- | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008000; color: #ffffff "| Green (Ao English) (HTML/CSS “Green”) (Grass) (Hex: #008000) (RGB: 0, 128, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #008080; color:#ffffff"| Teal (web color) (Hex: #008080) (RGB: 0, 128, 128) |- |style = "background-color: #0095b6; color:#ffffff"| Blue-Green (Crayola) (Hex: #0095B6) (RGB: 0, 149, 182) |- |style = "background-color: #009698; color: #ffffff "| Viridian Green (Pantone TPX 17-5126) (Hex: #009698) (RGB: 0, 150,152) |- |style = "background-color: #01796f; color: #ffffff "| Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB:1, 121, 111) |- |style = "background-color: #007474; color: #ffffff "| Skobeloff (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007474) (RGB: 0, 122, 116) |- |style = "background-color: #317873; color: #ffffff "| Myrtle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #317873) (RGB: 49, 120, 115) |- |style = "background-color: #2b6963; color: #ffffff "| Antique Green (Pantone TPX 18-5418) (Hex: #2B6963) (RGB: 43, 105, 99) |- |style = "background-color: #40826d; color: #ffffff "| Viridian (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB:64, 130, 109) |- |style = "background-color: #3b7a57; color: #ffffff"| Amazon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #3B7A57) (RGB: 59, 122, 87) |- |style = "background-color: #00755e; color: #ffffff"| Tropical Rainforest (Crayola) (Hex: #00755E) (RGB: 0, 117, 94) |- |style = "background-color: #177245; color: #ffffff "| Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #006a4e; color: #ffffff "| Bottle Green (Bangladesh Green) (Flag of Bangladesh) (Hex: #006A4E) (RGB: 0, 106, 78) |- |style = "background-color: #006600; color: #ffffff "| Pakistan Green (Flag of Pakistan) (Hex: #006600) (RGB: 0, 102, 0) |- |style = "background-color: #037949; color: #ffffff "| Medium Green (Hex: #037949) (RGB: 3, 121, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #006400; color: #ffffff "| Dark Green (web color) (Hex: #006400) (RGB: 0, 100, 0) |- |style="background-color: #056608; color: #ffffff "| Deep Green (Crayola: Green) (Hex: #056608) (RGB: 5, 102, 8) |- |style = "background-color: #306030; color:#ffffff"| Mughal Green (Flag of Mughal Empire) (Hex: #306030) (RGB: 48, 96, 98) |- |style = "background-color: #355e3b; color:#ffffff"| Hunter Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #355E3B) (RGB: 53, 94, 59) |- |style = "background-color: #4d5d53; color:#ffffff"| Feldgrau (Mindjunker) (Hex: #4D5D53) (RGB: 77, 93, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #4b5320; color:#ffffff"| Army Green (Hex: #4B5320) (RGB: 75, 83, 32) |- |style = "background-color: #444c38; color:#ffffff"| Rifle Green (Pantone TPX 19-0419) (Hex: #444C38) (RGB: 68, 76, 56) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- |style = "background-color: #1b4d3e; color: #ffffff "| British Racing Green (Modern) (representative sample) (Hex: #1B4D3E) (RGB: 27, 77, 62) |- |style = "background-color: #004953; color: #ffffff "| Midnight Green (Eagle Green) (Hex: #004953) (RGB: 0, 73, 83) |- |style = "background-color: #004b49; color: #ffffff"| Deep Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #004B49) (RGB: 0, 75, 73) |- |style = "background-color: #354230; color: #ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |- |style = "background-color: #1c352d; color: #ffffff"| Medium Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1C352D) (RGB: 28, 53, 45) |- |style = "background-color: #123524; color: #ffffff "| Phthalo Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #123524) (RGB: 18, 53, 26) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2421; color: #ffffff"| Dark Jungle Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #1A2421) (RGB: 26, 36, 33) |- |style = "background-color: #1a2118; color: #ffffff "| Charleston Green (Hex: #1A2118) (RGB: 26, 33, 24) |} == Green (web color) == Dark green is a color. {{colorswatch|green|008000}} == Related pages == {{commonscat}} * [[Color vision]] * [[List of colors]] * [[Chartreuse green]] * [[Emerald (color)|Emerald green]] * [[Erin (color)|Erin]] * [[Fruitamins (color)|Fruitamins]] *[[Grape (color)|Grape]] *[[Gray-green]] *[[Harlequin (color)|Harlequin green]] * [[Kiwi (color)|Kiwi green]] * [[Lime (color)|Lime green]] * [[Mint (color)|Mint green]] * [[Olive (color)|Olive green]] * [[Parrot (color)|Parrot]] * [[Spring green]] * [[Sweet Lime (color)|Sweet Lime green]] * [[Viridian]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Shades of green}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] 8oeh89cwgxzy2gvw9u3ugl4ms2dsxr7 0 426 10967085 10907893 2026-08-19T00:17:54Z ~2026-45406-32 1857722 /* reverted abuse */ 10967085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Code of Hammurabi 92.jpg|thumb|The [[Code of Hammurabi]], a legal text written about 1700BC. It is among the oldest legal texts known today.]] [[File:P1050763_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_face_rwk.JPG|thumb|[[Stele]] with the actual text, [[Louvre Museum]]]] '''Law''' is a set of rules made by a particular [[state|place or authority]] to keep [[society]] [[security|safe]] and [[Peace|peaceful]]. [[Court]]s or [[police]] help to make sure these rules are followed. They can [[punishment|punish]] people who break the laws, for example by making them pay a [[fine]] or by sending them to [[jail]]. In ancient societies, [[leader]]s wrote laws that told people how they should live, work and do business with each other. In most countries today, laws are written and voted on by groups of politicians in a [[legislature]], such as a [[parliament]] or congress, elected (chosen) by the governed peoples. Many countries today have a [[constitution]] that sets out the basic structure of that society, while other laws deal with more detailed matters. People in a society are generally free to do anything that is ''legal'' (allowed by law). An activity is ''illegal'' if it breaks a law or does not follow the laws. A [[legal code]] is a written code of laws that are [[law enforcement|enforce]]d. This may deal with things like [[police]], [[court]]s, or punishments. A [[lawyer]], jurist or attorney is a professional who studies and argues the rules of law. In the United States, there are two kinds of attorneys - "transactional" attorneys who write [[contracts]] and "litigators" who go to [[court]]. In the United Kingdom, these professionals are called [[solicitors]] and [[Barrister|barristers]] respectively. The ''[[Rule of Law]]'' is the law which says that government can only legally use its power in a way the government and the people agree on. It limits the powers a [[government]] has, as agreed in a country's [[constitution]]. The ''Rule of Law'' prevents dictatorship and protects the rights of the people. When leaders enforce the legal code honestly, even on themselves and their friends, this is an example of the rule of law being followed. "The rule of law", wrote the ancient Greek philosopher [[Aristotle]] in 350 BC, "is better than the rule of any individual." [[Culture]] is usually a major source of the principles behind many laws, and people also tend to trust the ideas based on [[family]] and social habits. In many countries throughout history, [[religion]] and religious books like the [[Vedas]], [[Bible]] or the [[Koran]] have been a major source of law. == Types of law == *'''Medical law''' is the body of '''laws''' concerning the rights and responsibilities of '''medical''' professionals and their patients. The main areas of focus for '''medical law''' include [[Confidential|confidentiality]], [[negligence]] and other [[tort]]<nowiki/>s related to '''medical''' treatment (especially '''medical''' malpractice), and criminal '''law''' and '''ethics'''. **Physician-Patient Privilege protects the patient's private conversations with a medical physician (doctor), this also extends to their personal information (like their contact details) shared with medical personnel. * [[Property]] law states the rights and obligations that a person has when they buy, sell, or rent homes and land (called [[real property]] or [[real property|realty]]), and objects (called [[personal property]]). ** [[Intellectual property]] law involves the rights people have over things they create, such as art, music, and [[literature]]. This is called [[copyright]]. It also protects inventions that people make, by a kind of law called [[patent]]. It also covers the rights people have to the names of a company or a distinctive mark or logo. This is called [[trademark]]. * Trust law (business Law) sets out the rules for money that is put into an [[investment]], such as [[Pension|pension funds]] that people save up for their retirement. It involves many different types of law, including administrative and property law. *[[Tort law]] helps people to make claims for [[money|compensation]] (repayment) when someone hurts them or hurts their property. *[[Crime|Criminal law]] is used by the government to prevent people from breaking laws, and punish people who do break them. *[[Constitutional law]] deals with the important rights of the government, and its relationship with the people. It mainly involves the interpretation of a [[constitution]], including things like the [[Separation of powers]] of the different branches of government. **A [[court order]] is an official proclamation by a judge that defines and authorizes the carrying out of certain steps for one or more parties to a case. *Administrative law is used by ordinary citizens who want to challenge decisions made by governments. It also involves things like regulations, and the operation of the [[Public administration|administrative agencies]]. *[[International law]] is used to set out rules on how countries can act in areas such as trade, the [[environment]], or military action. The [[Geneva Conventions]] on the conduct of war and the [[Roerich Pact]] are examples of international law. *[[Custom]] and tradition are practices that are widely adopted and agreed upon in a society, thought often not in a written form. Custom and tradition can be enforced in courts and are sometimes considered as part of the legal reasoning in matters decided in courts. In some societies and cultures all law is or was custom and tradition. This is increasingly rare although there are some parts of the world where custom tradition are still binding or even the predominant form of law, for example tribal lands or failed states. == Civil law and common law == '''[[Civil law]]''' is the legal system used in most countries around the world today. Civil law is based on legislation that is found in [[constitution]]s or statutes passed by government. The secondary part of civil law is the legal approaches that are part of custom. In civil law governments, judges do not generally have much power, and most of the laws and [[legal precedent]] are created by [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]]. '''[[Common law]]''' is based on the decisions made by judges in past court cases. It comes from England and it became part of almost every country that once belonged to the British Empire, except [[Malta]], [[Scotland]], the U.S. state of [[Louisiana]], and the Canadian province of [[Quebec]]. It is also the predominant form of law in the United States, where many laws called statutes are written by [[Congress]], but many more legal rules exist from the decisions of the courts. Common law had its beginnings in the [[Middle Ages]], when [[John of England|King John]] was forced by his barons to sign a document called [[Magna Carta]]. == Religious law == Religious law is law based on religious beliefs or books. Examples include the [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[Halakha]], [[Islam]]ic [[Sharia]], and [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Canon law]]. Until the 1700s, [[Sharia law]] was the main legal system throughout the Muslim world. In some Muslim countries such as [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Iran]], the whole legal systems still base their law on Sharia law. Islamic law is often criticised because it has harsh penalties for crimes. A serious criticism is the judgement of the [[European Court of Human Rights|European Court]] that "sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of [[democracy]]".<ref name=Judgement/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528154417/http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/29AC6DBD-C3F8-411C-9B97-B42BE466EE7A/0/2004__Wildhaber_Cancado_Trindade_BIL__opening_legal_year.pdf Hearing of the European Court of Human Rights], January 22, 2004 (PDF)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Press/2001/July/RefahPartisi2001jude.htm|title=ECHR press release Refah Partisi (2001)|publisher=Echr.coe.int|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010811161803/http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Press/2001/July/RefahPartisi2001jude.htm |accessdate=2012-04-04|archive-date=2001-08-11 }}</ref> The [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[Refah Party]]'s sharia-based "plurality of legal systems, grounded on religion" was ruled to contravene the [[European Convention on Human Rights|European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms]]. The Court decided Refah's plan would "do away with the State's role as the guarantor of individual rights and freedoms" and "infringe the principle of non-discrimination between individuals as regards their enjoyment of public freedoms, which is one of the fundamental principles of democracy".<ref name="Judgement">[http://www.strasbourgconsortium.org/common/document.view.php?docId=3878], by Christian Moe, Norwegian Institute of Human Rights, published at the site of The Strasbourg Conference (31 pages).</ref> == History of law == The history of law is closely connected to the development of human [[civilization]]s. [[Ancient Egypt]]ian law developed in 3000 BC. In 1760 BC King [[Hammurabi]], took ancient [[Babylon]]ian law and organized it, and had it chiselled in stone for the public to see in the marketplace. These laws became known as the [[Code of Hammurabi]]. The [[Torah]] from the [[Old Testament]] is an old body of law. It was written around 1280 BC. It has moral rules such as the [[Ten Commandments]], which tell people what things are not permitted. Sometimes people try to change the law. For example, if prostitution is illegal, they try to make it legal.<ref>Farley, Melissa. "“Bad for the body, bad for the heart”: prostitution harms women even if legalized or decriminalized." Violence against women 10.10 (2004): 1087-1125.</ref> == Legislature == In democracies, the people in a country usually choose people called politicians to represent them in a legislature. Examples of legislatures include the [[Houses of Parliament]] in London, the [[Congress]] in Washington, D.C., the [[German Bundestag|Bundestag]] in Berlin, the [[State Duma|Duma]] in Moscow and the Assemblée nationale in Paris. Many legislatures have two chambers or houses, a 'lower house' and an 'upper house'. To pass legislation, a majority of Members of Parliament must vote for a bill in each house. The legislature is the branch of government that writes laws, and votes on whether they will be approved. == Judiciary == The [[judiciary]] is a group of [[judge]]s who resolve people's disputes and determine whether people who are charged with crimes are [[Guilt|guilty]]. In some places the judge does not find guilt or innocence but instead directs a jury, how to interpret facts from a legal perspective, but the jury determines the facts based on evidence presented to them and finds the guilt or innocence of the charged person. Most countries of common law and civil law systems have a system of [[Appellate court|appeals courts]], up to a supreme authority such as the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]]. The highest courts usually have the power to remove laws that are [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] (which go against the constitution). == Executive (government) and Head of State == The executive is the governing center of political authority. In most democratic countries, the executive is elected from people who are in the legislature. This group of elected people is called the cabinet. There may be a [[President]] which exists separately from the legislature. The executive suggests new laws and deals with other countries. The executive usually controls the [[military]], the [[police]], and the [[bureaucracy]]. The executive selects ministers, or secretaries of state to control departments such as the health department or the department of justice. In many jurisdictions the Head of State takes a largely ceremonial role. This is the case in many [[Commonwealth nations]] where the Head of State, usually a Governor almost exclusively acts "on the advice" of the head of the Executive (e.g. the Prime Minister, First Minister or Premier). The primary legal role of the Head of State in these jurisdictions is to act as a check or balance against the Executive, as the Head of State has the rarely exercised power to [[dissolve the legislature]], call elections and dismiss ministers. == Other parts of the legal system == The '''[[police]]''' enforce the criminal laws by arresting people suspected of breaking the law. '''[[Bureaucracy|Bureaucrats]]''' are the government workers and government organizations that do work for the government. Bureaucrats work within a system of rules, and they make their decisions in writing. '''[[Lawyer]]s''' are people who have learned about laws. Lawyers give people advice about their legal rights and duties and represent people in [[court]]. To become a lawyer, a person has to complete a two- or three-year [[university]] program at a law school and pass an entrance examination. Lawyers work in law firms, for the government, for companies, or by themselves. '''Civil society''' is the people and groups that are not part of government that try to protect people against [[human rights]] abuses and try to protect [[freedom of speech]] and other individual rights. Organizations that are part of civil society include [[political parties]], debating clubs, [[trade union]]s, [[Human rights|human rights organizations]], [[newspaper]]s and [[Charities|charitie]]<nowiki/>s. "[[Corporation]]s are among the organizations that use the legal system to further their goals. Like the others, they use means such as [[campaign donations]] and [[advertising]] to persuade people that they are right. Corporations also engage in [[commerce]] and make new things such as [[automobile]]s, [[Vaporizer (cannabis)|vaporisers]]/e-cigarettes, and [[Unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (i.e. "drones") that the old laws are not well equipped to deal with. Corporations also makes use of a set of rules and regulations to ensure their employees remain loyal to them (usually presented in a legal contract), and that any disobedience towards these rules are considered uncivilized and therefore given grounds for immediate dismissal. == Related pages == *[[Constitution]] *[[Death penalty]] *[[Ethics]] *[[Jurisprudence]] *[[Legal code]] *[[Legal liability]] *[[Legal opinion]] *[[Legal rights]] *[[Parliament]] * [[Physical law]] * [[Political economy]] == Further reading == *H.L.A. Hart, ''The Concept of Law'', (Penelope A. Bullock & Joseph Raz eds. 2nd ed. 1994) (1961). *Sandro Nielsen: ''The Bilingual LSP Dictionary. Principles and Practice for Legal Language'' *. Benjamins 1994. *''A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy''. edited by Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit. {{ISBN|0-631-19951-9}}. *Johnson, Alan (1995). ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology''. Blackwells publishers. {{ISBN|1-55786-116-1}}. *''Handbook of Political Institutions''. edited by R. A. W. Rhodes, Sarah A. Binder and Bert A. Rockman. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-927569-6}} *''An Introduction to IP Law.'' edited by John Watts. Oxford University Press. Available at [http://www.patent-professionals.com Patent Professionals LLC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808080825/http://patent-professionals.com/ |date=2018-08-08 }} == References == {{commonscat}} {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Law Law] -Citizendium [[Category:Law| ]] 0vjnxz12nugf96n5fu6mv7jpqkqy4op 0 708 10966924 10950231 2026-08-18T18:49:32Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10966924 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Salami aka.jpg|thumb|Salami]] '''Salami''' is a any of a type of [[cured meat]] [[sausage|sausages]] that were first created in Italy. To be a salami, three key processes must exist: ''[[fermentation]]'', ''air-drying'', and ''[[seasoning]] with [[salt]]''. There are many different kinds of salami. The word salami comes from the Italian word ''salare'', meaning "to make something salty". The original salami was made from a mix of chopped [[pork]] and [[salt]], which was dried using air in a casing. Now there are many types of salamis made in many different countries. Nearly all salame are seasoned with a combination of [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s in addition to salt. Salamis are now sometimes smoked or cooked before air drying. Some kinds of salami are made of [[beef]], while others mix beef and pork. Salamis sometimes use more exotic meats or game meats, such as [[venison]] or boar. Some "lighter" salami might add [[turkey]] or [[chicken]] to reduce both [[fat]] and [[calorie]]s. Most, if not all, Italian salamis have [[garlic]] in them, but few [[Germany|German]] kinds do. Some salamis, include [[paprika]] or [[Chili pepper|chili]]. The difference between some types of salami includes how coarse or fine the meat is chopped. Many salamis are named after the city or region where they come from. Some examples are [[Arles]], [[Genoa]], [[Hungary|Hungarian]], and [[Milan]]o salamis. Italy has a very large variety of salume, and many regions are known for their special take on the meat. Sopressata is an Italian salami (a fermented and dried sausage) and a specialty of the southwestern Italian region of Calabria; it is usually available in hot or sweet varieties, and is often used on sandwiches. Sopressa is a large flat salame produced in the Northeast Italy (in Veneto and Frioul). Hard salami (originally from Germany, but became popular outside of Germany through immigration from Central European countries) and Genoa salami (originally from the northwest region of Liguria in Italy) are quite popular at American deli counters, and are often included on [[charcuterie]] boards. [[Pepperoni]], probably the most well-known salami on this list, is an American invention, created by Italian-American immigrants; it is, however, a salami. Finocchiona is a less-commonly found outside of Italy type of Tuscan (from Tuscany, Italy) pork salami which is flavored distinctively with wild [[fennel]] seeds or fennel pollen. Not all salami is nearly as solid; 'Nduja (or 'nduja di Spilinga) is a type of spreadable, fiery-hot pork salami made with Calabrian chili peppers; it originated in the village of Spilinga (located in the Vibo Valentia province of the Calabria region of Southern Italy). 'Nduja inverts the fat to lean muscle ratio of the typical sausage, with three parts fat to one part leaner protein/meat. Roughly 30% of the mass of a 'nduja sausage is composed of Calabrian chili peppers. In Italy, sausages such as salamis are often sold in ''salumeria'' (sausage shops). [[Category:Sausage]] 13h36d1726dqc27xo9gnv4j9qyo20l5 10966925 10966924 2026-08-18T18:49:44Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 Added {{[[Template:no sources|no sources]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=August 2026}} [[Image:Salami aka.jpg|thumb|Salami]] '''Salami''' is a any of a type of [[cured meat]] [[sausage|sausages]] that were first created in Italy. To be a salami, three key processes must exist: ''[[fermentation]]'', ''air-drying'', and ''[[seasoning]] with [[salt]]''. There are many different kinds of salami. The word salami comes from the Italian word ''salare'', meaning "to make something salty". The original salami was made from a mix of chopped [[pork]] and [[salt]], which was dried using air in a casing. Now there are many types of salamis made in many different countries. Nearly all salame are seasoned with a combination of [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s in addition to salt. Salamis are now sometimes smoked or cooked before air drying. Some kinds of salami are made of [[beef]], while others mix beef and pork. Salamis sometimes use more exotic meats or game meats, such as [[venison]] or boar. Some "lighter" salami might add [[turkey]] or [[chicken]] to reduce both [[fat]] and [[calorie]]s. Most, if not all, Italian salamis have [[garlic]] in them, but few [[Germany|German]] kinds do. Some salamis, include [[paprika]] or [[Chili pepper|chili]]. The difference between some types of salami includes how coarse or fine the meat is chopped. Many salamis are named after the city or region where they come from. Some examples are [[Arles]], [[Genoa]], [[Hungary|Hungarian]], and [[Milan]]o salamis. Italy has a very large variety of salume, and many regions are known for their special take on the meat. Sopressata is an Italian salami (a fermented and dried sausage) and a specialty of the southwestern Italian region of Calabria; it is usually available in hot or sweet varieties, and is often used on sandwiches. Sopressa is a large flat salame produced in the Northeast Italy (in Veneto and Frioul). Hard salami (originally from Germany, but became popular outside of Germany through immigration from Central European countries) and Genoa salami (originally from the northwest region of Liguria in Italy) are quite popular at American deli counters, and are often included on [[charcuterie]] boards. [[Pepperoni]], probably the most well-known salami on this list, is an American invention, created by Italian-American immigrants; it is, however, a salami. Finocchiona is a less-commonly found outside of Italy type of Tuscan (from Tuscany, Italy) pork salami which is flavored distinctively with wild [[fennel]] seeds or fennel pollen. Not all salami is nearly as solid; 'Nduja (or 'nduja di Spilinga) is a type of spreadable, fiery-hot pork salami made with Calabrian chili peppers; it originated in the village of Spilinga (located in the Vibo Valentia province of the Calabria region of Southern Italy). 'Nduja inverts the fat to lean muscle ratio of the typical sausage, with three parts fat to one part leaner protein/meat. Roughly 30% of the mass of a 'nduja sausage is composed of Calabrian chili peppers. In Italy, sausages such as salamis are often sold in ''salumeria'' (sausage shops). [[Category:Sausage]] 9va8xoeu45vln7ah5jupkr6wb4y6w82 10966927 10966925 2026-08-18T18:50:38Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 added [[Category:Italian food]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=August 2026}} [[Image:Salami aka.jpg|thumb|Salami]] '''Salami''' is a any of a type of [[cured meat]] [[sausage|sausages]] that were first created in Italy. To be a salami, three key processes must exist: ''[[fermentation]]'', ''air-drying'', and ''[[seasoning]] with [[salt]]''. There are many different kinds of salami. The word salami comes from the Italian word ''salare'', meaning "to make something salty". The original salami was made from a mix of chopped [[pork]] and [[salt]], which was dried using air in a casing. Now there are many types of salamis made in many different countries. Nearly all salame are seasoned with a combination of [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s in addition to salt. Salamis are now sometimes smoked or cooked before air drying. Some kinds of salami are made of [[beef]], while others mix beef and pork. Salamis sometimes use more exotic meats or game meats, such as [[venison]] or boar. Some "lighter" salami might add [[turkey]] or [[chicken]] to reduce both [[fat]] and [[calorie]]s. Most, if not all, Italian salamis have [[garlic]] in them, but few [[Germany|German]] kinds do. Some salamis, include [[paprika]] or [[Chili pepper|chili]]. The difference between some types of salami includes how coarse or fine the meat is chopped. Many salamis are named after the city or region where they come from. Some examples are [[Arles]], [[Genoa]], [[Hungary|Hungarian]], and [[Milan]]o salamis. Italy has a very large variety of salume, and many regions are known for their special take on the meat. Sopressata is an Italian salami (a fermented and dried sausage) and a specialty of the southwestern Italian region of Calabria; it is usually available in hot or sweet varieties, and is often used on sandwiches. Sopressa is a large flat salame produced in the Northeast Italy (in Veneto and Frioul). Hard salami (originally from Germany, but became popular outside of Germany through immigration from Central European countries) and Genoa salami (originally from the northwest region of Liguria in Italy) are quite popular at American deli counters, and are often included on [[charcuterie]] boards. [[Pepperoni]], probably the most well-known salami on this list, is an American invention, created by Italian-American immigrants; it is, however, a salami. Finocchiona is a less-commonly found outside of Italy type of Tuscan (from Tuscany, Italy) pork salami which is flavored distinctively with wild [[fennel]] seeds or fennel pollen. Not all salami is nearly as solid; 'Nduja (or 'nduja di Spilinga) is a type of spreadable, fiery-hot pork salami made with Calabrian chili peppers; it originated in the village of Spilinga (located in the Vibo Valentia province of the Calabria region of Southern Italy). 'Nduja inverts the fat to lean muscle ratio of the typical sausage, with three parts fat to one part leaner protein/meat. Roughly 30% of the mass of a 'nduja sausage is composed of Calabrian chili peppers. In Italy, sausages such as salamis are often sold in ''salumeria'' (sausage shops). [[Category:Sausage]] [[Category:Italian food]] ndtep0w87i343fjneml4puyqdh0yknl 4 1905 10966573 10966436 2026-08-18T13:27:21Z Der-Wir-Ing 404478 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/Sunwinbz|Sunwinbz]] ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1c) 10966573 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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It is different from [[capitalism]], where private actors, like [[business]] owners and [[Shareholder|shareholders]], own the means of production. The state can also act as a capitalist by owning the means of production and by directing the economy. Socialists believe that capitalists owning the means of production is a form of [[exploitation]] because it lets them own a majority of the labor that workers produce, even though the owners haven't done any work. Socialists propose that workers themselves get to own and manage their labor. Socialism is similar to [[communism]], though both have their own different sets of [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] standards held by the people and [[government]]. Socialists believe that sharing ownership of the means of production equally among society would increase people's [[quality of life]]. Socialists want to give people free access to basic life necessities like food, [[housing]], and [[healthcare]]. Some socialists also believe employment should be guaranteed as a [[Human rights|human right]]. Socialists want to prevent problems that they believe come from unchecked capitalism, like poor treatment of workers and [[inequality]]. There are varying views among socialists as to how exactly the issues should be prevented. There are varying views among socialists as to how different issues should be approached. Most socialists would argue that capitalism, in its purest form, can inflict great harm. There are lots of kinds of socialism. One big thing that splits socialists is how to make socialism happen. [[Reformist socialism|Reformists]] think people can get socialism by voting in [[Election|elections]] and changing the government bit by bit. [[Revolution|Revolutionaries]] believe that private owners are too powerful and will use their power to stop any [[Reform|reforms]], so the only way to get socialism is to take their ownership by force. Because there are many different types of socialism, economists and historians disagree on how well it works. Critics say it gives governments too much power and hurts the economy. Supporters argue it creates a fairer, more equal society. == History == [[File:Sesel map of socialist states.PNG|thumb|Map of Socialist and Communist Countries during the Cold War in 1985]] The followers of a [[Wales|Welshman]], [[Robert Owen]], began calling themselves socialists in 1841.<ref name="gale">Gale (2001). "Socialism" . World of Sociology. Retrieved 15 June 2011.</ref> Owen is seen as a founder of the [[Co-op]]erative Movement in Britain. He said that workers should own the companies they worked for. The workers would then share the [[profit]]s among themselves. He set up a new model factory in [[New Lanark]], Scotland.<ref name="wt">{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.credoreference.com/entry/sharpewt/socialism |title=Socialism |first= |last= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Trade From Ancient Times to the Present |year=2005 |accessdate=15 June 2011}}</ref> [[Karl Marx]] is the most well-known creator of the theory of socialism, and of communism. He wrote a book about capitalism, socialism, and communism, called "[[Das Kapital|A critique of the social economy]]". [[Friedrich Engels]] co-wrote the book, and paid for much of Marx's work and research. Many socialist [[political party|political parties]] were formed during the 19th century and early part of the 20th century. During the [[decolonization]] movement in the 20th century, many [[armies]] fighting for [[independence]] planned to establish socialist countries. == Forms of socialism == There are many kinds of socialism. In all types, at least in principle, ''the state or workers own the means of production''.<ref>Lamb, Peter & J.C. Docherty. 2006. ''Historical dictionary of socialism''. Lanham, Maryland, UK; Oxford, England, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 1.</ref> Means of production is originally a communist term which describes the tools that are needed to make goods. In a capitalist economy, these tools are normally owned by one person, and can range from a machine in a [[factory]] to an entire corporation. The one person hires workers for a [[wage]], and keeps any profits made. The profit is not split up amongst the workers. This can create inequality as the owner of the mean of production may be able to become very [[Wealth|wealthy]]. The major differences between the different varieties are the role of the [[free market]] (market planning), how the means of production are controlled, the role of management of workers, and the government's role in the economy. === Collectivization === One kind of socialism is "[[collectivization]]." In this system, money and goods are shared more equally among the people. In theory, this system results in the gap between classes getting smaller. The state helps the nation's poorest people. The richest are subjected to higher [[Tax|taxes]] and [[Economics|economic]] restrictions. === Communism as a goal === Socialists with more radical views believe that socialism will evolve into what they see as a more advanced system: [[communism]], with no [[state]], [[money]], [[hierarchy]] or social classes whatsoever. In [[Marxism|Marxist]] theory, socialism is a temporary social state between [[capitalism]] and [[communism]] but some socialists have no intention of transitioning to communism as in socialist theory, transitioning to communism isn't an end goal as this transition is exclusive to Marxist theory. Many label these economic theories into one as "communism" when they mean the [[Marxism|Marxist]] and [[Leninism|Leninist]] ideas and beliefs of [[Russia]]'s [[Bolshevik]] party. [[Karl Marx|Marx]] believed that capitalism followed the economic and political system of [[feudalism]]. He also believed that capitalism would unfairly treat many people. He thought that those people would eventually [[revolt]] and switch to socialism. He thought that socialism could be another bridge on a path to communism. However, many people incorrectly use the term "Communist" to refer to a socialist state as a pejorative insult. Others call this 'State Socialism,' to distinguish it from the communist goal that does not need a state or any form of government. To non-communists, the word 'socialism' is now used mostly for attempts to come close to this goal in a capitalist state. === Democratic socialism === [[Democratic socialism]] is the belief that socialism can be achieved through reform of what Marxists call Bourgeois Democracy<ref>{{Cite web|title=On Authority|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/10/authority.htm|access-date=2023-02-15|website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>―as opposed to achieving socialism by a [[revolution]]. The goals of these reforms are aimed to achieve a more just society, so that ordinary people can participate in the many decisions that affect their lives, which should require voting. === Social democracy === [[Social democracy]] is a type of socialism that attempts to mix parts of socialism with [[capitalism]]. In this system, despite there still being [[private property]], the government generates tax revenue. Tax comes from the wealthiest in the society and [[Corporation|corporations]]. It goes to the poor, or even everyone in the society in the form of social programs. These programs range from [[Single-payer health care|single-payer healthcare]], to other welfare programs such as expanding [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|SNAP]] benefits. The intentions of social democracy and socialism can be similar or shared. Social democracy keeps the capitalist system intact, and tries to reform it. Achieving socialism would mean completely getting rid of the capitalist system. Social democracy is often confused with democratic socialism due to the similar names and having the same short-term goals. The biggest difference is social democrats want to stop reforming capitalism when they think their reforms are good enough, but democratic socialists will not stop until capitalism is gone. Some examples of social democracies are the [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] countries. In social democracies, some services and industries are given [[subsidy]] money to help them run partly controlled by the [[government]]. [[Education]], [[National Health Service|health care]], [[House|housing]], [[Public utility|utility]] companies and [[public transportation]] are some industries that might be owned/supported by the government in a social democracy. For the most part, people working in these industries are paid by the government, with money paid by the people as taxes. A strong [[Welfare]] system is key to social democracy. ===Utopian socialism=== [[Utopian socialism]] is the first form of modern socialism. Unlike other forms of socialism, utopian socialism doesn't include belief in the necessity of [[class struggle]]. ===Anarcho-socialism=== Anarcho-socialism, also called [[Anarchism|anarchist]] socialism, [[libertarian socialism]] or free socialism is the idea of a socialist society where the state does not exist. Anarcho-socialists believe that both the state and the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] class (the class that owns the means of production in capitalism) oppresses the workers and a stateless mutual aid society should be established through a revolution. Mutual aid is the belief that people in a community (for example city districts or towns and villages) should help each other when necessary. Anarcho-socialism is very similar to anarcho-communism, and many anarcho-socialists are anarcho-communists. Other anarcho-socialists include mutualists (of [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]'s philosophy) ===National Socialism (Nazism)=== National Socialism (Nazism) National Socialism, or Nazism, was the main idea of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. This party was in [[Germany]]. It used ideas about the [[nation]] and [[race]]. But it was a type of socialism with [[central planning]]. The party made a plan in 1920. It was called the 25-Point Program. This plan asked for big companies to be owned by the government. It asked for sharing profits in large businesses. It asked to end income that people did not work for. It asked for the state to control schools and health care. They banned women from owning self-defence weapons like guns. These were common ideas in socialism. In real life, the Nazis controlled the economy with orders. They set prices. They set wages. They gave rules from the government. These rules made businesses work for the rulers' plans. The plans were not for free markets or choices by people. The Nazis let people own things on paper. But they controlled everything for war and power. They banned groups of workers. They stopped real freedom for workers. It failed like all socialism that uses force. It brought ruin. It brought hard rule. It blamed innocent people. This is not the right-wing freedom of each person taking care of their own. It is group rule that is cruel. People re-name it to hide the bad parts. === Other === Many people and countries see socialism differently. The [[Socialist International]] is an organization dedicated to the cause of promoting socialist ideals, and has ties with many socialist parties, especially [[:Category:Social democratic parties|Social Democratic]] parties. == Criticism == Many economists, historians, and politicians do not agree with the ideas of socialism. They argue that socialism has several major problems in practice and in theory. Economists from the [[Austrian School]] argue that a central government cannot safely plan a large economy. In a free market, prices change naturally based on supply and demand. Without a free market, it is impossible to know how much things should cost or how many items a factory should make. This always causes shortages of food, medicine, and other daily needs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1920-01-01|title=Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth {{!}} Mises Institute|url=https://mises.org/library/book/economic-calculation-socialist-commonwealth|access-date=2026-06-09|website=mises.org|language=en}}</ref> Others argue that socialism hurts the reason people work hard, which is known as an incentive. If businessmen cannot keep the profits from their work, they may stop trying to innovate or create new businesses. Some critics, especially [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Libertarianism|libertarians]], argue that socialism reduces individual [[Liberty|freedom]]. They believe that a healthy society should not have too much government control. People should be free to make their own choices as individuals. In the [[20th century|20th-century]], many countries tried to build socialist economies but failed. Some of them became [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] states that hurt their own citizens.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/chapter-pdf/2392625/9780262277440_car.pdf|title=By Force of Thought: Irregular Memoirs of an Intellectual Journey|last=Kornai|first=János|publisher=The MIT Press|year=2006|isbn=9780262277440|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=329-341}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Capitalism]] * [[Communism]] * [[Social democracy]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Political spectrum}} {{Political ideologies}} {{Philosophy topics}} {{Social and political philosophy}} [[Category:Forms of government]] [[Category:Socialism| ]] irn27ly38noevm6icqu6emt4el9j87y 0 5108 10967147 10739702 2026-08-19T02:08:26Z Mutark2026 1800336 removed [[Category:British workplace comedy television series]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10967147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | producer = {{plainlist| *John Howard Davies *[[Douglas Argent]]}} | editor = {{plainlist| *Susan Imrie *Bob Rymer *Bill Harris}} | runtime = 30 minutes | company = BBC | genre = [[Sitcom]] | creator = {{plainlist| *John Cleese *Connie Booth}} | writer = {{plainlist| *John Cleese *Connie Booth}} | director = {{plainlist| *[[John Howard Davies]] *[[Bob Spiers]]}} | starring = {{plainlist| *[[John Cleese]] *[[Prunella Scales]] *[[Andrew Sachs]] *[[Connie Booth]] *[[Ballard Berkeley]] *[[Brian Hall (actor)|Brian Hall]] *[[Renee Roberts]] *[[Gilly Flower]]}} | country = United Kingdom | language = English | network = BBC2 | first_aired = {{start date|1975|09|19|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|1979|10|25|df=y}} | num_series = 2 | num_episodes = 12 | list_episodes = #Episodes | theme_music_composer = [[Dennis Wilson (composer)|Dennis Wilson]] | opentheme = "Fawlty Towers" | endtheme = "Fawlty Towers" }} '''''Fawlty Towers''''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[television]] [[sitcom]]. It was broadcast by the [[BBC]] in two series, one in 1975, the other in 1979. Only twelve episodes were ever broadcast. However, the show is still liked by millions of people. ''Fawlty Towers'' has influenced other comedies. It is set in a [[hotel]] in the coastal [[Devon]] [[town]] of [[Torquay]]. == Main characters == The owners of the hotel are Basil Fawlty (played by [[John Cleese]]) and his wife Sybil ([[Prunella Scales]]). They are helped by Polly, a young British maid ([[Connie Booth]]) and Manuel, a clumsy [[waiter]] from [[Barcelona]] in [[Spain]] ([[Andrew Sachs]]). In series two there is also a [[chef]], Terry ([[Brian Hall]]). Basil is a rude, angry man, who fought in the [[Korean War]]. He has been married to Sybil for fifteen years. Sybil and Basil do not [[love]] each other. Polly has a talent for painting, and this is shown in some episodes when her [[art]]work is laid upon the front desk, annoying Basil. Manuel speaks only a little [[English language|English]] and he often makes mistakes due to misunderstanding things. When he makes a mistake Basil usually apologises to the guests by saying, "I'm so sorry, he's from Barcelona." Scales made up her own character backstory for how the couple met and got married.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Armstrong|first=Stephen|date=2025-11-28|title=My mother, Prunella Scales, by Samuel West: I don’t know who I am without her|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/theatre-dance/article/samuel-west-parents-prunella-scales-2f60b522j|access-date=2026-02-05|website=www.thetimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=West|first=Samuel|title=Prunella Scales, remembered by Samuel West|url=https://observer.co.uk/obituary/loved-and-lost-2025/article/prunella-scales-remembered-by-samuel-west|access-date=2026-02-05|website=The Observer|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-10-28|title=Prunella Scales, comically imperious wife on ‘Fawlty Towers,’ dies at 93|language=en-US|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2025/10/28/prunella-scales-dead-fawlty-towers/|access-date=2026-02-05|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> == Other characters == The Major ([[Ballard Berkeley]]) is a regular guest. He is old and forgetful. The aged and easily shocked Miss Tibbs (Gilly Flower) and Miss Gatsby (Renee Roberts) are also regular guests. == Episodes == There were twelve episodes of ''Fawlty Towers'' made. The first six episodes were made in 1975, the last six in 1979. ''Fawlty Towers'' still has many fans, and many people regard it as the best comedy series made by the [[BBC]]. It was voted 5th in a poll in Britain to find "Britain's Best Sitcom" 2004. One of the most famous episodes is "The Germans". In that episode, people from [[Germany]] are visiting the hotel. Basil dislikes Germans, because he blames them for starting [[World War II]]. He tells his staff not to mention the war ("Don't mention the war!"). He himself continually mentions the war, and even imitates [[Adolf Hitler]]. One of the most famous scenes occurs in the episode "Gourmet Night" where Basil's car breaks down and refuses to start and then proceeds to give it a "Damn good thrashing!" by taking a large tree branch and hitting the car with it. The episodes, in order with date of first showing, are: === Season One === *A Touch of Class (19 September 1975) *The Builders (26 September 1975) *The Wedding Party (3 October 1975) *The Hotel Inspectors (10 October 1975) *Gourmet Night (17 October 1975) *The Germans (24 October 1975) === Season Two === *Communication Problems (19 February 1979) *The Psychiatrist (26 February 1979) *Waldorf Salad (5 March 1979) *The Kipper and the Corpse (12 March 1979) *The Anniversary (26 March 1979) *Basil the Rat (25 October 1979) == Legacy == Naming ''Fawlty Towers'' among the shows he loved growing up, comedy writer [[Graham Linehan]] cited the "farce elements" of the show as an influence for his much acclaimed sitcom ''[[Father Ted]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Small, Far Away: The World Of Father Ted Reviews|work=[[TV Guide]]|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/small-far-away-the-world-of-father-ted/review/2000287710/|access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref> In 2025, John Cleese published a book about the series titled ''Fawlty Towers: Fawlts & All'', marking the show's 50th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-27|title=50 years in the making, it's... 'Fawlty Towers: Fawlts & All - My Favourite Moments' by John Cleese {{!}} Tellyspotting|url=https://tellyspotting.kera.org/2025/04/27/50-years-in-the-making-its-fawlty-towers-fawlts-all-my-favourite-moments-by-john-cleese/|access-date=2025-04-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Headline snaps up John Cleese's 'side-splitting' Fawlty Towers|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/headline-snaps-up-john-cleeses-side-splitting-fawlty-towers|access-date=2025-04-29|website=The Bookseller|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Fawlty Towers: fawlts and all|last=Cleese|first=John|date=2025|publisher=Headline|isbn=978-1-0354-3322-3|location=London}}</ref> [[William, Prince of Wales]] told John Cleese in November 2025 that he was enjoying introducing and rewatching the series with his children.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prince William tells John Cleese his kids have just discovered Fawlty Towers|url=https://news.sky.com/story/prince-william-tells-john-cleese-his-kids-have-just-discovered-fawlty-towers-13475955|access-date=2025-12-03|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> == Home media and Rebroadcast == ''Fawlty Towers'' was originally released by BBC Video in 1984, with three episodes on each of four tapes. Each was edited with the credits from all three episodes put at the end of the tape. A [[LaserDisc]] containing all episodes spliced together as a continuous episode was released in the US on 23 June 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prince William tells John Cleese his kids have just discovered Fawlty Towers|url=https://news.sky.com/story/prince-william-tells-john-cleese-his-kids-have-just-discovered-fawlty-towers-13475955|access-date=2025-12-03|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> It was re-released in 1994, unedited but digitally remastered. It also was re-released in 1997 with a special interview with Cleese. ''Fawlty Towers – The Complete Series'' was released on DVD on 16 October 2001, available in [[DVD region code|regions]] 1, 2 and 4. A "Collector's Edition" is available in region 2. The original DVD contained a slightly edited version of "The Kipper and the Corpse", in which Basil's line "Is it your legs?" (said to Mr Lehman when asking why he wants breakfast in bed) is missing. This line was restored in later remasters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fawlty Towers episode guide|url=http://www.fawltysite.net/episodes/the_kipper_and_the_corpse.htm|access-date=17 July 2021|website=Fawltysite.net|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407041718/http://www.fawltysite.net/episodes/the_kipper_and_the_corpse.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Series one was released on [[Universal Media Disc|UMD]] Video for [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]]. In July 2009, BBC America announced a DVD reissue, released on 20 October 2009. Titled ''Fawlty Towers Remastered: Special Edition'', it contains commentary by Cleese on every episode as well as remastered video and audio. All episodes have been made available for digital purchase on platforms such as [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[iTunes]] in the U.K.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Fawlty Towers - Season 1 {{!}} Prime Video|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B0F4YFP83J/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922174517/https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B0F4YFP83J/|archive-date=2025-09-22|access-date=2025-09-22|website=[[Amazon (company)|www.amazon.co.uk]]|language=en-gb}}</ref> In 2020, John Cleese criticised the BBC when the episode "The Germans" was removed from the streaming platform belonging to [[UKTV]] due to "offensive language" used by the character of the Major; the channel, of which the BBC is a parent company, said it at the time it planned to add the episodes back with content advisory messages.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-12|title=Fawlty Towers: John Cleese attacks 'cowardly' BBC over episode's removal|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News Online|BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53020335|access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Media|first=P. A.|date=2020-06-12|title=UKTV to reinstate Fawlty Towers episode The Germans|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2020/jun/12/john-cleese-attacks-stupid-removal-of-fawlty-towers-episode|access-date=2025-04-19|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The BBC has also aired cut versions of the episode on broadcast television during reruns in some instances in 2013 and 2021, in part citing UK "watershed" time period broadcasting regulations <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-28|title=BBC airs controversial 'Fawlty Towers' episode 'The Germans' after cutting racist terms|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/bbc-airs-edited-fawlty-towers-the-germans-103619272.html|access-date=2025-04-19|website=[[Yahoo News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lawson|first=Mark|date=2013-01-23|title=Fawlty Towers isn't racist. Major Gowen is|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2013/jan/23/fawlty-towers-isnt-racist-major-gowen-is|access-date=2025-04-19|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 2021, all episodes were made available on [[BBC iPlayer]]. The series was available on demand through British channel [[U&GOLD]] via [[Sky UK]] as of 2026 as well as being rebroadcast on the network.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fawlty Towers|url=https://www.sky.com/watch/series/445095a5-0c85-4c84-aa79-cb1f661225b1|access-date=2026-01-19|website=www.sky.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What's on U&GOLD?|url=https://tv24.co.uk/channel/ugold/2026-01-19|access-date=2026-01-19|website=tv24.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> == Other websites == *{{imdb title|0072500}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1975 British television series debuts]] [[Category:1979 British television series endings]] [[Category:1970s British sitcoms]] [[Category:1970s British workplace comedy television series]] [[Category:BBC television sitcoms]] [[Category:Television series about marriage]] [[Category:Torquay]] [[Category:British English-language television shows]] jedoqzcu6frhsl6q11yu8s0kkuqvtp6 0 5743 10967402 10702107 2026-08-19T10:31:45Z ~2026-45300-19 1857922 /* */ Redundant/ repeated material 10967402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{A-Z}} [[File:Z cursiva.gif|thumb]] '''Z''' is the twenty-sixth ([[26 (number)|number 26]]) and last [[letter]] in the [[English language|English]] [[alphabet]]. The small letter, '''z''' or '''ᴣ''', is used as a lowercase [[consonant]]. Z is the least-common letter in English language words and spelling. The same letter of the [[Greek alphabet]] is named [[zeta (letter)|zeta]]. == Pronunciation == In [[British English]], the letter [[Pronunciation|is said like]] '''zed''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|ɛ|d}}. This comes from the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] ''[[zeta (letter)|zeta]]''. In [[American English]], Z is pronounced "'''zee'''" {{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|iː}}, because it comes from a late 17th century English speech.<ref>One early use of "zee": {{cite book |last1=Lye |first1=Thomas |title=A new spelling book, 1677 |url=https://archive.org/details/newspellingbook100lyet |year=1969 |publisher=Menston, (Yorks.) Scolar P. |orig-date=2nd ed., London, 1677 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newspellingbook100lyet/page/24 24] |quote=Zee Za-cha-ry, Zion, zeal}}</ref> == Where it came from == {| class="wikitable" style="float: right;" |- ! Phoenician<br/>''[[zayin]]'' ! Etruscan<br/>Z ! Greek<br/>''[[zeta (letter)|zeta]]'' |- style="text-align:center;" |[[Image:PhoenicianZ-01.png]] |[[Image:EtruscanZ-01.svg|46px]] |[[Image:Zeta uc lc.svg|64px]] |} ===Semitic=== The name of the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] symbol was ''[[zayin]]'' and was the seventh letter. It might have meant "weapon". It could have helped form English and French's ''z''. ===Greek=== The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the [[Phoenician]] symbol <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">I</span>. It stayed like this for a long time. The Greeks called it zeta, a new name made from the Greek letters ''[[eta (letter)|eta]]'' (η) and ''theta'' (θ). ===Etruscan=== In [[Old Italic alphabet|Etruscan]], ''Z'' may have been {{IPA|/ts/}}. ===Latin=== In Old Latin, {{IPA|/z/}} (written ''s'') became {{IPA|/r/}} and the symbol for {{IPA|/z/}} became useless. It was taken away from the alphabet by [[Appius Claudius Caecus]], and a new letter, ''[[G]]'', was put in. In the 1st century BC, ''Z'' was put in the alphabet again at the end of the Latin alphabet. This was done to accurately represent the sound of the Greek zeta. The letter ''Z'' appeared only in Greek words, and is the only letter besides ''Y'' that the Romans took from Greek. == Meanings for Z == * In [[cartoon]]s, Z means the [[sound]] of [[sleeping]] or [[snoring]], like in "ZZZzzzz...". * In [[particle physics]], Z stands for the [[W and Z bosons|١ ٠٩ ٤٠]]. * In chemistry, Z stands for the [[atomic number]]. * In politics, Z has been used by the [[Russian Armed Forces]] as an identifying symbol on its [[military vehicle]]s, during [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-07 |title=Why has the letter Z become the symbol of war for Russia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/07/why-has-the-letter-z-become-the-symbol-of-war-for-russia |access-date=2022-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-07 |title=Ivan Kuliak: Why has 'Z' become a Russian pro-war symbol? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60644832 |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref> ==References== {{wikt}} {{commonscat}} {{Reflist}} {{Latin script}} {{stub}} 7n7q15mdyozbm3l0kg0e0qzgj0rlk2m 0 6393 10966577 10965883 2026-08-18T13:31:00Z ~2026-45432-55 1857429 /* How apartheid worked in South Africa */ 10966577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Durban Sign 1989 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A sign in a beach in Durban in 1989 that says only white people could use the beach in [[English language|English]], [[Afrikaans]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]].]] '''Apartheid''' was a [[Racism|racist]] political and social system in [[South Africa]] and [[South West Africa]] (now [[Namibia]]) during the era of white minority rule. It enforced [[racial segregation]] and discrimination against non-whites. This system existed in the 20th century, from 1948 to 1994. The word ''apartheid'' means "apartness" in the [[Afrikaans]] language.<ref name="mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu">{{cite web|url=http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|title=Apartheid (1948-1994)|accessdate=October 4, 2017|archive-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805225803/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="A"> * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=Apartheid, Afrikaner nationalism and the radical Right : historical revisionism in Hermann Giliomee's The Afrikaners : review article |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC93532 |last=Furlong |first=Patrick |pages=207‒222 |volume=49 |doi=10.10520/EJC93532 |date=November 1, 2003 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=South African Anti-Fascism and the Nazi Foreign Office: Antisemitism, Anti-communism and the Surveillance of the Third Reich’s International Enemies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |last=Braskén |first=Kasper |pages=30‒54 |volume=74 |issue=1: Anti-Fascism in Southern Africa |doi=10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=The Routledge History of Antisemitism |chapter=Antisemitism in South Africa |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429428616-23/antisemitism-south-africa-milton-shain |last=Shain |first=Milton |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780429428616 |year=2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook on Zionism |chapter=Zionism between Afrikaner Nationalism and Apartheid |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003312352-43/zionism-afrikaner-nationalism-apartheid-milton-shain-richard-mendelsohn |last1=Shain |first1=Milton |last2=Mendelsohn |first2=Richard |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781003312352 |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=Zionism achieved an [...] unchallenged [[hegemony]] within South African Jewry in the early [[Decade|decades]] of the [[20th century|twentieth century]] [. ...] Jews in South African [[society]] was [[Threat|threatened]] from the 1920s by the rise of nativism and [[Xenophobia|exclusivist]] Afrikaner nationalism [. ...] In post-Apartheid South Africa the Zionist idea has [[Experience|encountered]] a less comfortable [[environment]].}} * {{cite journal |journal=African Studies |title=Jews in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of South Africa, Nigeria, DR Congo and Ethiopia |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/300872/1/Kohnert-Jews-in-sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf |last=Kohnert |first=Dirk |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10903675 |location=[[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> Racial segregation had existed in what is now South Africa for centuries. In the elections of 1948, the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]] (NP) under [[Daniel Francois Malan]] took power, unified the existing pass laws in the [[Union of South Africa]] under their new strict apartheid system, and in the next few years, made new pass laws that enforced segregation more rigorously than the previous pass laws. In theory, the goal was to bring independence to the Black majority in their own little countries to be created from South African territory.<ref name="A" /> Under this system, the people of [[South Africa]] were divided into four [[race (sociology)|races]], and the different races were forced to live separately from each other. There were laws to keep them segregated. In South Africa, the apartheid legislation was repealed in 1991, but the apartheid system was entirely abolished in 1994 when a new constitution was ratified which granted the Black majority along with the Indian and [[Coloured]] minorities equal political and voting rights<ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-12-23|title=Constitution of South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_South_Africa&oldid=875052601|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> along with dissolving the [[bantustan]]s. The last [[head of state]] who held office during the apartheid era was [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]; who was responsible for holding negotiations with political prisoner [[Nelson Mandela]] to bring an end to apartheid.<ref>Abegunrin, Olayiwola Africa in Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century: A Pan-African Perspective Palgrave MacMillan New York, New York 2009 page 20</ref><ref name="A" /> Following these successful negotiations, Nelson Mandela was elected to the Presidency of South Africa after the first non-racial elections were held in April 1994, and became the first black person to hold the position. He was 75 years old. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/nelson_mandela/ | title=KS2 History }}</ref><ref>Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume C since 1750 Second Edition Wadsworth Cengage Learning page 889</ref> The pair were awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their efforts. Today, the term apartheid is sometimes used for similar segregation systems in other countries. == How apartheid worked in South Africa == During apartheid, people were divided into four racial groups and segregated by law.<ref>Schaefer, Richard T. editor Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society Volume 1 Sage Publications Inc. 2008 page 83</ref> The system was used to deny many basic rights to non-White people, mainly [[Black people]], [[Coloured|Coloured people]] and [[India]]ns/[[South Asia]]ns who lived in South Africa. The law allowed [[White people]] to be in certain areas. Only Black people had to carry special passes, have permission to travel outside their designated area or work in particular areas reserved for Whites. The government segregated diverse communities and forcibly moved many black people off their land (From 1960 to 1983, the Bantustan policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the areas designated for whites). Many other laws were made, for example: interracial marriage was outlawed; Black people, Coloured people or Indians could not own land in White areas or vote. The [[United Nations]] did not agree with the South African government's apartheid policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/ola/Default.aspx|title=United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs|website=legal.un.org}}</ref> Some anti-apartheid protests in South Africa resulted in massacres perpetrated by the police, such as in [[Sharpeville]], [[Vereeniging]] in 1960<ref>Haas, Michael International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction Routledge New York 2008 page 84</ref> and in [[Soweto]], [[Johannesburg]] in 1976.<ref>Pieterse, HJC Desmond Tutu's Message: A Qualitative Analysis Uitgeverij Kok, Kampden, the Netherlands 2001 page 17</ref> After the [[Sharpeville Massacre]] in 1960, the [[United Nations|UN]] tried to remove South Africa 14 years later in 1974. France, the United States, and the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/danteinghilterra01|title=Dante in Inghilterra|last=Bugliani, Paolo|last2=Riccardi, Silvia|date=2018|publisher=Pisa University Press}}</ref> prevented that from happening. The [[Soweto Uprising]] in 1976 happened because Black South Africans were forced to study some subjects at school and college in [[Afrikaans]] and [[English language|English]], instead of their [[first language]]s ([[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] and [[Sotho language|Sesotho]]). Many Black people hated Afrikaans because it was the language of the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]]-led government and the language of their [[Afrikaner people|Afrikaner]] oppressors.<ref>Martin, Phyllis, Patrick O'Meara editors Africa: Third Edition Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 1995 402</ref> ===Protests=== [[Protest]]s against apartheid started one year after apartheid started. As early as 1949, the youth wing of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) suggested fighting against racial segregation using many different strategies.<ref name="protest">{{cite book|title=Understanding Apartheid: Teacher's Book|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingapa0000mary|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-576616-4|editor=Lengfeld, Carolynne|location=[[Cape Town]]|pages=55–74|chapter=Resistance to Apartheid|editor-last2=Pienaar, Sara}}</ref> Over the next 45 years, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred.<ref name=protest/> They included protests by the Black Consciousness Movement; student protests; [[strike action|labor strikes]]; and church group [[activism]].<ref name=protest/> In 1991, the [[Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991|Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act]] was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act.<ref>Reinhard Zimmermann (1996). "Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa". Clarendon Press. p. 90. {{ISBN|978-0198260875}}.</ref> In 1990, President [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] started trying to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm |title=De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa |website=BBC News Online |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation, Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016| date=February 2, 1990| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm| archivedate= February 15, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Non-whites were given the right to vote in 1993. South Africa had its first non-racial elections (where non-whites were allowed to be [[wikt:candidate|candidates]] in 1994. [[Nelson Mandela]] and the African National Congress won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Nelson-Mandela |title=Nelson Mandela |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 19, 2015 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> Mandela and de Klerk were [[award]]ed the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993 for working together to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993: Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=The Official Website of the Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Media AB |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> ==Ending apartheid== In 1989, [[F. W. de Klerk]] became [[State President of South Africa]]. He wanted to genuinely and irreversibly reform the system in order to dismantle it, instead of superficially and insincerely "reforming" it in order to preserve it, unlike the previous head of state, [[P. W. Botha]]. In a speech in 1990, de Klerk said the ban on the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] (PAC), and the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP) was lifted. He also ruled that [[Nelson Mandela]] would be released from [[prison]] and [[South West Africa]] (today [[Namibia]]) would be granted independence. In 1991, the [[United Nations|UN]] created the ''[[National Peace Accord]]''. The purpose of the Peace Accord was "to bring an end to political violence" in South Africa.<ref name="npa">{{cite web|title=National Peace Accord|url=http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/ZA_910914_National%20Peace%20Accord.pdf|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> It was agreed on by 27 organisations and governments. After this the ''[[Convention for a Democratic South Africa]]'' (CODESA) was formed. CODESA worked to find a solution to the violence. The first non-racial election in which all races could vote, was held on 27 April 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected president, with de Klerk and [[Thabo Mbeki]] as deputies. This date is considered the complete end of apartheid. The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] was created to help victims speak out and seek justice. It was chaired by [[Desmond Tutu]] from 1995 to 1998. Although Black South Africans, Cape Coloureds and Indian South Africans were granted equal rights by [[law]] after a long fought campaign, there is still huge economic inequality between Whites and non-Whites. In 2012, South Africa held its first [[census]] in over ten years. It found that the [[average]] Black family earned one-sixth (about 17%) of what the average White family earned.<ref name=bloomberg/> "These figures tell us that at the bottom of the rung is the black majority who continue to be confronted by deep poverty unemployment and inequality,” President [[Jacob Zuma]] said when the findings were released. Nelson Mandela spent the majority of his life fighting against apartheid laws, and without his activism; many of the changes would never have happened. <ref name=bloomberg>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-30/south-africa-s-racial-income-inequality-persists-census-shows |title=South Africa's Racial Income Inequality Persists, Census Shows |author=Cohen, Mike |date=October 30, 2012 |website= |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=May 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> [[File:Apartheid.jpg|thumb|upright|Sign at a beach: ''This beach has been reserved for white people only''.]] == Aim of apartheid == The goal of apartheid was to separate the people of South Africa into small [[independent]] nations. The black ones were called [[Bantustan]]s. South Africa said they were independent countries and exchanged [[ambassador]]s but [[List of states with limited recognition|other countries did not]]. [[Daniel Francois Malan|D.F. Malan]], [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom|J.G. Strijdom]] and [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] did not want to spend a lot of money on this project. They also wanted to keep the majority of South Africa's land for white people, especially the richest places, like the gold mines of [[Johannesburg]]. They wanted black men to work in these mines for little money but their families had to live far away or face imprisonment. Those imprisonments often served as "a symbol of oppression".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ej-social.org/index.php/ejsocial/article/view/547|title=The Role of Language in the Mandela Strategy|author=William Walter Bostock|date=19 September 2024|accessdate=28 July 2025|publisher=European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|issn=2736-5522}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jim Crow laws]] * [[Soweto uprising]] * [[Dhimmi]] * [[Race (sociology)]] * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] Kanister == References == {{reflist}} {{Racism topics}} {{Nelson Mandela}} [[Category:Apartheid| ]] [[Category:20th century in South Africa]] [[Category:Crimes against humanity]] 6nbn3unjkkrul0qb1mjjotmt1mnkcvc 10966582 10966577 2026-08-18T13:32:01Z ~2026-45432-55 1857429 /* How apartheid worked in South Africa */ 10966582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Durban Sign 1989 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A sign in a beach in Durban in 1989 that says only white people could use the beach in [[English language|English]], [[Afrikaans]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]].]] '''Apartheid''' was a [[Racism|racist]] political and social system in [[South Africa]] and [[South West Africa]] (now [[Namibia]]) during the era of white minority rule. It enforced [[racial segregation]] and discrimination against non-whites. This system existed in the 20th century, from 1948 to 1994. The word ''apartheid'' means "apartness" in the [[Afrikaans]] language.<ref name="mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu">{{cite web|url=http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|title=Apartheid (1948-1994)|accessdate=October 4, 2017|archive-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805225803/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="A"> * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=Apartheid, Afrikaner nationalism and the radical Right : historical revisionism in Hermann Giliomee's The Afrikaners : review article |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC93532 |last=Furlong |first=Patrick |pages=207‒222 |volume=49 |doi=10.10520/EJC93532 |date=November 1, 2003 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=South African Anti-Fascism and the Nazi Foreign Office: Antisemitism, Anti-communism and the Surveillance of the Third Reich’s International Enemies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |last=Braskén |first=Kasper |pages=30‒54 |volume=74 |issue=1: Anti-Fascism in Southern Africa |doi=10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=The Routledge History of Antisemitism |chapter=Antisemitism in South Africa |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429428616-23/antisemitism-south-africa-milton-shain |last=Shain |first=Milton |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780429428616 |year=2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook on Zionism |chapter=Zionism between Afrikaner Nationalism and Apartheid |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003312352-43/zionism-afrikaner-nationalism-apartheid-milton-shain-richard-mendelsohn |last1=Shain |first1=Milton |last2=Mendelsohn |first2=Richard |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781003312352 |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=Zionism achieved an [...] unchallenged [[hegemony]] within South African Jewry in the early [[Decade|decades]] of the [[20th century|twentieth century]] [. ...] Jews in South African [[society]] was [[Threat|threatened]] from the 1920s by the rise of nativism and [[Xenophobia|exclusivist]] Afrikaner nationalism [. ...] In post-Apartheid South Africa the Zionist idea has [[Experience|encountered]] a less comfortable [[environment]].}} * {{cite journal |journal=African Studies |title=Jews in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of South Africa, Nigeria, DR Congo and Ethiopia |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/300872/1/Kohnert-Jews-in-sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf |last=Kohnert |first=Dirk |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10903675 |location=[[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> Racial segregation had existed in what is now South Africa for centuries. In the elections of 1948, the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]] (NP) under [[Daniel Francois Malan]] took power, unified the existing pass laws in the [[Union of South Africa]] under their new strict apartheid system, and in the next few years, made new pass laws that enforced segregation more rigorously than the previous pass laws. In theory, the goal was to bring independence to the Black majority in their own little countries to be created from South African territory.<ref name="A" /> Under this system, the people of [[South Africa]] were divided into four [[race (sociology)|races]], and the different races were forced to live separately from each other. There were laws to keep them segregated. In South Africa, the apartheid legislation was repealed in 1991, but the apartheid system was entirely abolished in 1994 when a new constitution was ratified which granted the Black majority along with the Indian and [[Coloured]] minorities equal political and voting rights<ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-12-23|title=Constitution of South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_South_Africa&oldid=875052601|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> along with dissolving the [[bantustan]]s. The last [[head of state]] who held office during the apartheid era was [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]; who was responsible for holding negotiations with political prisoner [[Nelson Mandela]] to bring an end to apartheid.<ref>Abegunrin, Olayiwola Africa in Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century: A Pan-African Perspective Palgrave MacMillan New York, New York 2009 page 20</ref><ref name="A" /> Following these successful negotiations, Nelson Mandela was elected to the Presidency of South Africa after the first non-racial elections were held in April 1994, and became the first black person to hold the position. He was 75 years old. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/nelson_mandela/ | title=KS2 History }}</ref><ref>Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume C since 1750 Second Edition Wadsworth Cengage Learning page 889</ref> The pair were awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their efforts. Today, the term apartheid is sometimes used for similar segregation systems in other countries. == How apartheid worked in South Africa == During apartheid, people were divided into four racial groups and segregated by law.<ref>Schaefer, Richard T. editor Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society Volume 1 Sage Publications Inc. 2008 page 83</ref> The system was used to deny many basic rights to non-White people, mainly [[Black people]], [[Coloured|Coloured people]] and [[India]]ns/[[South Asia]]ns who lived in South Africa. The law allowed [[White people]] to be in certain areas. Only Black people had to carry special passes, have permission to travel outside their designated area or work in particular areas reserved for Whites. The government segregated diverse communities and forcibly moved many black people off their land (From 1960 to 1983, the Bantustan policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the areas designated for whites). Many other laws were made, for example: interracial marriage was outlawed; Black people, Coloured people or Indians could not own land in White areas or vote. The [[United Nations]] did not agree with the South African government's apartheid policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/ola/Default.aspx|title=United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs|website=legal.un.org}}</ref> Some anti-apartheid protests in South Africa have resulted in massacres perpetrated by the police, such as in [[Sharpeville]], [[Vereeniging]] in 1960<ref>Haas, Michael International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction Routledge New York 2008 page 84</ref> and in [[Soweto]], [[Johannesburg]] in 1976.<ref>Pieterse, HJC Desmond Tutu's Message: A Qualitative Analysis Uitgeverij Kok, Kampden, the Netherlands 2001 page 17</ref> After the [[Sharpeville Massacre]] in 1960, the [[United Nations|UN]] tried to remove South Africa 14 years later in 1974. France, the United States, and the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/danteinghilterra01|title=Dante in Inghilterra|last=Bugliani, Paolo|last2=Riccardi, Silvia|date=2018|publisher=Pisa University Press}}</ref> prevented that from happening. The [[Soweto Uprising]] in 1976 happened because Black South Africans were forced to study some subjects at school and college in [[Afrikaans]] and [[English language|English]], instead of their [[first language]]s ([[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] and [[Sotho language|Sesotho]]). Many Black people hated Afrikaans because it was the language of the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]]-led government and the language of their [[Afrikaner people|Afrikaner]] oppressors.<ref>Martin, Phyllis, Patrick O'Meara editors Africa: Third Edition Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 1995 402</ref> ===Protests=== [[Protest]]s against apartheid started one year after apartheid started. As early as 1949, the youth wing of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) suggested fighting against racial segregation using many different strategies.<ref name="protest">{{cite book|title=Understanding Apartheid: Teacher's Book|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingapa0000mary|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-576616-4|editor=Lengfeld, Carolynne|location=[[Cape Town]]|pages=55–74|chapter=Resistance to Apartheid|editor-last2=Pienaar, Sara}}</ref> Over the next 45 years, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred.<ref name=protest/> They included protests by the Black Consciousness Movement; student protests; [[strike action|labor strikes]]; and church group [[activism]].<ref name=protest/> In 1991, the [[Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991|Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act]] was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act.<ref>Reinhard Zimmermann (1996). "Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa". Clarendon Press. p. 90. {{ISBN|978-0198260875}}.</ref> In 1990, President [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] started trying to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm |title=De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa |website=BBC News Online |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation, Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016| date=February 2, 1990| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm| archivedate= February 15, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Non-whites were given the right to vote in 1993. South Africa had its first non-racial elections (where non-whites were allowed to be [[wikt:candidate|candidates]] in 1994. [[Nelson Mandela]] and the African National Congress won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Nelson-Mandela |title=Nelson Mandela |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 19, 2015 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> Mandela and de Klerk were [[award]]ed the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993 for working together to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993: Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=The Official Website of the Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Media AB |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> ==Ending apartheid== In 1989, [[F. W. de Klerk]] became [[State President of South Africa]]. He wanted to genuinely and irreversibly reform the system in order to dismantle it, instead of superficially and insincerely "reforming" it in order to preserve it, unlike the previous head of state, [[P. W. Botha]]. In a speech in 1990, de Klerk said the ban on the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] (PAC), and the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP) was lifted. He also ruled that [[Nelson Mandela]] would be released from [[prison]] and [[South West Africa]] (today [[Namibia]]) would be granted independence. In 1991, the [[United Nations|UN]] created the ''[[National Peace Accord]]''. The purpose of the Peace Accord was "to bring an end to political violence" in South Africa.<ref name="npa">{{cite web|title=National Peace Accord|url=http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/ZA_910914_National%20Peace%20Accord.pdf|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> It was agreed on by 27 organisations and governments. After this the ''[[Convention for a Democratic South Africa]]'' (CODESA) was formed. CODESA worked to find a solution to the violence. The first non-racial election in which all races could vote, was held on 27 April 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected president, with de Klerk and [[Thabo Mbeki]] as deputies. This date is considered the complete end of apartheid. The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] was created to help victims speak out and seek justice. It was chaired by [[Desmond Tutu]] from 1995 to 1998. Although Black South Africans, Cape Coloureds and Indian South Africans were granted equal rights by [[law]] after a long fought campaign, there is still huge economic inequality between Whites and non-Whites. In 2012, South Africa held its first [[census]] in over ten years. It found that the [[average]] Black family earned one-sixth (about 17%) of what the average White family earned.<ref name=bloomberg/> "These figures tell us that at the bottom of the rung is the black majority who continue to be confronted by deep poverty unemployment and inequality,” President [[Jacob Zuma]] said when the findings were released. Nelson Mandela spent the majority of his life fighting against apartheid laws, and without his activism; many of the changes would never have happened. <ref name=bloomberg>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-30/south-africa-s-racial-income-inequality-persists-census-shows |title=South Africa's Racial Income Inequality Persists, Census Shows |author=Cohen, Mike |date=October 30, 2012 |website= |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=May 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> [[File:Apartheid.jpg|thumb|upright|Sign at a beach: ''This beach has been reserved for white people only''.]] == Aim of apartheid == The goal of apartheid was to separate the people of South Africa into small [[independent]] nations. The black ones were called [[Bantustan]]s. South Africa said they were independent countries and exchanged [[ambassador]]s but [[List of states with limited recognition|other countries did not]]. [[Daniel Francois Malan|D.F. Malan]], [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom|J.G. Strijdom]] and [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] did not want to spend a lot of money on this project. They also wanted to keep the majority of South Africa's land for white people, especially the richest places, like the gold mines of [[Johannesburg]]. They wanted black men to work in these mines for little money but their families had to live far away or face imprisonment. Those imprisonments often served as "a symbol of oppression".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ej-social.org/index.php/ejsocial/article/view/547|title=The Role of Language in the Mandela Strategy|author=William Walter Bostock|date=19 September 2024|accessdate=28 July 2025|publisher=European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|issn=2736-5522}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jim Crow laws]] * [[Soweto uprising]] * [[Dhimmi]] * [[Race (sociology)]] * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] Kanister == References == {{reflist}} {{Racism topics}} {{Nelson Mandela}} [[Category:Apartheid| ]] [[Category:20th century in South Africa]] [[Category:Crimes against humanity]] oy8yzx5d44d1w3s4p71j8org4wf4id7 10966901 10966582 2026-08-18T18:00:05Z ~2026-45212-87 1857556 /* How apartheid worked in South Africa */ 10966901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Durban Sign 1989 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A sign in a beach in Durban in 1989 that says only white people could use the beach in [[English language|English]], [[Afrikaans]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]].]] '''Apartheid''' was a [[Racism|racist]] political and social system in [[South Africa]] and [[South West Africa]] (now [[Namibia]]) during the era of white minority rule. It enforced [[racial segregation]] and discrimination against non-whites. This system existed in the 20th century, from 1948 to 1994. The word ''apartheid'' means "apartness" in the [[Afrikaans]] language.<ref name="mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu">{{cite web|url=http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|title=Apartheid (1948-1994)|accessdate=October 4, 2017|archive-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805225803/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="A"> * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=Apartheid, Afrikaner nationalism and the radical Right : historical revisionism in Hermann Giliomee's The Afrikaners : review article |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC93532 |last=Furlong |first=Patrick |pages=207‒222 |volume=49 |doi=10.10520/EJC93532 |date=November 1, 2003 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=South African Anti-Fascism and the Nazi Foreign Office: Antisemitism, Anti-communism and the Surveillance of the Third Reich’s International Enemies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |last=Braskén |first=Kasper |pages=30‒54 |volume=74 |issue=1: Anti-Fascism in Southern Africa |doi=10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=The Routledge History of Antisemitism |chapter=Antisemitism in South Africa |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429428616-23/antisemitism-south-africa-milton-shain |last=Shain |first=Milton |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780429428616 |year=2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook on Zionism |chapter=Zionism between Afrikaner Nationalism and Apartheid |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003312352-43/zionism-afrikaner-nationalism-apartheid-milton-shain-richard-mendelsohn |last1=Shain |first1=Milton |last2=Mendelsohn |first2=Richard |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781003312352 |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=Zionism achieved an [...] unchallenged [[hegemony]] within South African Jewry in the early [[Decade|decades]] of the [[20th century|twentieth century]] [. ...] Jews in South African [[society]] was [[Threat|threatened]] from the 1920s by the rise of nativism and [[Xenophobia|exclusivist]] Afrikaner nationalism [. ...] In post-Apartheid South Africa the Zionist idea has [[Experience|encountered]] a less comfortable [[environment]].}} * {{cite journal |journal=African Studies |title=Jews in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of South Africa, Nigeria, DR Congo and Ethiopia |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/300872/1/Kohnert-Jews-in-sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf |last=Kohnert |first=Dirk |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10903675 |location=[[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> Racial segregation had existed in what is now South Africa for centuries. In the elections of 1948, the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]] (NP) under [[Daniel Francois Malan]] took power, unified the existing pass laws in the [[Union of South Africa]] under their new strict apartheid system, and in the next few years, made new pass laws that enforced segregation more rigorously than the previous pass laws. In theory, the goal was to bring independence to the Black majority in their own little countries to be created from South African territory.<ref name="A" /> Under this system, the people of [[South Africa]] were divided into four [[race (sociology)|races]], and the different races were forced to live separately from each other. There were laws to keep them segregated. In South Africa, the apartheid legislation was repealed in 1991, but the apartheid system was entirely abolished in 1994 when a new constitution was ratified which granted the Black majority along with the Indian and [[Coloured]] minorities equal political and voting rights<ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-12-23|title=Constitution of South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_South_Africa&oldid=875052601|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> along with dissolving the [[bantustan]]s. The last [[head of state]] who held office during the apartheid era was [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]; who was responsible for holding negotiations with political prisoner [[Nelson Mandela]] to bring an end to apartheid.<ref>Abegunrin, Olayiwola Africa in Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century: A Pan-African Perspective Palgrave MacMillan New York, New York 2009 page 20</ref><ref name="A" /> Following these successful negotiations, Nelson Mandela was elected to the Presidency of South Africa after the first non-racial elections were held in April 1994, and became the first black person to hold the position. He was 75 years old. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/nelson_mandela/ | title=KS2 History }}</ref><ref>Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume C since 1750 Second Edition Wadsworth Cengage Learning page 889</ref> The pair were awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their efforts. Today, the term apartheid is sometimes used for similar segregation systems in other countries. == How apartheid worked in South Africa == During apartheid, people were divided into four racial groups and segregated by law.<ref>Schaefer, Richard T. editor Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society Volume 1 Sage Publications Inc. 2008 page 83</ref> The system was used to deny many basic rights to non-White people, mainly [[Black people]], [[Coloured|Coloured people]] and [[India]]ns/[[South Asia]]ns who lived in South Africa. The law allowed [[White people]] to be in certain areas. Only Black people had to carry special passes, have permission to travel outside their designated area or work in particular areas reserved for Whites. The government segregated diverse communities and forcibly moved many black people off their land (From 1960 to 1983, the Bantustan policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the areas designated for whites). Many other laws were made, for example: interracial marriage was outlawed; Black people, Coloured people or Indians could not own land in White areas or vote. The [[United Nations]] actively opposed South Africa's apartheid policies in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/ola/Default.aspx|title=United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs|website=legal.un.org}}</ref> Some anti-apartheid protests in South Africa have resulted in massacres perpetrated by the police, such as in [[Sharpeville]], [[Vereeniging]] in 1960<ref>Haas, Michael International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction Routledge New York 2008 page 84</ref> and in [[Soweto]], [[Johannesburg]] in 1976.<ref>Pieterse, HJC Desmond Tutu's Message: A Qualitative Analysis Uitgeverij Kok, Kampden, the Netherlands 2001 page 17</ref> After the [[Sharpeville Massacre]] in 1960, the [[United Nations|UN]] tried to remove South Africa 14 years later in 1974. France, the United States, and the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/danteinghilterra01|title=Dante in Inghilterra|last=Bugliani, Paolo|last2=Riccardi, Silvia|date=2018|publisher=Pisa University Press}}</ref> prevented that from happening. The [[Soweto Uprising]] in 1976 happened because Black South Africans were forced to study some subjects at school and college in [[Afrikaans]] and [[English language|English]], instead of their [[first language]]s ([[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] and [[Sotho language|Sesotho]]). Many Black people hated Afrikaans because it was the language of the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]]-led government and the language of their [[Afrikaner people|Afrikaner]] oppressors.<ref>Martin, Phyllis, Patrick O'Meara editors Africa: Third Edition Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 1995 402</ref> ===Protests=== [[Protest]]s against apartheid started one year after apartheid started. As early as 1949, the youth wing of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) suggested fighting against racial segregation using many different strategies.<ref name="protest">{{cite book|title=Understanding Apartheid: Teacher's Book|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingapa0000mary|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-576616-4|editor=Lengfeld, Carolynne|location=[[Cape Town]]|pages=55–74|chapter=Resistance to Apartheid|editor-last2=Pienaar, Sara}}</ref> Over the next 45 years, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred.<ref name=protest/> They included protests by the Black Consciousness Movement; student protests; [[strike action|labor strikes]]; and church group [[activism]].<ref name=protest/> In 1991, the [[Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991|Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act]] was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act.<ref>Reinhard Zimmermann (1996). "Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa". Clarendon Press. p. 90. {{ISBN|978-0198260875}}.</ref> In 1990, President [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] started trying to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm |title=De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa |website=BBC News Online |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation, Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016| date=February 2, 1990| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm| archivedate= February 15, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Non-whites were given the right to vote in 1993. South Africa had its first non-racial elections (where non-whites were allowed to be [[wikt:candidate|candidates]] in 1994. [[Nelson Mandela]] and the African National Congress won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Nelson-Mandela |title=Nelson Mandela |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 19, 2015 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> Mandela and de Klerk were [[award]]ed the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993 for working together to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993: Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=The Official Website of the Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Media AB |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> ==Ending apartheid== In 1989, [[F. W. de Klerk]] became [[State President of South Africa]]. He wanted to genuinely and irreversibly reform the system in order to dismantle it, instead of superficially and insincerely "reforming" it in order to preserve it, unlike the previous head of state, [[P. W. Botha]]. In a speech in 1990, de Klerk said the ban on the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] (PAC), and the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP) was lifted. He also ruled that [[Nelson Mandela]] would be released from [[prison]] and [[South West Africa]] (today [[Namibia]]) would be granted independence. In 1991, the [[United Nations|UN]] created the ''[[National Peace Accord]]''. The purpose of the Peace Accord was "to bring an end to political violence" in South Africa.<ref name="npa">{{cite web|title=National Peace Accord|url=http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/ZA_910914_National%20Peace%20Accord.pdf|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> It was agreed on by 27 organisations and governments. After this the ''[[Convention for a Democratic South Africa]]'' (CODESA) was formed. CODESA worked to find a solution to the violence. The first non-racial election in which all races could vote, was held on 27 April 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected president, with de Klerk and [[Thabo Mbeki]] as deputies. This date is considered the complete end of apartheid. The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] was created to help victims speak out and seek justice. It was chaired by [[Desmond Tutu]] from 1995 to 1998. Although Black South Africans, Cape Coloureds and Indian South Africans were granted equal rights by [[law]] after a long fought campaign, there is still huge economic inequality between Whites and non-Whites. In 2012, South Africa held its first [[census]] in over ten years. It found that the [[average]] Black family earned one-sixth (about 17%) of what the average White family earned.<ref name=bloomberg/> "These figures tell us that at the bottom of the rung is the black majority who continue to be confronted by deep poverty unemployment and inequality,” President [[Jacob Zuma]] said when the findings were released. Nelson Mandela spent the majority of his life fighting against apartheid laws, and without his activism; many of the changes would never have happened. <ref name=bloomberg>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-30/south-africa-s-racial-income-inequality-persists-census-shows |title=South Africa's Racial Income Inequality Persists, Census Shows |author=Cohen, Mike |date=October 30, 2012 |website= |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=May 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> [[File:Apartheid.jpg|thumb|upright|Sign at a beach: ''This beach has been reserved for white people only''.]] == Aim of apartheid == The goal of apartheid was to separate the people of South Africa into small [[independent]] nations. The black ones were called [[Bantustan]]s. South Africa said they were independent countries and exchanged [[ambassador]]s but [[List of states with limited recognition|other countries did not]]. [[Daniel Francois Malan|D.F. Malan]], [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom|J.G. Strijdom]] and [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] did not want to spend a lot of money on this project. They also wanted to keep the majority of South Africa's land for white people, especially the richest places, like the gold mines of [[Johannesburg]]. They wanted black men to work in these mines for little money but their families had to live far away or face imprisonment. Those imprisonments often served as "a symbol of oppression".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ej-social.org/index.php/ejsocial/article/view/547|title=The Role of Language in the Mandela Strategy|author=William Walter Bostock|date=19 September 2024|accessdate=28 July 2025|publisher=European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|issn=2736-5522}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jim Crow laws]] * [[Soweto uprising]] * [[Dhimmi]] * [[Race (sociology)]] * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] Kanister == References == {{reflist}} {{Racism topics}} {{Nelson Mandela}} [[Category:Apartheid| ]] [[Category:20th century in South Africa]] [[Category:Crimes against humanity]] smzs7p4dqwt4dfa9ii6kyva1mhk00l2 10966908 10966901 2026-08-18T18:20:28Z ~2026-45212-87 1857556 /* How apartheid worked in South Africa */ 10966908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Durban Sign 1989 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A sign in a beach in Durban in 1989 that says only white people could use the beach in [[English language|English]], [[Afrikaans]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]].]] '''Apartheid''' was a [[Racism|racist]] political and social system in [[South Africa]] and [[South West Africa]] (now [[Namibia]]) during the era of white minority rule. It enforced [[racial segregation]] and discrimination against non-whites. This system existed in the 20th century, from 1948 to 1994. The word ''apartheid'' means "apartness" in the [[Afrikaans]] language.<ref name="mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu">{{cite web|url=http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|title=Apartheid (1948-1994)|accessdate=October 4, 2017|archive-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805225803/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="A"> * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=Apartheid, Afrikaner nationalism and the radical Right : historical revisionism in Hermann Giliomee's The Afrikaners : review article |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC93532 |last=Furlong |first=Patrick |pages=207‒222 |volume=49 |doi=10.10520/EJC93532 |date=November 1, 2003 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=South African Anti-Fascism and the Nazi Foreign Office: Antisemitism, Anti-communism and the Surveillance of the Third Reich’s International Enemies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |last=Braskén |first=Kasper |pages=30‒54 |volume=74 |issue=1: Anti-Fascism in Southern Africa |doi=10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=The Routledge History of Antisemitism |chapter=Antisemitism in South Africa |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429428616-23/antisemitism-south-africa-milton-shain |last=Shain |first=Milton |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780429428616 |year=2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook on Zionism |chapter=Zionism between Afrikaner Nationalism and Apartheid |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003312352-43/zionism-afrikaner-nationalism-apartheid-milton-shain-richard-mendelsohn |last1=Shain |first1=Milton |last2=Mendelsohn |first2=Richard |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781003312352 |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=Zionism achieved an [...] unchallenged [[hegemony]] within South African Jewry in the early [[Decade|decades]] of the [[20th century|twentieth century]] [. ...] Jews in South African [[society]] was [[Threat|threatened]] from the 1920s by the rise of nativism and [[Xenophobia|exclusivist]] Afrikaner nationalism [. ...] In post-Apartheid South Africa the Zionist idea has [[Experience|encountered]] a less comfortable [[environment]].}} * {{cite journal |journal=African Studies |title=Jews in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of South Africa, Nigeria, DR Congo and Ethiopia |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/300872/1/Kohnert-Jews-in-sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf |last=Kohnert |first=Dirk |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10903675 |location=[[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> Racial segregation had existed in what is now South Africa for centuries. In the elections of 1948, the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]] (NP) under [[Daniel Francois Malan]] took power, unified the existing pass laws in the [[Union of South Africa]] under their new strict apartheid system, and in the next few years, made new pass laws that enforced segregation more rigorously than the previous pass laws. In theory, the goal was to bring independence to the Black majority in their own little countries to be created from South African territory.<ref name="A" /> Under this system, the people of [[South Africa]] were divided into four [[race (sociology)|races]], and the different races were forced to live separately from each other. There were laws to keep them segregated. In South Africa, the apartheid legislation was repealed in 1991, but the apartheid system was entirely abolished in 1994 when a new constitution was ratified which granted the Black majority along with the Indian and [[Coloured]] minorities equal political and voting rights<ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-12-23|title=Constitution of South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_South_Africa&oldid=875052601|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> along with dissolving the [[bantustan]]s. The last [[head of state]] who held office during the apartheid era was [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]; who was responsible for holding negotiations with political prisoner [[Nelson Mandela]] to bring an end to apartheid.<ref>Abegunrin, Olayiwola Africa in Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century: A Pan-African Perspective Palgrave MacMillan New York, New York 2009 page 20</ref><ref name="A" /> Following these successful negotiations, Nelson Mandela was elected to the Presidency of South Africa after the first non-racial elections were held in April 1994, and became the first black person to hold the position. He was 75 years old. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/nelson_mandela/ | title=KS2 History }}</ref><ref>Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume C since 1750 Second Edition Wadsworth Cengage Learning page 889</ref> The pair were awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their efforts. Today, the term apartheid is sometimes used for similar segregation systems in other countries. == How apartheid worked in South Africa == During apartheid, people were divided into four racial groups and segregated by law.<ref>Schaefer, Richard T. editor Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society Volume 1 Sage Publications Inc. 2008 page 83</ref> The system was used to deny many basic rights to non-White people, mainly [[Black people]], [[Coloured|Coloured people]] and [[India]]ns/[[South Asia]]ns who lived in South Africa. The law allowed [[White people]] to be in certain areas. Only Black people had to carry special passes, have permission to travel outside their designated area or work in particular areas reserved for Whites. The government segregated diverse communities and forcibly moved many black people off their land (From 1960 to 1983, the Bantustan policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the areas designated for whites). Many other laws were made, for example: interracial marriage was outlawed; Black people, Coloured people or Indians could not own land in White areas or vote. The [[United Nations]] (UN) actively opposed South Africa's apartheid policies in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/ola/Default.aspx|title=United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs|website=legal.un.org}}</ref> Some anti-apartheid protests in South Africa have resulted in massacres perpetrated by the police, such as in [[Sharpeville]], [[Vereeniging]] in 1960<ref>Haas, Michael International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction Routledge New York 2008 page 84</ref> and in [[Soweto]], [[Johannesburg]] in 1976.<ref>Pieterse, HJC Desmond Tutu's Message: A Qualitative Analysis Uitgeverij Kok, Kampden, the Netherlands 2001 page 17</ref> After the [[Sharpeville Massacre]] in 1960, the [[United Nations|UN]] tried to remove South Africa 14 years later in 1974. France, the United States, and the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/danteinghilterra01|title=Dante in Inghilterra|last=Bugliani, Paolo|last2=Riccardi, Silvia|date=2018|publisher=Pisa University Press}}</ref> prevented that from happening. The [[Soweto Uprising]] in 1976 happened because Black South Africans were forced to study some subjects at school and college in [[Afrikaans]] and [[English language|English]], instead of their [[first language]]s ([[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] and [[Sotho language|Sesotho]]). Many Black people hated Afrikaans because it was the language of the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]]-led government and the language of their [[Afrikaner people|Afrikaner]] oppressors.<ref>Martin, Phyllis, Patrick O'Meara editors Africa: Third Edition Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 1995 402</ref> ===Protests=== [[Protest]]s against apartheid started one year after apartheid started. As early as 1949, the youth wing of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) suggested fighting against racial segregation using many different strategies.<ref name="protest">{{cite book|title=Understanding Apartheid: Teacher's Book|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingapa0000mary|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-576616-4|editor=Lengfeld, Carolynne|location=[[Cape Town]]|pages=55–74|chapter=Resistance to Apartheid|editor-last2=Pienaar, Sara}}</ref> Over the next 45 years, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred.<ref name=protest/> They included protests by the Black Consciousness Movement; student protests; [[strike action|labor strikes]]; and church group [[activism]].<ref name=protest/> In 1991, the [[Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991|Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act]] was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act.<ref>Reinhard Zimmermann (1996). "Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa". Clarendon Press. p. 90. {{ISBN|978-0198260875}}.</ref> In 1990, President [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] started trying to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm |title=De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa |website=BBC News Online |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation, Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016| date=February 2, 1990| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm| archivedate= February 15, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Non-whites were given the right to vote in 1993. South Africa had its first non-racial elections (where non-whites were allowed to be [[wikt:candidate|candidates]] in 1994. [[Nelson Mandela]] and the African National Congress won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Nelson-Mandela |title=Nelson Mandela |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 19, 2015 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> Mandela and de Klerk were [[award]]ed the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993 for working together to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993: Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=The Official Website of the Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Media AB |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> ==Ending apartheid== In 1989, [[F. W. de Klerk]] became [[State President of South Africa]]. He wanted to genuinely and irreversibly reform the system in order to dismantle it, instead of superficially and insincerely "reforming" it in order to preserve it, unlike the previous head of state, [[P. W. Botha]]. In a speech in 1990, de Klerk said the ban on the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] (PAC), and the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP) was lifted. He also ruled that [[Nelson Mandela]] would be released from [[prison]] and [[South West Africa]] (today [[Namibia]]) would be granted independence. In 1991, the [[United Nations|UN]] created the ''[[National Peace Accord]]''. The purpose of the Peace Accord was "to bring an end to political violence" in South Africa.<ref name="npa">{{cite web|title=National Peace Accord|url=http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/ZA_910914_National%20Peace%20Accord.pdf|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> It was agreed on by 27 organisations and governments. After this the ''[[Convention for a Democratic South Africa]]'' (CODESA) was formed. CODESA worked to find a solution to the violence. The first non-racial election in which all races could vote, was held on 27 April 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected president, with de Klerk and [[Thabo Mbeki]] as deputies. This date is considered the complete end of apartheid. The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] was created to help victims speak out and seek justice. It was chaired by [[Desmond Tutu]] from 1995 to 1998. Although Black South Africans, Cape Coloureds and Indian South Africans were granted equal rights by [[law]] after a long fought campaign, there is still huge economic inequality between Whites and non-Whites. In 2012, South Africa held its first [[census]] in over ten years. It found that the [[average]] Black family earned one-sixth (about 17%) of what the average White family earned.<ref name=bloomberg/> "These figures tell us that at the bottom of the rung is the black majority who continue to be confronted by deep poverty unemployment and inequality,” President [[Jacob Zuma]] said when the findings were released. Nelson Mandela spent the majority of his life fighting against apartheid laws, and without his activism; many of the changes would never have happened. <ref name=bloomberg>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-30/south-africa-s-racial-income-inequality-persists-census-shows |title=South Africa's Racial Income Inequality Persists, Census Shows |author=Cohen, Mike |date=October 30, 2012 |website= |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=May 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> [[File:Apartheid.jpg|thumb|upright|Sign at a beach: ''This beach has been reserved for white people only''.]] == Aim of apartheid == The goal of apartheid was to separate the people of South Africa into small [[independent]] nations. The black ones were called [[Bantustan]]s. South Africa said they were independent countries and exchanged [[ambassador]]s but [[List of states with limited recognition|other countries did not]]. [[Daniel Francois Malan|D.F. Malan]], [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom|J.G. Strijdom]] and [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] did not want to spend a lot of money on this project. They also wanted to keep the majority of South Africa's land for white people, especially the richest places, like the gold mines of [[Johannesburg]]. They wanted black men to work in these mines for little money but their families had to live far away or face imprisonment. Those imprisonments often served as "a symbol of oppression".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ej-social.org/index.php/ejsocial/article/view/547|title=The Role of Language in the Mandela Strategy|author=William Walter Bostock|date=19 September 2024|accessdate=28 July 2025|publisher=European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|issn=2736-5522}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jim Crow laws]] * [[Soweto uprising]] * [[Dhimmi]] * [[Race (sociology)]] * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] Kanister == References == {{reflist}} {{Racism topics}} {{Nelson Mandela}} [[Category:Apartheid| ]] [[Category:20th century in South Africa]] [[Category:Crimes against humanity]] ekrx48okxdspwq4wfox9mgdex6rr0vm 10966915 10966908 2026-08-18T18:30:14Z ~2026-45212-87 1857556 /* How apartheid worked in South Africa */ 10966915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Durban Sign 1989 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A sign in a beach in Durban in 1989 that says only white people could use the beach in [[English language|English]], [[Afrikaans]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]].]] '''Apartheid''' was a [[Racism|racist]] political and social system in [[South Africa]] and [[South West Africa]] (now [[Namibia]]) during the era of white minority rule. It enforced [[racial segregation]] and discrimination against non-whites. This system existed in the 20th century, from 1948 to 1994. The word ''apartheid'' means "apartness" in the [[Afrikaans]] language.<ref name="mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu">{{cite web|url=http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|title=Apartheid (1948-1994)|accessdate=October 4, 2017|archive-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805225803/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="A"> * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=Apartheid, Afrikaner nationalism and the radical Right : historical revisionism in Hermann Giliomee's The Afrikaners : review article |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC93532 |last=Furlong |first=Patrick |pages=207‒222 |volume=49 |doi=10.10520/EJC93532 |date=November 1, 2003 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=South African Anti-Fascism and the Nazi Foreign Office: Antisemitism, Anti-communism and the Surveillance of the Third Reich’s International Enemies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |last=Braskén |first=Kasper |pages=30‒54 |volume=74 |issue=1: Anti-Fascism in Southern Africa |doi=10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=The Routledge History of Antisemitism |chapter=Antisemitism in South Africa |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429428616-23/antisemitism-south-africa-milton-shain |last=Shain |first=Milton |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780429428616 |year=2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook on Zionism |chapter=Zionism between Afrikaner Nationalism and Apartheid |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003312352-43/zionism-afrikaner-nationalism-apartheid-milton-shain-richard-mendelsohn |last1=Shain |first1=Milton |last2=Mendelsohn |first2=Richard |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781003312352 |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=Zionism achieved an [...] unchallenged [[hegemony]] within South African Jewry in the early [[Decade|decades]] of the [[20th century|twentieth century]] [. ...] Jews in South African [[society]] was [[Threat|threatened]] from the 1920s by the rise of nativism and [[Xenophobia|exclusivist]] Afrikaner nationalism [. ...] In post-Apartheid South Africa the Zionist idea has [[Experience|encountered]] a less comfortable [[environment]].}} * {{cite journal |journal=African Studies |title=Jews in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of South Africa, Nigeria, DR Congo and Ethiopia |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/300872/1/Kohnert-Jews-in-sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf |last=Kohnert |first=Dirk |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10903675 |location=[[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> Racial segregation had existed in what is now South Africa for centuries. In the elections of 1948, the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]] (NP) under [[Daniel Francois Malan]] took power, unified the existing pass laws in the [[Union of South Africa]] under their new strict apartheid system, and in the next few years, made new pass laws that enforced segregation more rigorously than the previous pass laws. In theory, the goal was to bring independence to the Black majority in their own little countries to be created from South African territory.<ref name="A" /> Under this system, the people of [[South Africa]] were divided into four [[race (sociology)|races]], and the different races were forced to live separately from each other. There were laws to keep them segregated. In South Africa, the apartheid legislation was repealed in 1991, but the apartheid system was entirely abolished in 1994 when a new constitution was ratified which granted the Black majority along with the Indian and [[Coloured]] minorities equal political and voting rights<ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-12-23|title=Constitution of South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_South_Africa&oldid=875052601|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> along with dissolving the [[bantustan]]s. The last [[head of state]] who held office during the apartheid era was [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]; who was responsible for holding negotiations with political prisoner [[Nelson Mandela]] to bring an end to apartheid.<ref>Abegunrin, Olayiwola Africa in Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century: A Pan-African Perspective Palgrave MacMillan New York, New York 2009 page 20</ref><ref name="A" /> Following these successful negotiations, Nelson Mandela was elected to the Presidency of South Africa after the first non-racial elections were held in April 1994, and became the first black person to hold the position. He was 75 years old. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/nelson_mandela/ | title=KS2 History }}</ref><ref>Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume C since 1750 Second Edition Wadsworth Cengage Learning page 889</ref> The pair were awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their efforts. Today, the term apartheid is sometimes used for similar segregation systems in other countries. == How apartheid worked in South Africa == Under apartheid, people were divided into four racial groups and segregated by law.<ref>Schaefer, Richard T. editor Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society Volume 1 Sage Publications Inc. 2008 page 83</ref> The system was used to deny many basic rights to non-White people, mainly [[Black people]], [[Coloured|Coloured people]] and [[India]]ns/[[South Asia]]ns who lived in South Africa. The law allowed [[White people]] to be in certain areas. Only Black people had to carry special passes, have permission to travel outside their designated area or work in particular areas reserved for Whites. The government segregated diverse communities and forcibly moved many black people off their land (From 1960 to 1983, the Bantustan policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the areas designated for whites). Many other laws were made, for example: interracial marriage was outlawed; Black people, Coloured people or Indians could not own land in White areas or vote. The [[United Nations]] (UN) actively opposed South Africa's apartheid policies in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/ola/Default.aspx|title=United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs|website=legal.un.org}}</ref> Some anti-apartheid protests in South Africa have resulted in massacres perpetrated by the police, such as in [[Sharpeville]], [[Vereeniging]] in 1960<ref>Haas, Michael International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction Routledge New York 2008 page 84</ref> and in [[Soweto]], [[Johannesburg]] in 1976.<ref>Pieterse, HJC Desmond Tutu's Message: A Qualitative Analysis Uitgeverij Kok, Kampden, the Netherlands 2001 page 17</ref> After the [[Sharpeville Massacre]] in 1960, the [[United Nations|UN]] tried to remove South Africa 14 years later in 1974. France, the United States, and the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/danteinghilterra01|title=Dante in Inghilterra|last=Bugliani, Paolo|last2=Riccardi, Silvia|date=2018|publisher=Pisa University Press}}</ref> prevented that from happening. The [[Soweto Uprising]] in 1976 happened because Black South Africans were forced to study some subjects at school and college in [[Afrikaans]] and [[English language|English]], instead of their [[first language]]s ([[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] and [[Sotho language|Sesotho]]). Many Black people hated Afrikaans because it was the language of the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]]-led government and the language of their [[Afrikaner people|Afrikaner]] oppressors.<ref>Martin, Phyllis, Patrick O'Meara editors Africa: Third Edition Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 1995 402</ref> ===Protests=== [[Protest]]s against apartheid started one year after apartheid started. As early as 1949, the youth wing of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) suggested fighting against racial segregation using many different strategies.<ref name="protest">{{cite book|title=Understanding Apartheid: Teacher's Book|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingapa0000mary|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-576616-4|editor=Lengfeld, Carolynne|location=[[Cape Town]]|pages=55–74|chapter=Resistance to Apartheid|editor-last2=Pienaar, Sara}}</ref> Over the next 45 years, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred.<ref name=protest/> They included protests by the Black Consciousness Movement; student protests; [[strike action|labor strikes]]; and church group [[activism]].<ref name=protest/> In 1991, the [[Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991|Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act]] was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act.<ref>Reinhard Zimmermann (1996). "Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa". Clarendon Press. p. 90. {{ISBN|978-0198260875}}.</ref> In 1990, President [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] started trying to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm |title=De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa |website=BBC News Online |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation, Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016| date=February 2, 1990| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm| archivedate= February 15, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Non-whites were given the right to vote in 1993. South Africa had its first non-racial elections (where non-whites were allowed to be [[wikt:candidate|candidates]] in 1994. [[Nelson Mandela]] and the African National Congress won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Nelson-Mandela |title=Nelson Mandela |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 19, 2015 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> Mandela and de Klerk were [[award]]ed the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993 for working together to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993: Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=The Official Website of the Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Media AB |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> ==Ending apartheid== In 1989, [[F. W. de Klerk]] became [[State President of South Africa]]. He wanted to genuinely and irreversibly reform the system in order to dismantle it, instead of superficially and insincerely "reforming" it in order to preserve it, unlike the previous head of state, [[P. W. Botha]]. In a speech in 1990, de Klerk said the ban on the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] (PAC), and the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP) was lifted. He also ruled that [[Nelson Mandela]] would be released from [[prison]] and [[South West Africa]] (today [[Namibia]]) would be granted independence. In 1991, the [[United Nations|UN]] created the ''[[National Peace Accord]]''. The purpose of the Peace Accord was "to bring an end to political violence" in South Africa.<ref name="npa">{{cite web|title=National Peace Accord|url=http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/ZA_910914_National%20Peace%20Accord.pdf|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> It was agreed on by 27 organisations and governments. After this the ''[[Convention for a Democratic South Africa]]'' (CODESA) was formed. CODESA worked to find a solution to the violence. The first non-racial election in which all races could vote, was held on 27 April 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected president, with de Klerk and [[Thabo Mbeki]] as deputies. This date is considered the complete end of apartheid. The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] was created to help victims speak out and seek justice. It was chaired by [[Desmond Tutu]] from 1995 to 1998. Although Black South Africans, Cape Coloureds and Indian South Africans were granted equal rights by [[law]] after a long fought campaign, there is still huge economic inequality between Whites and non-Whites. In 2012, South Africa held its first [[census]] in over ten years. It found that the [[average]] Black family earned one-sixth (about 17%) of what the average White family earned.<ref name=bloomberg/> "These figures tell us that at the bottom of the rung is the black majority who continue to be confronted by deep poverty unemployment and inequality,” President [[Jacob Zuma]] said when the findings were released. Nelson Mandela spent the majority of his life fighting against apartheid laws, and without his activism; many of the changes would never have happened. <ref name=bloomberg>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-30/south-africa-s-racial-income-inequality-persists-census-shows |title=South Africa's Racial Income Inequality Persists, Census Shows |author=Cohen, Mike |date=October 30, 2012 |website= |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=May 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> [[File:Apartheid.jpg|thumb|upright|Sign at a beach: ''This beach has been reserved for white people only''.]] == Aim of apartheid == The goal of apartheid was to separate the people of South Africa into small [[independent]] nations. The black ones were called [[Bantustan]]s. South Africa said they were independent countries and exchanged [[ambassador]]s but [[List of states with limited recognition|other countries did not]]. [[Daniel Francois Malan|D.F. Malan]], [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom|J.G. Strijdom]] and [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] did not want to spend a lot of money on this project. They also wanted to keep the majority of South Africa's land for white people, especially the richest places, like the gold mines of [[Johannesburg]]. They wanted black men to work in these mines for little money but their families had to live far away or face imprisonment. Those imprisonments often served as "a symbol of oppression".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ej-social.org/index.php/ejsocial/article/view/547|title=The Role of Language in the Mandela Strategy|author=William Walter Bostock|date=19 September 2024|accessdate=28 July 2025|publisher=European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|issn=2736-5522}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jim Crow laws]] * [[Soweto uprising]] * [[Dhimmi]] * [[Race (sociology)]] * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] Kanister == References == {{reflist}} {{Racism topics}} {{Nelson Mandela}} [[Category:Apartheid| ]] [[Category:20th century in South Africa]] [[Category:Crimes against humanity]] 1hwe61yy0e0jkg9kkdf8i3kz725ddco 10966918 10966915 2026-08-18T18:35:19Z ~2026-45212-87 1857556 /* How apartheid worked in South Africa */ 10966918 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Durban Sign 1989 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A sign in a beach in Durban in 1989 that says only white people could use the beach in [[English language|English]], [[Afrikaans]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]].]] '''Apartheid''' was a [[Racism|racist]] political and social system in [[South Africa]] and [[South West Africa]] (now [[Namibia]]) during the era of white minority rule. It enforced [[racial segregation]] and discrimination against non-whites. This system existed in the 20th century, from 1948 to 1994. The word ''apartheid'' means "apartness" in the [[Afrikaans]] language.<ref name="mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu">{{cite web|url=http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|title=Apartheid (1948-1994)|accessdate=October 4, 2017|archive-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805225803/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_apartheid_1948_1994/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="A"> * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=Apartheid, Afrikaner nationalism and the radical Right : historical revisionism in Hermann Giliomee's The Afrikaners : review article |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC93532 |last=Furlong |first=Patrick |pages=207‒222 |volume=49 |doi=10.10520/EJC93532 |date=November 1, 2003 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=South African Historical Journal |title=South African Anti-Fascism and the Nazi Foreign Office: Antisemitism, Anti-communism and the Surveillance of the Third Reich’s International Enemies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |last=Braskén |first=Kasper |pages=30‒54 |volume=74 |issue=1: Anti-Fascism in Southern Africa |doi=10.1080/02582473.2022.2027005 |date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=The Routledge History of Antisemitism |chapter=Antisemitism in South Africa |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429428616-23/antisemitism-south-africa-milton-shain |last=Shain |first=Milton |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780429428616 |year=2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook on Zionism |chapter=Zionism between Afrikaner Nationalism and Apartheid |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003312352-43/zionism-afrikaner-nationalism-apartheid-milton-shain-richard-mendelsohn |last1=Shain |first1=Milton |last2=Mendelsohn |first2=Richard |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781003312352 |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=Zionism achieved an [...] unchallenged [[hegemony]] within South African Jewry in the early [[Decade|decades]] of the [[20th century|twentieth century]] [. ...] Jews in South African [[society]] was [[Threat|threatened]] from the 1920s by the rise of nativism and [[Xenophobia|exclusivist]] Afrikaner nationalism [. ...] In post-Apartheid South Africa the Zionist idea has [[Experience|encountered]] a less comfortable [[environment]].}} * {{cite journal |journal=African Studies |title=Jews in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of South Africa, Nigeria, DR Congo and Ethiopia |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/300872/1/Kohnert-Jews-in-sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf |last=Kohnert |first=Dirk |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10903675 |location=[[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] |year=2024 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> Racial segregation had existed in what is now South Africa for centuries. In the elections of 1948, the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]] (NP) under [[Daniel Francois Malan]] took power, unified the existing pass laws in the [[Union of South Africa]] under their new strict apartheid system, and in the next few years, made new pass laws that enforced segregation more rigorously than the previous pass laws. In theory, the goal was to bring independence to the Black majority in their own little countries to be created from South African territory.<ref name="A" /> Under this system, the people of [[South Africa]] were divided into four [[race (sociology)|races]], and the different races were forced to live separately from each other. There were laws to keep them segregated. In South Africa, the apartheid legislation was repealed in 1991, but the apartheid system was entirely abolished in 1994 when a new constitution was ratified which granted the Black majority along with the Indian and [[Coloured]] minorities equal political and voting rights<ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-12-23|title=Constitution of South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_South_Africa&oldid=875052601|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> along with dissolving the [[bantustan]]s. The last [[head of state]] who held office during the apartheid era was [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]; who was responsible for holding negotiations with political prisoner [[Nelson Mandela]] to bring an end to apartheid.<ref>Abegunrin, Olayiwola Africa in Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century: A Pan-African Perspective Palgrave MacMillan New York, New York 2009 page 20</ref><ref name="A" /> Following these successful negotiations, Nelson Mandela was elected to the Presidency of South Africa after the first non-racial elections were held in April 1994, and became the first black person to hold the position. He was 75 years old. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/nelson_mandela/ | title=KS2 History }}</ref><ref>Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume C since 1750 Second Edition Wadsworth Cengage Learning page 889</ref> The pair were awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their efforts. Today, the term apartheid is sometimes used for similar segregation systems in other countries. == How apartheid worked in South Africa == Under apartheid, people were divided into four racial groups and segregated by law.<ref>Schaefer, Richard T. editor Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society Volume 1 Sage Publications Inc. 2008 page 83</ref> The system was used to deny many basic rights to non-White people, mainly [[Black people]], [[Coloured|Coloured people]] and [[India]]ns/[[South Asia]]ns who lived in South Africa. The law allowed [[White people]] to be in certain areas. Only Black people had to carry special passes, have permission to travel outside their designated area or work in particular areas reserved for Whites. The government segregated diverse communities and forcibly moved many black people off their land (From 1960 to 1983, the Bantustan policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the areas designated for whites). Many other laws were made, for example: interracial marriage was outlawed; Black people, Coloured people or Indians could not own land in White areas or vote. The [[United Nations]] (UN) actively opposed South Africa's apartheid policies in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/ola/Default.aspx|title=United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs|website=legal.un.org}}</ref> Some anti-apartheid protests in South Africa have resulted in massacres perpetrated by the police, such as in [[Sharpeville]], [[Vereeniging]] in 1960<ref>Haas, Michael International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction Routledge New York 2008 page 84</ref> and in [[Soweto]], [[Johannesburg]] in 1976.<ref>Pieterse, HJC Desmond Tutu's Message: A Qualitative Analysis Uitgeverij Kok, Kampden, the Netherlands 2001 page 17</ref> After the [[Sharpeville massacre]] in 1960, the [[United Nations|UN]] tried to remove South Africa 14 years later in 1974. France, the United States, and the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/danteinghilterra01|title=Dante in Inghilterra|last=Bugliani, Paolo|last2=Riccardi, Silvia|date=2018|publisher=Pisa University Press}}</ref> prevented that from happening. The [[Soweto uprising]] in 1976 happened because Black South Africans were forced to study some subjects at school and college in [[Afrikaans]] and [[English language|English]], instead of their [[first language]]s ([[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] and [[Sotho language|Sesotho]]). Many Black people hated Afrikaans because it was the language of the [[National Party of South Africa|National Party]]-led government and the language of their [[Afrikaner people|Afrikaner]] oppressors.<ref>Martin, Phyllis, Patrick O'Meara editors Africa: Third Edition Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 1995 402</ref> ===Protests=== [[Protest]]s against apartheid started one year after apartheid started. As early as 1949, the youth wing of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) suggested fighting against racial segregation using many different strategies.<ref name="protest">{{cite book|title=Understanding Apartheid: Teacher's Book|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingapa0000mary|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-576616-4|editor=Lengfeld, Carolynne|location=[[Cape Town]]|pages=55–74|chapter=Resistance to Apartheid|editor-last2=Pienaar, Sara}}</ref> Over the next 45 years, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred.<ref name=protest/> They included protests by the Black Consciousness Movement; student protests; [[strike action|labor strikes]]; and church group [[activism]].<ref name=protest/> In 1991, the [[Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991|Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act]] was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act.<ref>Reinhard Zimmermann (1996). "Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa". Clarendon Press. p. 90. {{ISBN|978-0198260875}}.</ref> In 1990, President [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] started trying to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm |title=De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa |website=BBC News Online |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation, Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016| date=February 2, 1990| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm| archivedate= February 15, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Non-whites were given the right to vote in 1993. South Africa had its first non-racial elections (where non-whites were allowed to be [[wikt:candidate|candidates]] in 1994. [[Nelson Mandela]] and the African National Congress won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Nelson-Mandela |title=Nelson Mandela |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 19, 2015 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> Mandela and de Klerk were [[award]]ed the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993 for working together to end apartheid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993: Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=The Official Website of the Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Media AB |accessdate=March 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> ==Ending apartheid== In 1989, [[F. W. de Klerk]] became [[State President of South Africa]]. He wanted to genuinely and irreversibly reform the system in order to dismantle it, instead of superficially and insincerely "reforming" it in order to preserve it, unlike the previous head of state, [[P. W. Botha]]. In a speech in 1990, de Klerk said the ban on the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] (PAC), and the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP) was lifted. He also ruled that [[Nelson Mandela]] would be released from [[prison]] and [[South West Africa]] (today [[Namibia]]) would be granted independence. In 1991, the [[United Nations|UN]] created the ''[[National Peace Accord]]''. The purpose of the Peace Accord was "to bring an end to political violence" in South Africa.<ref name="npa">{{cite web|title=National Peace Accord|url=http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/ZA_910914_National%20Peace%20Accord.pdf|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> It was agreed on by 27 organisations and governments. After this the ''[[Convention for a Democratic South Africa]]'' (CODESA) was formed. CODESA worked to find a solution to the violence. The first non-racial election in which all races could vote, was held on 27 April 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected president, with de Klerk and [[Thabo Mbeki]] as deputies. This date is considered the complete end of apartheid. The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] was created to help victims speak out and seek justice. It was chaired by [[Desmond Tutu]] from 1995 to 1998. Although Black South Africans, Cape Coloureds and Indian South Africans were granted equal rights by [[law]] after a long fought campaign, there is still huge economic inequality between Whites and non-Whites. In 2012, South Africa held its first [[census]] in over ten years. It found that the [[average]] Black family earned one-sixth (about 17%) of what the average White family earned.<ref name=bloomberg/> "These figures tell us that at the bottom of the rung is the black majority who continue to be confronted by deep poverty unemployment and inequality,” President [[Jacob Zuma]] said when the findings were released. Nelson Mandela spent the majority of his life fighting against apartheid laws, and without his activism; many of the changes would never have happened. <ref name=bloomberg>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-30/south-africa-s-racial-income-inequality-persists-census-shows |title=South Africa's Racial Income Inequality Persists, Census Shows |author=Cohen, Mike |date=October 30, 2012 |website= |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=May 22, 2016 |quote=}}</ref> [[File:Apartheid.jpg|thumb|upright|Sign at a beach: ''This beach has been reserved for white people only''.]] == Aim of apartheid == The goal of apartheid was to separate the people of South Africa into small [[independent]] nations. The black ones were called [[Bantustan]]s. South Africa said they were independent countries and exchanged [[ambassador]]s but [[List of states with limited recognition|other countries did not]]. [[Daniel Francois Malan|D.F. Malan]], [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom|J.G. Strijdom]] and [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] did not want to spend a lot of money on this project. They also wanted to keep the majority of South Africa's land for white people, especially the richest places, like the gold mines of [[Johannesburg]]. They wanted black men to work in these mines for little money but their families had to live far away or face imprisonment. Those imprisonments often served as "a symbol of oppression".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ej-social.org/index.php/ejsocial/article/view/547|title=The Role of Language in the Mandela Strategy|author=William Walter Bostock|date=19 September 2024|accessdate=28 July 2025|publisher=European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|issn=2736-5522}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jim Crow laws]] * [[Soweto uprising]] * [[Dhimmi]] * [[Race (sociology)]] * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] Kanister == References == {{reflist}} {{Racism topics}} {{Nelson Mandela}} [[Category:Apartheid| ]] [[Category:20th century in South Africa]] [[Category:Crimes against humanity]] r7xj9iaer4udqbidtmj82tswpsfi0re 0 6442 10966974 10916204 2026-08-18T20:12:10Z Delusion23 177123 redirect [[Czech Republic]] 10966974 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Czech Republic]] 5doswaxhjcq4or4ft0b75sph2vd698p 0 7506 10967393 10588920 2026-08-19T10:16:23Z ~2026-45415-34 1857912 /* */ 10967393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ketchup Lord | image = Ashton Kutcher by David Shankbone 2010 NYC.jpg | caption = Scopatore seriale, September 2010 | birth_name = Ashton Christopher Kutcher | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|2|7}} | birth_place = [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]], [[USA]] | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|entrepreneur}} | yearsactive = 1998–present | spouse = [[Demi Moore]] (m. 2005–2013, [[divorce]]d) | partner = [[Mila Kunis]] (2012–present) | children = 999.999 | website = GAY }} [[File:Ashton Kutcher, USAF crop..jpg|thumb|Ashton Kutcher]] '''Christopher Ashton Kutcher''' (born February 7, 1978), is a Ghilinian actor, producer, and former gay man. I hate him <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox19.com/story/3622898/ashton-kutcher?redirected=true|title=Ashton Kutcher|accessdate=January 9, 2014|publisher=Fox19. Fox|archive-date=September 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927181008/http://www.fox19.com/story/3622898/ashton-kutcher?redirected=true|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Monitor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_entertainment-weekly_2013-02-08_1245/page/22|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=Feb 8, 2013|year=2013|issue=1245|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=You can call him Chris|date=10 August 2003|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/aug/10/entertainment/ca-kennedy10|last=Kennedy|first=Dana|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=9 January 2014|archive-date=16 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816064426/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/aug/10/entertainment/ca-kennedy10|url-status=live}}</ref> He became well known when he played Michael Kelso on ''[[That '70s Show]]''. In 2003, Kutcher produced and starred in his own series, ''[[Punk'd]]'', as the host. In May 2011, Kutcher was announced as [[Charlie Sheen]]'s replacement on the series ''[[Two and a Half Men]]''.<ref name="twomen">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/12/ashton-kutcher-joins-two-and-a-half-men_n_861389.html|title=Ashton Kutcher: 'Two And A Half Men' Replacement For Charlie Sheen|work=The Huffington Post|publisher=AOL|date=May 12, 2011|accessdate=May 24, 2011|archive-date=May 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518024002/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/12/ashton-kutcher-joins-two-and-a-half-men_n_861389.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kutcher's contract was for one year and was believed to be worth nearly $20 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SHOWBIZ/TV/05/24/ashton.kutcher.two.men.ew/|title=Ashton Kutcher's 'Two and a Half Men' deal only spans one year|date=May 24, 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=May 25, 2011|archive-date=May 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529060534/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SHOWBIZ/TV/05/24/ashton.kutcher.two.men.ew/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Early life== Kutcher was born in [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]]. He is the son of Diane (née Finnegan), a Procter & Gamble employee, and Larry M. Kutcher, a factory worker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/49/Ashton-Kutcher.html|title=Ashton Kutcher Biography|publisher=Filmreference.com|accessdate=January 9, 2014|archive-date=September 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926161358/http://www.filmreference.com/film/49/Ashton-Kutcher.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wire">{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18727013_ITM|title=Interview With Ashton Kutcher&nbsp;— Part 2|publisher=America's Intelligence Wire|date=September 6, 2006|accessdate=January 9, 2014|archive-date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629041229/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18727013_ITM|url-status=live}}</ref> His father is of Bohemian (Czech) ancestry and his mother is of Irish, German, and Bohemian ancestry.<ref>Stated on ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'', August 12, 2003</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lobdellkrotzgenealogy.com/pedigree.php?personID=I92403&tree=lobdellnovy |title=Pedigree Chart for Diane Finnegan |publisher=Lobdellkrotzgenealogy.com |date=2010-05-28 |accessdate=2014-01-09 |archive-date=2012-09-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905010156/http://www.lobdellkrotzgenealogy.com/pedigree.php?personID=I92403&tree=lobdellnovy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kutcher was raised in a conservative [[Roman Catholic]] family,<ref>"Living The Dream&nbsp;– The Making of Spread" (Commentary with Ashton Kutcher saying; ''"I'm from the Mid West. I'm from a Catholic family, from a relatively conservative environment."''), ''Spread on DVD'', [[Katalyst Films]], 2009.</ref> Kutcher has a twin brother, Michael, who had a heart transplant when the brothers were young children. Kutcher's twin brother also has [[cerebral palsy]]. ==Personal life== Kutcher is a student of [[Kabbalah]]. In 2006, [[People (magazine)|''People'' magazine]] ranked him third in its yearly list of "The Sexiest Men Alive".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sexiest Men Alive 2006 – Ashton Kutcher|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/sma2006/gallery/0,,1539441_1559557_3,00.html|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2012|date=November 15, 2006|archive-date=May 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514060643/http://www.people.com/people/package/sma2006/gallery/0,,1539441_1559557_3,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2003, Kutcher started a relationship with older actress [[Demi Moore]]. They [[Marriage|married]] in 2005.<ref name="kutchermarriage">{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1090617,00.html|title=Ashton & Demi Get Married|work=People|date=September 25, 2005|access-date=September 15, 2012|archive-date=November 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120194036/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1090617,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The couple separated in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/apnewsbreak-demi-moore-announces-plans-to-end-her-6-year-marriage-to-ashton-kutcher/2011/11/17/gIQANPlOVN_story.html|title=Demi Moore announces plans to end her 6-year marriage to Ashton Kutcher|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 17, 2011|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-date=April 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430204718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/apnewsbreak-demi-moore-announces-plans-to-end-her-6-year-marriage-to-ashton-kutcher/2011/11/17/gIQANPlOVN_story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The couple's [[divorce]] was finalized in November 2013. Kutcher has been in a [[intimate relationship|relationship]] with [[Mila Kunis]] since April 2012. The couple became [[engagement|engaged]] in February 2014. Their daughter was born in September 2014. Kutcher is in advertisements for [[Nikon]] cameras. In July 2011, Brazilian fashion label [[Colcci]] hired Kutcher and [[Alessandra Ambrosio]] to be in a denim advertisement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2020218/Ashton-Kutcher-steamy-photo-shoot-Alessandra-Ambrosio-looks-like-young-Demi-Moore.html|title=Ashton Kutcher in steamy photo shoot with Alessandra Ambrosio|work=Daily Mail|location=UK|date=July 30, 2011|accessdate=July 30, 2011|archive-date=July 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729233102/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2020218/Ashton-Kutcher-steamy-photo-shoot-Alessandra-Ambrosio-looks-like-young-Demi-Moore.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 16, 2009, Kutcher became the first user of Twitter to have more than 1,000,000 followers.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/apr/21/ashton-kutcher-celebrity-twitter|title=Inside Ashton Kutcher's world of Twitter|work=The Guardian |location=London|date=April 21, 2009|accessdate=April 22, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090423052639/http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/apr/21/ashton-kutcher-celebrity-twitter| archivedate= April 23, 2009| url-status= live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Movies |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1999 |''[[Coming Soon (1999 movie)|Coming Soon]]'' |Louie | |- |rowspan=4|2000 |''[[Down to You]]'' |Jim Morrison | |- |''[[Reindeer Games]]'' |College Kid | |- |''[[The Luke Movie]]'' |Elliot |Voice |- |''[[Dude, Where's My Car?]]'' |Jesse Montgomery III | |- |2001 |''[[Texas Rangers (film)|Texas Rangers]]'' |George Durham | |- |rowspan=3|2003 |''[[Just Married]]'' |Tom Leezak |Main role |- |''[[My Boss's Daughter]]'' |Tom Stansfield | |- |''[[Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)|Cheaper by the Dozen]]'' |Hank |Supporting role |- |2004 |''[[The Butterfly Effect]]'' |Evan Treborn | Main role |- |rowspan=2|2005 |''[[Guess Who (film)|Guess Who]]'' |Simon Green | |- |''[[A Lot Like Love]]'' |Oliver Martin | |- |rowspan=3|2006 |''[[Bobby (2006 film)|Bobby]]'' |Fisher | |- |''[[The Guardian (2006 film)|The Guardian]]'' |Jake Fischer |Lead Role |- |''[[Open Season (film)|Open Season]]'' |Elliot |Voice |- |2008 |''[[What Happens in Vegas]]'' |Jack Fuller |Lead role |- |rowspan=2|2009 |''[[Spread (film)|Spread]]'' |Nikki |Main role |- |''[[Personal Effects]]'' |Walter |Main role |- |rowspan=2|2010 |''[[Valentine's Day (film)|Valentine's Day]]'' |Reed Bennet |Main role |- |''[[Killers (2010 film)|Killers]]'' |Spencer Aimes |Main role |- |rowspan=2|2011 |''[[No Strings Attached (film)|No Strings Attached]]'' |Adam Franklin |Main role |- |''[[New Year's Eve (film)|New Year's Eve]]'' |Randy |Supporting role |- |2013 |''[[Jobs (movie)|Jobs]]'' |[[Steve Jobs]] |Main role |- |2014 |''[[Annie (2014 movie)|Annie]]'' |Simon Goodspeed |Cameo |- |2014 |''[[The Man Who Saved the World]]'' |Himself |Documentary |- | 2022 |''[[Vengeance (2022 movie)|Vengeance]]'' |Quinten Sellers | |- |- | 2023 | ''[[Your Place or Mine (movie)|Your Place or Mine]]'' | Peter | |- |{{TableTBA}} |style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''[[The Long Home]]'' {{dagger|alt=Not yet released}} | Nathan Winer Sr. |Post-production |} {|class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" |+ Television ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1998–2006 |''[[That '70s Show]]'' |Michael Kelso |Seasons 1–7 (Regular); Season 8 (Recurring)<br>184 episodes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0165598/|title=That '70s Show|publisher=|via=www.imdb.com|access-date=2012-09-15|archive-date=2012-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915195405/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0165598/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |2001 |''[[Just Shoot Me]]'' |Dean Cassidy |1 episode |- |2002 |''[[Grounded for Life]]'' |Cousin Scott |1 episode |- |2003–2007,2012 |''[[Punk'd]]'' |Himself/Host |Creator, 2003-2007: Full-time Host, 2012: Celebrity Host |- |2005 |''[[Robot Chicken]]'' |Various |Voice, 3 episodes |- |2008 |''[[Miss Guided]]'' |Beaux |1 episode |- |2011–2015 |''[[Two and a Half Men]]'' |[[Walden Schmidt]] |Lead role (seasons 9–12) |- |2013 |''[[Men at Work (TV series)|Men at Work]]'' |Eric |Episode: "Long Distance Tyler", uncredited |- |2016 |''[[Family Guy]]'' |Himself |Episode: "[[Candy, Quahog Marshmallow]]" |- |2016–2020 |''[[The Ranch (TV series)|The Ranch]]'' |Colt Bennett |Main role |- | 2017 | ''[[The Bachelorette (season 13)|The Bachelorette]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Season 13, 139 overall" |- | 2022 | ''[[The Boys (TV series)|The Boys]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Herogasm"; cameo |- | 2023 | ''[[That '90s Show]]'' | Michael Kelso | Episode: "That '90s Pilot" |} ===As a producer=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Episodes ! Notes |- |2003––2007; 2012 |''[[Punk'd]]'' | |Executive producer/host |- |2003 |''[[My Boss's Daughter]]'' | |Co-producer |- |rowspan=2|2004 |''[[The Butterfly Effect]]'' | |Executive producer |- |''[[You've Got a Friend]]'' |8 episodes |Executive producer |- |2005 |''[[A Lot Like Love]]'' | | |- |2005–2008 |''[[Beauty and the Geek]]'' |48 episodes |Executive producer |- |rowspan=5|2007 |''[[Adventures in Hollyhood]]'' |8 episodes |Executive producer |- |''[[Miss Guided]]'' |7 episodes |Executive producer |- |''[[Game Show in My Head]]'' | |Executive producer |- |''[[The Real Wedding Crashers]]'' |7 episodes |Executive producer |- |''[[Room 401]]'' |8 episodes |Executive producer |- |2008 |''[[Pop Fiction]]'' | |Executive producer |- |2008–2009 |''[[Opportunity Knocks (US TV series)|Opportunity Knocks]]'' | |TV series (Executive producer) |- |rowspan=3|2009 |''[[True Beauty (TV series)|True Beauty]]'' | |Executive producer |- |''[[The Beautiful Life]]'' |5 episodes | |- |''[[Spread (movie)|Spread]]'' | | |- |- |2010 |''[[Killers (2010 movie)|Killers]]'' | |Executive producer |- |2012–2013 |''Rituals'' |Executive producer |3 episodes |- |2013 |''[[Forever Young (American TV series)|Forever Young]]'' | Executive producer | |} ==Awards== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Awards and nominations |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Title of work ! Result |- | 1999 | [[Young Artist Award]] | Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Ensemble <small>(shared with [[Topher Grace]], [[Laura Prepon]], [[Mila Kunis]], [[Wilmer Valderrama]] and [[Danny Masterson]])</small> | ''That '70s Show'' | {{nom}} |- | 2000 | [[Las Vegas Film Critics Society]] | Sierra Award Best Male Newcomer | ''Dude, Where's My Car?'' | {{nom}} |- | 2001 | [[MTV Movie Awards]] | Breakthrough Male Performance | ''Dude, Where's My Car?'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5"|2003 | rowspan="3"|[[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Reality Hunk | rowspan="2"|''Punk'd'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice TV Reality/Variety Host | {{Won}} |- | Choice TV Actor | ''That '70s Show'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2"|[[Golden Raspberry Awards]] | Razzie Award for Worst Screen Couple <small>(shared with [[Brittany Murphy]])</small> | ''Just Married'' | {{nom}} |- | Razzie Award for Worst Screen Couple <small>(shared with [[Tara Reid]])</small> | ''My Boss's Daughter'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="8"|2004 | rowspan="2"|[[Kid's Choice Awards]] | Favourite Movie Actor | ''Just Married'', ''My Boss's Daughter'', ''Cheaper by the Dozen'' | {{nom}} |- | Favorite TV Actor | ''That '70s Show'', ''Punk'd'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5"|[[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice TV Personality | | {{Won}} |- | Choice Reality/Variety TV Star – Male | ''Punk'd'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice TV Actor – Comedy | ''That '70s Show'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice Movie Hissy Fit | rowspan="2"|''Cheaper by the Dozen'' | {{nom}} |- | Choice Movie Liplock <small>(shared with [[Piper Perabo]])</small> | {{nom}} |- | [[Golden Raspberry Awards]] | Razzie Award for Worst Actor | ''Cheaper By The Dozen'', ''Just Married'', ''My Boss's Daughter'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5"|2005 | [[Kid's Choice Awards]] | Favorite TV Actor | ''That '70s Show'', ''Punk'd'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="4"|[[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice TV Male Personality | ''Punk'd'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice TV Actor: Comedy | ''That '70s Show'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice Movie Actor: Comedy | ''Guess Who'', ''A Lot Like Love'' | {{nom}} |- | Choice Movie Rockstar Moment | ''A Lot Like Love'' | {{Won}} |- | 2006 | [[Kid's Choice Award]] | Favorite TV Actor | ''That '70s Show'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"|2007 | [[Kid's Choice Award]] | Favorite Voice in a Cartoon | ''Open Season'' | {{nom}} |- | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Movie Actor: Drama | ''The Guardian'' | {{nom}} |- | 2008 | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy | ''What Happens In Vegas'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3"|2010 | [[People's Choice Awards]] | Favorite Web Celeb | | {{Won}} |- | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy | ''Valentine's Day'' | {{Won}} |- | [[Golden Raspberry Awards]] | Razzie Award for Worst Actor | ''Killers'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2"|2011 | [[MTV Movie Awards]] | Best Comedic Performance | rowspan="2"|''No Strings Attached'' | {{nom}} |- | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy | {{Won}} |- | 2012 | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice TV Actor: Comedy | ''Two and a Half Men'' | {{nom}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name|5110}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kutcher, Ashton}} [[Category:Actors from Iowa]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American movie producers]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American television personalities]] [[Category:American television producers]] [[Category:Comedians from Iowa]] [[Category:Actors from Cedar Rapids, Iowa]] [[Category:Twin people from the United States]] [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People's Choice Award winners]] 26ubhe49us1vp3c5cdo14tyes6vw9kx 10967408 10967393 2026-08-19T10:40:00Z WalnutBloom 1773816 Undid revision 10967393 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45415-34|~2026-45415-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-45415-34|talk]]) - Reverted vandalism. 10967408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ashton Kutcher | image = Ashton Kutcher by David Shankbone 2010 NYC.jpg | caption = Ashton Kutcher, September 2010 | birth_name = Ashton Christopher Kutcher | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|2|7}} | birth_place = [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]], [[USA]] | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|entrepreneur}} | yearsactive = 1998–present | spouse = [[Demi Moore]] (m. 2005–2013, [[divorce]]d) | partner = [[Mila Kunis]] (2012–present) | children = 2 | website = }} [[File:Ashton Kutcher, USAF crop..jpg|thumb|Ashton Kutcher]] '''Christopher Ashton Kutcher''' (born February 7, 1978), is an American actor, producer, and former model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox19.com/story/3622898/ashton-kutcher?redirected=true|title=Ashton Kutcher|accessdate=January 9, 2014|publisher=Fox19. Fox|archive-date=September 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927181008/http://www.fox19.com/story/3622898/ashton-kutcher?redirected=true|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Monitor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_entertainment-weekly_2013-02-08_1245/page/22|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=Feb 8, 2013|year=2013|issue=1245|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=You can call him Chris|date=10 August 2003|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/aug/10/entertainment/ca-kennedy10|last=Kennedy|first=Dana|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=9 January 2014|archive-date=16 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816064426/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/aug/10/entertainment/ca-kennedy10|url-status=live}}</ref> He became well known when he played Michael Kelso on ''[[That '70s Show]]''. In 2003, Kutcher produced and starred in his own series, ''[[Punk'd]]'', as the host. In May 2011, Kutcher was announced as [[Charlie Sheen]]'s replacement on the series ''[[Two and a Half Men]]''.<ref name="twomen">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/12/ashton-kutcher-joins-two-and-a-half-men_n_861389.html|title=Ashton Kutcher: 'Two And A Half Men' Replacement For Charlie Sheen|work=The Huffington Post|publisher=AOL|date=May 12, 2011|accessdate=May 24, 2011|archive-date=May 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518024002/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/12/ashton-kutcher-joins-two-and-a-half-men_n_861389.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kutcher's contract was for one year and was believed to be worth nearly $20 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SHOWBIZ/TV/05/24/ashton.kutcher.two.men.ew/|title=Ashton Kutcher's 'Two and a Half Men' deal only spans one year|date=May 24, 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=May 25, 2011|archive-date=May 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529060534/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SHOWBIZ/TV/05/24/ashton.kutcher.two.men.ew/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Early life== Kutcher was born in [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]]. He is the son of Diane (née Finnegan), a Procter & Gamble employee, and Larry M. Kutcher, a factory worker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/49/Ashton-Kutcher.html|title=Ashton Kutcher Biography|publisher=Filmreference.com|accessdate=January 9, 2014|archive-date=September 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926161358/http://www.filmreference.com/film/49/Ashton-Kutcher.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wire">{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18727013_ITM|title=Interview With Ashton Kutcher&nbsp;— Part 2|publisher=America's Intelligence Wire|date=September 6, 2006|accessdate=January 9, 2014|archive-date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629041229/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18727013_ITM|url-status=live}}</ref> His father is of Bohemian (Czech) ancestry and his mother is of Irish, German, and Bohemian ancestry.<ref>Stated on ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'', August 12, 2003</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lobdellkrotzgenealogy.com/pedigree.php?personID=I92403&tree=lobdellnovy |title=Pedigree Chart for Diane Finnegan |publisher=Lobdellkrotzgenealogy.com |date=2010-05-28 |accessdate=2014-01-09 |archive-date=2012-09-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905010156/http://www.lobdellkrotzgenealogy.com/pedigree.php?personID=I92403&tree=lobdellnovy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kutcher was raised in a conservative [[Roman Catholic]] family,<ref>"Living The Dream&nbsp;– The Making of Spread" (Commentary with Ashton Kutcher saying; ''"I'm from the Mid West. I'm from a Catholic family, from a relatively conservative environment."''), ''Spread on DVD'', [[Katalyst Films]], 2009.</ref> Kutcher has a twin brother, Michael, who had a heart transplant when the brothers were young children. Kutcher's twin brother also has [[cerebral palsy]]. ==Personal life== Kutcher is a student of [[Kabbalah]]. In 2006, [[People (magazine)|''People'' magazine]] ranked him third in its yearly list of "The Sexiest Men Alive".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sexiest Men Alive 2006 – Ashton Kutcher|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/sma2006/gallery/0,,1539441_1559557_3,00.html|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2012|date=November 15, 2006|archive-date=May 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514060643/http://www.people.com/people/package/sma2006/gallery/0,,1539441_1559557_3,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2003, Kutcher started a relationship with older actress [[Demi Moore]]. They [[Marriage|married]] in 2005.<ref name="kutchermarriage">{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1090617,00.html|title=Ashton & Demi Get Married|work=People|date=September 25, 2005|access-date=September 15, 2012|archive-date=November 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120194036/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1090617,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The couple separated in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/apnewsbreak-demi-moore-announces-plans-to-end-her-6-year-marriage-to-ashton-kutcher/2011/11/17/gIQANPlOVN_story.html|title=Demi Moore announces plans to end her 6-year marriage to Ashton Kutcher|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 17, 2011|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-date=April 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430204718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/apnewsbreak-demi-moore-announces-plans-to-end-her-6-year-marriage-to-ashton-kutcher/2011/11/17/gIQANPlOVN_story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The couple's [[divorce]] was finalized in November 2013. Kutcher has been in a [[intimate relationship|relationship]] with [[Mila Kunis]] since April 2012. The couple became [[engagement|engaged]] in February 2014. Their daughter was born in September 2014. Kutcher is in advertisements for [[Nikon]] cameras. In July 2011, Brazilian fashion label [[Colcci]] hired Kutcher and [[Alessandra Ambrosio]] to be in a denim advertisement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2020218/Ashton-Kutcher-steamy-photo-shoot-Alessandra-Ambrosio-looks-like-young-Demi-Moore.html|title=Ashton Kutcher in steamy photo shoot with Alessandra Ambrosio|work=Daily Mail|location=UK|date=July 30, 2011|accessdate=July 30, 2011|archive-date=July 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729233102/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2020218/Ashton-Kutcher-steamy-photo-shoot-Alessandra-Ambrosio-looks-like-young-Demi-Moore.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 16, 2009, Kutcher became the first user of Twitter to have more than 1,000,000 followers.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/apr/21/ashton-kutcher-celebrity-twitter|title=Inside Ashton Kutcher's world of Twitter|work=The Guardian |location=London|date=April 21, 2009|accessdate=April 22, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090423052639/http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/apr/21/ashton-kutcher-celebrity-twitter| archivedate= April 23, 2009| url-status= live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Movies |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1999 |''[[Coming Soon (1999 movie)|Coming Soon]]'' |Louie | |- |rowspan=4|2000 |''[[Down to You]]'' |Jim Morrison | |- |''[[Reindeer Games]]'' |College Kid | |- |''[[The Luke Movie]]'' |Elliot |Voice |- |''[[Dude, Where's My Car?]]'' |Jesse Montgomery III | |- |2001 |''[[Texas Rangers (film)|Texas Rangers]]'' |George Durham | |- |rowspan=3|2003 |''[[Just Married]]'' |Tom Leezak |Main role |- |''[[My Boss's Daughter]]'' |Tom Stansfield | |- |''[[Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)|Cheaper by the Dozen]]'' |Hank |Supporting role |- |2004 |''[[The Butterfly Effect]]'' |Evan Treborn | Main role |- |rowspan=2|2005 |''[[Guess Who (film)|Guess Who]]'' |Simon Green | |- |''[[A Lot Like Love]]'' |Oliver Martin | |- |rowspan=3|2006 |''[[Bobby (2006 film)|Bobby]]'' |Fisher | |- |''[[The Guardian (2006 film)|The Guardian]]'' |Jake Fischer |Lead Role |- |''[[Open Season (film)|Open Season]]'' |Elliot |Voice |- |2008 |''[[What Happens in Vegas]]'' |Jack Fuller |Lead role |- |rowspan=2|2009 |''[[Spread (film)|Spread]]'' |Nikki |Main role |- |''[[Personal Effects]]'' |Walter |Main role |- |rowspan=2|2010 |''[[Valentine's Day (film)|Valentine's Day]]'' |Reed Bennet |Main role |- |''[[Killers (2010 film)|Killers]]'' |Spencer Aimes |Main role |- |rowspan=2|2011 |''[[No Strings Attached (film)|No Strings Attached]]'' |Adam Franklin |Main role |- |''[[New Year's Eve (film)|New Year's Eve]]'' |Randy |Supporting role |- |2013 |''[[Jobs (movie)|Jobs]]'' |[[Steve Jobs]] |Main role |- |2014 |''[[Annie (2014 movie)|Annie]]'' |Simon Goodspeed |Cameo |- |2014 |''[[The Man Who Saved the World]]'' |Himself |Documentary |- | 2022 |''[[Vengeance (2022 movie)|Vengeance]]'' |Quinten Sellers | |- |- | 2023 | ''[[Your Place or Mine (movie)|Your Place or Mine]]'' | Peter | |- |{{TableTBA}} |style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''[[The Long Home]]'' {{dagger|alt=Not yet released}} | Nathan Winer Sr. |Post-production |} {|class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" |+ Television ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1998–2006 |''[[That '70s Show]]'' |Michael Kelso |Seasons 1–7 (Regular); Season 8 (Recurring)<br>184 episodes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0165598/|title=That '70s Show|publisher=|via=www.imdb.com|access-date=2012-09-15|archive-date=2012-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915195405/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0165598/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |2001 |''[[Just Shoot Me]]'' |Dean Cassidy |1 episode |- |2002 |''[[Grounded for Life]]'' |Cousin Scott |1 episode |- |2003–2007,2012 |''[[Punk'd]]'' |Himself/Host |Creator, 2003-2007: Full-time Host, 2012: Celebrity Host |- |2005 |''[[Robot Chicken]]'' |Various |Voice, 3 episodes |- |2008 |''[[Miss Guided]]'' |Beaux |1 episode |- |2011–2015 |''[[Two and a Half Men]]'' |[[Walden Schmidt]] |Lead role (seasons 9–12) |- |2013 |''[[Men at Work (TV series)|Men at Work]]'' |Eric |Episode: "Long Distance Tyler", uncredited |- |2016 |''[[Family Guy]]'' |Himself |Episode: "[[Candy, Quahog Marshmallow]]" |- |2016–2020 |''[[The Ranch (TV series)|The Ranch]]'' |Colt Bennett |Main role |- | 2017 | ''[[The Bachelorette (season 13)|The Bachelorette]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Season 13, 139 overall" |- | 2022 | ''[[The Boys (TV series)|The Boys]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Herogasm"; cameo |- | 2023 | ''[[That '90s Show]]'' | Michael Kelso | Episode: "That '90s Pilot" |} ===As a producer=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Episodes ! Notes |- |2003––2007; 2012 |''[[Punk'd]]'' | |Executive producer/host |- |2003 |''[[My Boss's Daughter]]'' | |Co-producer |- |rowspan=2|2004 |''[[The Butterfly Effect]]'' | |Executive producer |- |''[[You've Got a Friend]]'' |8 episodes |Executive producer |- |2005 |''[[A Lot Like Love]]'' | | |- |2005–2008 |''[[Beauty and the Geek]]'' |48 episodes |Executive producer |- |rowspan=5|2007 |''[[Adventures in Hollyhood]]'' |8 episodes |Executive producer |- |''[[Miss Guided]]'' |7 episodes |Executive producer |- |''[[Game Show in My Head]]'' | |Executive producer |- |''[[The Real Wedding Crashers]]'' |7 episodes |Executive producer |- |''[[Room 401]]'' |8 episodes |Executive producer |- |2008 |''[[Pop Fiction]]'' | |Executive producer |- |2008–2009 |''[[Opportunity Knocks (US TV series)|Opportunity Knocks]]'' | |TV series (Executive producer) |- |rowspan=3|2009 |''[[True Beauty (TV series)|True Beauty]]'' | |Executive producer |- |''[[The Beautiful Life]]'' |5 episodes | |- |''[[Spread (movie)|Spread]]'' | | |- |- |2010 |''[[Killers (2010 movie)|Killers]]'' | |Executive producer |- |2012–2013 |''Rituals'' |Executive producer |3 episodes |- |2013 |''[[Forever Young (American TV series)|Forever Young]]'' | Executive producer | |} ==Awards== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Awards and nominations |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Title of work ! Result |- | 1999 | [[Young Artist Award]] | Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Ensemble <small>(shared with [[Topher Grace]], [[Laura Prepon]], [[Mila Kunis]], [[Wilmer Valderrama]] and [[Danny Masterson]])</small> | ''That '70s Show'' | {{nom}} |- | 2000 | [[Las Vegas Film Critics Society]] | Sierra Award Best Male Newcomer | ''Dude, Where's My Car?'' | {{nom}} |- | 2001 | [[MTV Movie Awards]] | Breakthrough Male Performance | ''Dude, Where's My Car?'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5"|2003 | rowspan="3"|[[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Reality Hunk | rowspan="2"|''Punk'd'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice TV Reality/Variety Host | {{Won}} |- | Choice TV Actor | ''That '70s Show'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2"|[[Golden Raspberry Awards]] | Razzie Award for Worst Screen Couple <small>(shared with [[Brittany Murphy]])</small> | ''Just Married'' | {{nom}} |- | Razzie Award for Worst Screen Couple <small>(shared with [[Tara Reid]])</small> | ''My Boss's Daughter'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="8"|2004 | rowspan="2"|[[Kid's Choice Awards]] | Favourite Movie Actor | ''Just Married'', ''My Boss's Daughter'', ''Cheaper by the Dozen'' | {{nom}} |- | Favorite TV Actor | ''That '70s Show'', ''Punk'd'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5"|[[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice TV Personality | | {{Won}} |- | Choice Reality/Variety TV Star – Male | ''Punk'd'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice TV Actor – Comedy | ''That '70s Show'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice Movie Hissy Fit | rowspan="2"|''Cheaper by the Dozen'' | {{nom}} |- | Choice Movie Liplock <small>(shared with [[Piper Perabo]])</small> | {{nom}} |- | [[Golden Raspberry Awards]] | Razzie Award for Worst Actor | ''Cheaper By The Dozen'', ''Just Married'', ''My Boss's Daughter'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5"|2005 | [[Kid's Choice Awards]] | Favorite TV Actor | ''That '70s Show'', ''Punk'd'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="4"|[[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice TV Male Personality | ''Punk'd'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice TV Actor: Comedy | ''That '70s Show'' | {{Won}} |- | Choice Movie Actor: Comedy | ''Guess Who'', ''A Lot Like Love'' | {{nom}} |- | Choice Movie Rockstar Moment | ''A Lot Like Love'' | {{Won}} |- | 2006 | [[Kid's Choice Award]] | Favorite TV Actor | ''That '70s Show'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"|2007 | [[Kid's Choice Award]] | Favorite Voice in a Cartoon | ''Open Season'' | {{nom}} |- | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Movie Actor: Drama | ''The Guardian'' | {{nom}} |- | 2008 | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy | ''What Happens In Vegas'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3"|2010 | [[People's Choice Awards]] | Favorite Web Celeb | | {{Won}} |- | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy | ''Valentine's Day'' | {{Won}} |- | [[Golden Raspberry Awards]] | Razzie Award for Worst Actor | ''Killers'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2"|2011 | [[MTV Movie Awards]] | Best Comedic Performance | rowspan="2"|''No Strings Attached'' | {{nom}} |- | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy | {{Won}} |- | 2012 | [[Teen Choice Award]] | Choice TV Actor: Comedy | ''Two and a Half Men'' | {{nom}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name|5110}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kutcher, Ashton}} [[Category:Actors from Iowa]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American movie producers]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American television personalities]] [[Category:American television producers]] [[Category:Comedians from Iowa]] [[Category:Actors from Cedar Rapids, Iowa]] [[Category:Twin people from the United States]] [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People's Choice Award winners]] 3r3ifuf4xxycj6t1edns49o333l5os2 0 7880 10967255 10966354 2026-08-19T06:25:58Z Peterdownunder 17988 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45182-19|~2026-45182-19]] ([[User talk:~2026-45182-19|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by AnonLionCavalier83. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|nigga|Niger|Nigeria|Niger State}} '''Nigger''' is a [[racial slur|slur]] used against [[black people]]. It is often used by [[Racism|racists]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Starkey |first1=Brando Simeo |title=If you truly knew what the N-word meant to our ancestors, you'd NEVER use it |url=https://theundefeated.com/features/if-you-truly-knew-what-the-n-word-meant-to-our-ancestors-youd-never-use-it/ |website=The Undefeated |date=18 May 2017}}</ref> ==Origin== The word originated as a mispronunciation of the feminine form of the word "[[negro]]", which is "negra". In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], "preto" means the color [[black]] and "negro" means black people, but in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], "negro" means both the color black and black people.<ref name="Pilgrim">{{cite web |url=http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/caricature/ |title=Nigger and Caricatures |accessdate=2007-06-19 |last=Pilgrim |first=David |date=September 2001 |archive-date=2007-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608223038/http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/caricature/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==History== Before 1865, many [[black people]] in the [[United States]] were [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]]. In this time, "nigger" often meant a slave. Writers like [[Joseph Conrad]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nigger of the "Narcissus" by Joseph Conrad|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17731/17731-h/17731-h.htm|access-date=2023-01-21|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> [[Mark Twain]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Twain |first1=Mark |title=Life on the Mississippi |date=2004 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4191-3041-0 |page=11, 13, 127, 139, 219 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBWbSj-r4U4C&pg=PA11 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Charles Dickens]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg: Dickens and Racism|url=http://www.estherlederberg.com/EImages/Extracurricular/Dickens%20Universe/Racism%20in%20Dickens.html|access-date=2023-01-21|website=www.estherlederberg.com}}</ref> used this word in their books, even in non-racist ways. In the 21st century, many [[black people]] have "taken back" the word {{Text|nig}}gеr by using It's derivative "[[nigga]]". They use it as a [[slang]] word.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allan|first=Keith|date=2016|title=Contextual determinants on the meaning of the N word|journal=SpringerPlus|volume=5|issue=1|article-number=1141|doi=10.1186/s40064-016-2813-1|doi-access=free |issn=2193-1801|pmc=4954799|pmid=27504239}}</ref> Some groups are trying to make the use of the word "nigga" normal for everyone.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=McWhorter|first=John|date=2016-05-03|title=Stop Policing the N-Word|url=https://time.com/4316322/larry-wilmore-obama-n-word/|access-date=2025-05-21|magazine=TIME|language=en|archive-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520073609/https://time.com/4316322/larry-wilmore-obama-n-word/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Racism]] * [[Discrimination]] * [[Jim Crow laws]] * [[African Americans]] * [[Racial segregation]] * [[History of racial segregation in the United States]] ===Other slurs=== * [[Retard (word)|Retard]] * [[Gook]] * [[Kike]] * [[Chink (slur)|Chink]] * [[Faggot (slang)|Faggot]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Slurs]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:English profanity]] 24rlgotue2645t36o8onc0igp6tjctk 0 8661 10967078 10937093 2026-08-18T23:53:22Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|51|53|42.6|N|1|28|49.8|E|scale:5000|display=title}}{{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Principality of Sealand | common_name = Sealand | image_flag = Flag of Sealand.svg | flag_caption = [[Flag of Sealand|Flag]] | image_coat = | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|[[E Mare Libertas]]}} | national_anthem = ''[[E Mare Libertas]]'' | image_map = Europe location SLD.png | image_map2 = Sealand_aerial_view.jpg | map_caption2 = Sealand from above in 1999 | government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="summitofmicronations"></ref> | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1967|09|02|df=yes|br=yes}}<ref name=BBC-MacEacheran /> | area_km2 = 0.004 | area_footnote = <br/>(approx. 1 acre) | population_estimate = 2 (2015)<ref name="Eveleth">{{Cite web|last=Eveleth|first=Rose|title='I rule my own ocean micronation'|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150414-i-rule-my-own-ocean-micronation|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.bbc.com|date=15 April 2015 |language=en|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128115955/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150414-i-rule-my-own-ocean-micronation|url-status=live}}</ref> | currency = [[Coins and postage stamps of Sealand|Sealand dollar]] | official_website = {{URL|sealandgov.org}} | micronation = yes | englishmotto = "From the sea, Freedom" | title_leader = The president | year_leader1 = 2025-present | leader1 = George | year_leader2 = | leader2 = Goodnight }} The '''Principality of Sealand''' is an [[List of states with limited recognition|unrecognized]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=MacEacheran|first=Mike|title=Sealand: A peculiar 'nation' off England's coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200706-sealand-a-peculiar-nation-off-englands-coast|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101195534/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200706-sealand-a-peculiar-nation-off-englands-coast|archive-date=1 January 2022|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.bbc.com|date=6 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[micronation]] that claims [[HM Fort Roughs]] (also known as Roughs Tower) as its territory. Roughs Tower is an offshore platform in the [[North Sea]] around {{convert|12|km|nmi|abbr=off|frac=2|spell=in}} off the coast of [[Suffolk]]. Roughs Tower was used as a sea [[Fortification|fort]] in [[international waters]] during [[World War II]]. Since 1987, the tower has been occupied by the family and associates of [[Paddy Roy Bates]], a former [[British Army]] [[major]]. Bates took the tower from [[pirate radio]] broadcasters in 1967. Sealand was invaded by [[mercenaries]] in 1978. Sealand was able to defeat the attack. The platform has been in British territory since 1987, when the [[United Kingdom]] made its [[territorial waters]] larger. == History == In 1943, during [[World War II]], HM Fort Roughs (sometimes called Roughs Tower) was built by the [[United Kingdom]] as one of the [[Maunsell Forts]].<ref name="seaswaterways">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBKoUXrF5p0C&pg=PA563|title=Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues|last=Zumerchik|first=John|publisher=ABC-CLIO Ltd|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-711-1|page=563|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201042/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBKoUXrF5p0C&pg=PA563|archive-date=24 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Its main goal was to protect the nearby [[shipping lanes]] from [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Naval mine|mine]]-laying [[vehicles]]. It held 150–300 Royal Navy personnel throughout World War II. The last time it was used by the Royal Navy was in 1956.<ref name="seaswaterways2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBKoUXrF5p0C&pg=PA563|title=Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues|last=Zumerchik|first=John|publisher=ABC-CLIO Ltd|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-711-1|page=563|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201042/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBKoUXrF5p0C&pg=PA563|archive-date=24 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-20|title=The Maunsell Sea Forts|url=https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/05/the-maunsell-sea-forts/122564|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128145901/https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/05/the-maunsell-sea-forts/122564|archive-date=28 November 2020|access-date=2021-05-13|website=HeritageDaily – Archaeology News|language=en-US}}</ref> === Occupation and creation === Roughs Tower was used in February and August 1965 by Jack Moore and his daughter Jane. They used it as a base for [[Wonderful Radio London]]. [[Major]] [[Paddy Roy Bates]] took the fort on 2 September 1967 to use it for his own [[pirate radio]] station (Radio Essex).<ref name="Gould1966">{{cite news|last=Gould|first=Jack|date=25 March 1966|title=Radio: British Commercial Broadcasters Are at Sea; Illegal {{not a typo|Programs}} Are Beamed From Ships|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06E6DC1E39E735A75756C2A9659C946791D6CF|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=19 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222170906/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06E6DC1E39E735A75756C2A9659C946791D6CF|archive-date=22 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, he never starting [[broadcasting]].<ref name="Essex">Edwards, Chris; Parkes, James (19 October 2000). [http://www.offshoreechos.com/forts/radio_essex.htm "Radio Essex" and "Britains Better Music Station"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917092141/http://www.offshoreechos.com/forts/radio_essex.htm|date=17 September 2014}}. Off Shore Echoes. Retrieved 11 May 2011</ref> Instead, he [[Declaration of independence|declared]] the [[independence]] of Roughs Tower as the Principality of Sealand.<ref name="Micronations">{{cite book|title=Micronations|url=https://archive.org/details/micronationsthel0000ryan|last1=Ryan|first1=John|last2=Dunford|first2=George|last3=Sellars|first3=Simon|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2006|isbn=1-74104-730-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/micronationsthel0000ryan/page/9 9]}}</ref> In 1968, British workmen entered the claimed [[territorial waters]] of the Principality of Sealand to fix a buoy near the platform. [[Michael Bates (Sealand)|Michael Bates]] (son of Patty Roy Bates) tried to scare the workmen off by firing [[Warning shot|warning shots]] from the platform. As Bates was a [[British subject]] at the time, he was called to [[court]] on [[firearm]] charges after the [[wikt:incident|incident]].<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 2000|title=Welcome to Sealand. Now Bugger Off|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.07/haven.html|url-status=live|magazine=Wired News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430153926/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.07/haven.html|archive-date=30 April 2008|access-date=11 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the court said that the platform was outside of British waters and the case could not continue.<ref>''Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates'', The Shire Hall, Chelmsford, 25 October 1968. {{cite web|title=Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates|url=http://www.seanhastings.com/havenco/sealand/judgement.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302111533/http://www.seanhastings.com/havenco/sealand/judgement.html|archive-date=2 March 2007|access-date=29 May 2015|publisher=The Shire Hall, Chelmsford}}</ref> In 1975, Bates introduced a [[constitution]] for Sealand, followed by a [[national flag]], a [[national anthem]], a [[currency]] and [[passports]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sealand: a peculiar 'nation' off England's coast|date=6 July 2020 |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200706-sealand-a-peculiar-nation-off-englands-coast|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013025453/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200706-sealand-a-peculiar-nation-off-englands-coast|archive-date=13 October 2020|access-date=10 October 2020|publisher=BBC}}</ref> === 1978 attack === In August 1978, Alexander Achenbach, who said he was the [[prime minister]] of Sealand, hired [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[German people|German]] [[mercenaries]] to attack Sealand while Bates and his wife were in [[Austria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 171: Sealand (8.27.21)|url=https://thisiscriminal.com/episode-171-sealand-8-27-21/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830095350/https://thisiscriminal.com/episode-171-sealand-8-27-21/|archive-date=30 August 2021|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref> They took the platform and took Bates' son Michael [[hostage]]. Michael was able to escape and take back Roughs Tower using weapons stored on the platform. Achenbach was charged with [[treason]].<ref name="Criminal 2021">{{cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=Episode 171: Sealand (8.27.21)|url=https://thisiscriminal.com/episode-171-sealand-8-27-21/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830095350/https://thisiscriminal.com/episode-171-sealand-8-27-21/|archive-date=30 August 2021|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Criminal}}</ref> He was held there unless he paid [[Deutsche Mark|DM]] 75,000 (more than US$35,000 or £23,000).<ref>{{cite news|date=5 September 1978|title=Attempt to free captive from private 'island' fails|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_japan-times_1978-09-05_28619/page/3|page=3|work=The Times}}</ref> Germany sent a [[diplomat]] from its [[London]] [[embassy]] to Sealand to [[negotiate]] for Achenbach's release. He was released after many weeks of negotiation. Roy Bates claimed that the diplomat's visit meant that Germany had ''[[de facto]]'' [[International recognition|recognized]] Sealand.<ref name="LP11">{{cite book|title=Micronations|url=https://archive.org/details/micronationsthel0000ryan|last1=Ryan|first1=John|last2=Dunford|first2=George|last3=Sellars|first3=Simon|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2006|isbn=1-74104-730-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/micronationsthel0000ryan/page/11 11]}}</ref> === 2006 fire === {{Wikinews|Sealand wrecked by fire}} [[File:Sealandafterfire2.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sealandafterfire2.JPG|thumb|Sealand several months after the fire]] On the afternoon of 23 June 2006, the top platform of Roughs Tower caught fire because of an electrical fault. A Royal Air Force helicopter took one person to Ipswich Hospital. The Harwich lifeboat stayed nearby Roughs Tower until a local fire tug extinguished the fire.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2006|title=Blaze at offshore military fort|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5110244.stm|url-status=live|access-date=15 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530054922/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5110244.stm|archive-date=30 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> All damage was repaired by November 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Church and East renovation completion|url=http://www.churchandeast.co.uk/Sealand%20update%204.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304151403/http://www.churchandeast.co.uk/Sealand%20update%204.html|archive-date=4 March 2014|publisher=Church and East}}</ref> === Attempted sale === In January 2007, The Pirate Bay, an online media index founded by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[think tank]] [[Piratbyrån]], tried to buy Sealand after harsher [[copyright]] laws forced them to look for a new [[headquarters]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Graham|first=Flora|date=16 February 2009|title=Technology: How The Pirate Bay sailed into infamy|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7893223.stm|url-status=live|access-date=9 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419012716/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7893223.stm|archive-date=19 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Between 2007 and 2010, Sealand was offered for sale through the Spanish estate company ImmoNaranja<ref name="bbc_sealand">{{cite news|date=8 January 2007|title='Smallest state' seeks new owners|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6239967.stm|url-status=live|access-date=8 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110081146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6239967.stm|archive-date=10 January 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 January 2007|title=Tiny North Sea tax haven for sale|publisher=[[ABC Online|ABC News]]|agency=Agence France-Presse|location=Sydney, Australia|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200701/s1823039.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324010702/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200701/s1823039.htm|archive-date=24 March 2011}}</ref> at a price of [[Euro|€]]750&nbsp;million ([[British pound|£]]600&nbsp;million, [[United States dollar|US]]$906&nbsp;million).<ref name="bbc_sealand2">{{cite news|date=8 January 2007|title='Smallest state' seeks new owners|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6239967.stm|url-status=live|access-date=8 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110081146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6239967.stm|archive-date=10 January 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 January 2007|title=£65m price tag for Sealand tenancy|work=Evening Star|location=Ipswich|url=http://www.eveningstar.co.uk/content/eveningstar/news/story.aspx?brand=ESTOnline&category=News&tBrand=ESTOnline&tCategory=News&itemid=IPED06%20Jan%202007%2006%3A41%3A18%3A723|access-date=6 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111222049/http://www.eveningstar.co.uk/content/eveningstar/news/story.aspx?brand=ESTOnline&category=News&tBrand=ESTOnline&tCategory=News&itemid=IPED06%20Jan%202007%2006%3A41%3A18%3A723|archive-date=11 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 January 2007|title=For sale, World's smallest country|work=The [[Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/world/for-sale-worlds-smallest-country/2007/01/08/1168104905597.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224164904/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/for-sale-worlds-smallest-country/2007/01/08/1168104905597.html|archive-date=24 February 2007}}</ref> === Death of founder === Roy Bates died at the age of 91 on 9 October 2012. He had been suffering from [[Alzheimer's disease]] for many years. He was [[Order of succession|succeeded]] by his son Michael.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Braun|first=Adee|date=30 August 2013|title=From the Sea, Freedom|url=https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/sea-freedom|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101164501/https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/sea-freedom|archive-date=1 November 2021|access-date=1 November 2021|quote=Roy Bates died in 2012, and was succeeded by Prince Michael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Michael|date=2 August 2013|title=Prince Roy of Sealand Memorial Coin Launched|url=http://news.coinupdate.com/prince-roy-of-sealand-memorial-coin-launched-2096/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101164453/http://news.coinupdate.com/prince-roy-of-sealand-memorial-coin-launched-2096/|archive-date=1 November 2021|access-date=1 November 2021|quote=Prince Roy was succeeded by his only son, the Prince Regent – now Sovereign Prince Michael}}</ref> Michael Bates lives in [[Suffolk]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Micronations|url=https://archive.org/details/micronationsthel0000ryan|last1=Ryan|first1=John|last2=Dunford|first2=George|last3=Sellars|first3=Simon|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2006|isbn=1-74104-730-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/micronationsthel0000ryan/page/9 9]–12}}</ref> where he and his sons run a family fishing business called Fruits of the Sea.<ref name="Milmo">{{cite news|last1=Milmo|first1=Cahal|date=March 18, 2016|title=Sealand's Prince Michael on the future of an off-shore 'outpost of liberty'|newspaper=Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/sealand-prince-michael-on-the-future-of-an-off-shore-outpost-of-liberty-a6940201.html|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103441/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/sealand-prince-michael-on-the-future-of-an-off-shore-outpost-of-liberty-a6940201.html|archive-date=31 December 2017}}</ref> [[Joan Bates]], Roy Bates's wife, died in an [[Essex]] [[nursing home]] at the age of 86 on 10 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Milmo|first=Cahal|date=14 March 2016|title='Princess Joan of Sealand' has died aged 86|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/joan-bates-dead-princess-of-sealand-dies-aged-86-a6931106.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430050304/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/joan-bates-dead-princess-of-sealand-dies-aged-86-a6931106.html|archive-date=30 April 2021|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref> == Legal status == [[File:Map_of_Sealand_with_territorial_waters.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Sealand_with_territorial_waters.svg|left|thumb|Map of Sealand and the United Kingdom, with territorial water claims of {{convert|3|and|12|nmi|km|0|abbr=on}} shown.]] In 1987, the UK increased its territorial waters from {{convert|3|to|12|nmi|km|0}}. Sealand is now in British territorial waters.<ref name="ward">{{cite news|last=Ward|first=Mark|date=5 June 2000|title=Offshore and offline?|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/778267.stm|url-status=live|access-date=9 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222175031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/778267.stm|archive-date=22 February 2009}}</ref> === Administration === {{Infobox monarchy|royal_title=Prince|realm=Sealand|coatofarms=|coatofarms_article=Coat of Arms of Sealand|incumbent=[[Michael Bates (Sealand)|Michael]]|incumbentsince={{Start date and age|2012|10|09|df=yes|br=yes}}|heir_apparent=James|first_monarch=[[Paddy Roy Bates|Roy]]|date={{Start date and age|1967|09|02|df=yes|br=yes}}}}Sealand is ruled by the Bates family as its [[royal family]]. Roy Bates called himself "Prince Roy" and his wife "Princess Joan". At a micronations [[conference]] hosted by the [[University of Sunderland]] in 2004, Sealand was represented by Michael Bates's son James. The facility is now occupied by one or more caretakers representing Michael Bates, who lives in Essex. Sealand holds the [[Guinness World Record]] for "the smallest area to lay claim to nation status".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldre000guin|title=Guinness World Records 2008|publisher=Guinness World Records|year=2007|isbn=978-1-904994-18-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldre000guin/page/131 131]|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Sports == The [[Sealand National Football Association]] is an associate member of the [[:en:N.F.-Board|Nouvelle Fédération-Board]]. The Nouvelle Fédération-Board is a governing body for football for non-recognised states and states that are not members of [[FIFA]]. It administers the [[:en:Sealand_national_football_team|Sealand national football team]]. In 2004 the national team played its first international game against [[Åland Islands national football team]], drawing 2–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBWM Fantasy football micronation style|url=http://inbedwithmaradona.com/journal/2011/8/3/fantasy-football-micronation-style.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601044750/http://inbedwithmaradona.com/journal/2011/8/3/fantasy-football-micronation-style.html|archive-date=1 June 2012|access-date=29 February 2012|publisher=IBWM|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2004, [[mountaineer]] Slader Oviatt carried the [[Sealandic flag]] to the top of [[Muztagh Ata]].<ref>{{cite web|date=24 November 2009|editor-last=Kowalski|editor-first=Kenneth R.|title=Bill 50: Electric Statutes Amendment Act, 2009|url=http://www.assembly.ab.ca/ISYS/LADDAR_files/docs/hansards/han/legislature_27/session_2/20091124_1930_01_han.pdf#page=5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926085725/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/ISYS/LADDAR_files/docs/hansards/han/legislature_27/session_2/20091124_1930_01_han.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2013|work=Alberta Hansard|publisher=Province of Alberta|location=Edmonton, Canada|page=2019|format=PDF|issn=0383-3623|issue=63e}}</ref> Also in 2007, Michael Martelle represented the Principality of Sealand in the World Cup of Kung Fu, held in [[Quebec City]], [[Canada]]. Martelle won two silver medals, becoming the first-ever Sealand athlete to be on a world championship podium.<ref>{{cite web|title=Program Souvenir Legal|url=http://www.lechinois.ca/agenda/programme%20souvenir2007.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627061925/http://www.lechinois.ca/agenda/programme%20souvenir2007.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2008|access-date=17 July 2008}}</ref> In 2008, Sealand hosted a [[skateboarding]] event with Church and East sponsored by [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]].<ref>{{cite web|date=15 October 2008|title=Skate Sports|url=http://www.redbullskateboarding.com/articles/2008/10/red-bull-access-all-areas-meet.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105044213/http://www.redbullskateboarding.com/articles/2008/10/red-bull-access-all-areas-meet.php|archive-date=5 January 2010|access-date=9 April 2009|website=Red Bull|publisher=Redbullskateboarding.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 September 2008|title=Skateboarder erobern Seefestung vor der englischen Küste|url=http://www.lifepr.de/pressemeldungen/red-bull-deutschland-gmbh/boxid-65339.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224034153/http://www.lifepr.de/pressemeldungen/red-bull-deutschland-gmbh/boxid-65339.html|archive-date=24 December 2008|access-date=29 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Church and East|url=http://www.churchandeast.co.uk/sealand.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606201441/http://churchandeast.co.uk/sealand.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> In 2009, Sealand [[wikt:announce|announced]] the revival of the Sealand Football Association and their plan to [[compete]] in a future [[Viva World Cup]]. Scottish [[writer]] [[Neil Forsyth]] was made President of the Association.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 December 2009|title=Principality of Sealand to have National Football Team|url=http://www.prlog.org/10463176-principality-of-sealand-to-have-national-football-team.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727194201/http://www.prlog.org/10463176-principality-of-sealand-to-have-national-football-team.html|archive-date=27 July 2011|access-date=6 December 2010|publisher=PR Log}}</ref> Sealand played the second game in their history against [[Chagos Islands]] on 5 May 2012, losing 3–1. The team included actor [[Ralf Little]] and former [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] [[Defender (association football)|defender]] [[Simon Charlton]].<ref>{{cite news|date=7 May 2012|title=Ralf Little gets an international cap for Sealand|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17981522|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040420/http://www.bbc.com/sport/football/17981522|archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> In 2009 and 2010, Sealand sent teams to play in many [[Ultimate Frisbee|ultimate frisbee]] club tournaments in the United Kingdom, [[Ireland]] and the [[Netherlands]]. They came 11th at UK nationals in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=WebFox|date=10 February 2011|title=Principality of Sealand 2010 Review|url=http://www.glasgowultimate.co.uk/index.php/reports/principality-of-sealand-2010-review/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219083619/http://www.glasgowultimate.co.uk/index.php/reports/principality-of-sealand-2010-review/|archive-date=19 December 2013|access-date=14 January 2014|website=Glasgow Ultimate}}</ref> On 22 May 2013, the mountaineer [[Kenton Cool]] placed a Sealand flag at the summit of [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eveleth|first1=Rose|title=I rule my own ocean micronation|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150414-i-rule-my-own-ocean-micronation|url-status=live|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128115955/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150414-i-rule-my-own-ocean-micronation|archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The bizarre history of Sealand, the independent micronation on a platform off the English coast|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sealand-2015-9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195309/https://www.businessinsider.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sealand-2015-9|archive-date=24 June 2021|access-date=20 November 2020|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> In 2015, the runner Simon Messenger ran a half-marathon on Sealand as part of his "round the world in 80 runs" challenge.<ref>{{cite web|last=Messenger|first=Simon|date=11 September 2015|title=How I ran a half marathon on Sealand, the fortress 'nation' in the middle of the sea|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-running-blog/2015/sep/11/how-i-ran-a-half-marathon-on-sealand-the-fortress-nation-in-the-middle-of-the-sea|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162515/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-running-blog/2015/sep/11/how-i-ran-a-half-marathon-on-sealand-the-fortress-nation-in-the-middle-of-the-sea|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=10 June 2018|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In August 2018, competitive swimmer Richard Royal became the first person to swim the {{cvt|12|km}} from Sealand to the mainland, finishing in 3 hrs 29 mins. Royal visited the platform before the swim, getting his passport stamped. He went into the water from the bosun's chair, signaling the start of the swim, and finished on [[Felixstowe]] beach. Royal was awarded a Sealand Knighthood by Michael Bates.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moffitt |first1=Dominic |title=Arise Sir Richard: Sealand swimmer knighted|work=East Anglian Daily Times |url=http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/swimmer-knighted-after-sealand-venture-1-5674709|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831122825/http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/swimmer-knighted-after-sealand-venture-1-5674709|archive-date=31 August 2018|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> An American football team called the Sealand Seahawks was formed in 2021, announcing a game in Ireland against the [[South Dublin Panthers]] on 19 February 2022. The Seahawks won the game 42–13.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/gridironhub1/photos/a.170494040296142/929577834387755/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> == References == <references responsive="1"></references> == Other websites == * [http://www.sealandgov.org/ The Official Principality of Sealand Homepage] * [http://www.havenco.com/ HavenCo Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020119184905/http://havenco.com/ |date=2002-01-19 }} * [http://www.fruitsofthesea.demon.co.uk/sealand/ Archival Sealand Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050720074027/http://www.fruitsofthesea.demon.co.uk/sealand/ |date=2005-07-20 }} * [http://www.principality-of-sealand.org/welcome_e.html Website of Rebel Sealand Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024172946/http://principality-of-sealand.org/welcome_e.html |date=2005-10-24 }} * [http://david.national-anthems.net/sea.htm National Anthem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030044817/http://david.national-anthems.net/sea.htm |date=2007-10-30 }} * [http://www.seanhastings.com/havenco/sealand/judgement.html Claimed transcript of the 1968 UK court case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310041337/http://www.seanhastings.com/havenco/sealand/judgement.html |date=2009-03-10 }} * [http://www.imperial-collection.net/sealand03.html Coins of Sealand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102083747/http://www.imperial-collection.net/sealand03.html |date=2007-11-02 }} * [http://www.metahaven.net/ Meta Haven: Sealand Identity Project] * [http://freespace.virgin.net/line.design/forts/sea_forts.htm The Sea Forts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014221013/http://freespace.virgin.net/line.design/forts/sea_forts.htm |date=2006-10-14 }} * [http://sealandgov-london-uk.0catch.com/iindex.htm HMS Roughs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901114349/http://sealandgov-london-uk.0catch.com/iindex.htm |date=2005-09-01 }} {{Sealand}}{{Micronations}} [[Category:Principality of Sealand| ]] cncc4ploahqzl5sknkzo1opegra0cii 0 9796 10967346 10941315 2026-08-19T08:28:30Z Luna the Eurasian Wolf 1633477 /* Subspecies */ Not a subspecies 10967346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | taxon = Panthera tigris | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Royal Bengal Tiger at Kanha National Park.jpg | image_caption = A [[Bengal tiger]] (''P. t. tigris'') at [[Kanha National Park]], India | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author1 = Goodrich, J. | author2 = Lynam, A. | author3 = Miquelle, D. | author4 = Wibisono, H. | author5 = Kawanishi, K. | author6 = Pattanavibool, A. | author7 = Htun, S. | author8 = Tempa, T. | author9 = Karki, J. | author10 = Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. | title = ''Panthera tigris'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2015 | page = e.T15955A50659951 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2015 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15955/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en | accessdate = 15 January 2018}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] | range_map = Tiger map.jpg | range_map_caption = Tiger's historic range in about 1850 (pale yellow) and in 2006 (in green).<ref name="dinerstein07">{{cite journal|author=Dinerstein, E.|author2=Loucks, C.|author3=Wikramanayake, E.|author4=Ginsberg, Jo.|author5=Sanderson, E.|author6=Seidensticker, J.|author7=Forrest, J.|author8=Bryja, G.|author9=Heydlauff, A. |title=The Fate of Wild Tigers |journal=BioScience |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=508–514 |year=2007 |doi=10.1641/B570608 |bibcode=2007BiSci..57..508D |s2cid=26558123|url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/issues/tiger_bioscience_cites.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425072057/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/issues/tiger_bioscience_cites.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2012 | issn = 0006-3568}}</ref> | synonyms = {{center|'''''Felis tigris''''' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small><ref name="Linn1758">{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |page=41 |chapter=''Felis tigris'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}} {{in lang|la}}</ref> <br /> '''''Tigris striatus''''' <small>[[Nikolai Severtzov|Severtzov]], 1858</small><br /> '''''Tigris regalis''''' <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1867</small>}} }} [[File:Singapore Zoo Tigers.jpg|thumb|200px|White Tigers in the ''[[Singapore]] Zoological Gardens'']] [[File:A walk with the Tigress.webm|thumb|right|Video of a Tiger]] The '''tiger''' (''Panthera tigris'') is the largest living member of the cat [[family (biology)|family]], the [[Felidae]]. It feeds by hunting, and it lives in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/the-habitats-of-bengal-tiger-in-asia.html | title=The habitats of the Bengal tiger in Asia | date=9 December 2013 | publisher=corbett-national-park.com | accessdate=June 6, 2015 | archive-date=28 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428134816/http://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/the-habitats-of-bengal-tiger-in-asia.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Tigers are [[:wikt:solitary|solitary]] animals. == Appearance == There are tigers with distinct colours. Most tigers have orange [[fur]] with black stripes, and a white [[belly]]. The black stripes usually extend to the white underside. The stripes are vertical on the tiger's body, but the stripes are horizontal on the forehead, and the legs. The [[tail]] has rings, and the tail tip is black. The stripes are used to keep them [[camouflage]]d while [[hunt]]ing. No two tigers have the same [[pattern]] of stripes.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Information about tigers|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Tiger|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124153830/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Tiger|archive-date=November 24, 2010|accessdate=May 27, 2012|website=|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Most Bengal tigers have orange fur, but some Bengal tigers have white fur with black stripes, or that even have pure white fur. These [[White tiger|white tigers]] are not [[albino]], but they are [[Leucism|leucistic]] instead. The white coat only appears once in every 100 births. The Bengal tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh and [[India]]. Tigers vary in size depending on their subspecies. [[Siberian tiger]]s are the largest. Males can grow to at least {{cvt|9|ft|m}} long (body length) and [[weight|weigh]] about {{cvt|900|lb|kg}}. Females are a bit smaller. Record weight for males is claimed as {{cvt|890|lb}}, but this cannot be confirmed. ==Where they live== Tigers can live in a variety of [[habitat]]s. Mostly they need to hide, to be near a water jungle source, and have enough prey to eat. Tigers are solitary and they all control large amounts of territory, the size of which depends on the availability of various food for tigers and prey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tigers: The Largest Cats in the World {{!}} Live Science|url=https://www.livescience.com/27441-tigers.html|access-date=2021-03-26|website=www.livescience.com|date=4 June 2019}}</ref> According to Tigers-World, a male tiger may live and hunt in an area of 60 to 100 square kilometers (23 to 39 square miles). A female tiger may have 20 square kilometers (8 square miles).<ref name=world>{{cite web|url=https://www.tigers-world.com/tiger-habitat/|accessdate=April 30, 2021|title=Tiger Distribution and Habitat|publisher=Tigers-World|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> According to the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]], a single tiger can live in a territory as small as 21 square kilometers (8 square miles) to as large as 995 square kilometers (385 square miles).<ref name=USFW>{{cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/factsheet-tiger-conservation.pdf|publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service|accessdate=April 30, 2021|title=World Without Borders: Tiger Conservation Program|archive-date=March 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323205357/https://fws.gov/international/pdf/factsheet-tiger-conservation.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Subspecies == As previously thought, the tiger had five living [[subspecies]]. Three tiger subspecies are [[extinct]] (†). * Subspecies of Tiger (''Panthera tigris'') ** [[Bali tiger]] (''Panthera tigris balica'') † ** [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris'') ** [[Caspian tiger]] (''Panthera tigris virgata'') † ** [[Indochinese tiger]] (''Panthera tigris corbetti'') ** [[Javan tiger]] (''Panthera tigris sondaica'') † ** [[Malayan tiger]] (''Panthera tigris jacksoni'') ** [[Siberian tiger]] (''Panthera tigris altaica'') ** [[South China tiger]] (''Panthera tigris amoyensis'') ** [[Sumatran tiger]] (''Panthera tigris sumatrae'') However, in 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the [[IUCN Species Survival Commission#Cat Specialist Group|IUCN Cat Specialist Group]] revised felid taxonomy and recognized the tiger populations in continental Asia as ''P. t. tigris'', and those in the Sunda Islands as ''P. t. sondaica''.<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author=Kitchener A.C. & others|year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=66−68 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=66}}</ref> == Tigers and humans == Tigers are becoming rare, because [[people]] [[hunting|hunt]] them for their [[coat]] ([[skin]]) and destroy the habitats they live in. The Bengal tiger has the largest population with 3,500 left in the wild. To help keep the tiger population, tigers are often placed in [[zoo]]s. In order for tigers to survive into the next century, [[government]]s throughout the tigers’ range must show greater determination and commitment to conserve tigers and their habitats.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1641/b570608|access-date=2021-10-30|journal=BioScience|doi=10.1641/b570608|jstor = 10.1641/b570608|title = The Fate of Wild Tigers|year = 2007|last1 = Dinerstein|first1 = Eric|last2 = Loucks|first2 = Colby|last3 = Wikramanayake|first3 = Eric|last4 = Ginsberg|first4 = Joshua|last5 = Sanderson|first5 = Eric|last6 = Seidensticker|first6 = John|last7 = Forrest|first7 = Jessica|last8 = Bryja|first8 = Gosia|last9 = Heydlauff|first9 = Andrea|last10 = Klenzendorf|first10 = Sybille|last11 = Leimgruber|first11 = Peter|last12 = Mills|first12 = Judy|last13 = O'Brien|first13 = Timothy G.|last14 = Shrestha|first14 = Mahendra|last15 = Simons|first15 = Ross|last16 = Songer|first16 = Melissa|volume = 57|issue = 6|pages = 508–514|bibcode=2007BiSci..57..508D |s2cid = 26558123}}</ref> [[Indochinese tiger|Chinese tigers]] have been used for centuries in traditional [[Chinese medicine]]. Body parts such as their [[whiskers]] and [[bone]]s are used to treat things such as [[toothache]]s, [[malaria]], and [[burns]]. Tigers also kill and eat peoples' [[livestock]], which are easier to hunt than their typical [[prey]], because they are often in [[fence]]d or closed areas and livestock may not be able to [[:wikt:flee|flee]]. Sometimes tigers hunt people as prey and eat them, because they are either too old, [[injury|injured]], or [[ill]] to hunt their typical [[animal]] prey which are much [[fast]]er than people. These too are a reason why tigers are killed by people. == Diet == Tigers eat many types of [[prey]], mostly ungulates. Some examples are [[deer]], [[monkey]]s, [[rabbit|wild rabbits]], [[Wild boar|wild pigs]], [[tapirs]], [[water buffalo]] and other animals. They also eat [[bird]]s, [[reptile]]s and [[fish]]. They also prey on other [[predator]]s, including [[dog]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[bear]]s, [[snake]]s and [[crocodile]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228476287 |author1=Ramesh, T. |author2=Snehalatha, V. |author3=Sankar, K. |author4=Qureshi, Q. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of Scientific Transactions in Environment and Technovation |year=2009 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=170–181 |doi=10.20894/stet.116.002.003.010|s2cid=90129510 }}</ref> All are [[carnivore]]s ([[meat]] eaters). Some tigers may eat up to {{convert|50|lb|kg|abbr=off}} of meat a day. Tigers kill their prey by clamping down on the prey's [[throat]] and [[suffocation|suffocating]] it.<ref>Schaller G. 1984. ''The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India''. University Of Chicago Press.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{wikispecies|Panthera tigris}} {{commons|Panthera tigris}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q19939}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tigers| ]] [[Category:Big cats]] cj7rbqhk7mlj1f3bbakxio3i4un5w4m 10967347 10967346 2026-08-19T08:29:17Z Luna the Eurasian Wolf 1633477 /* Tigers and humans */ 10967347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | taxon = Panthera tigris | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Royal Bengal Tiger at Kanha National Park.jpg | image_caption = A [[Bengal tiger]] (''P. t. tigris'') at [[Kanha National Park]], India | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author1 = Goodrich, J. | author2 = Lynam, A. | author3 = Miquelle, D. | author4 = Wibisono, H. | author5 = Kawanishi, K. | author6 = Pattanavibool, A. | author7 = Htun, S. | author8 = Tempa, T. | author9 = Karki, J. | author10 = Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. | title = ''Panthera tigris'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2015 | page = e.T15955A50659951 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2015 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15955/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en | accessdate = 15 January 2018}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] | range_map = Tiger map.jpg | range_map_caption = Tiger's historic range in about 1850 (pale yellow) and in 2006 (in green).<ref name="dinerstein07">{{cite journal|author=Dinerstein, E.|author2=Loucks, C.|author3=Wikramanayake, E.|author4=Ginsberg, Jo.|author5=Sanderson, E.|author6=Seidensticker, J.|author7=Forrest, J.|author8=Bryja, G.|author9=Heydlauff, A. |title=The Fate of Wild Tigers |journal=BioScience |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=508–514 |year=2007 |doi=10.1641/B570608 |bibcode=2007BiSci..57..508D |s2cid=26558123|url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/issues/tiger_bioscience_cites.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425072057/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/issues/tiger_bioscience_cites.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2012 | issn = 0006-3568}}</ref> | synonyms = {{center|'''''Felis tigris''''' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small><ref name="Linn1758">{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |page=41 |chapter=''Felis tigris'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}} {{in lang|la}}</ref> <br /> '''''Tigris striatus''''' <small>[[Nikolai Severtzov|Severtzov]], 1858</small><br /> '''''Tigris regalis''''' <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1867</small>}} }} [[File:Singapore Zoo Tigers.jpg|thumb|200px|White Tigers in the ''[[Singapore]] Zoological Gardens'']] [[File:A walk with the Tigress.webm|thumb|right|Video of a Tiger]] The '''tiger''' (''Panthera tigris'') is the largest living member of the cat [[family (biology)|family]], the [[Felidae]]. It feeds by hunting, and it lives in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/the-habitats-of-bengal-tiger-in-asia.html | title=The habitats of the Bengal tiger in Asia | date=9 December 2013 | publisher=corbett-national-park.com | accessdate=June 6, 2015 | archive-date=28 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428134816/http://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/the-habitats-of-bengal-tiger-in-asia.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Tigers are [[:wikt:solitary|solitary]] animals. == Appearance == There are tigers with distinct colours. Most tigers have orange [[fur]] with black stripes, and a white [[belly]]. The black stripes usually extend to the white underside. The stripes are vertical on the tiger's body, but the stripes are horizontal on the forehead, and the legs. The [[tail]] has rings, and the tail tip is black. The stripes are used to keep them [[camouflage]]d while [[hunt]]ing. No two tigers have the same [[pattern]] of stripes.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Information about tigers|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Tiger|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124153830/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Tiger|archive-date=November 24, 2010|accessdate=May 27, 2012|website=|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Most Bengal tigers have orange fur, but some Bengal tigers have white fur with black stripes, or that even have pure white fur. These [[White tiger|white tigers]] are not [[albino]], but they are [[Leucism|leucistic]] instead. The white coat only appears once in every 100 births. The Bengal tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh and [[India]]. Tigers vary in size depending on their subspecies. [[Siberian tiger]]s are the largest. Males can grow to at least {{cvt|9|ft|m}} long (body length) and [[weight|weigh]] about {{cvt|900|lb|kg}}. Females are a bit smaller. Record weight for males is claimed as {{cvt|890|lb}}, but this cannot be confirmed. ==Where they live== Tigers can live in a variety of [[habitat]]s. Mostly they need to hide, to be near a water jungle source, and have enough prey to eat. Tigers are solitary and they all control large amounts of territory, the size of which depends on the availability of various food for tigers and prey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tigers: The Largest Cats in the World {{!}} Live Science|url=https://www.livescience.com/27441-tigers.html|access-date=2021-03-26|website=www.livescience.com|date=4 June 2019}}</ref> According to Tigers-World, a male tiger may live and hunt in an area of 60 to 100 square kilometers (23 to 39 square miles). A female tiger may have 20 square kilometers (8 square miles).<ref name=world>{{cite web|url=https://www.tigers-world.com/tiger-habitat/|accessdate=April 30, 2021|title=Tiger Distribution and Habitat|publisher=Tigers-World|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> According to the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]], a single tiger can live in a territory as small as 21 square kilometers (8 square miles) to as large as 995 square kilometers (385 square miles).<ref name=USFW>{{cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/factsheet-tiger-conservation.pdf|publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service|accessdate=April 30, 2021|title=World Without Borders: Tiger Conservation Program|archive-date=March 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323205357/https://fws.gov/international/pdf/factsheet-tiger-conservation.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Subspecies == As previously thought, the tiger had five living [[subspecies]]. Three tiger subspecies are [[extinct]] (†). * Subspecies of Tiger (''Panthera tigris'') ** [[Bali tiger]] (''Panthera tigris balica'') † ** [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris'') ** [[Caspian tiger]] (''Panthera tigris virgata'') † ** [[Indochinese tiger]] (''Panthera tigris corbetti'') ** [[Javan tiger]] (''Panthera tigris sondaica'') † ** [[Malayan tiger]] (''Panthera tigris jacksoni'') ** [[Siberian tiger]] (''Panthera tigris altaica'') ** [[South China tiger]] (''Panthera tigris amoyensis'') ** [[Sumatran tiger]] (''Panthera tigris sumatrae'') However, in 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the [[IUCN Species Survival Commission#Cat Specialist Group|IUCN Cat Specialist Group]] revised felid taxonomy and recognized the tiger populations in continental Asia as ''P. t. tigris'', and those in the Sunda Islands as ''P. t. sondaica''.<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author=Kitchener A.C. & others|year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=66−68 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=66}}</ref> == Tigers and humans == Tigers are becoming rare, because [[people]] [[hunting|hunt]] them for their [[coat]] ([[skin]]) and destroy the habitats they live in. The Bengal tiger has the largest population with 3,500 left in the wild. To help keep the tiger population, tigers are often placed in [[zoo]]s. In order for tigers to survive into the next century, [[government]]s throughout the tigers’ range must show greater determination and commitment to conserve tigers and their habitats.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1641/b570608|access-date=2021-10-30|journal=BioScience|doi=10.1641/b570608|jstor = 10.1641/b570608|title = The Fate of Wild Tigers|year = 2007|last1 = Dinerstein|first1 = Eric|last2 = Loucks|first2 = Colby|last3 = Wikramanayake|first3 = Eric|last4 = Ginsberg|first4 = Joshua|last5 = Sanderson|first5 = Eric|last6 = Seidensticker|first6 = John|last7 = Forrest|first7 = Jessica|last8 = Bryja|first8 = Gosia|last9 = Heydlauff|first9 = Andrea|last10 = Klenzendorf|first10 = Sybille|last11 = Leimgruber|first11 = Peter|last12 = Mills|first12 = Judy|last13 = O'Brien|first13 = Timothy G.|last14 = Shrestha|first14 = Mahendra|last15 = Simons|first15 = Ross|last16 = Songer|first16 = Melissa|volume = 57|issue = 6|pages = 508–514|bibcode=2007BiSci..57..508D |s2cid = 26558123}}</ref> [[South China tiger|Chinese tigers]] have been used for centuries in traditional [[Chinese medicine]]. Body parts such as their [[whiskers]] and [[bone]]s are used to treat things such as [[toothache]]s, [[malaria]], and [[burns]]. Tigers also kill and eat peoples' [[livestock]], which are easier to hunt than their typical [[prey]], because they are often in [[fence]]d or closed areas and livestock may not be able to [[:wikt:flee|flee]]. Sometimes tigers hunt people as prey and eat them, because they are either too old, [[injury|injured]], or [[ill]] to hunt their typical [[animal]] prey which are much [[fast]]er than people. These too are a reason why tigers are killed by people. == Diet == Tigers eat many types of [[prey]], mostly ungulates. Some examples are [[deer]], [[monkey]]s, [[rabbit|wild rabbits]], [[Wild boar|wild pigs]], [[tapirs]], [[water buffalo]] and other animals. They also eat [[bird]]s, [[reptile]]s and [[fish]]. They also prey on other [[predator]]s, including [[dog]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[bear]]s, [[snake]]s and [[crocodile]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228476287 |author1=Ramesh, T. |author2=Snehalatha, V. |author3=Sankar, K. |author4=Qureshi, Q. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of Scientific Transactions in Environment and Technovation |year=2009 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=170–181 |doi=10.20894/stet.116.002.003.010|s2cid=90129510 }}</ref> All are [[carnivore]]s ([[meat]] eaters). Some tigers may eat up to {{convert|50|lb|kg|abbr=off}} of meat a day. Tigers kill their prey by clamping down on the prey's [[throat]] and [[suffocation|suffocating]] it.<ref>Schaller G. 1984. ''The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India''. University Of Chicago Press.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{wikispecies|Panthera tigris}} {{commons|Panthera tigris}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q19939}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tigers| ]] [[Category:Big cats]] jnkyv7m0fbcrzt30hpksyz69u67e0uz 0 10896 10966570 10795430 2026-08-18T13:24:43Z Sunwinbz 1857419 /* */ 10966570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:US Navy 090620-N-2798F-033 Sailors assigned to the aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) and Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 3 compete in a Texas Hold 'Em Poker tournament aboard Harry S. Truman.jpg|thumb|A [[Texas hold 'em]] match in progress. Hold 'em is a popular form of poker in the [[USA]].]] '''Poker''' is a game which people play with a normal set (or ''deck'') of 52 [[playing cards|cards]]. Poker is a [[gambling]] game which involves some luck, but also some skill. In poker, players make bets against each other depending on the value of their poker [[hand]]. Bets are usually made with plastic or ceramic discs called ''chips''. Bets may also be made with coins or cash, but chips are more often used because they are easier to handle and count. At the end of the game, players may swap their chips for money. If the players are not playing for real money, the chips are counted at the end of the game to determine the order of winners. There are many different kinds of poker. In [[draw poker]], each player is dealt five cards. A player can decide to throw away a number of these cards and then take (''draw'') new cards to replace them. In stud poker (for sunwin.bz, [[seven-card stud]]), some of each player's cards are laid (''face-up'') on the table so that the other players can see them. In community card poker (for example, [[Texas hold 'em]]), players share some of their cards in the center of the table.<ref>Reuben, Stewart 2001. ''Starting out in Poker''. London: Everyman/Mind Sports. ISBN 1-85744-272-5 Basic teaching text, explains terms, gives advice.</ref> ==History== The history of poker is a matter of some debate. The name of the game likely descended from the [[French language|French]] ''poque'', which descended from the [[German language|German]] ''pochen'' ('to knock'), but it is not clear whether the origins of poker itself lie with the games bearing those names. It closely resembles the [[Iran|Persia]]n game of ''as nas'', and may have been taught to French settlers in [[New Orleans]] by Persian sailors. It is commonly regarded as sharing ancestry with the [[Renaissance]] game of ''[[primero]]'' and the French ''brelan''. The [[England|English]] game ''[[Three card brag|brag]]'' (earlier bragg) clearly descended from ''brelan'' and incorporated bluffing (though the concept was known in other games by that time). It is quite possible that all of these earlier games influenced the development of poker as it exists now. English actor [[Joseph Crowell]] reported that the game was played in New Orleans in 1829, with a deck of 20 cards, four players betting on which player's hand was the most valuable. Jonathan H. Green's book, ''An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling'' (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843), described the spread of the game from there to the rest of the country by [[Mississippi]] [[riverboat]]s, on which [[gambling]] was a common pastime. Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English deck was used, and the [[flush (poker)|flush]] was introduced. During the [[American Civil War]], many additions were made, including [[draw poker]], [[stud poker]] (the five-card variant), and the [[Straight (poker)|straight]]. Further American developments followed, such as the [[Wild card (poker)|wild card]] (around 1875), [[lowball]] and [[High-low split|split-pot poker]] (around 1900), and [[community card poker]] games (around 1925). Spread of the game to other countries, particularly in [[Asia]], is often attributed to the [[United States armed forces|U.S. military]]. The game and [[Poker jargon|jargon]] of poker have become important parts of American culture and English culture. Such phrases as ''[[ace in the hole]]'', ''beats me'', ''[[blue chip]]'', ''call the bluff'', ''cash in'', ''[[buck (poker)|pass the buck]]'', ''poker face'', ''stack up'', ''up the ante'', ''when the chips are down'', ''[[wild card]]'', and others are used in everyday conversation even by those unaware of their origins at the poker table. Modern [[Poker tournament|tournament]] play became popular in American casinos after the [[World Series of Poker]] began in 1970. It was also during that decade that the first serious strategy books appeared, notably ''The Theory of Poker'' by [[David Sklansky]] ({{ISBN|1880685000}}), ''Super System'' by [[Doyle Brunson]] ({{ISBN|1580420818}}), and ''The Book of Tells'' by [[Mike Caro]] ({{ISBN|0897461002}}). Poker became more popular early in the 21st century, largely due to the introduction of [[online poker]] and the invention of the hole-card camera which finally turned the game into a [[spectator sport]]. Viewers could now follow the action and drama of the game, and broadcasts of poker tournaments such as the [[World Series of Poker]] and the [[World Poker Tour]] brought in large television audiences. == Game play == [[Image:Royal straight flush.jpg|thumb|Royal Flush in hearts]] The game of poker is played in hundreds of [[List of poker variants|variations]], but the following overview of game play applies to most of them. Depending on the game rules, one or more players may be required to place an initial amount of money into the pot before the cards are dealt. These are called [[Betting (poker)#Forced bets|forced bets]] and come in three forms: [[Betting (poker)#Ante|ante]]s, [[Betting (poker)#Blinds|blinds]], and [[Betting (poker)#Bring-ins|bring-ins]]. Like most [[card game]]s, the dealer [[shuffle]]s the [[playing card|deck of cards]]. The deck is then [[cut (playing cards)|cut]], and the appropriate number of cards are dealt face-down to the players. In a casino a "house" dealer handles the cards for each hand, but a ''button'' (any small item used as a marker, also called a ''[[Buck (poker)|buck]]'') is rotated among the players to determine the order of dealing and betting in certain games. In a home game, the right to deal the cards typically rotates among the players clockwise, but a ''button'' may still be used. After the initial deal, the first of what may be several [[betting (poker)|betting]] rounds begins. Between rounds, the players' hands ''develop'' in some way, often by being dealt additional cards or replacing cards previously dealt. During a round of betting, there will always be a ''current bet amount'', which is the total amount of money bet in this round by the player who bet last in this round. To keep better track of this, it is conventional for players to not place their bets directly into the pot (called ''splashing'' the pot), but rather place them in front of themselves toward the pot, until the betting round is over. When the round is over, the bets are then gathered into the pot. After the first betting round is completed (every participating player having called an equal amount), there may be more rounds in which more cards are dealt in various ways, followed by further rounds of betting (into the same central pot). At any time during the first or subsequent betting rounds, if one player makes a bet and all other players fold, the deal ends immediately, the single remaining player is awarded the pot, no cards are shown, no more rounds are dealt, and the next deal begins. This is what makes it possible to [[bluff (poker)|bluff]]. At the end of the last betting round, if more than one player remains, there is a [[showdown (poker)|showdown]] in which the players reveal their previously hidden cards and evaluate their [[Poker hand|hands]]. The player with the best hand according to the poker variant being played wins the pot. Understanding odds and probability give you a better chance of winning. ===Hands=== The following are poker hands, from best to worst: *'''Straight flush''': Five cards of the same suit in sequence (if those five are A, K, Q, J, 10; it is a '''Royal Flush''') *'''Four of a kind''': Four cards of the same rank and any one other card *'''Full house''': Three cards of one rank and two of another *'''Flush''': Five cards of the same suit *'''Straight''': Five cards in sequence (for example, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) *'''Three of a kind:''' Three cards of the same rank *'''Two pair:''' Two cards of one rank and two cards of another *'''One pair:''' Two cards of the same rank *'''High card:''' If no one has a pair, the highest card wins === Poker chips === Poker chips are small discs. They made by various materials including molded plastic, colored metal  molded clays. They are used in table games as play money. Modern poker traces its roots towards the 1800s, and in those days, players used what you could to help keep a tally. Coins, gold dust and nuggets were used until they considered replacing with something which would indicate them. Thus, the casino chips happen to be introduced within the gambling business. Poker rooms started using casino chips to simply manage the cash and then collect charges. In those days, casino chips were created of ivory, bone, paper  wood. However, the most generally used chips were created of composite clay. One problem made an appearance due to the developing casino chips which was cheating. Some players considered sneaking some chips in their hands. To avoid this, manufacturers created differentiated disks. Consequently, a range of styles was created. With time, other manufacturers could use many other materials for making casino chips, for example, plastic and metal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://poker-teacher.net/poker-chips.htm|title=poker-teacher.net > Poker Chips|website=poker-teacher.net|language=en|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref> == Poker variations == *[[Texas hold'em]] *[[Omaha hold'em]] *[[Five card draw]] *[[Five card stud]] *[[Seven card stud]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==More reading== * {{cite book |last1=Iggulden |first1=Hal |last2=Iggulden |first2=Conn |title=The Dangerous Book for Boys |url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8 |date=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0061243585 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8/page/198 198]–203 |chapter=How to Play Poker}} [[Category:Poker| ]] [[Category:Gambling]] [[Category:Card games]] 2bot8relhpqax4nbqwt56d4cd3ik6xn 10966571 10966570 2026-08-18T13:27:08Z Der-Wir-Ing 404478 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Sunwinbz|Sunwinbz]] ([[User talk:Sunwinbz|talk]]) to last version by Lp0 on fire: using Wikipedia for [[WP:SPAM|advertising/promotion]] 10795430 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:US Navy 090620-N-2798F-033 Sailors assigned to the aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) and Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 3 compete in a Texas Hold 'Em Poker tournament aboard Harry S. Truman.jpg|thumb|A [[Texas hold 'em]] match in progress. Hold 'em is a popular form of poker in the [[USA]].]] '''Poker''' is a game which people play with a normal set (or ''deck'') of 52 [[playing cards|cards]]. Poker is a [[gambling]] game which involves some luck, but also some skill. In poker, players make bets against each other depending on the value of their poker [[hand]]. Bets are usually made with plastic or ceramic discs called ''chips''. Bets may also be made with coins or cash, but chips are more often used because they are easier to handle and count. At the end of the game, players may swap their chips for money. If the players are not playing for real money, the chips are counted at the end of the game to determine the order of winners. There are many different kinds of poker. In [[draw poker]], each player is dealt five cards. A player can decide to throw away a number of these cards and then take (''draw'') new cards to replace them. In stud poker (for example, [[seven-card stud]]), some of each player's cards are laid (''face-up'') on the table so that the other players can see them. In community card poker (for example, [[Texas hold 'em]]), players share some of their cards in the center of the table.<ref>Reuben, Stewart 2001. ''Starting out in Poker''. London: Everyman/Mind Sports. ISBN 1-85744-272-5 Basic teaching text, explains terms, gives advice.</ref> ==History== The history of poker is a matter of some debate. The name of the game likely descended from the [[French language|French]] ''poque'', which descended from the [[German language|German]] ''pochen'' ('to knock'), but it is not clear whether the origins of poker itself lie with the games bearing those names. It closely resembles the [[Iran|Persia]]n game of ''as nas'', and may have been taught to French settlers in [[New Orleans]] by Persian sailors. It is commonly regarded as sharing ancestry with the [[Renaissance]] game of ''[[primero]]'' and the French ''brelan''. The [[England|English]] game ''[[Three card brag|brag]]'' (earlier bragg) clearly descended from ''brelan'' and incorporated bluffing (though the concept was known in other games by that time). It is quite possible that all of these earlier games influenced the development of poker as it exists now. English actor [[Joseph Crowell]] reported that the game was played in New Orleans in 1829, with a deck of 20 cards, four players betting on which player's hand was the most valuable. Jonathan H. Green's book, ''An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling'' (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843), described the spread of the game from there to the rest of the country by [[Mississippi]] [[riverboat]]s, on which [[gambling]] was a common pastime. Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English deck was used, and the [[flush (poker)|flush]] was introduced. During the [[American Civil War]], many additions were made, including [[draw poker]], [[stud poker]] (the five-card variant), and the [[Straight (poker)|straight]]. Further American developments followed, such as the [[Wild card (poker)|wild card]] (around 1875), [[lowball]] and [[High-low split|split-pot poker]] (around 1900), and [[community card poker]] games (around 1925). Spread of the game to other countries, particularly in [[Asia]], is often attributed to the [[United States armed forces|U.S. military]]. The game and [[Poker jargon|jargon]] of poker have become important parts of American culture and English culture. Such phrases as ''[[ace in the hole]]'', ''beats me'', ''[[blue chip]]'', ''call the bluff'', ''cash in'', ''[[buck (poker)|pass the buck]]'', ''poker face'', ''stack up'', ''up the ante'', ''when the chips are down'', ''[[wild card]]'', and others are used in everyday conversation even by those unaware of their origins at the poker table. Modern [[Poker tournament|tournament]] play became popular in American casinos after the [[World Series of Poker]] began in 1970. It was also during that decade that the first serious strategy books appeared, notably ''The Theory of Poker'' by [[David Sklansky]] ({{ISBN|1880685000}}), ''Super System'' by [[Doyle Brunson]] ({{ISBN|1580420818}}), and ''The Book of Tells'' by [[Mike Caro]] ({{ISBN|0897461002}}). Poker became more popular early in the 21st century, largely due to the introduction of [[online poker]] and the invention of the hole-card camera which finally turned the game into a [[spectator sport]]. Viewers could now follow the action and drama of the game, and broadcasts of poker tournaments such as the [[World Series of Poker]] and the [[World Poker Tour]] brought in large television audiences. == Game play == [[Image:Royal straight flush.jpg|thumb|Royal Flush in hearts]] The game of poker is played in hundreds of [[List of poker variants|variations]], but the following overview of game play applies to most of them. Depending on the game rules, one or more players may be required to place an initial amount of money into the pot before the cards are dealt. These are called [[Betting (poker)#Forced bets|forced bets]] and come in three forms: [[Betting (poker)#Ante|ante]]s, [[Betting (poker)#Blinds|blinds]], and [[Betting (poker)#Bring-ins|bring-ins]]. Like most [[card game]]s, the dealer [[shuffle]]s the [[playing card|deck of cards]]. The deck is then [[cut (playing cards)|cut]], and the appropriate number of cards are dealt face-down to the players. In a casino a "house" dealer handles the cards for each hand, but a ''button'' (any small item used as a marker, also called a ''[[Buck (poker)|buck]]'') is rotated among the players to determine the order of dealing and betting in certain games. In a home game, the right to deal the cards typically rotates among the players clockwise, but a ''button'' may still be used. After the initial deal, the first of what may be several [[betting (poker)|betting]] rounds begins. Between rounds, the players' hands ''develop'' in some way, often by being dealt additional cards or replacing cards previously dealt. During a round of betting, there will always be a ''current bet amount'', which is the total amount of money bet in this round by the player who bet last in this round. To keep better track of this, it is conventional for players to not place their bets directly into the pot (called ''splashing'' the pot), but rather place them in front of themselves toward the pot, until the betting round is over. When the round is over, the bets are then gathered into the pot. After the first betting round is completed (every participating player having called an equal amount), there may be more rounds in which more cards are dealt in various ways, followed by further rounds of betting (into the same central pot). At any time during the first or subsequent betting rounds, if one player makes a bet and all other players fold, the deal ends immediately, the single remaining player is awarded the pot, no cards are shown, no more rounds are dealt, and the next deal begins. This is what makes it possible to [[bluff (poker)|bluff]]. At the end of the last betting round, if more than one player remains, there is a [[showdown (poker)|showdown]] in which the players reveal their previously hidden cards and evaluate their [[Poker hand|hands]]. The player with the best hand according to the poker variant being played wins the pot. Understanding odds and probability give you a better chance of winning. ===Hands=== The following are poker hands, from best to worst: *'''Straight flush''': Five cards of the same suit in sequence (if those five are A, K, Q, J, 10; it is a '''Royal Flush''') *'''Four of a kind''': Four cards of the same rank and any one other card *'''Full house''': Three cards of one rank and two of another *'''Flush''': Five cards of the same suit *'''Straight''': Five cards in sequence (for example, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) *'''Three of a kind:''' Three cards of the same rank *'''Two pair:''' Two cards of one rank and two cards of another *'''One pair:''' Two cards of the same rank *'''High card:''' If no one has a pair, the highest card wins === Poker chips === Poker chips are small discs. They made by various materials including molded plastic, colored metal  molded clays. They are used in table games as play money. Modern poker traces its roots towards the 1800s, and in those days, players used what you could to help keep a tally. Coins, gold dust and nuggets were used until they considered replacing with something which would indicate them. Thus, the casino chips happen to be introduced within the gambling business. Poker rooms started using casino chips to simply manage the cash and then collect charges. In those days, casino chips were created of ivory, bone, paper  wood. However, the most generally used chips were created of composite clay. One problem made an appearance due to the developing casino chips which was cheating. Some players considered sneaking some chips in their hands. To avoid this, manufacturers created differentiated disks. Consequently, a range of styles was created. With time, other manufacturers could use many other materials for making casino chips, for example, plastic and metal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://poker-teacher.net/poker-chips.htm|title=poker-teacher.net > Poker Chips|website=poker-teacher.net|language=en|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref> == Poker variations == *[[Texas hold'em]] *[[Omaha hold'em]] *[[Five card draw]] *[[Five card stud]] *[[Seven card stud]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==More reading== * {{cite book |last1=Iggulden |first1=Hal |last2=Iggulden |first2=Conn |title=The Dangerous Book for Boys |url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8 |date=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0061243585 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dangerousbookfor0000iggu_u2s8/page/198 198]–203 |chapter=How to Play Poker}} [[Category:Poker| ]] [[Category:Gambling]] [[Category:Card games]] dublpogtwkdkww4n29fqm2n6u2irtai 0 11543 10966623 10948975 2026-08-18T14:03:31Z ~2026-45213-13 1857444 /* */ tis 10966623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-analsex.png|thumb|230px|Illustration of anal sex.]] [[File:Wiki-anal missionary.png|thumb|Illustration of gay men having anal sex]] '''Anal sex''' is a [[sexual intercourse|sex act]] performed on the [[anus]]. Anal sex can involve a [[Human penis|penis]] inserted in the anus, [[anilingus|oral stimulation]], of the anus, using [[fingers]] for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's anal sex? What are the risks of it? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/whats-anal-sex-what-are-the-risks-of-it |website=Planned Parenthood |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> Anal sex can help the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Anal sex without protection of a [[condom]] is considered the riskiest form of sexual activity.<ref name="Hales">{{Cite book |author=Hales |first=Dianne |url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtoheal00hale |title=An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0495391920 |pages=269–271 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book |author=Hoeger |first1=Werner W. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Lifetime Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program |last2=Hoeger |first2=Sharon A. |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1133008583 |page=455 |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406131243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |archive-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> Health authorities such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommend [[safe sex]] practices for anal sex.<ref name="Who">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323122753/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf |date=March 23, 2014 }}, 2007, {{ISBN|978-92-4-156347-5}}</ref> Many people associate anal sex with [[homosexual]] activity. This is only partly true: Not all gay people practice anal sex. There are also many [[heterosexual]] couples who also engage in anal sex.<ref name="journal2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberger |first1=Joshua G. |last2=Reece |first2=Michael |last3=Schick |first3=Vanessa |last4=Herbenick |first4=Debby |last5=Novak |first5=David S. |last6=van der Poi |first6=Barbara |last7=Fortenberry |first7=J. Dennis |author4-link=Debby Herbenick |title=Sexual Behaviors and Situational Characteristics of Most Recent Male-Partnered Sexual Event among Gay and Bisexually Identified Men in the United States |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |date=24 August 2011 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3040–3050 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02438.x |pmid=21883941 }}</ref><ref name="Not all">{{cite web|title=Not all gay men have anal sex|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=April 19, 2021|url=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052659/https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3=Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn=978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|access-date=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|archive-date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326183233/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have strong views about anal sex. This is especially true for [[religion|religious communities]]. Some counties have laws that punish anal sex. This especially true for countries where religion has an important role in society. Molly Stickell is a fat ugly c u n t. == Overview == The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. [[Lubrication]] is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Considerations |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#considerations |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the [[prostate]] that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the [[Clitoris|clitoral legs]]/[[G-Spot]] or the [[cervix]]. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the [[anus]] has many [[nerve]] endings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Orgasm |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#orgasm |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] <!-- interwiki --> 30akqedcfqo0hmetwblhggsj2wv3s6m 10966659 10966623 2026-08-18T14:56:06Z Eptalon 2133 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45213-13|~2026-45213-13]] ([[User talk:~2026-45213-13|talk]]) to last version by Citation bot 10948975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-analsex.png|thumb|230px|Illustration of anal sex.]] [[File:Wiki-anal missionary.png|thumb|Illustration of gay men having anal sex]] '''Anal sex''' is a [[sexual intercourse|sex act]] performed on the [[anus]]. Anal sex can involve a [[Human penis|penis]] inserted in the anus, [[anilingus|oral stimulation]], of the anus, using [[fingers]] for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's anal sex? What are the risks of it? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/whats-anal-sex-what-are-the-risks-of-it |website=Planned Parenthood |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> Anal sex can help the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Anal sex without protection of a [[condom]] is considered the riskiest form of sexual activity.<ref name="Hales">{{Cite book |author=Hales |first=Dianne |url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtoheal00hale |title=An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0495391920 |pages=269–271 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book |author=Hoeger |first1=Werner W. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Lifetime Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program |last2=Hoeger |first2=Sharon A. |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1133008583 |page=455 |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406131243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |archive-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> Health authorities such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommend [[safe sex]] practices for anal sex.<ref name="Who">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323122753/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf |date=March 23, 2014 }}, 2007, {{ISBN|978-92-4-156347-5}}</ref> Many people associate anal sex with [[homosexual]] activity. This is only partly true: Not all gay people practice anal sex. There are also many [[heterosexual]] couples who also engage in anal sex.<ref name="journal2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberger |first1=Joshua G. |last2=Reece |first2=Michael |last3=Schick |first3=Vanessa |last4=Herbenick |first4=Debby |last5=Novak |first5=David S. |last6=van der Poi |first6=Barbara |last7=Fortenberry |first7=J. Dennis |author4-link=Debby Herbenick |title=Sexual Behaviors and Situational Characteristics of Most Recent Male-Partnered Sexual Event among Gay and Bisexually Identified Men in the United States |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |date=24 August 2011 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3040–3050 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02438.x |pmid=21883941 }}</ref><ref name="Not all">{{cite web|title=Not all gay men have anal sex|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=April 19, 2021|url=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052659/https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3=Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn=978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|access-date=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|archive-date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326183233/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have strong views about anal sex. This is especially true for [[religion|religious communities]]. Some counties have laws that punish anal sex. This especially true for countries where religion has an important role in society. == Overview == The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. [[Lubrication]] is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Considerations |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#considerations |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the [[prostate]] that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the [[Clitoris|clitoral legs]]/[[G-Spot]] or the [[cervix]]. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the [[anus]] has many [[nerve]] endings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Orgasm |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#orgasm |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] <!-- interwiki --> o1ktyybxq1y4tusthmfxhevs50czex9 0 12403 10967067 10944082 2026-08-18T23:25:57Z Jim.henderson 70336 /* History */ [[Ebony (wood)]] live link 10967067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Somaliland}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية}} | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}} | image_map = Somalia (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Area controlled by Somalia shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled region (Somaliland) shown in light green | image_map2 = Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Mogadishu]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | national_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] | languages_type = Other languages | languages = [[Italian language|Italian]] | religion = [[Islam]] ([[Sunni]]) | demonym = [[Somali people|Somali]] | government_type = [[Parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Somalia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud|Hassan Mohamud]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Somalia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Mohamed Hussein Roble]] | legislature = [[Federal Parliament of Somalia|Federal Parliament]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Somalia|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Land of Punt]] | established_date1 = 25th century BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobian Kingdom]] | established_date2 = 247&nbsp;BC | established_event3 = [[Maritime history of Somalia|Somali city-states]] | established_date3 = 1st century | established_event4 = [[Sultanate of Mogadishu]] | established_date4 = 9th century | established_event5 = [[Ajuran Empire]] | established_date5 = 13th century | established_event6 = [[Adal Sultanate]] | established_date6 = 13th century | established_event7 = [[Warsangali Sultanate]] | established_date7 = 13th century | established_event8 = [[Sultanate of the Geledi]] | established_date8 = 17th century | established_event9 = [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] | established_date9 = 18th century | established_event10 = [[Sultanate of Hobyo]] | established_date10 = 19th century | established_event11 = [[British Somaliland]] | established_date11 = 1884 | established_event12 = [[Italian Somaliland]] | established_date12 = 1889 | area_km2 = 637,657 | area_rank = 43rd <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Somalia}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = {{smaller|76th}} | population_density_km2 = 19.31<ref name="UNFPA Somali Population Survey 2014">{{cite web| url = http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/arabstates/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf | title = UNFPA Somali Population Survey 2014 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161003235053/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/arabstates/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf |archivedate = 2016-10-03 }}. Somalia.unfpa.org (06 April 2014). Retrieved 06 October 2016.</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = {{smaller|199th}} | GDP_PPP = $17.47 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = {{smaller|147th}} | GDP_PPP_per_capita = ''N/A'' | GDP_nominal = $5.8 billion<ref name="relief">{{cite web |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Somalia%20humanitarian%20and%20development%20statistics%20-%20July%202014.pdf |title=Somalia humanitarian and development statistics |work=United Nations |accessdate=20 June 2016|date=1 July 2014}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2014 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $300–600<ref name=relief /> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2008 | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = unranked | currency = [[Somali shilling]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | today = | image_map3 = A map of Somalia regions.png | map_caption3 = A map of Somalia regions }} '''Somalia''' ({{lang-so|Soomaaliya}}; {{lang-ar|الصومال}}), officially called the '''Federal Republic of Somalia''' ({{lang-so|Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya}}; {{lang-ar|جمهورية الصومال}}), is a country located on the [[Horn of Africa]]. It used to be known as the '''Somali Republic.''' It is bordered by [[Djibouti]] to the northwest, [[Kenya]] to the southwest, with [[Yemen]] to the north, the [[Guardafui Channel]] and [[Somali Sea]] to the east, and [[Ethiopia]] to the west. It has a hot, dry climate. A person from Somalia is called a ''Somali''; in plural, Somalis. == Government == Somalia is a republic governed by a federal administration with various regional administrations governing on a micro level. Somalia is an independent country. Since the [[Somali Civil War]] in the early 1990s, there has been no working [[government]] that covers all of Somalia; instead, different [[Piracy|pirates]] have been destabilizing the region to the southwest, the [[Gulf of Aden]]. Somalia is now trying to gain control of their people and get back up on its feet with very little resources. [[File:Pembe la fedheha.png|thumb|]] Somalia is one of the poorest and [[least developed countries]]. It has the world's second-highest fertility rate. == Clan wars == There are four big tribes in Somalia, the [[Hawiye clans|Hawiye]]; the [[Dirweyn]]; the [[Koofur Orsi]] inhabitants and the [[Darod clans|Darod]]s.<ref>Helander, Bernhard. "Rahanweyn sociability: a model for other Somalis?." African Languages and Cultures. Supplement (1996): 195-204.</ref> Somalis are a nation of related families, which are called clans. Groups of clans sometimes band together based on a common ancestor or other blood relationship. Sometimes these family relationships date back hundreds or even thousands of years in the past. Somalis are mostly camel or goat herders, and depend on their livestock to live. In Somalia there are limited sources of drinking water and grazing land, and disputes over grazing rights, water rights, or land in general can lead to fighting between families. Because of the clan system, the families involved will call on their clan for help, leading to a clan war. The discovery of oil and minerals in Somalia, as well as the power and money associated with politics and business, has created more opportunities for families to get ahead, and has also created more reasons for families to have disputes. Because Somalia does not have a working legal system, the only help a family in Somalia has to solve a dispute with another family is to get their clan involved. The only solution to the clan wars in Somalia is a working legal system, but the only group who has succeeded in creating one is the [[Islamic Courts Union]]. Unfortunately the Islamic Courts Union was accused of being terrorists and [[Ethiopia]] invaded Somalia to topple their government and put the government they created in power instead.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} == History == In ancient times, Somalia was a place where people from [[Egypt]] and [[Arabia]] went to buy [[gum arabic]], [[myrrh]] and [[Ebony (wood)|ebony wood]]. The Ancient Egyptians called it Punt, which meant "God's Land". Somalis started herding camel and goats about 4,000 years ago, and they remain mostly herders today. Visitors from as far away as [[China]] visited Somalia, including [[Zheng He]]. === Medieval history === 400 more years later, the king of Ethiopia told his subjects that God hated Ifat, and he invaded Ifat with his army, destroying everything he came across and driving the king of Ifat to an island off the coast of Zeila, where he died. The king of Ethiopia then took part of Ifat and added it to his kingdom, and made Ifat pay him lots of money once a year. The remains of Ifat put their kingdom back together again and renamed it Adal. About a hundred years later, the King of Adal was deposed by an influential warlord by the name of [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], who had lots of influence with Somali clans across the north. He declared a [[jihad]] against [[Ethiopia]], brought together a huge army that included [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[musketeers]] and Somali cavalry. The Somali cavalry were especially deadly because they could shoot arrows while riding their horses, something that the Mongol hordes and Japanese Samurai are also famous for. Ahmad chose a bad time, however, because the [[Portuguese Empire]] was muscling into [[East Africa]]. They had taken over the whole east African coast up to Baraawe, and were trying to take over Mogadishu. The Portuguese decided to help out the Ethiopians because the Ethiopians were [[Christians]] and the Portuguese did not like Muslims. Ahmad had taken over more than half of Ethiopia when a troop of Portuguese musketeers showed up to help the Ethiopians out. One Portuguese musketeer managed to shoot Ahmad himself, killing him. A lot of the Somali cavalry was only there because of Ahmad, so the Jihad ended and Ethiopia wound up invading Adal. The Turks had to send an army to stop them from taking over Zeila, and Adal ended up becoming part of the Turkish [[Ottoman Empire]]. On those days we do not find the exact people dwell in Zeila, but the history ascribed the black people, without tracing their origin and their tribes. However, some historians attributed Zeila inhabitant were called semaale without farther lucid explanation. === Daraawiish State === {{main|Daraawiish State}} The Turks and Portuguese fought over East Africa for the next 200 years, but the Turks eventually won about 270 years ago. Northern Somalia stayed under Turkish protection after Ahmad died, and the east coast including Mogadishu ended up under the protection of the King of [[Oman]]. When Egypt declared independence from the Turks a hundred years later, Northern Somalia became part of Egypt. Egypt came under [[British]] protection shortly after that, and northern Somalia basically became a British protectorate as well. This became official about 130 years ago, and northern Somalia officially became [[British Somaliland]]. The Kingdom of Italy had just come together as one country around this time, and wanted the same things that the other big countries had, like colonies. Italy offered to buy the rights to the east Africa coast from Oman, who was in charge of protecting the cities and small kingdoms there, and Oman agreed. Italy made deals with some of the larger kingdoms/sultanates (like the [[Sultanate of Nugaal]]) for them to be under Italian protection, but the smaller ones Italy just invaded. This became [[Italian Somalia]] in 1905, with capital Mogadishu. Ethiopia, which had fallen apart again after Ahmad's Jihad, had recently put itself back together again as well, and started invading small Somali kingdoms as well, and by 1890 there were not many left. The French got in on this too, but they just took over a small area which today is Djibouti. Lots of Somalis did not like what was going on, so a [[Muslim]] religious leader named [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]] started a group called the Darwiish to fight the [[British people|British]], [[Italians]] and [[Ethiopians]]. The British called him the "Mad Mullah" and spent about 30 years fighting him, eventually using fighter planes against his cavalry. At their height the Darwiish controlled almost a third of Somalia. Italy created a colony around Mogadishu and enlarged the territory of Italian Somalia after [[WW1]] with the areas south of the Juba river. In the next 20 years the Italian colony grew in importance, having at Hafun the biggest salt production in the world and in the Scebeli river a huge production of bananas exported to Europe. In 1928 was created the first airport in Somalia's capital and later in 1939 was started the longest air route in Africa with the [[Linea dell'impero]], a flight between Rome and Mogadishu. === World War 2 history === When [[Benito Mussolini]] took power in Italy, he ended the deals he made with the bigger Somali sultanates and invaded them conquering all the area that was to be the colony of [[Italian Somalia]]. Then he invaded and took over Ethiopia, using poison gas on the Ethiopians. Shortly afterwards, World War 2 broke out and he invaded [[British Somaliland]], but two years later the British returned and liberated British Somaliland and Ethiopia as well as taking over Italian Somaliland. After the war, Britain wanted to put all of the places Somalis lived in one country, which would be a British protectorate. The Ethiopians complained that they should be able to keep the areas they conquered, and the Italians also complained the same thing, so in the end the Ethiopians got to keep their bit, and the Italians did too. However, Italian Somaliland was put under a [[United Nations]] mandate, so the Italians could not make it a colony. === Cold War history === In 1960 both British and Italian Somaliland declared independence together as the ''Somali Republic''. It was chosen the Latin alphabet for the Somali language. Many areas where [[Somalis]] lived were still part of Britain, Ethiopia and France. Somalia wanted to get back all the areas that had been colonized by [[the French]], [[Ethiopians]] and British. Somalia and Ethiopia had a short war in 1964 over the Ethiopian part of Somalia, and it was obvious that more fighting was to come. In 1969, the President of Somalia was killed by a man whose clan had been hurt by his policies, and General Mohammed [[Siad Barre]] took over the country. Siad Barre built a huge army with help from the [[Soviet Union]] and when Ethiopia fell for the fourth time (this time because of a [[communist]] takeover) he invaded. The Soviet Union decided that Ethiopia was more important than Somalia and double-crossed Siad Barre, supplying huge amounts of weapons to Ethiopia.{{fact|date=March 2026}} Some other countries including [[Cuba]] and [[Israel]] also sent help to Ethiopia, so in the end Siad Barre lost the war. Ethiopia's new government then began helping Somali rebel groups, who did not like how Siad Barre took over the country, and these rebel groups toppled Siad Barre' government in 1991 and forced him out of the country. After this, however, all of the rebel groups started fighting amongst themselves over who would be in charge now that Siad Barre was gone. Eventually, some of the rebel groups decided to make their own governments in the land that they controlled. One, called Somaliland, declared independence from Somalia entirely, while another called Puntland declared independence "for now" until a new Somali national government can be put together. Dozens of attempts to create a new national government failed. === Modern history === Because there was no government in most of Somalia (except where one had been built from scratch, like [[Puntland]] and [[Somaliland]]) Somalia's only legal system, beyond the law of the gun, was traditional custom and Islamic [[Sharia]] law. Because of this, Sharia legal scholars in the lawless south of Somalia gained quite a bit of influence. Around the same time, the people fighting for Somali lands in Ethiopia to be part of Somalia turned to the example of the [[Afghani Mujahideen]], and created their own group called al-Ittihad al-Islamiyya or the Islamic Union. During the 1990s Ethiopia invaded Somalia several times to attack the Islamic Union, who were helping Somali rebels in Ethiopia. After 2001, the [[United States of America]] became very suspicious of both the Sharia courts and the Islamic Union of being [[terrorist]]s. [[Warlord]]s made a group called the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism. The Sharia courts banded together to protect themselves and created the Islamic Courts Union. People liked the Sharia courts and hated the gangsters, so everyone helped the Islamic Courts Union, who defeated the gangsters and drove them out of Mogadishu in 2006. The Islamic Courts Union then formed an army and took over most of southern Somalia. The [[United States of America]] and Ethiopia was alarmed by this takeover, so Ethiopia invaded southern Somalia in 2007 and put a new government in power that was made up of the rebel groups that Ethiopia had funded 15 years earlier. Almost everyone disagreed with this decision, and that same year a rebellion against this new government broke out in Mogadishu and spread across the whole country by 2008. At around the same time, [[piracy off the coast of Somalia|Somali pirates]] [[kidnap]]ped [[Western world|westerners]] from [[cargo]] ships and tourist boats for ransom. In 2006, [[jihadist]] group [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]] began an [[insurgency]]. {{update needed}} ==References== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} {{Africa}} {{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}} {{Arab League}} [[Category:Somalia| ]] [[Category:Italian-speaking countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] 7i8m57w5n6qhh4b4rf7vvxeedm2uoou 0 12408 10966937 10858986 2026-08-18T18:59:08Z Rebeltronic 1558358 /* Models */ added ipod touch six and seventh gen 10966937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lowercase}} [[File:IPod_family.png|250px|thumb|The iPod line from October 2012. From left to right: [[iPod Shuffle]], [[iPod Nano]], [[iPod Classic]], [[iPod Touch]].]] The '''iPod''' is a series of [[Digital audio player|portable music players]] designed by the company [[Apple Inc.]] in [[California]]. The iPod comes with computer cables so that the user can put music from their computer onto the iPod, and play [[music]] from it using headphones. Newer iPods allow a user to play games, view pictures, watch videos and use the [[internet]], too. The first iPod was named the [[iPod Classic]]. This iPod was released on October 23, 2001. Apple Inc. made the iPod like this until September 9, 2014. Apple made a smaller iPod called the iPod mini. It was much smaller than the iPod Classic, but did not hold as many songs. The mini still used a very small [[Hard disk|hard drive]]. It was replaced by a version of the iPod called the iPod nano. Another type of iPod, called the iPod shuffle, was very small, and it used flash memory, like the iPod mini but it had no screen. It was the least expensive iPod. The most expensive iPod is called the [[iPod touch]]. It has a touch screen, like the [[iPhone]]. It looks like the [[iPhone]], but it is not a [[smartphone]]. The first generation of iPod touch was released on September 5, 2007, it was discontinued on May 10, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-05-10|title=Apple to discontinue the iPod after 21 years|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-61401626|access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref> iPods often contain songs downloaded from an online music store, using a program called [[iTunes]]. (The name of Apple's music and video store is the [[iTunes Store]].) Songs are sold in [[AAC]] [[file format]], not [[MP3]] or [[WMA]]. These are popular formats for [[Data compression|compressing]] (making smaller) music until it does not take up much space and can easily be put on a [[media player]] such as the iPod. The App Store is an online shop that is run by [[Apple Inc.]] where people can buy software for their [[iPhone]] or [[iPod Touch]]. It opened on July 11, 2008. Over 2 million [[applications]] (or apps for short) are available for people to buy. Some apps are available for free. == Models == {| class="wikitable" |- !Model !Generation !Image !Storage space !style="width:60%"|Changes !Connection !Original release date !Pricing ([[United States dollar|USD]]) !Minimum OS to sync<!-- This area is SIMPLY for MINIMUM operating systems required, not a full list of compatible ones --> |- !rowspan="7"|[[iPod classic]] !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ipod_1G.png|45px]] |5, 10&nbsp;GB |First model, with a scroll wheel that actually moved. 10&nbsp;GB model made later. |[[FireWire]] |23 October 2001 |$399, $499<br /><span style="color:#969696">(5&nbsp;GB later $299)</span> |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS 9|9]]/[[Mac OS X v10.0|10.0]]/[[Mac OS X v10.1|10.1]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod 2G.jpg|45px|second generation iPod]] |10, 20&nbsp;GB |[[Touchpad|Touch-sensitive]] wheel. FireWire port has a cover. Hold switch has changed. Works with Windows too, by using the [[Musicmatch Jukebox|Musicmatch]] program. |FireWire |17 July 2002 |$399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.1|10.1]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !third | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ipod backlight transparent.png|45px|third generation iPod]] |10, 15, 20, 30, 40&nbsp;GB |First complete redesign. Everything works from the top-screen and the case is slimmer. Musicmatch program is replaced by iTunes 4.7 for Windows. |FireWire <small>([[USB]] for syncing only)</small> |28 April 2003 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.2|10.2]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !fourth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod4G.jpg|45px]] |20, 40&nbsp;GB |Has a Click Wheel like the iPod mini. |FireWire or [[USB]] |19 July 2004 |$299, $399 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !fourth (photo) (color) | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPodphoto4G 1.png|45px|fourth generation iPod]] |'''photo''' : 30, 40, 60&nbsp;GB<br />'''color''': 20, 60&nbsp;GB |Premium version of 4G iPod with colour screen and picture viewing. ''Later became part of the main iPod section again.'' |FireWire or USB |October 2004 |'''photo''': $499, $599<br /><span style="color:#969696">(later $349, $449)</span><br />'''color''': $299, $399 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !fifth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ipod 5th Generation white rotated.png|45px|fifth generation iPod]] |30, 60, 80&nbsp;GB |Second full redesign with a slimmer case, and larger screen with video playback. Available in black or white. |USB <small>([[FireWire]] for battery charging only)</small> |12 October 2005 |$299, $399<br /><span style="color:#969696">(later $249, $349)</span> |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !sixth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Classic 6th Generation Black.jpg|45px|sixth generation iPod shuffle]] |80, 160&nbsp;GB |First one to have "Classic" at the end of its name. New way to control it. Has an anodized aluminium front plate. Silver replaces white. |USB <small>(FireWire for charging only)</small> |5 September 2007 |$249, $349 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]/[[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]/[[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]/[[Mac OS X v10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X v10.8/10.8]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]/[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !rowspan="2"|[[iPod mini]]<small> (no longer made) </small> !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Green_ipodmini_1stgen.jpg|45px]] |4&nbsp;GB |New smaller model, available in 5 colours. Introduced the "Click Wheel". |USB or FireWire |6 January 2004 |$249 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Green_ipodmini_2ndgen.jpg|45px]] |4, 6&nbsp;GB |Brighter colours available, with a battery that last longer. Click Wheel letters match the colour of the case. Gold colour not made any more. ''Later replaced by iPod nano.'' |USB or FireWire |22 February 2005 |$199, $249 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]/[[Mac OS X 10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !rowspan="7"|[[iPod nano]] !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Nano in its Dock.png|40px|first generation iPod nano]] |1, 2, 4&nbsp;GB |''Replaced iPod mini.'' Available in black or white. Uses flash memory. Colour screen for picture viewing. 1&nbsp;GB version made later. |USB <small>(FireWire for battery charging only)</small> |7 September 2005 |$149, $199, $249 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Microsoft Windows|2000]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Blue iPod Nano.jpg|40px|4&nbsp;GB blue iPod nano]] |2, 4, 8&nbsp;GB |Anodized aluminum casing and 6 colours available. |USB <small>(FireWire for battery charging only)</small> |12 September 2006 |$149, $199, $249 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !third | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod nano 3g black.jpg|45px|4&nbsp;GB third iPod nano]] |4, 8&nbsp;GB |2" QVGA screen. Colours changed with chrome made again. New way to control it. Can use with videos. |USB <small>(FireWire for battery charging only)</small> |5 September 2007 |$149, $199 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]/[[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !fourth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Nano 4G black crop.jpg|45px|iPod Nano 4G in Black]] |8, 16&nbsp;GB |Changed back to tall way-round. All-aluminum case with 9 colour choices. Has an accelerometer to allow shake and horizontal viewing. 4GB model available only in a limited number of places. |USB |9 September 2008 |$149, $199 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !fifth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod-Nano-5G-front-back.png|45px]] |8, 16&nbsp;GB |Has larger screen and smoother case than iPod nano G4. Built-in video camera, microphone, and FM tuner. |USB |9 September 2009 |$149,$179 |<small>Mac:[[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]/[[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]<br />Win:[[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]/[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !sixth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:6G_IPod_Nano.svg|40px]] |8, 16&nbsp;GB |Reverted to small iPod Shuffle design with a 1.8" multi-touchscreen all around the body. Removes video recording, video playback, speakers, and microphone. |USB |1 September 2010 |$99 |<small>Mac:[[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]/[[Mac OS X v10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X 10.8|10.8]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !seventh | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:7th_Generation_iPod_Nano.svg|45px]] |16&nbsp;GB |Reverted to iPod Shuffle and iPod Touch crossover with Video Playback re-added and Bluetooth added. |USB |12 September 2012 |$129 |<small>Mac:[[Mac OS X v10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X 10.8|10.8]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7]]/[[Windows 8]]</small> |- !rowspan="4"|[[iPod shuffle]] !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ipod Shuffle rotated transparent.png|30px|first generation iPod shuffle]] |512&nbsp;MB, 1&nbsp;GB |New entry-level (cheapest) model. Uses flash memory and has no screen. |USB<br /><small>(no adaptor required)</small> |11 January 2005 |$99, $149<br /><span style="color:#969696">(later $69, $99)</span> |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]/[[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Shuffle Crop.jpg|45px|second generation iPod shuffle]] |1&nbsp;GB |Smaller clip design with anodized aluminium case. 4 colour options added later. Colours were later refreshed. |USB |12 September 2006 |$79 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !third | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:iPod shuffle 3G.png|75px]] |4&nbsp;GB |Reverted to first generation with controls moved to right headphone cable. Two colours, and has VoiceOver. 3 more colors added later. |USB |11 March 2009 |$79 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]/[[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]/[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !fourth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Shuffle 4G.svg|60px]] |4&nbsp;GB |Reverted to second generation Shuffle with controls returned to the body of the iPod. Features VoiceOver. |USB |1 September 2010 |$79 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]/[[Mac OS X v10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X v10.8|10.8]]</small> |- !rowspan="7"|[[iPod touch]] !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod_Touch_1G.svg|65px]] |8, 16, 32 (released later)&nbsp;GB |With [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] internet browser, [[Multi-touch]], [[Wi-Fi]], wireless access to the [[iTunes Store]] and [[YouTube]]. |USB <small>(FireWire for battery charging only)</small> |5 September 2007 (32GB February 2008) |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]/[[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod_touch_2G.png|65px]] |8, 32, 64 &nbsp;GB |New [[tapered]] chrome back with Nike+ function, volume buttons, and built-in speaker added. |USB |9 September 2008 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista]]</small> |- !third | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod_touch_2G.png|65px]] |32, 64 &nbsp;GB |Features Voice Control from iPhone 3GS. |USB |9 September 2009 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]/[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !fourth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:4th_Generation_iPod_touch.png|70px]] |8, 32, 64&nbsp;GB |New design from iPhone 4. Features front and back video cameras. |USB |1 September 2010 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X 10.6|10.6]]/[[Mac OS X 10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X 10.8|10.8]]<br />Win: [[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !fifth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg|70px]] |32, 64&nbsp;GB |Features larger 4" screen from iPhone 5. First iPod Touch available in several different colors. |USB |12 September 2012 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X 10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X 10.8|10.8]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7|7]]/[[Windows 8|8]]</small> |- !sixth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Pink iPod touch 6th generation.svg|70px]] | 16, 32, 64, or 128&nbsp;GB |Came in all-new colors. It has more powerful internal components. |USB |15 July 2015 |$199, $249, $299, $399 |<small>Mac: [[OS X Mountain Lion|10.8]]/[[OS X Mavericks|10.9]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7|7]] or later</small> |- !seventh | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Touch 7.png|70px]] | 32, 128, or 256&nbsp;GB |Able to natively view battery percentage without modification from other apps. |USB |28 May 2019 |$199 |<small>Mac: [[OS X El Capitan|10.11.4]]/[[macOS Catalina|10.15]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7|7]] or later</small> |}[[File:Nano omores.jpg|125px|thumb|right|(PRODUCT)^RED 2G iPod nano.]] ==Timeline== {{Timeline of iPod models}} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|iPod}} {{wikiquote-en|iPod}} * [https://www.apple.com/ipod/ Apple iPod]—Official website * [http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2001/11/12/313342/index.htm ''Apple's 21st century Walkman''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602035407/http://www.fortune.com/indext.jhtml?channel=print_article.jhtml&doc_id=204903 |date=2002-06-02 }}—Brent Schlender, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', October 2001 * [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5457472/site/newsweek/ iPod Nation]—[[Steven Levy]], ''[[Newsweek]]'', July 2004 * [http://www.engineering.cornell.edu/news/engineering-magazine/archives/cem-fall-2005/Behind-the-Music.cfm ''Behind the Music'']—Ken Aaron, ''Cornell Engineering'', 2005 * [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.11/ipod.html The Perfect Thing]—[[Steven Levy]], ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', November 2006 {{Apple Nav}} {{iPod}} [[Category:IPod| ]] ah9vdy3bwvhllwdlnnw4sdks743wlva 10966938 10966937 2026-08-18T19:05:48Z Rebeltronic 1558358 added infobox 10966938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lowercase}} {{Infobox information appliance | name = iPod | logo = [[File:IPodlogo2017.svg|frameless|upright=0.6|class=skin-invert]] | image = IPods 2010.svg | image_size = 250px | caption = The final iteration of each iPod product. From left to right: [[iPod Shuffle]], [[iPod Nano]], [[iPod Classic]] and [[iPod Touch]]. | developer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] | type = [[Portable media player]] | units sold = 450 million (as of May 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mickle |first=Tripp |date=2022-05-10 |title=Farewell to the iPod |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |access-date=2022-05-11 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202214236/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | storage = 512&nbsp;MB–256&nbsp;GB | related = {{flatlist| *[[iPad]] *[[iPhone]] }} | website = [https://apple.com/ipod/ apple.com/ipod] redirects to [https://support.apple.com/ipod-touch/ support.apple.com/ipod-touch] | release date = {{Start date |2001|11|10}} | discontinued = {{Start date |2022|05|10}} }} The '''iPod''' is a series of [[Digital audio player|portable music players]] designed by the company [[Apple Inc.]] in [[California]]. The iPod comes with computer cables so that the user can put music from their computer onto the iPod, and play [[music]] from it using headphones. Newer iPods allow a user to play games, view pictures, watch videos and use the [[internet]], too. The first iPod was named the [[iPod Classic]]. This iPod was released on October 23, 2001. Apple Inc. made the iPod like this until September 9, 2014. Apple made a smaller iPod called the iPod mini. It was much smaller than the iPod Classic, but did not hold as many songs. The mini still used a very small [[Hard disk|hard drive]]. It was replaced by a version of the iPod called the iPod nano. Another type of iPod, called the iPod shuffle, was very small, and it used flash memory, like the iPod mini but it had no screen. It was the least expensive iPod. The most expensive iPod is called the [[iPod touch]]. It has a touch screen, like the [[iPhone]]. It looks like the [[iPhone]], but it is not a [[smartphone]]. The first generation of iPod touch was released on September 5, 2007, it was discontinued on May 10, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-05-10|title=Apple to discontinue the iPod after 21 years|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-61401626|access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref> iPods often contain songs downloaded from an online music store, using a program called [[iTunes]]. (The name of Apple's music and video store is the [[iTunes Store]].) Songs are sold in [[AAC]] [[file format]], not [[MP3]] or [[WMA]]. These are popular formats for [[Data compression|compressing]] (making smaller) music until it does not take up much space and can easily be put on a [[media player]] such as the iPod. The App Store is an online shop that is run by [[Apple Inc.]] where people can buy software for their [[iPhone]] or [[iPod Touch]]. It opened on July 11, 2008. Over 2 million [[applications]] (or apps for short) are available for people to buy. Some apps are available for free. == Models == {| class="wikitable" |- !Model !Generation !Image !Storage space !style="width:60%"|Changes !Connection !Original release date !Pricing ([[United States dollar|USD]]) !Minimum OS to sync<!-- This area is SIMPLY for MINIMUM operating systems required, not a full list of compatible ones --> |- !rowspan="7"|[[iPod classic]] !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ipod_1G.png|45px]] |5, 10&nbsp;GB |First model, with a scroll wheel that actually moved. 10&nbsp;GB model made later. |[[FireWire]] |23 October 2001 |$399, $499<br /><span style="color:#969696">(5&nbsp;GB later $299)</span> |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS 9|9]]/[[Mac OS X v10.0|10.0]]/[[Mac OS X v10.1|10.1]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod 2G.jpg|45px|second generation iPod]] |10, 20&nbsp;GB |[[Touchpad|Touch-sensitive]] wheel. FireWire port has a cover. Hold switch has changed. Works with Windows too, by using the [[Musicmatch Jukebox|Musicmatch]] program. |FireWire |17 July 2002 |$399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.1|10.1]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !third | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ipod backlight transparent.png|45px|third generation iPod]] |10, 15, 20, 30, 40&nbsp;GB |First complete redesign. Everything works from the top-screen and the case is slimmer. Musicmatch program is replaced by iTunes 4.7 for Windows. |FireWire <small>([[USB]] for syncing only)</small> |28 April 2003 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.2|10.2]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !fourth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod4G.jpg|45px]] |20, 40&nbsp;GB |Has a Click Wheel like the iPod mini. |FireWire or [[USB]] |19 July 2004 |$299, $399 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !fourth (photo) (color) | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPodphoto4G 1.png|45px|fourth generation iPod]] |'''photo''' : 30, 40, 60&nbsp;GB<br />'''color''': 20, 60&nbsp;GB |Premium version of 4G iPod with colour screen and picture viewing. ''Later became part of the main iPod section again.'' |FireWire or USB |October 2004 |'''photo''': $499, $599<br /><span style="color:#969696">(later $349, $449)</span><br />'''color''': $299, $399 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !fifth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ipod 5th Generation white rotated.png|45px|fifth generation iPod]] |30, 60, 80&nbsp;GB |Second full redesign with a slimmer case, and larger screen with video playback. Available in black or white. |USB <small>([[FireWire]] for battery charging only)</small> |12 October 2005 |$299, $399<br /><span style="color:#969696">(later $249, $349)</span> |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !sixth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Classic 6th Generation Black.jpg|45px|sixth generation iPod shuffle]] |80, 160&nbsp;GB |First one to have "Classic" at the end of its name. New way to control it. Has an anodized aluminium front plate. Silver replaces white. |USB <small>(FireWire for charging only)</small> |5 September 2007 |$249, $349 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]/[[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]/[[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]/[[Mac OS X v10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X v10.8/10.8]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]/[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !rowspan="2"|[[iPod mini]]<small> (no longer made) </small> !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Green_ipodmini_1stgen.jpg|45px]] |4&nbsp;GB |New smaller model, available in 5 colours. Introduced the "Click Wheel". |USB or FireWire |6 January 2004 |$249 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Green_ipodmini_2ndgen.jpg|45px]] |4, 6&nbsp;GB |Brighter colours available, with a battery that last longer. Click Wheel letters match the colour of the case. Gold colour not made any more. ''Later replaced by iPod nano.'' |USB or FireWire |22 February 2005 |$199, $249 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]/[[Mac OS X 10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !rowspan="7"|[[iPod nano]] !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Nano in its Dock.png|40px|first generation iPod nano]] |1, 2, 4&nbsp;GB |''Replaced iPod mini.'' Available in black or white. Uses flash memory. Colour screen for picture viewing. 1&nbsp;GB version made later. |USB <small>(FireWire for battery charging only)</small> |7 September 2005 |$149, $199, $249 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Microsoft Windows|2000]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Blue iPod Nano.jpg|40px|4&nbsp;GB blue iPod nano]] |2, 4, 8&nbsp;GB |Anodized aluminum casing and 6 colours available. |USB <small>(FireWire for battery charging only)</small> |12 September 2006 |$149, $199, $249 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !third | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod nano 3g black.jpg|45px|4&nbsp;GB third iPod nano]] |4, 8&nbsp;GB |2" QVGA screen. Colours changed with chrome made again. New way to control it. Can use with videos. |USB <small>(FireWire for battery charging only)</small> |5 September 2007 |$149, $199 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]/[[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !fourth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Nano 4G black crop.jpg|45px|iPod Nano 4G in Black]] |8, 16&nbsp;GB |Changed back to tall way-round. All-aluminum case with 9 colour choices. Has an accelerometer to allow shake and horizontal viewing. 4GB model available only in a limited number of places. |USB |9 September 2008 |$149, $199 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !fifth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod-Nano-5G-front-back.png|45px]] |8, 16&nbsp;GB |Has larger screen and smoother case than iPod nano G4. Built-in video camera, microphone, and FM tuner. |USB |9 September 2009 |$149,$179 |<small>Mac:[[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]/[[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]<br />Win:[[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]/[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !sixth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:6G_IPod_Nano.svg|40px]] |8, 16&nbsp;GB |Reverted to small iPod Shuffle design with a 1.8" multi-touchscreen all around the body. Removes video recording, video playback, speakers, and microphone. |USB |1 September 2010 |$99 |<small>Mac:[[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]/[[Mac OS X v10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X 10.8|10.8]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !seventh | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:7th_Generation_iPod_Nano.svg|45px]] |16&nbsp;GB |Reverted to iPod Shuffle and iPod Touch crossover with Video Playback re-added and Bluetooth added. |USB |12 September 2012 |$129 |<small>Mac:[[Mac OS X v10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X 10.8|10.8]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7]]/[[Windows 8]]</small> |- !rowspan="4"|[[iPod shuffle]] !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ipod Shuffle rotated transparent.png|30px|first generation iPod shuffle]] |512&nbsp;MB, 1&nbsp;GB |New entry-level (cheapest) model. Uses flash memory and has no screen. |USB<br /><small>(no adaptor required)</small> |11 January 2005 |$99, $149<br /><span style="color:#969696">(later $69, $99)</span> |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3]]/[[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Shuffle Crop.jpg|45px|second generation iPod shuffle]] |1&nbsp;GB |Smaller clip design with anodized aluminium case. 4 colour options added later. Colours were later refreshed. |USB |12 September 2006 |$79 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !third | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:iPod shuffle 3G.png|75px]] |4&nbsp;GB |Reverted to first generation with controls moved to right headphone cable. Two colours, and has VoiceOver. 3 more colors added later. |USB |11 March 2009 |$79 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]/[[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]/[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !fourth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Shuffle 4G.svg|60px]] |4&nbsp;GB |Reverted to second generation Shuffle with controls returned to the body of the iPod. Features VoiceOver. |USB |1 September 2010 |$79 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]/[[Mac OS X v10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X v10.8|10.8]]</small> |- !rowspan="7"|[[iPod touch]] !first | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod_Touch_1G.svg|65px]] |8, 16, 32 (released later)&nbsp;GB |With [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] internet browser, [[Multi-touch]], [[Wi-Fi]], wireless access to the [[iTunes Store]] and [[YouTube]]. |USB <small>(FireWire for battery charging only)</small> |5 September 2007 (32GB February 2008) |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]/[[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]</small> |- !second | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod_touch_2G.png|65px]] |8, 32, 64 &nbsp;GB |New [[tapered]] chrome back with Nike+ function, volume buttons, and built-in speaker added. |USB |9 September 2008 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.5|10.5]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista]]</small> |- !third | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod_touch_2G.png|65px]] |32, 64 &nbsp;GB |Features Voice Control from iPhone 3GS. |USB |9 September 2009 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X v10.6|10.6]]<br />Win: [[Windows XP|XP]]/[[Windows Vista|Vista]]/[[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !fourth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:4th_Generation_iPod_touch.png|70px]] |8, 32, 64&nbsp;GB |New design from iPhone 4. Features front and back video cameras. |USB |1 September 2010 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X 10.6|10.6]]/[[Mac OS X 10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X 10.8|10.8]]<br />Win: [[Windows 7|7]]</small> |- !fifth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg|70px]] |32, 64&nbsp;GB |Features larger 4" screen from iPhone 5. First iPod Touch available in several different colors. |USB |12 September 2012 |$299, $399, $499 |<small>Mac: [[Mac OS X 10.7|10.7]]/[[Mac OS X 10.8|10.8]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7|7]]/[[Windows 8|8]]</small> |- !sixth | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Pink iPod touch 6th generation.svg|70px]] | 16, 32, 64, or 128&nbsp;GB |Came in all-new colors. It has more powerful internal components. |USB |15 July 2015 |$199, $249, $299, $399 |<small>Mac: [[OS X Mountain Lion|10.8]]/[[OS X Mavericks|10.9]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7|7]] or later</small> |- !seventh | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:IPod Touch 7.png|70px]] | 32, 128, or 256&nbsp;GB |Able to natively view battery percentage without modification from other apps. |USB |28 May 2019 |$199 |<small>Mac: [[OS X El Capitan|10.11.4]]/[[macOS Catalina|10.15]]<br />Win:[[Windows 7|7]] or later</small> |}[[File:Nano omores.jpg|125px|thumb|right|(PRODUCT)^RED 2G iPod nano.]] ==Timeline== {{Timeline of iPod models}} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|iPod}} {{wikiquote-en|iPod}} * [https://www.apple.com/ipod/ Apple iPod]—Official website * [http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2001/11/12/313342/index.htm ''Apple's 21st century Walkman''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602035407/http://www.fortune.com/indext.jhtml?channel=print_article.jhtml&doc_id=204903 |date=2002-06-02 }}—Brent Schlender, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', October 2001 * [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5457472/site/newsweek/ iPod Nation]—[[Steven Levy]], ''[[Newsweek]]'', July 2004 * [http://www.engineering.cornell.edu/news/engineering-magazine/archives/cem-fall-2005/Behind-the-Music.cfm ''Behind the Music'']—Ken Aaron, ''Cornell Engineering'', 2005 * [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.11/ipod.html The Perfect Thing]—[[Steven Levy]], ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', November 2006 {{Apple Nav}} {{iPod}} [[Category:IPod| ]] tav2t0vxykawovch4m0uovox3994fyx 0 12702 10966624 10949620 2026-08-18T14:04:32Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Images of Muhammad */ attempt to fix grammar in these paragraphs 10966624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It used to be his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed matter, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 BBC]</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] e2r48c1fh9wrn5etutysi44x29yfw5e 10966670 10966624 2026-08-18T15:01:53Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Images of Muhammad */ section on [[Hilya]] summarising that article and copying citations over 10966670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed matter, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan3">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> They were seen as ways to establish a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|author=Gruber, Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1}}</ref> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 BBC]</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] dqsrehi641bwblyjrz107kbempf48w8 10966672 10966670 2026-08-18T15:06:42Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Hilye */ add image gallery 10966672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed matter, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan3">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> They were seen as ways to establish a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|author=Gruber, Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1}}</ref> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 BBC]</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] 77esrp6kgulbocn0hocy4y4jkj738iy 10966673 10966672 2026-08-18T15:07:27Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Hilye */ finish caption and center the gallery 10966673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed matter, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan3">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> They were seen as ways to establish a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|author=Gruber, Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1}}</ref> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 BBC]</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] pyt532glbkxeer0bd3ib2rpg5enlbob 10966676 10966673 2026-08-18T15:09:58Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Hilye */ simplify 10966676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed matter, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan3">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|author=Gruber, Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1}}</ref> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 BBC]</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] q4ipsowf1vbh2dteuw60o75dkcycztg 10966683 10966676 2026-08-18T15:21:01Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Relations */ simplify 10966683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan3">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|author=Gruber, Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1}}</ref> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 BBC]</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] ffcrt4cwt6qeisvda5bgv6z8gmahglv 10966700 10966683 2026-08-18T15:43:27Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Hilye */ merge refs 10966700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Erdogan2" /><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan3">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|author=Gruber, Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1}}</ref> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 BBC]</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] 7yvmf18nvlhs1xtclu6lle9pu8h86pn 10966703 10966700 2026-08-18T15:44:18Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Hilye */ merge refs 10966703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Erdogan2" /><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan2" /> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|author=Gruber, Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1}}</ref> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 BBC]</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] 3b4rgh1u6uxamfq5jvm8q3s5rm9a1gx 10966704 10966703 2026-08-18T15:44:54Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Hilye */ merge refs 10966704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Erdogan2" /><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan2" /> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber132" /> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 BBC]</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] oy1d0cw2q8ntipfm8euiod1ol0oc65j 10966705 10966704 2026-08-18T15:46:29Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Danish newspaper cartoons */ fill out citation 10966705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/673/000044541/|title=Prophet Muhammad|website=nndb.com}}</ref> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Erdogan2" /><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan2" /> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber132" /> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 |work=BBC News|title=Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist behind Muhammad cartoon, dies at 86 |date=19 July 2021}}</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] 90ihbjy48qk7h7ml8nf1fvtumzvrdrt 10966706 10966705 2026-08-18T15:48:39Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Childhood */ use more prestigious source 10966706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref name=":0" /> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)".<ref name="Ann Goldman 2006 p.212">Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p.212</ref> In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Erdogan2" /><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan2" /> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber132" /> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 |work=BBC News|title=Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist behind Muhammad cartoon, dies at 86 |date=19 July 2021}}</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] n7uet66bzq7qp668alc7nm1p4yocgro 10966714 10966706 2026-08-18T15:52:33Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Relations */ This is the wrong citation (and not really a citation). These are authors of a textbook on palliative care for children. 10966714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref name=":0" /> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)". In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Erdogan2" /><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan2" /> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber132" /> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 |work=BBC News|title=Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist behind Muhammad cartoon, dies at 86 |date=19 July 2021}}</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == In the ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), it is mentioned that the Prophet Muhammad invoked the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] 8wo0zq2fdoj639i3n4n3buctmwbdggh 10966716 10966714 2026-08-18T15:53:46Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* In popular culture */ simplify 10966716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref name=":0" /> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)". In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Erdogan2" /><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78|author-link=Carl W. Ernst}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan2" /> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6|author-link=Omid Safi|url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber132" /> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 |work=BBC News|title=Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist behind Muhammad cartoon, dies at 86 |date=19 July 2021}}</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == The ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), mentions that Muhammad used the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] jshbicv54cx9tdwsmpl69nyf4xb6jkv 10966717 10966716 2026-08-18T15:54:24Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Hilye */ rm redlinks 10966717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref name=":0" /> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)". In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Erdogan2" /><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan2" /> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6 |url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber132" /> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 |work=BBC News|title=Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist behind Muhammad cartoon, dies at 86 |date=19 July 2021}}</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == The ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), mentions that Muhammad used the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] 6cjkm96g89cerxgua4skyeplid0alau 10966727 10966717 2026-08-18T16:01:31Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Hilye */ fill out sentence 10966727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{More sources}} {{Complex|date=December 2022}} }} {{use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person | name = {{large|Muhammad}}<br />{{lang|ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}} | honorific_suffix = | image = File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg | caption = "Muhammad the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina | birth_name = Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh <br> ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بِن عَبد الله}}) | birth_date = {{circa|570}} | birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | death_date = 8 June 632 (aged {{Circa|{{age|570|||632|06|08}}}}) | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<br />(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} | body_discovered = | resting_place = {{longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Medina<br />(present-day Saudi Arabia)}} | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|039|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=title|name=Green Dome}} | monuments = | other_names = {{unbulleted list|style=line-height:1.3em; |''Abu al-Qasim'' ([[Kunya (Arabic)|nickname]]) |''Rasūl Allāh'' (Messenger of God) |''(see [[Names and titles of Muhammad]])''}} | years_active = {{longitem | style = white-space:nowrap; |583–609 as merchant<br />609–632 as religious leader}} | employer = | notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Succession to Muhammad]] | spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;right=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y | [[Muhammad's wives]] | Married | [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |595–619 | [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] |619–632 | [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]] |623–632 | [[Hafsa bint Umar]] |624–632 | [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] |625–627 | [[Umm Salama|Hind bint Abi Umayya]]|625–632 | [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] |627–632 | [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] |628–632 | [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] |628–632 | [[Rayhana bint Zayd]] |629–631 | [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] |629–632 | [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] |630–632 | [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] |630–632 }} | children = [[Children of Muhammad|Children]] | parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (father)<br>[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]] (mother) | relatives = [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House") | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes | ism = Muhammad | nasab = Muḥammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abd Allah]] ibn '[[Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|'Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusai]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] | kunya = Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]] | laqab = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Khātim an-Nâbîyīn]] (Seal of the prophets) }} | signature = Muhammad Seal.svg }} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّدٌ}}; 570{{snd}}8 June 632) was an [[Arab people|Arab]] [[religion|religious]], social, and [[politics|political]] leader, best known as the founder of [[Islam]]. Islamic teachings say Muhammad was a [[prophet]] who [[God]] inspired to preach and confirm the [[monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]]. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, meaning the last of the prophets. There is unanimous agreement among all Muslims that the [[Qur'an]] was revealed to and preached by Muhammad.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the prophet of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography|language=en|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Goldman">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives June 8, 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|invasion of Palestine]]. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Hadith|Hadiths]] are also believed by many Muslims to contain the teachings of Muhammad, though some Muslims known as [[Hadith rejectors]] do not believe they are the words of Muhammad. Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]. In 610 [[Anno Domini|AD]], at the age of forty, while Muhammad was [[Prayer|praying]], he reportedly met [[Gabriel]] and received the first [[revelation]] of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. Then he started preaching [[monotheism]] publicly, and received opposition from [[Mecca|Meccan]] [[Polytheism|polytheists]]. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching [[Medina]] with [[Abu Bakr]], the Medinan [[Muslims]] helped Muhammad and built a [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|mosque]] there. == Life == {{Muhammad}} === Childhood === Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca.<ref name=":0" /> His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After that, his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]], took care of him, but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle [[Abu Talib]] took care of him. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on [[trade]] trips. Abu Talib remained a good support to him for many years of his adult life. === Beginning of the prophethood === In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the [[mountain]] of [[Hira]] near [[Mecca]]. According to Muslims, the angel [[Gabriel]] (called Jibril in the [[Arabic language]]) spoke with him in a [[cave]] on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he [[Syncope|fainted]] because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: [[File:Cave Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|According to Muslim tradition, the mountain of Hira was the place where Gabriel first spoke to Muhammad]] <blockquote>"Read... in the name of [[Allah]] Who made man from a drop of [[blood]]... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."<ref>This saying can be found in the Qu'ran (Chapter 96:1 - 5)</ref></blockquote> Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent ''down'' from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who [[Idolatry|worshipped idols]], did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca [[Religious persecution|punished]] and [[Torture|tortured]] the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were [[Execution|executed]]. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. == The wars == The [[Quraysh]] [[Paganism|pagans]] of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger [[army]] numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. However, the Muslims lost the second battle at [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]]. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim [[Archery|archers]] failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a [[Slavery|slave]] from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the [[ditch|trench]] that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the [[coalition]] broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. == His death == [[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in Medina. Muhammad is believed to be buried at the building with the green dome. It was his home when he was alive.]] In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: <blockquote>"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die."<ref>Muhammad’s Biography, [http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/180/ The Religion of Islam]. Found January 23, 2007</ref></blockquote> Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the [[Middle East]]. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. Islam has become one of the biggest and fastest-growing [[World religions|religions in the world]]. ==Relations== When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with ''"Peace and [[Blessing|Blessings]] be upon him"'' (Arabic: ''sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam''). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)". In printed text, a [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]] symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. [[Shia Islam|Shias]] believe that Ali should have succeeded. == Images of Muhammad == <div class="noprint" style="display:none;"> <!--Wikipedia is a neutral source of information that does not censor material. Please do not remove images, simply because you deem them "offensive". --> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasīʾ|prohibiting Nasi']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]]<!-- ''cf. Watt (1956), p. 300'' -->, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div> Muslims usually do not make or show images (like paintings or drawings) of Muhammad. For this reason, mosques do not contain paintings or sculptures of Muhammad. Instead, they use [[abstract art]], architecture, and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] for decoration. The Qur'an does not say that Muslims must never make images of Muhammad. However, it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. The [[Hadith]] also includes passages that forbid Muslims from creating images of God. As a consequence, Muslims (especially [[Sunni]] Muslims) believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. Much knowledge about the life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the [[biography]] books written after the 100-150-year [[Oral tradition|oral period]],<ref>News of Muḥammad and his contemporaries circulated by word of mouth from the start, vectors for the transit of information not only to subsequent generations of Muslims, but also to non-Muslims https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f65c8b61-d32b-4877-b478-981b6c993321/1005455.pdf</ref> and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story".<ref>Conrad (June 1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016</ref> === Hilye === Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] had two kinds of description of Muhammad's physical and moral qualities. These are both called a ''[[hilya]]'' or ''hilye'' ("ornament"). One kind of hilya is an art form which lays out words in a pattern.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul|last=Derman|first=M. Uğur|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87099-873-7|page=36}}</ref> Another kind is a written text in prose or poetry.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal|author=İspirli, S.A.|year=2010|title=Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine|url=http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Turkısh Studies|language=tr|issue=2|pages=21–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf|archive-date=2015-01-28|access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref><ref name="Erdogan2">{{cite journal|author=Erdoğan, M.|year=2007|title=Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi|url=http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|language=tr|volume=11|pages=317–357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-27|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> These let Muslims think about Muhammad's appearance and his spiritual qualities without using pictures.<ref name="Erdogan2" /><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=76–78}}</ref><ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal|author=Yazar, S.|year=2007|title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye)|url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies|language=tr|volume=2|pages=1026–1044|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> Owning or reading a hilya art work was thought to protect people or their homes from disasters. So people carried them in pockets or displayed them on walls.<ref name="Erdogan2" /> They were seen as ways to create a personal connection with Muhammad.<ref name="Gruber132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132|title=The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections|last=Gruber|first=Christiane J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35377-1|pages=131–133}}</ref><ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi|title=Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters|last=Safi|first=Omid|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-123134-6 |url-access=registration}}</ref> There was a standard way to lay out a hilya, based on the parts of a human body.<ref name="Gruber132" /> This standard came from the work of the artist Hafız Osman.<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|author=Velioğlu, A.K.|title=Hilye-i Şerif|url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40|archive-date=2010-11-10|access-date=2012-01-18|work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı|language=tr}}</ref> Later artists have made new designs and mixed in other kinds of art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma|url=http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/|access-date=2012-02-23|publisher=Piu Culture}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|Hilya from 1712 that was folded and carried Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilya by Hafız Osman from around 1680 Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilya from the 19th century with writing in the shape of objects that Muhammad owned </gallery> === Danish newspaper cartoons === In 2005, a [[Denmark|Danish]] newspaper published [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|political cartoons]] of Muhammad. In the demonstrations that followed, more than 100 people died. [[Johan Galtung]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] mathematician and peace [[Activism|activist]], tried to help both sides come together and talk. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government invited talks.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883392 |work=BBC News|title=Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist behind Muhammad cartoon, dies at 86 |date=19 July 2021}}</ref> == Wives == A list of his wives' names in chronological order * [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] - Abdullah ibn Jafar reported that he heard Sayyiduna Ali saying in Kufa that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "The best of the women of her time was Maryam, daughter of Imran, and the best of women of her time was Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid." She was 40 years old when they got married. * [[Sawda bint Zamʿa]] - Sawda bint Zam'a was the first woman to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to [[Abyssinia]] in the way of Allah. * [[Aisha]] was a young girl. She is described <!-- within Muslim scripture --> as very intelligent with a very good memory. Aisha spent the next nine years of her life with Muhammad, clearly remembered all that she saw and heard, and reported a lot of Muhammad's narrations. She married Muhammad when she was nine or ten years old. * [[Hafsa bint Umar]] - By marrying Hafsa, Muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. He was now married to the daughter of Abu Bakr, A'isha, and to the daughter of Umar, Hafsa. * [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] - She offered herself in marriage to Muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. Zaynab bint Khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'Mother of the Poor'. She died only eight months after. * [[Umm Salama]] - She was not the only wife to have been [[Widow|widowed]] as a result of the battle of Uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed Muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own. * [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] - As with all the marriages of Muhammad, there was much for all the Muslims to learn from it. This one was to show that Zayed ibn Haretha was not Muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. She bragged about the fact that her [[Arranged marriage|marriage had been arranged]] by Allah. At this point Muhammad changed her name from Barra to Zaynab. * [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. By marrying Juwayriyya, the Banu Mustaliq would be able to enter Islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated. * [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]] - She said that once Muhammad said to her, "A house will be built in Heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "I have never stopped doing this since" * [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] - The only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was Muhammad. Although her father had planned to assassinate Muhammad after the battle of Uhud and had conspired with the Banu Qurayza to exterminate all the Muslims during the battle of al-Khandaq. Muslims believe that this was characteristic of Muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges. * [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]] - Muhammad gave her the name, Maymuna, meaning "blessed", and Maymuna lived with Muhammad for just over three years, until his death. She was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of Muhammad's other wives has been related to her. Aisha said, "Among us, she had the most fear of Allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship." * [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] - Maria is said to have been honored and respected by Muhammad and his family and Companions. She spent three years of her life with Muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. For the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of Muhammad or her son's grave. After her death, Umar ibn al Khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al Baqi. == In popular culture == The ''[[Charmed]]'' episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" (Season 1, Episode 3), mentions that Muhammad used the "Hand of [[Fatimah|Fatima]]" centuries ago to banish the [[demon]] Javna. This establishes the spell as good magic, which the Halliwell sisters (Prue, Piper, and Phoebe) use to defeat Javna.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Diana G. | last2=Ruditis | first2=Paul | title=The Book of Three | date=6 April 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-0-689-86709-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNHYP7DgifkC&dq=Muhammad,+Javna+in+Charmed&pg=PA47 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == More reading == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | author=Adil Salahi | title=Muhammad: Man and Prophet| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmanproph0000sala_q2x9 | publisher=Islamic Foundation (UK) | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86204-290-2}} * {{cite book | author=Andrae, Tor | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-486-41136-1}} * {{cite book | author=Armstrong, Karen | title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare | location=San Francisco | publisher=Harper | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-06-250886-7}} * {{cite book | editor=Berg, Herbert | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=2003 | isbn=978-90-04-12602-2}} * {{cite book | author=Cook, Michael | title=Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-287605-8 |edition=reissue 1996}} * {{cite book | author=Dashti, Ali | title=Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad | url=https://archive.org/details/twentythreeyears0000alid | publisher=Mazda | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-56859-029-5}} * {{cite book | author=Hamidullah, Muhammad | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute) | year=1998 | isbn=978-969-8413-00-2}} * {{cite book |editor=Motzki, Harald | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11513-2}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000rodi | publisher=New Publishers | year=1961 | isbn=978-1-56584-752-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rodinson, Maxime | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | author=Rubin, Uri | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-87850-110-6}} * {{cite book | author=Schimmel, Annemarie | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0}} * {{cite book | author=Stillman, Norman | year=1975 | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}} * {{cite book | author=Warraq, Ibn | title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} </div> == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Muhammad}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad Muhammad], article on ''Enyclopaedia Britannica Online'' * [https://www.pbs.org/muhammad Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - PBS Site] * [http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet - UPF (Producer's Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025734/http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Projects/MuhammadDocumentary/tabid/175/Default.aspx |date=2009-02-05 }} {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:632 deaths]] [[Category:Islamic religious leaders]] [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:People from Mecca]] d7bqdbcywmxlm386dzaewlk3nllq9n5 0 16949 10967039 10934369 2026-08-18T22:07:40Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:General Post Office Dublin 20060803.jpg|thumb|250px|General Post Office, [[Dublin]]]] [[File:Witu Post Office.jpg|thumb|250px|Post office in [[Kenya]]]] A '''post office''' is a place that is made available by the [[Postal service|postal system]] to post, receive, sort, handle, and to move or deliver [[mail]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadapost.ca/tools/pg/manual/i01-e.asp?letter=P|title=Canada Postal Guide – Glossary|publisher=Canada Post|accessdate=2006-10-08|archive-date=2007-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825151703/http://www.canadapost.ca/tools/pg/manual/i01-e.asp?letter=P|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Postage stamp]]s can be bought to mail things like packages or letters and drop them off there, and the employees deliver it to the destination. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat|Post offices}} * {{wiktionary-inline}} * [http://www.grcdi.nl/linkspo.htm GRC Database Information: worldwide post office website links] * [http://www.postmarks.org/photos/ Photos of post offices around the world] * [http://www.postmanchat.net Royal Mail Chat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025031927/http://www.postmanchat.net/ |date=2007-10-25 }} * [http://www.postalheritage.org.uk The British Postal Museum & Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423114854/http://www.postalheritage.org.uk/ |date=2012-04-23 }} * [http://www.postoffice.co.uk United Kingdom Post Office site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018223858/http://www.postoffice.co.uk/ |date=2008-10-18 }} * [http://www.usps.gov United States Postal Service] * [http://www.upu.org Universal Postal Union] [[Category:Postal services]] {{stub}} 1ldd5f902457oit7ondsjtv0mb3pbnx 3 18334 10966575 10962447 2026-08-18T13:30:06Z JAAqqO is the worst 1857426 10966575 wikitext text/x-wiki 10966579 10966575 2026-08-18T13:31:12Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/JAAqqO is the worst|JAAqqO is the worst]] ([[User talk:JAAqqO is the worst|talk]]) to last version by LupusLiber 10962447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Soft redirect|en:user talk:xaosflux}} == Adding link pages to a new article == Firstly, I newly created a Page "Cultural Impact Of Psquare" My questions are: 1) How many edits will I make for the page to be approved? 2) They recently said the page is "orphan" with no linked pages, how can I fix the orphan issues and link it ? 3) After I have done everything. how long will it take for it to be looked into by the administrators? I eagerly await your response [[User:Parislondoner|Parislondoner]] ([[User talk:Parislondoner|talk]]) 20:29, 15 October 2023 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Parislondoner|Parislondoner]], I am not very active on this project. [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]] is a better place to ask how to make good changes here. [[User:Xaosflux|Xaosflux]] ([[User talk:Xaosflux#top|talk]]) 20:41, 15 October 2023 (UTC) gfuhya46kkz81pdu82tbqmo3umyl0fw 0 18520 10967344 10814210 2026-08-19T08:27:23Z ~2026-45488-81 1857874 10967344 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''cartoon''' is a type of [[visual art]] that is usually drawn based on real things. Cartoons are sometimes [[Animation|animated]]. The word cartoon has meant a lot of different things but now it means but the either: an image or series of images created to be funny or a film with [[Illustration]]<nowiki/>s that are [[Animation|animated]]. Someone who creates the first kind of cartoon is called a ''[[cartoonist]].'' Someone who makes the second kind of cartoon is sometimes called a cartoonist but is also called an ''[[animator]]''. The concept characteristically originated in the [[Middle Ages]], and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, [[fresco]], [[tapestry]], or [[stained glass]] window. In the 19th century, beginning in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine in 1843, cartoon came to refer – ironically at first – to humorous artworks in magazines and newspapers. Then it also was used for political cartoons and [[comic strip]]s. When the medium begins to be developed, in the early 20th century, it began to refer to [[Animated cartoon|animated]] movies that resembled print cartoons. The greatest famous cartoons including [[Mickey Mouse]], [[Popeye]], [[Betty Boop]], [[Felix the Cat]], [[Rocky and Bullwinkle]], [[The Flintstones]], [[The Jetsons]], [[Scooby-Doo]], [[The Simpsons]], [[Beavis and Butt-Head]], [[SpongeBob SquarePants]], [[Oggy and the Cockroaches]], and many others. ==Origin== Cartoon originally meant a sketch or design drawing, especially a preparatory drawing by a painter. The word is borrowed from the French carton, which referred to cardboard or a sketch on cardboard. The French term traces back to the Italian cartone, an enlarged form of carta (paper). Through the Latin charta (paper made from papyrus) and the Greek khártēs (papyrus sheet), its origin can ultimately be traced to the papyrus plant. From the 19th century, cartoon in English came to mean a humorous or satirical drawing, particularly in newspapers. In the early 20th century, especially in American English, it also acquired the meaning of animated movie. [[File:Dr. Seuss WikiWorld has removed fishbowl.png|thumb|upright=0.90|Example of a modern cartoon. The text was excerpted by cartoonist Greg Williams from the Wikipedia article on [[Dr. Seuss]], A cartoon shows a bearded man with a red bow tie holding numerous items. He holds the hat from Dr. Seuss's "The Cat in the Hat".]] ==Types of cartoons== [[Image:Leonardo - St. Anne cartoon.jpg|thumb|195px|A cartoon for an [[oil painting]] by [[Leonardo da Vinci]].]] ===Cartoon for an artwork=== The oldest meaning is a drawing that is a full-sized design for a finished artwork. The cartoon might be a drawing for a painting that was going to be put onto a wall or ceiling in [[fresco]]. The cartoon would be pinned against the wall and its design marked onto the plastered of the wall. Cartoons were also made to design [[tapestry]]. The most famous cartoons of this kind are a set by [[Raphael]] which show the "Life of St Peter". The cartoons are in the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]]. The finished tapestries belong to the [[Vatican]] and were made for the [[Sistine Chapel]]. ===Political cartoons=== [[File:Standard oil octopus loc color.jpg|thumb|Cartoon depicting a [[corporation]] as an [[octopus]].]] In the 1700s, artists such as [[William Hogarth]] often made sets of [[humour|humorous]] (funny) drawings that were about political subjects, such as [[poverty]], [[election]]s, [[war]] and [[riot]]s. The drawings were made into [[printing|prints]] and were sold cheaply. These prints were not called cartoons at that time, but they led to the idea of modern political cartoons in newspapers. Nowadays many [[newspaper]]s publish a different political cartoon in the paper, every day. The word "cartoon" was first used in this way in 1843 in an English magazine called ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]''. A political cartoon does not always show real people. Sometimes it may use a [[personification]] of a [[country]] or organization as a person, an animal, or a monster. For example, [[United Kingdom|Britain]] might be shown as a woman holding a baby [[Australia]] in her arms. [[Russia]] might be shown as a baby [[bear]] or a [[dolphin]]. The [[United States]] might be shown as a [[Bald Eagle]]. ===Comic strips=== Political cartoons were often drawn to show several different stages of the same story. Many of Hogarth's famous political cartoons do this. From this came the idea of telling funny stories in a series of pictures. [[Comic strip|Comic strips]] are a type of "cartoon" that is published in newspapers, but they are usually just called "comic strips". [[Comic book]]s assemble many strips in a book. The book may tell a long story, longer than a newspaper would want to print, or several stories. ===Movie Cartoons and Television Cartoons=== * ''Main article:'' [[Animated cartoon]] From the beginning of the [[movie]] industry, some artists began experimenting with making animated drawings that seemed to move. These moving drawings also became known as "cartoons". They often depict "anthropomorphic" animals rather than humans. They were often just for fun, but sometimes, particularly during [[World War II]], were used for political reasons, just like the cartoons in newspapers. At first, movie cartoons were quite short. When a person bought a movie ticket, they would see a news program, two or three cartoons in black and white and a movie. [[Walt Disney]] then totally got the idea to tell a long story as a "cartoon" and "animated cartoon". The first example made was ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 movie)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937), and other Disney animated movies such as ''[[Pinocchio (1940 movie)|Pinocchio]]'' (1940), ''[[Cinderella (1950 movie)|Cinderella]]'' (1950), ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 movie)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (1989), ''[[Aladdin (1992 movie)|Aladdin]]'' (1992), ''[[The Lion King]]'' (1994) and ''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]'' (1997). Movie cartoons soon became a popular type of entertainment. Modern animated features are created using computer graphics, rather than hand-drawn animation. The famous animated cartoon characters include [[Mickey Mouse]], [[Donald Duck]], [[Goofy]], [[Pluto (Disney)|Pluto]], [[Winnie the Pooh]], [[Popeye]], [[Betty Boop]], [[Felix the Cat]], [[Bugs Bunny]], [[Daffy Duck]], [[Porky Pig]], [[Elmer Fudd]], [[Tweety]], [[Sylvester the Cat]], [[Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner]], [[Mighty Mouse]] and [[Woody Woodpecker]]. There are some cartoons that were on television series include [[The Flintstones]], [[The Jetsons]], [[Scooby-Doo]], [[Wacky Races]], [[The Simpsons]], [[Futurama]], [[Family Guy]], [[South Park]], [[American Dad!]], [[Rick and Morty]], [[The Powerpuff Girls]], [[Ben 10 (2005 TV series)|Ben 10]], [[Rocky and Bullwinkle]], [[SpongeBob SquarePants]], [[Rugrats]], [[Rocket Power]], [[The Loud House]], [[Dora the Explorer]], [[Oggy and the Cockroaches]], [[Johnny Test]], [[Beavis and Butt-Head]], [[King of the Hill]] and [[Hazbin Hotel]]. The animated cartoon short movie, animated television series, animated movies and animated direct-to-video movies based on superhero comics of [[DC Comics]] and [[Marvel Comics]] include [[Superman]], [[Batman]], [[Justice League]], [[Teen Titans]], [[Spider-Man]], [[Hulk|the Incredible Hulk]], [[X-Men|the X-Men]], [[Avengers|the Avengers]], [[Fantastic Four|the Fantastic Four]], [[Silver Surfer]] and [[Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]. [[Category:Art]] j0ewfx3kaphc1bmr7umw6k3b3nr4ver 0 18728 10966532 10966521 2026-08-18T12:07:40Z Icodense 484975 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Zidanwetopwqif873|Zidanwetopwqif873]] ([[User talk:Zidanwetopwqif873|talk]]) to last version by SolarX 10331033 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rapping''' is a type of [[Singer|vocals]], like singing. It is different to singing because it is more like [[Speech|talking]], but timed with rhythm over [[music]]. Someone who raps is called a '''rapper''', or sometimes an '''MC'''. That stands for Master of Ceremonies. Rapping can be done over music of many types (or [[Musical genre|genres]]), including [[jazz]], [[House music|house]], [[reggae]] and many more. One genre of music that includes a lot of rapping is [[hip hop]]. What people think of as rapping today, was started by African Americans in [[New York City]], [[United States|USA]], in the 1970s. People would talk over [[Disco|disco music]] [[Disc jockey|DJ]]<nowiki/>s at parties, and this gradually evolved into rapping.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Birth of Rap: A Look Back|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7550286|access-date=2020-11-23|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> But, the start of the art of rapping is even older. Reggae artists in [[Jamaica]] used a similar style to rapping from the 1950s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=From the Bronx to the world: The birth and evolution of hip-hop|url=https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/history-of-hip-hop|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Red Bull|language=en}}</ref> Going back further than that, the [[West Africa|West African]] Griots (travelling [[Musician|musicians]] and [[poet]]<nowiki/>s) would also rap over tribal drums in the 1400s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Blues. Blues Classroom . Lesson Plans. Oral Tradition and the Blues {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/theblues/classroom/deftradition.html|access-date=2020-11-23|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Today rapping is a very popular style of vocals. Many of the best selling artists in the world use it in their music.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hip Hop Music== Hip hop music (also known as hip-hop, rap music, or rap) is a music genre that developed as part of hip hop culture in New York City during the 1970s. It typically consists of two main components: rhythmic spoken words, known as "rapping" or "MCing," and musical accompaniment, often built on "beatboxing," "DJing" with turntablism and sampling, or the use of electronic instruments. Terminology The term "hip hop" is often used to refer to the entire cultural movement, while "rap" refers specifically to the musical element. However, in common usage, the terms are frequently used interchangeably to describe the music. ==History== Early Years [[1970]] Hip hop music originated in street parties in the Bronx boroughs of New York City, particularly among African American and Latino youth. DJ Kool Herc is widely credited as a pioneer, focusing on the instrumental "breaks" of funk and soul records and using dual turntable techniques (turntablism) to extend these danceable sections. Soon, MCs (Masters of Ceremonies) began to speak or chant over these beats, offering greetings to the audience, telling stories, or issuing challenges. Golden Age [[1980]] The 1980s saw an explosion in the popularity of hip hop music, with the emergence of influential artists like Run-DMC, the Beastie Boys, and Public Enemy. Lyrical themes expanded to include social and political commentary, personal struggles, and celebrations of urban culture. Production techniques also evolved, with the increased use of drum machines and samplers becoming common. 1990s and Beyond Hip hop music continued to diversify and evolve throughout the 1990s and subsequent decades. Various subgenres emerged, such as gangsta rap, jazz rap, and alternative hip hop. Hip hop spread globally, influencing numerous musical cultures worldwide and spawning local artists and music on every continent. Today, hip hop music remains one of the most popular and influential music genres globally, continuously evolving and innovating. ==Core Elements of Hip Hop Music== * Rapping (MCing): The rhythmic spoken delivery of rhymes, often incorporating wordplay, alliteration, storytelling, and intricate lyrical patterns. * DJing and Turntablism: The use of turntables to create beats, sound effects, and samples from existing recordings. * Beatboxing: The art of producing drum beats, rhythms, and musical sounds using one's mouth, lips, tongue, and voice. * Sampling: The practice of incorporating portions of existing audio recordings (such as drum loops, basslines, or melodic fragments) as the foundation for a new musical piece. * Graffiti: While not a direct musical element, it's an integral part of hip hop's visual culture. * Breakdancing (B-boying/B-girling): A dynamic form of street dance that developed alongside hip hop music. ==Cultural Impact== Hip hop music has had a profound impact on popular culture worldwide. It has influenced fashion, slang, dance, visual arts, and cinema. It has also played a significant role in giving a voice to marginalized communities and raising awareness of social and political issues. Notable Subgenres * Gangsta Rap: Focuses on narratives and life in impoverished neighborhoods and crime. * Hardcore Hip Hop: Characterized by aggressive themes and a raw, often confrontational sound. * Alternative Hip Hop: Transcends traditional styles, experimenting with different sounds and themes. * Jazz Rap: Integrates jazz elements into hip hop music. * Trap: Features fast drum machine hi-hats, dark melodies, and themes often related to street life. * Philly Soul: A genre of soul music that incorporated elements of jazz and funk, influencing the development of hip hop. ==Related pages== [[Turntablism]] [[Beatboxing]] [[Breakdance]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Singing}} [[Category:Vocal music]] [[Category:Rappers| ]] m7g5amec2zvzi8se6rpw9ph037yn6cm 0 23103 10966975 10960505 2026-08-18T20:12:48Z SarekOfVulcan 46907 A concert with a story isn't automatically an opera, other fixes 10966975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Classical spectacular10.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[classical music]] concert in the [[Rod Laver Arena]], [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], 2005]] A '''concert''' is a performance in which a [[musician]] or many musicians play [[music]] together to a group of listeners (called an [[audience]]). In the case of a concert of classical music there may be an [[orchestra]]. There is often an important [[visual]] element to the performance, such as with a rock concert. Some concerts have dramatic, theatrical music, with lights and [[special effects]]. Informal names for a concert include "show" or sometimes, "gig" for musicians who play in lots of different concerts, with different groups. A ''concert tour'' is a set of concerts where the performers travel to different cities or towns. The performers at a concert are usually raised above the level of the audience on a stage. Concerts may be held in [[concert hall]]s which are built for the purpose, or they may be held in any other suitable large building such as a school hall, a [[nightclub]], a [[barn]] or a large [[house]] or [[castle]]. Some concerts are given to very large audiences in the open air. They may take place in a [[field]] or in a [[stadium]]. The music for these larger concerts is usually [[amplification|amplified]] by [[loudspeaker]]s so that all of the audience can hear it. A concert given by just one performer (or perhaps two) is usually called a [[recital]]. The world’s longest concert lasted 453 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-15|title=🎶 The Never-Ending Concert? It Lasted 453 Hours!|url=https://discuss.facts.net/threads/the-never-ending-concert-it-lasted-453-hours.4230/|access-date=2024-09-06|website=Discuss - Facts.net|language=en-US}}</ref> A group of concerts in one place or in one area that takes place for several days may be called a "festival". Examples are: [[The Proms]], the [[Edinburgh Festival]], the [[Glastonbury Festival]], etc. Before the days of [[recording]], a concert would have been the only opportunity most people would have of hearing performances given by larger groups. Usually, people who go to a concert have to pay an admission charge. The money that is made from the ticket sales will usually go to paying the performing artistes, producers, and organisers. However, there are also [[benefit concert]]s where either the proceeds (all the ticket money) or profits (the money earned) will go to [[charitable organization|charity]]. Tickets for concerts can often be bought at the box-office of the concert hall or bought online. Sometimes concerts are free. == Types of concerts== [[File:Concert at University of Gothenburg.webm|thumb|An indoor concert at [[University of Gothenburg]]]] The nature of a concert will vary by [[musical genre]] and the individual performers. Concerts by a small [[jazz]] combo or small [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]] band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume, but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a particular musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle, and behavior. For example, the hippies of the 60s often toted long hair (sometimes in dread lock form), sandals and inexpensive clothing made of natural fibers. The regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a recognizable style, comprising that venue's "scene". ===Theatrical=== [[File:Bernardo Strozzi Kontsert.jpg|thumb|250px|"''Concert''" by Bernardo Strozzi, 1630/31, Kadrioru kunstimuuseum.]] Some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive affairs, with parts of the show being similar to a [[theater]] performance. In order to create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, artists will have additional entertainment devices within their concerts. These tend to include: elaborate [[stage lighting]]; an image-magnification (IMAG) system and/or pre-recorded [[video]]; inflatables, artwork or other set pieces; various [[special effects]], such as theatrical [[smoke]] and [[fog]] and [[pyrotechnics]]; and unusual [[costume]]s or wardrobe. Some [[singer]]s, especially in genres of [[Pop music|popular music]], augment the sound of their concerts with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singer's own voice. Activities which may take place during these concerts include [[dancing]], sing-alongs, and [[mosh]]ing. Some performers well known for including these elements in their performances include: [[Pink Floyd]], [[Jean Michel Jarre]], [[Sarah Brightman]] and [[Kiss (band)|KISS]]. ===Festivals=== {{Main|Music festival}} Concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for days, are known as [[festivals]]. Unlike other concerts, which typically remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music and arts. Due to their size, festivals are almost always held outdoors. A few examples of the hundreds of festivals include: [[Bayreuth Festival]], [[Big Day Out]], [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella]], [[Falls Festival]], [[Glastonbury Festival]], [[Mostly Mozart Festival]], [[Newport Jazz Festival]], [[Oxegen]], [[Parachute Music Festival]], [[Rock In Rio]], [[Rockwave Festival]], [[Salzburg Festival]], [[Summer Sonic Festival]], [[Tanglewood|Tanglewood Music Festival]], [[Woodstock Festival|Woodstock Music and Art Festival]], the [[Warped Tour]], or the [[Perugia|Umbria Jazz Festival]]. ==Concert tour==<!-- this subheading is linked to from [[concert tour]] --> [[File:Jerry-Mickey at Red Rocks taken 08-11-87.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Members of the [[Grateful Dead]] performed at Red Rocks Amphitheater in [[Colorado]] on August 11, 1987.]] A concert tour is a series of concerts by an artist or group of artists in different cities or locations. Often, concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist and associate a specific tour with a particular [[album]] or product (for example: [[Michael Jackson]]'s [[Bad Tour]]). Especially in the popular music world, such tours can become large-scale enterprises that last for several months or even years. They are seen by thousands or millions of people and bring in millions of dollars (or the equivalent) in ticket revenues. Different segments of longer concert tours are known as "legs". The different legs of a tour are denoted in different ways, dependent on the artist and type of tour, but the most common means of separating legs are dates (especially if there is a long break at some point), countries and/or continents, or different opening acts. In the largest concert tours, it is becoming more common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment, local to each geographical region. Concert tours are often [[management|managed]] on the local level by concert promoters or by [[performing arts]] presenters. ==Revenue== While admission to some concerts is free, charging for [[ticket (admission)|tickets]] is very common. Historically, concerts were the main source of revenue for musicians. Revenue from ticket sales typically goes to the performing artists, producers, venue and organizers. In the case of [[benefit concert]]s, a portion of profits will often go towards a [[charitable organization]]. Additional revenue is also often raised through in-concert [[advertising]], from free local concerts for local [[sponsor]]ships to sponsorships from corporations during major tours, such as 2009's "''Vans' Warped Tour Presented by AT&T''". Both [[Vans]] and [[AT&T]] would have paid significant amounts to have their company names included at the forefront in all marketing material for the Warped Tour. Concessions and merchandise are also often sold during and after concerts, often by the venue in the case of the former, and by the performing band or artist in the case of the latter. The highest-grossing concert tour of all time is [[The Rolling Stones]]' [[A Bigger Bang Tour]] which earned approximately $558 million in between 2005 and 2007.<ref name="biggerbang">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/rolling-stones-tour-grosses-more-than-half-a-billion-1003650410.story|title=Rolling Stones Tour Grosses More Than Half A Billion |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=2009-11-17|date=April 9, 2007|last=Pietrolungo|first=Silvio}}</ref> The highest earning tour by a solo artist is the [[Sticky & Sweet Tour]] by pop artist [[Madonna]], which earned $408 million in 2008 and 2009.<ref name="stickysweet">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/news/madonna-closes-tour-in-tel-aviv-2nd-highest-1004008911.story#/news/news/madonna-closes-tour-in-tel-aviv-2nd-highest-1004008911.story|title=Madonna Closes Tour In Tel Aviv;Second Highest Grossing Trek Of All Time|date=September 2, 2009|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Concert hall]] * [[Music festival]] * [[Audience]] * [[Applause]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category|Concerts}} {{wikiquote}} * [https://www.pbs.org/memorialdayconcert/ National Memorial Day Concert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425151128/http://www.pbs.org/memorialdayconcert/ |date=2014-04-25 }} - PBS webpage for U.S. concert on [[Memorial Day]] [[Category:Concerts| ]] jdyu1mtnzt762xou1uijrhdtp08qese 0 27478 10966603 10966229 2026-08-18T13:47:35Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 ce 10966603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=September 2009}} A '''biscuit''' is a type of [[food]]. They are similar to small [[baking|baked]] [[bread]]s or [[cake]]s. ==Biscuits in British usage== [[Image:Digestive biscuits.jpg|right|150px|thumb|British digestive biscuits (which are called cookies in the U.S.).]] In [[British English]], [[Australian English]], [[Canadian English]] and [[New Zealand English]], biscuits are usually [[Sweet (taste)|sweet]] and can be eaten with [[tea]], [[milk]] or [[coffee]]. In [[North America]] these are called "[[cookie]]s". In spite of the difference, this is the meaning in the name of the United States' most famous maker of cookies and crackers, '''Na'''tional '''Bis'''cuit '''Co'''mpany (now called '''[[Nabisco]]'''). ==Biscuits in American usage== [[Image:Runny hunny.jpg|thumb|150px|American biscuits with honey.]] In [[American English]], a "biscuit" is a small form of [[bread]], similar to [[scone]]s, made with [[baking powder]] or [[baking soda]] as a [[leavening agent]] rather than [[yeast]]. (Biscuits, soda breads, and [[corn bread]], among others, are sometimes referred to all together as "[[quick bread]]s" to show that they do not need time to rise before baking.) {{Wiktionary}}{{Food-stub}}[[Category:Breads]] [[Category:Desserts]] quoy0ofc1nc09d8cq0mmc55xu0nvsn2 0 29089 10967379 10850045 2026-08-19T09:30:36Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Caspar David Friedrich - Wanderer above the sea of fog.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Caspar David Friedrich]], ''Wanderer above the Sea of Fog,'' 38.58 × 29.13 inches, 1818, Oil on canvas, ''Kunsthalle Hamburg''.]] '''Romanticism''', or the '''Romantic movement''', was a style of [[art]], [[literature]] and [[music]] in the late [[18th century|18th]] and the early [[19th century]] in [[Europe]]. The movement believed in the importance of [[Emotion|feelings]], [[imagination]], [[nature]], [[human]] life, [[freedom of expression]], [[individualism]], and old [[folklore|folk traditions]] (like [[Legend|legends]] and [[fairy tale]]s).<ref name="brit" /> The movement showed most strongly in arts like music and literature. However, it also had an important influence on [[historiography]],<ref>David Levin, ''History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman'' (1967)</ref> [[education]],<ref>Gerald Lee Gutek, ''A history of the Western educational experience'' (1987) ch. 12 on [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi]]</ref> and [[natural history]].<ref>Ashton Nichols, "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 2005 149(3): 304-315</ref> == Background == The Romantic movement was a reaction to the [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] social and [[Politics|political]] ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="brit">{{Cite encyclopedia|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508675/Romanticism|title=Romanticism -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia|encyclopedia=britannica.com|accessdate=14 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="Casey" /> It was also a reaction against turning nature into [[Natural sciences|mere science]].<ref name="Casey">{{cite web | last = Casey, Christopher | date = 2008 | title = Grecian grandeurs and the rude wasting of old time: Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and post-revolutionary Hellenism | work = Foundations. Volume III, Number 1 | url = http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8 | accessdate = 2009-06-25 | archive-date = 2009-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090513053304/http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Examples == === United Kingdom === British Romanticism was notable because the [[United Kingdom]] was an early adopter of [[Industrialisation|industrialization]] and [[science]]. Well-known British Romanticists include: * [[William Wordsworth]] * [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] * [[Lord Byron]] * [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] * [[William Blake]] * [[Robert Burns]] * [[Walter Scott]] *[[J. M. W. Turner]] === Germany === During the same period as in Britain, a notable Romantic movement occurred in [[Germany]]. Travel, [[nature]], and [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Mythology|myths]] were important [[Motif|motifs]]. Famous German Romanticists include: *[[Ludwig van Beethoven|Ludwig von Beethoven]] *[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] as a younger man *[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] *[[Friedrich Schiller]] *[[Brothers Grimm]] ==Related pages== * [[Romance (love)]] * [[Romantic music]] * [[Romantic poetry]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics/ The Romantic Poets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412013028/http://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics |date=2005-04-12 }} * [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv4-26 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914233216/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv4-26 |date=2009-09-14 }}, Romanticism * [http://www.rc.umd.edu ''Romantic Circles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228024220/http://www.rc.umd.edu/ |date=2011-02-28 }} Electronic editions, histories, and scholarly articles related to the Romantic era * [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv4-27 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001234406/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv4-27 |date=2008-10-01 }}, Romanticism in Political Thought * [http://www.all-art.org/photography/HH-%20Talbot%20William.htm Romanticism in the "History of Art"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212514/http://www.all-art.org/photography/HH-%20Talbot%20William.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} *[https://oof.com Romanticism in the Art History Archive] [[Category:Art movements]] [[Category:Cultural history]] [[Category:19th-century books]] [[Category:Philosophical movements and positions]] boed7q3iz3dhv8cxgmjgjelemxgfa8o 0 30043 10966600 10947401 2026-08-18T13:44:32Z MartinPoulter 95036 remove dbl punc + wrong style for Wikipedia 10966600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Hindu scriptures}} [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de aan Shiva gewijde tempel op de Candi Lara Jonggrang oftewel het Prambanan tempelcomplex TMnr 10016190.jpg|thumb|A volcanic stone relief of '''Ramayana''' epic in which Rama killed the silvered and turned out to be the demon [[Maricha]] in [[Prambanan]] temple wall, [[Indonesia]].]] The '''''Ramayana (रामायण)''''' is an ancient [[Hindu]] [[epic poetry|epic]] about [[Rama]] and [[Sita]]. It is one of the two most important ancient epics of [India], the first one being the ancient [[Mahabharata]]. The epic was originally written by sage ([[rishi]]) [[Valmiki]] of [[Ancient India]]. The book has about 24,000 verses and is divided into six parts. The story of the Ramayana is about Prince Rama who has been [[exile]]d from his kingdom of ([Ayodhya]) with his wife Sita and his brother Lakshman. He goes on to kill [king] Ravana of Lanka in a long battle to [[Get Back|get back]] his wife Sita. Seven different versions of the book are available. It has been translated into all the major [[language]]s of the [[world]]. The different parts of the Ramayana are also called books. These seven parts or books are noted below: # The first book is ''Balakand'', meaning the book of childhood. # The second book is ''Ayodhyakanda'', meaning the book of Ayodhya. # The third book is ''Aranyakanda'', meaning the book of the forests. # The fourth book is ''Kishkindhakanda'', meaning the book of Kishkindha. # The fifth book is'' Sundarakanda'', meaning the book beautiful. # The sixth book is ''Yuddhakanda'', meaning the book of the war. There are different views about the time the Ramayana was written. Some people believe that it was written 2,500 years ago. Others think that it was written around 1,800 years ago. All agree that the book is very old and was written before the Mahabharata. The Ramayana is still very popular today. Every autumn the ''Ramlila'' (''Rama play'') is performed at the festival of Dassehra. A huge model of Ravana is set alight. This symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness. It is also believed that he turned in to Krishna and also many more things are believed. A [[Tamil people|Tamil]] version of the book was written between the 9th and 10th centuries. The writer of this book was Kamban. This version is known as Iramavataram, which means the coming of Rama. In the 16th century, Tulasidas wrote a [[Hindi]] version of Ramayana. This was named Ramacharitmanasa. Over many centuries, the story of Rama reached places in other countries like Indonesia and Malaysia. The Ramayana has been translated into most of the major languages of the world. The Ramayana was used in Ancient India for the teaching of young children. It was mainly used for acting out their Dharma so that their children knew that they were to worship the main Hindu beliefs that were: Brahman, Multiple Gods, Dharma, [[Samsara]], and Karma. There is a series of the Ramayana played on television in major parts of India and goes into the detail of the Ramayana. The short and basic story of the Ramayana is, a prince named Rama tries to rescue his wife from the clutch of Ravana with an army of bears and several "vanaras" who are like apes. [[Category:Hindu texts]] [[Category:2nd millennium BC works]] {{religion-stub}} 964pm2ma16lzhygzi8igu2zt7y17vve 0 30055 10967051 10931730 2026-08-18T22:39:43Z ~2026-45380-39 1857655 /* Hadith rejectors and Qur'anists */ 10967051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} [[File:November13,2013 - Muharram 9,1435 - Grand Mosque of Nishapur 22.JPG|thumb|Islamic prayers in [[Nishapur]], [[Iran]]]] '''Ṣalāt''' ({{lang-ar|صلاة}}, ''{{transl|ar|ṣalāẗ}}'') is the practice of [[prayer]] in [[Islam]]. It is one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam|five most important duties]] for Sunni Muslims. To perform Salat, a person's mind must be ritually pure, which comes from [[Wudu|ritual ablution]], ''wuḍūʾ'', or the washing and cleansing of his or her body. The salat is observed three<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKenKtONX2MC&dq=muslims+pray+three+times+a+day&pg=PA238 | title= Islam and the Secular State | isbn= 9780674033764 | last1= Na | first1= Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im | last2= Naʻīm | first2= ʻabd Allāh Aḥmad | date=30 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author = Edward E. Curtis IV |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIzC9N8-7Z0C&dq=some+muslims+pray+three+times+a+day&pg=PT23 |title= Muslims in America: A Short History |date= 2009-10-01 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974567-8 |language= en}}</ref><ref>Jafarli, Durdana. "The historical conditions for the emergence of the Quranist movement in Egypt in the 19th-20th centuries." МОВА І КУЛЬТУРА (2017): 91.</ref> or (most commonly) five times every day at prescribed times, depending on the [[Islamic schools and branches|sect]]. Salawat is plural, and Salat is singular. ==Name== Salat is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word that means to pray. Outside the [[Arab world]], the most widespread and common term is the [[Persian language|Persian]] word namāz. ==Sunni== For [[Sunni Muslims]], salat must be performed at five periods each day. These periods are measured according to the [[Sun]]’s movement. The call to prayer is essential before every obligatory prayers. [[Muhammad]] said: "The one who responds to Azan out of faith and seeking Allah's pleasure will be admitted to paradise."{{fact|date=October 2018}} In the ritual prayers each Muslim is in direct contact with Allah. There is no need of a priest as a middleman (While there is a prayer leader in the mosque - the imam - they are not a priest, but simply a person who knows a great deal about Islam.) Muslims can pray anywhere, but it is especially good to pray with others in a mosque. Praying together in a congregation helps Muslims to realise that all humanity is one, and all are equal in the sight of Allah. The prayer ritual, which is over 1400 years old, is repeated five times a day by hundreds of millions of people all round the world.<ref>Gruber, Christiane. "The Ilkhanid Mi‛ rājnāma as an illustrated Sunni prayer manual." The Prophet's Ascension. Cross-Cultural Encounters with the Islamic Mirāj Tales, hrsg. v. ders. u. Frederick Colby, Bloomington/Indianapolis 2010b (2010): 27-49.</ref> == Shia == There are different subsets of [[Shia Islam]]. Some of them pray 3 times combined, others 5 times. Allah does not need human prayers because he has no needs at all. Muslims pray because God has told them that they are to do this, and because they believe that they obtain great benefit in doing so. == Hadith rejectors and Qur'anists == Most [[Hadith rejectors]] pray three times a day, deriving this structure from their interpretation of Qur'anic verses.<ref>https://siblingsofilm.com/hadith-rejectors-arguments-obstacles/</ref> [[Quranism|Qur'anists]] who follow the Ahl al-Qur'an movement founded by Ahmed Subhy Mansour and members of the [[Submitters]] movement founded by Rashad Khalifa perform five daily prayers.<ref>https://www.ahl-alquran.com/arabic/show_article.php?main_id=15303</ref><ref>https://masjidtucson.org/publications/books/sp/1994/apr/page3.html</ref> They claim that acts of worship—including the five daily Salat and the [[Hajj]]—were preserved through consecutive generational practice rather than through reliance on written hadith collections.<ref>https://www.ahl-alquran.com/arabic/show_article.php?main_id=15303</ref><ref>https://thesubmitters.org/principles-of-muslim-prayer/</ref> The Bida'iyya, a branch of the [[Kharijite]] sect known as the Azariqa—emerging specifically through the sub-lineage of the Khazimiyya—rejected the five prayers and prayed only two or three times a day. Ibn Hazm also credits this practise to another Azariqa offshoot known as the Bittikhiyya (or Batihiyya).<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pCiQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&dq=Azariqa+rejected+two+of+the+five+prayers+and+kept+only+three.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiByvWzlumSAxUtVEEAHfLVBsgQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA473923105&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00030279&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E988a896&aty=open-web-entry</ref> The Bida'iyya performed two rakats (units) in each prayer.<ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/352441278/73-SECTS</ref> They further rejected hadith altogether.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pCiQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&dq=Azariqa+rejected+two+of+the+five+prayers+and+kept+only+three.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiByvWzlumSAxUtVEEAHfLVBsgQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA473923105&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00030279&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E988a896&aty=open-web-entry</ref> Several people who reject hadith have opposed silent recitation in the Salat. Rashad Khalifa taught that the tone of voice during the prayer must follow the instruction of Qur'an 17:110: a person must not be too loud, and must not perform the prayer silently, but must use a middle tone. He said that during group prayer only the [[imam]] should be heard, while everyone else listens. This same view is held by [[Edip Yuksel]] and Ahmed Subhy Mansour. They believe the daily prayers must be spoken in medium, moderate voices. This differs from Sunni and Shia practice, which divide prayers into loud and silent types.<ref>https://www.masjidtucson.org/submission/practices/salat/howtoperformsalat.html</ref><ref>https://19.org/blog/sala/</ref><ref>https://www.ahl-alquran.com/arabic/printpage.php?doc_type=1&doc_id=17137</ref> == Ritual washing == Muslims must be clean before they pray. They make sure of this by performing ritual washing, called wudhu. Mosques have washing facilities for Muslims to clean their body before they begin prayer. ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} {{religion-stub}} [[Category:Salah| ]] [[Category:Worship]] cd48na2jy6gl9tunxbry2loyf89pkkw 0 31310 10967214 10893657 2026-08-19T05:07:32Z ~2026-45284-36 1857814 /* Winner of the UEFA Champions League */ 10967214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization |name = Union of European Football Associations |bgcolor = |fgcolor = |image = |image_border = |size = |alt = <!-- alt text; see [[WP:ALT]] --> |caption = |logo = UEFA logo.svg |logo_size = 220px |map = |msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 200px --> |malt = <!-- map alt text --> |mcaption = |abbreviation = UEFA |motto = ''We care about Football'' |formation = 15 June 1954 |extinction = <!-- date of extinction, optional --> |type = Sports organisation |status = <!-- ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc --> |purpose = <!-- focus as e.g. humanitarian, peacekeeping, etc --> |headquarters = |location = |coords = |region_served = [[Europe]] |membership = 53 member associations |language = [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] |leader_title = President |leader_name = {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Aleksander Čeferin]] <ref>[https://de.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/0280-17b4203148b2-38a0f7677808-1000--aleksander-ceferin-bis-2027-als-uefa-prasident-wiedergewahlt/ de.uefa.com] </ref> |leader_title2= General Secretary |leader_name2 = {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Theodoros Theodoridis]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/organisation/generalsecretary/index.html |title=Organisation – UEFA.com |access-date=2011-12-09 |archive-date=2013-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912061730/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/organisation/generalsecretary/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |leader_title4= Honorary President |leader_name4 = {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Lennart Johansson]]<ref name="pres-vice"/> |main_organ = UEFA Congress |parent_organization = [[FIFA]] |affiliations = |num_staff = |num_volunteers = |budget = |website = [http://www.uefa.com/ www.UEFA.com] |remarks = }} The '''Union of European Football Associations''' mostly called the '''UEFA''', is the organization that controls [[Europe]]an [[football (soccer)]] (often referred to as association football). The UEFA is one of 6 continental confederations of the [[FIFA]]. It is also the biggest one. The President of the UEFA is [[Aleksander Čeferin]]. Some members of the UEFA are partly or whole not part of the European continent (Israel, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus and Russia). There are members that do not represent sovereign states, such as the [[Faroe Islands]], England, Scotland, Wales and [[Northern Ireland]]. UEFA national teams have won 12 [[FIFA World Cup]]s (Italy-4, Germany-4, France-2, England and Spain-one trophy each), and UEFA clubs have won 21 [[Intercontinental Cup|Intercontinental Cups]] and four [[FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cups]]. In women's, UEFA teams have won three [[FIFA Women's World Cup|FIFA Women's World Cups]] ([[Germany]] 2, Norway 1) and one [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medal (Norway). ==Members of UEFA== {{UEFA Members}} ==Competitions== ===International competitions=== The main international competition is the [[UEFA European Championship]]. This competition started in 1958, with the first finals in 1960. It is held every four years. The most recent finals were hosted by Germany in 2024. Spain won for the fourth time. There were also European competitions at the Under-21, Under-19 and Under-17 levels. UEFA also operates the [[UEFA Women's Championship]]. The most recent edition, hosted by Switzerland in 2025, was won by England. A second men's international competition, the [[UEFA Nations League]], was first held in the 2018–19 season, and is held every two years. The Nations League divides all UEFA national teams into four groups by competitive level. Only the teams in the highest level, Group A, compete for the championship. Promotion and relegation exists between the groups (A, B, C, D). The most recent edition in 2024–25 was won by Portugal. The women's counterpart, the [[UEFA Women's Nations League]], was first held in the 2023–24 season. The second edition was held entirely within calendar 2025. Future competitions will be held in a single calendar year. Like the men's Nations League, the women's version is held every two years and divides teams into groups by competitive level, with promotion and relegation. However, the women's version has only three groups. The first edition in 2023–24 was won by Spain; the 2025 edition is ongoing. ===Club competitions=== [[File: UEFA members Champs League group stage.png|thumb|300px|Green- clubs playing in group stage,blue-no clubs playing in group stage of the UEFA Champions League]] There are three main club competitions for men and two for women. The highest men's competition is the [[UEFA Champions League]]. It started in the 1992/93 season as follower of the UEFA Champion Cup. This competition was first held in 1956. The second is the [[UEFA Europa League]]. The league started in 1999 when the [[UEFA Cup]] and the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|Cup Winners' Cup]] merged. The newest is the [[UEFA Conference League]], which started in 2021 as the UEFA Europa Conference League. The word "Europa" was dropped in 2024. The highest women's competition for club teams is the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]], followed by the [[UEFA Women's Europa Cup]]. The Women's Champions League was first held in 2009 (out of UEFA Women's Cup until 2009). The first Women's Europa Cup is being held in the 2025–26 season. ====Winner of the UEFA Champions League==== * 2025/26-Paris Saint-Germain * 2024/25-Paris Saint-Germain * 2023/24-Real Madrid * 2022/23-Manchester City * 2021/22-Real Madrid * 2017/18-Real Madrid * 2016/17-Real Madrid * 2015/16-Real Madrid * 2014/15-FC Barcelona * 2013/14-Real Madrid * 2012/13-Bayern Munich * 2011/12-Chelsea FC * 2010/11-FC Barcelona * 2009/10-Inter Milan * 2008/09-FC Barcelona * 2007/08-Manchester United * 2006/07-AC Milan * 2005/06-FC Barcelona * 2004/05-Liverpool FC * 2003/04-FC Porto * 2002/03-AC Milan * 2001/02-Real Madrid * 2000/01-Bayern Munich * 1999/00-Real Madrid * 1998/99-Manchester United * 1997/98-Real Madrid * 1996/97-Borussia Dortmund * 1995/96-Juventus * 1994/95-Ajax Amsterdam * 1993/94-AC Milan * 1992/93-Olympic Marseille In 2026 Real Madrid was the first team who was able to defend the title in the next season. ====Winner of the UEFA Women's Champions League==== * 2009/10-1. FFC Turbine Potsdam (Germany) * 2010/11-Olympique Lyon (France){{efn|group=WCL|name=OL|Now known as OL Lyonnes.}} * 2011/12-Olympique Lyon{{efn|group=WCL|name=OL}} * 2012/13-VfL Wolfsburg (Germany) * 2013/14-VfL Wolfsburg * 2014/15-1. FFC Frankfurt (Germany){{efn|group=WCL|Now known as Eintracht Frankfurt.}} * 2015/16-2019/20- Olympique Lyon{{efn|group=WCL|name=OL}} * 2020/21- FC Barcelona (Spain) * 2021/22- Olympique Lyon{{efn|group=WCL|name=OL}} * 2022/23- FC Barcelona * 2023/24- FC Barcelona * 2024/25- Arsenal (England) {{notelist|group=WCL}} ==Related pages== * [[List of UEFA European Football Champions|European Football Champions]] * [[UEFA Champions League]] * [[FIFA]] * [[UEFA Europa League]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category|UEFA}} * [http://www.uefa.com/ UEFA homepage] {{International football}} {{UEFA Champions League seasons}} {{UEFA Europa League seasons}} {{multistub|sport|Europe}} {{authority control}} [[Category:UEFA| ]] [[Category:1954 establishments in Europe]] mjpsg2c3tvigtivrwrgmvk34ah7wfc9 0 32911 10967064 10964525 2026-08-18T23:22:03Z FedeMewing 1857698 /* */ 10967064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the bird|the fruit|Kiwifruit|citizens of New Zealand|New Zealanders}} {{Taxobox | name = Kiwi | image = Karuwai at August 2005 Health Check.JPG | image_width = 220px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Bird|Aves]] | ordo = [[Struthioniformes]] | familia = '''Apterygidae''' | familia_authority = G.R. Gray, 1840 | genus = '''''Apteryx''''' | genus_authority = [[George Shaw|Shaw]], 1813 | species = * [[North Island brown kiwi]] * [[Southern brown kiwi]] * [[Okarito brown kiwi]] * [[Fiordland tokoeka]] * [[Great spotted kiwi]] * [[Little spotted kiwi]] * Apteryx littoralis | domain = [[Eukaryota]] }} [[File:Kiwi feeding in fern mason bay nz.ogv|thumb|right|220px|]] The '''kiwi''' is a type of [[bird]] from [[New Zealand]]. They are the [[genus]] '''''Apteryx''''' of the [[family (biology)|family]] Apterygidae. There are several [[species]] and sub-species of kiwi. The kiwi is a symbol for New Zealand. People from New Zealand are [[nickname]]d "Kiwis". They have a long [[beak]] and brown [[feather]]s. The feathers look like [[fur]]. Kiwi cannot fly, and their [[wing]]s are so small that they cannot usually be seen. Kiwi cannot see well, but they can hear very well. They are the smallest [[ratite]] birds. == Life == Kiwi are night ([[nocturnal]]) birds. They mostly eat [[invertebrate]]s, like [[worm]]s and [[insect]]s. Kiwi keep a [[territory]] where they live alone or with their mate. In their territory they build several [[burrow]]s where they sleep, or lay their [[Egg (biology)|eggs]]. Kiwi are [[monogamy|monogamous]]; the male and female stay together until one of them dies. The male and female live in the same territory and raise their children together. Female kiwi lay between one and three eggs. Compared to the size of the mother, the eggs are the largest of any bird species. Kiwi are mature when they are 2 years old, and they can live more than 20 years. One kiwi kept in a [[zoo]] even reached 35 years old. == Eggs == The female brown kiwi lays enormous eggs, which are almost one-sixth of her own body weight. These eggs take 11 weeks to incubate, the longest time for any bird. In comparison, eggs of [[yellow-breasted chat]]s take only 11 days, and [[chicken]] eggs take 21 days.<ref>{{cite book |title= "Reader's Digest Pathfinders" Creatures of the Air and Sea |url= https://archive.org/details/creaturesofairse0000read |last=Brinkley |first=Edward S. Brinkley|year= 2003|publisher= Reader's Digest Children's Books|location= Singapore|isbn= 0-7944-0353-0|pages= [https://archive.org/details/creaturesofairse0000read/page/22 23]}}</ref> == Habitat == Kiwi prefer to live in burrows they make in forested areas. They either make their burrows in the ground like [[rabbit]]s, in between the roots of trees, or in hidden sheltered places such as hollow [[log]]s. Kiwi line their burrows with leaves to make them more comfortable and warm. Sometimes they hide the entrance to their burrows using piles of [[twig]]s. Kiwi may have more than ten different burrows in their [[territory]] and will swap between them sometimes.<ref>Jones, J., Harcourt, B., & World Wide Fund for Nature New Zealand. (1997). Little spotted kiwi. Auckland, NZ: Heinemann Education.</ref> Kiwi are [[Threatened species|threatened]] by many [[mammal]]s. [[Stoat]]s are the main threat for the kiwi chicks. [[Ferret]]s and dogs kill adult kiwi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McLennan |display-authors = etal |title=Role of predation in the decline of kiwi, Apteryx spp., in New Zealand|url=http://newzealandecology.org/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol20_1_27.pdf|journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology|year=1996|volume=20|issue=1|pages=27–35|publisher=New Zealand Ecological Society}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{wikispecies|Apteryx}} {{commonscat}} [[Category:Birds of New Zealand]] [[Category:Ratites]] [[Category:Struthioniformes]] [[Category:Kiwis]] [[Category:National symbols of New Zealand]] 1ewe10btlz35px0kvyvzy13nd4jk84b 0 45354 10966598 10710785 2026-08-18T13:37:19Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Added {{[[Template:no sources|no sources]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=August 2026}} [[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 123.png|thumb|250px|right|Josiah listens reading of the law, image of [[Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld]].]] '''Josiah''' was a [[child]] [[king]] of [[Judah]]. He was born around [[640 BC]]. Josiah started his rule as king at the age of 8 when his father, [[Amon of Judah|Amon]], died. Josiah was thought of as a good king. He followed in the steps of his [[ancestor]] [[King David]]. Josiah ruled for 31 years in [[Jerusalem]] and died in [[609 BC]]. He was [[kill]]ed by [[Necho II|King Necho]] of [[Egypt]] while Josiah was helping the king of [[Assyria]] fight off the attacks of the Egyptians. Josiah's son [[Jehoahaz of Judah|Jehoahaz]] became the new King of Judah. == Other websites == *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=564&letter=J&search=Josiah Jewish Encyclopedia: Josiah] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08523a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Josias] {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Josiah}} [[Category:640s BC births]] [[Category:600s BC deaths]] [[Category:Kings of ancient Judah]] [[Category:Kings of ancient Israel]] ctimqyy8vncww71jihmutlsxtdg3088 0 47144 10966605 10915960 2026-08-18T13:49:06Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 /* Description */ added content 10966605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} [[File:6cookies.JPG|thumb|Chocolate chip cookies.]] [[File:SugarCookie.JPG|thumb|A plain sugar cookie]] A '''cookie''' is a sweet [[dessert]] made from [[flour]]. Cookies are made in an [[oven]]. They are also called [[wikt:biscuit|biscuits]] in many English-speaking countries. In the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], many varieties of biscuit are called cookies as well. ==Description== Most cookies are flat and round like a disc. The main ingredient is usually flour. Cookies often have [[flavor]]s added to them, like [[spice]]s, [[chocolate]], [[butter]], [[peanut butter]], [[nut (fruit)|nut]]s or dried [[fruit]]s. Most cookies are very sweet. Today, many people think of cookies with warmth and love. Cookies may be used like chocolate and [[candy]] as a reward when children do good deeds. Even though it is close to cakes and other sweetened [[bread]]s, cookies usually do not use water for [[cohesion]]. Water in cakes makes the base (in the case of cakes called "batter"<ref>''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', Tenth Edition. Merriam-Webster, Inc.: 1999.</ref>) as [[thin]] as possible, which allows the bubbles to form better. Cookies do not have bubbles, so they do not need this. In cookies, some form of [[oil]] or [[fat]] is used for cohesion. Oils, like butter, [[egg (food)|egg]] yolks, [[vegetable oil]]s or [[lard]] are much more [[viscosity|viscous]] than water and [[evaporation|evaporate]] freely at a much higher [[temperature]] than water. So a cake made with butter or eggs instead of water is more [[wikt:dense|dense]] when cooked. ==History== Cookies were made in [[Ancient Greece]] around 1200 BC.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.twinsdish.com/two-ancient-greek-christmas-cookie-recipes-that-melt-in-your-mouth/ | title=Ancient Greek Christmas Cookie Recipes Santa Most Likely Ate | date=22 December 2018 }}</ref> Hard [[wafer]]s have been made for as long as baking [[wikt:exist|existed]]. They were very popular because they last a long time and are not [[wikt:fragile|fragile]], but they were normally not [[Taste#Sweetness|sweet]] enough to be called cookies today.<ref>[http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html] ''Foodtimeline.org''</ref> Cookies were made at first in 7th century AD [[Persia]], just after the use of [[sugar]] became common there.<ref>[http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CookieHistory.htm http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CookieHistory.htm] ''Whatscookingamerica.net''</ref> They spread to [[Europe]] through the [[Muslim]] [[Invasion|conquest]] of [[Spain]]. By the 14th century, they were common in all parts of Europe, and could be found anywhere from royal cuisine to street vendors. People started to travel around the world at that time, and cookies made a good travel [[snack]]; a sweeter version of the travel cakes used throughout [[history]]. One of the most popular early cookies, which traveled very well and became known on every [[continent]], was the jumble, a hard cookie made mostly from [[nut (fruit)|nut]]s, sweetener, and [[water]]. [[File:Полка с печеньем в магазине.jpg|thumb|Cookie shelf in the russian store]] ==Types== Common types of cookies: *Vanilla cookie *[[Chocolate cookie]], often called [[chocolate chip cookie]] *Nut cookie, especially [[peanut]]s and [[walnut]]s *[[Oatmeal cookie]] *Ginger cookie *Fig cookie *[[fortune cookie]] *[[Sugar cookie]] *[[Snickerdoodle|Snickerdoodle cookie]] ==Related pages== *[[Gingerbread Man]] *[[Cake]] *[[Pastry]] *[[Cracker]] *[[Biscuit]] ==References== {{sisterlinks}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Cookies| ]] [[Category:Snack foods]] ix3ba9bfp3ae09iy5f05y77undz3ko3 0 50460 10967061 10889245 2026-08-18T23:15:39Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10967061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NASCAR driver | name = Kyle Busch | image = Kyle busch erik jones (49561738018) (cropped).jpg<!--See talk page for a discussion on the image. (May 2026)--> | caption = Busch in 2020 | birth_name = Kyle Thomas Busch | birth_date = {{birth date|1985|5|2}} | birth_place = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|5|21|1985|5|2}} | death_place = [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], U.S. | height = {{Height|ft=6|in=1}} | weight = {{Convert|185|lb|kg|abbr=on}} | Achievements = {{Ubl|[[2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2015]], [[2019 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series|2019]] [[List of NASCAR Cup Series champions|NASCAR Cup Series Champion]] |[[2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series|2018]], [[2019 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series|2019]] [[NASCAR Cup Series]] Regular Season Champion |[[2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2009 Nationwide Series]] Champion| [[2008 Dodge Challenger 500|2008]] [[Southern 500]] Winner| [[2015 Brickyard 400|2015]], [[2016 Brickyard 400|2016]] [[Brickyard 400]] Winner|[[2018 Coca-Cola 600|2018]] [[Coca-Cola 600]] Winner |[[2017 Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race]] Winner| [[2012 Budweiser Shootout|2012]], [[2021 Busch Clash|2021]] Busch Clash Winner <br>[[2026 Daytona 500|2026]] [[List of Daytona 500 pole position winners|Daytona 500 pole winner]] | [[2009 Gatorade Duels|2009]], [[2013 Budweiser Duels|2013]], [[2016 Can-Am Duels|2016]] Daytona Duel Winner<br>2009, 2017 [[Snowball Derby]] Winner |2011 [[Slinger Nationals]] Winner |All-Time Wins Leader in the top three [[NASCAR]] series overall (234) |All-Time Wins Leader in the [[NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series]] (102) |All-Time Wins Leader in the [[NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series]] (69) |1st driver in the [[NASCAR Cup Series]] to win on every track competed (as of May 27, 2018)|1st driver to complete a Triple Threat in one weekend (twice)|Streak of 19 consecutive seasons in the [[NASCAR Cup Series]] with at least one win (series record)}} | awards = {{Ubl|[[2004 NASCAR Busch Series]] [[NASCAR Rookie of the Year|Rookie of the Year]] |[[2005 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series]] [[NASCAR Rookie of the Year|Rookie of the Year]] |[[2016 ESPY Awards]] Best Driver |[[2019 ESPY Awards]] Best Driver |Named one of [[NASCAR's 75 Greatest Drivers]] (2023)}} | Total_Cup_Races = 762 | Years_In_Cup = 24 | Prev_Cup_Pos = 21st | Previous_Year = 2025 | Best_Cup_Pos = 1st ([[2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2015]], [[2019 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series|2019]]) | First_Cup_Race = [[2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series|2004]] [[2004 UAW-DaimlerChrysler 400|UAW-DaimlerChrysler 400]] ([[Las Vegas Motor Speedway|Las Vegas]]) | Last_Cup_Race = [[2026 NASCAR Cup Series|2026]] [[2026 Go Bowling at The Glen|Go Bowling at The Glen]] ([[Watkins Glen International|Watkins Glen]]){{Efn|The 2026 Watkins Glen race on May 10th, 2026 was the final points race that Busch drove in. Busch would drive in the [[2026 NASCAR All-Star Race]] at [[Dover Motor Speedway]] the following week, but it was an exhibition race with no points awarded.}} | First_Cup_Win = [[2005 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series|2005]] [[2005 Sony HD 500|Sony HD 500]] ([[California Speedway|California]]) | Last_Cup_Win = [[2023 NASCAR Cup Series|2023]] [[2023 Enjoy Illinois 300|Enjoy Illinois 300]] ([[Gateway Motorsports Park|Gateway]]) | Cup_Wins = 63 | Cup_Top_Tens = 395 | Cup_Poles = 35 | Total_Busch_Races = 367 | Years_In_Busch = 21 | Prev_Busch_Pos = 88th | Prev_Busch_Year = 2024 | Best_Busch_Pos = 1st ([[2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2009]]) | First_Busch_Race = [[2003 NASCAR Busch Series|2003]] [[Carquest Auto Parts 300]] ([[Charlotte Motor Speedway|Charlotte]]) | Last_Busch_Race = [[2024 NASCAR Xfinity Series|2024]] [[2024 BetMGM 300|BetMGM 300]] ([[Charlotte Motor Speedway|Charlotte]]) | First_Busch_Win = [[2004 NASCAR Busch Series|2004]] [[Funai 250]] ([[Richmond Raceway|Richmond]]) | Last_Busch_Win = [[2021 NASCAR Xfinity Series|2021]] [[2021 Credit Karma Money 250|Credit Karma Money 250]] ([[Atlanta Motor Speedway|Atlanta]]) | Busch_Wins = 102 | Busch_Top_Tens = 267 | Busch_Poles = 70 | Total_Truck_Races = 184 | Years_In_Truck = 29 | Prev_Truck_Pos = 76th | Prev_Truck_Year = 2025 | Best_Truck_Pos = 14th ([[2008 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series|2008]], [[2010 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2010]]) | First_Truck_Race = [[2001 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series|2001]] [[Power Stroke Diesel 200]] ([[Indianapolis Raceway Park|IRP]]) | Last_Truck_Race = [[2026 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series|2026]] [[2026 Ecosave 200|Ecosave 200]] ([[Dover Motor Speedway|Dover]]) | First_Truck_Win = [[2005 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series|2005]] [[Quaker Steak and Lube 200]] ([[Lowe's Motor Speedway|Charlotte]]) | Last_Truck_Win = [[2026 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series|2026]] [[2026 Ecosave 200|Ecosave 200]] ([[Dover Motor Speedway|Dover]]) | Truck_Wins = 69 | Truck_Top_Tens = 148 | Truck_Poles = 24 | Total_ARCA_Races = 9 | Years_In_ARCA = 3 | Best_ARCA_Pos = 22nd ([[2003 ARCA Re/Max Series|2003]]) | First_ARCA_Race = [[2002 ARCA Re/Max Series|2002]] [[ARCA races at Charlotte#Fall race|EasyCare Vehicle Service Contracts 150]] ([[Lowe's Motor Speedway|Charlotte]]) | Last_ARCA_Race = [[2004 ARCA Re/Max Series|2004]] [[Advance Discount Auto Parts 200]] ([[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]]) | First_ARCA_Win = [[2003 ARCA Re/Max Series|2003]] [[PFG Lester 150]] ([[Nashville Superspeedway|Nashville]]) | Last_ARCA_Win = [[2004 ARCA Re/Max Series|2004]] [[Advance Discount Auto Parts 200]] ([[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]]) | ARCA_Wins = 3 | ARCA_Top_Tens = 3 | ARCA_Poles = 3 | Total_ARCA_East_Races = 1 | Years_In_ARCA_East = 1 | Best_ARCA_East_Pos = 44th ([[2009 NASCAR Camping World East Series|2009]]) | First_ARCA_East_Race = [[2009 NASCAR Camping World East Series|2009]] [[Casey's General Store 150|Long John Silver's 200]] ([[Iowa Speedway|Iowa]]) | Last_ARCA_East_Race = | First_ARCA_East_Win = [[2009 NASCAR Camping World East Series|2009]] [[Casey's General Store 150|Long John Silver's 200]] ([[Iowa Speedway|Iowa]]) | Last_ARCA_East_Win = | ARCA_East_Wins = 1 | ARCA_East_Top_Tens = 1 | ARCA_East_Poles = 1 | updated = May 22, 2026 |Cause of Death=[[Sepsis]] caused by [[Pneumonia]]}} '''Kyle Thomas Busch''' (May 2, 1985 &ndash; May 21, 2026) was a [[NASCAR]] [[Racing|race]] [[car]] driver. Busch raced in all of [[NASCAR]]'s U.S. national touring series—the [[NASCAR Cup Series|Cup Series]], [[NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series|O'Reilly Auto Parts Series]], and [[NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series|Craftsman Truck Series]]. Kyle's brother, [[Kurt Busch]], used to race in the NASCAR Cup series. Busch won his 100th NASCAR race on July 17, 2011. He was only the third driver in NASCAR history to do this. The other two drivers are [[Richard Petty]] with 200 wins, and [[David Pearson]] with 106 wins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.sports.yahoo.com/nascar/blog/from_the_marbles/post/Breaking-down-Kyle-Busch-8217-s-first-100-NASCA?urn=nascar-wp2497|title=Breaking down Kyle Busch's first 100 NASCAR wins|accessdate=2011-11-08}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> With over 50 wins in the Nationwide series, Busch had more wins than any other driver in that series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nascar.com/nationwide-series/news/110826/kybusch-wins-bristol-history/index.html|title=Busch makes Nationwide history with 50th win|accessdate=2011-11-08|archive-date=2011-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074918/http://www.nascar.com/nationwide-series/news/110826/kybusch-wins-bristol-history/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the end of the 2015 Sprint Cup Series, Kyle Busch won his first Sprint Cup Series Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2015/11/22/kyle-busch-sprint-cup-champion-2015.html|title=Kyle Busch wins first Sprint Cup Series championship|accessdate=2016-01-16|archive-date=2015-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123131225/http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2015/11/22/kyle-busch-sprint-cup-champion-2015.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On May 21, 2026, it was announced that Busch was hospitalized for a sudden illness shortly before the [[2026 Coca-Cola 600]] at the [[Charlotte Motor Speedway]] in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-21 |title=Kyle Busch hospitalized due to illness, to miss Coca-Cola 600 |url=https://www.espn.com/racing/nascar/story/_/id/48835359/kyle-busch-hospitalized-due-illness-miss-coca-cola-600 |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref> He died later that same day at the age of 41.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/racing/nascar/story/_/id/48838614/nascar-icon-kyle-busch-dies-age-41 |title=NASCAR icon Kyle Busch dies at the age of 41 |website=ESPN.com |date=May 21, 2026 |access-date=May 21, 2026}}</ref> The cause of death was [[sepsis]] caused by [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gluck |first=Jeff |date=May 23, 2026 |title=Kyle Busch died after complications from sepsis, severe pneumonia, family says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7302926/2026/05/23/kyle-busch-death-cause-sepsis-severe-pneumonia/ |access-date=2026-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{US-sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Busch, Kyle}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:NASCAR drivers]] [[Category:American racecar drivers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Las Vegas]] [[Category:Deaths from sepsis]] [[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]] [[Category:Infectious disease deaths in North Carolina]] mb9pjhxvoo325zya0isxg63f9680rav 0 54129 10966929 10928793 2026-08-18T18:52:21Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|2|0 */ 10966929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox folk tale |image = Little Red Riding Hood (136547615).jpg |caption = A picture by French [[illustration|illustrator]] [[Gustave Doré]] |Folk_Tale_Name = Little Red Riding Hood |Aarne-Thompson Grouping = 333 |AKA = Little Red |Mythology = European |Origin_Date = 17th century |Related = Peter and the Wolf }} "'''Little Red Riding Hood'''" (or "'''Little Red Cap'''") is a French [[fairy tale]] for young children about a young [[girl]] and a [[wolf]]. The story comes from a [[folktale]] (that is, it was a ''[[Oral tradition|spoken]]'' story for a long time before it was a written story). It was first written down by [[Charles Perrault]] in the late 1600s.<ref>Bottigheimer, Ruth. (2008). "Before ''Contes du temps passe'' (1697): Charles Perrault's ''Griselidis'', ''Souhaits'' and ''Peau''". ''The Romantic Review'', Volume 99, Number 3. pp. 175-189</ref> The best-known version of the story (the way the story is told) is ''{{lang|de|Rotkäppchen}}'' by the [[Brothers Grimm]] and dates from the [[19th century]] (1800s). == Story == The most famous version of the story is the one written by the [[Brothers Grimm]] in the [[19th century]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|accessdate=July 18, 2020|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/there-are-58-versions-of-little-red-riding-hood-some-1000-years-older-than-the-brothers-grimms-180947704/|author=Rachel Nuwer|date=November 15, 2013|title=There Are 58 Versions of Little Red Riding Hood, Some 1,000 Years Older Than the Brothers Grimm's}}</ref> The Brothers Grimm listened to many [[tradition]]al stories from old people and wrote them into a book.<ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2019/09-10/brothers-grimm-fairy-tales/|publisher=National Geographic|title=Brothers Grimm fairy tales were never meant for kids|author=Isabel Hernández|date=September 24, 2019|accessdate=July 17, 2020}}</ref> They did not originally mean for their book to be read as children's stories; they were writing down German folklore for scholars to read. But their book became famous as a book of children's stories anyway.<ref name="NatGeo" /> The title of the story is properly translated as "Little Red Cap" even though it is usually known in English as "Little Red Riding Hood".<ref>Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, "[http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0333.html#grimm Little Red Cap]"</ref> [[File:Arpad Schmidhammer - Rotkäppchen-Verlag Josef Scholz, Mainz ca 1910.jpg|thumb|250px|In this German picture-book, Red Riding Hood has poured a glass of beer for her Grandmother.]] A girl has been given a red cap (or cloak and hood) to wear. Her mother sends her to take food to her sick [[grandparent|grandmother]]. The mother tells her she must not stop on the way. A [[Big Bad Wolf|wolf]] sees the girl walking through the woods and makes a plan to eat her. The wolf politely asks the girl where she is going. The girl answers him, because he seems friendly. The wolf tells the girl to pick some [[flower]]s for her grandmother. While she is picking flowers, the wolf goes to grandmother's house and eats her. He puts on the grandmother's night-cap and gets into her bed. When the girl arrives at her grandmother's house, she gets into bed with the wolf. In the Perrault version, the girl is surprised to see what her "grandmother" looks like without her clothes. "What big eyes you have!" she cries. "The better to see you with!" the wolf responds. The [[dialogue]] continues, with the child remarking upon other body parts until she notes the wolf's big teeth. "What big teeth you have!" she cries. "The better to eat you with!" the wolf responds. The wolf leaps upon the child and eats the girl. In the Grimms' version, a woodcutter ([[lumberjack]]) comes and cuts open the wolf's body. He saves the grandmother and the girl who are still alive in the wolf's [[stomach]]. Then, [[stone]]s are put in the wolf's body to [[kill]] the wolf. == History of the story == The story of ''Little Red Riding Hood'' seems to have been told for centuries in different countries, under different names. [[Anthropology|Anthropologist]] Dr. Jamie Tehrani said some versions of ''Little Red Riding Hood'' are 3000 years old. One of Aesop's Fables is a version of ''Little Red Riding Hood'', according to Tehrani.<ref name="Vintage" /> In France, the story has probably been told for at least 700 years. In [[Italy]], there are several versions. One is called ''The False Grandmother''.<ref>Jack Zipes, In Hungarian folklore, the story is known as "Piroska" (Little Red), is still told in mostly the original version described above. ''The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm'', p 744, {{ISBN|0-393-97636-X}}</ref> There is also a story from China which is like this, called ''The Grandmother Tiger''.<ref>Alan Dundes, ed. (1989) ''Little Red Riding Hood: A Casebook''. University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|978-029-912-0344}}, p.&nbsp;21.</ref> There are also versions of the story from the Middle East and Africa.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> In the old versions of the story the wolf is sometimes a terrible [[monster]] or a [[werewolf]]. In one version of the story, the wolf gives the girl some food to eat. It is part of the body of her grandmother. The wolf tells the girl to throw all her clothes in the fire, and get into bed. She says that she needs to use the toilet first. The wolf ties her with a long string so that she cannot run away without him knowing. But the girl puts the rope around something else, and escapes. In these early versions of the story, Red Riding Hood escapes on her own. She uses her own intelligence and her own courage. The Brothers Grimm and other later authors added male heroes who save Red Riding Hood.<ref name="Vintage">{{cite web|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/06/10/the-early-folk-versions-of-little-red-riding-hood-are-horrifying-violent-grotesque/|author=Brad Smithfield|publisher=Vintage News|title=The Early, folk versions of Little Red Riding Hood are horrifying, violent & grotesque|date=June 10, 2017|accessdate=July 17, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Library" /> === Charles Perrault === The story was first written and published in a book from 1697 by the French writer [[Charles Perrault]]. The name of the book, in English, is ''[[Stories or Tales of Past Times|Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals: Tales of Mother Goose]]''. The story is called ''The Little Red Cap'' (''Le Petit Chaperon Rouge'').<ref>Iona and Peter Opie, ''The Classic Fairy Tales''. p. 93. {{ISBN|0-19-211559-6}}</ref> Perrault's version of the tale is the original printed version, but it is likely based on an older [[oral tradition]]. It is uncertain if Perrault knew a folk tale from the south of France about a girl who cleverly escapes a werewolf occupying her grandmother's bed.<ref>Jacques Barchilon and Henry Pettit (1960) ''The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Mursery Rhymes''. Denver: Alan Swallow, p. 13.</ref> Perrault wanted to make a strong point about wise and foolish behaviour. He wanted to show that a beautiful young woman was in danger of having men with bad [[morality|morals]] try to trick her into wrong behaviour.<ref name="Vintage" /> In Perrault's story the girl is eaten and there is no happy ending.<ref name="PerraultFULLTEXT">{{cite web|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/perrault02.html|title=Little Red Riding Hood|author=Charles Perrault|accessdate=July 17, 2020}}</ref> ===Other versions=== The story has been changed many times in the centuries following its publication. It is a little different from the way that the Brothers Grimm tell it.<ref>Harry Velten, "The Influences of Charles Perrault's ''Contes de ma Mère L'oie'' on German Folklore", p 966, Jack Zipes, ed. ''The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm'', {{ISBN|0-393-97636-X}}</ref> In their version, a huntsman slays the child-devouring wolf. He then frees the heroine from the animal's stomach. [[File:Little Red Riding Hood - Project Gutenberg etext 19993.jpg|thumb|An English illustration from the 1920s]] In some modern versions of the story, especially versions for very young children, the grandmother does not die. She hides in the closet or cupboard instead.<ref name="Library">{{cite journal|url=https://journals.ala.org/index.php/cal/article/view/6588/8788|publisher=Association for Library Service to Children|author=Angela J. Reynolds|accessdate=July 17, 2020|year=2018|volume=16|issue=1|title=The Better to See You With: Peering into the Story of Little Red Riding Hood, 1695–1939|journal=Children and Libraries |pages=14–20 |doi=10.5860/cal.16.1.14 }}</ref> === Telling the story for young children === '''Little Red Riding Hood''' often appears as a [[picture book]] or in collections of stories for very young children. An important part of the story is the [[question]]s and answers. In the story, the wolf knocks at the grandmother's door. The story goes: :"Knock, knock!" :"Who's there?" :"Little Red Riding Hood!" :"Lift up the [[latch]] and walk in!" The second section of repeating parts of the story happens when Red Riding Hood sees the wolf in her grandmother's bed. :Red Riding Hood says "What big eyes you have!" and the wolf replies "The better to see you with!" :Red Riding Hood says "What big ears you have!" and the wolf replies "The better to hear you with!" :Red Riding Hood says "What big teeth you have!" and the wolf replies "The better to eat you with!" These questions and answers also appear in older versions, for example Perrault's.<ref name="PerraultFULLTEXT" /> === Stories with some of the same ideas === There are many stories in which a hungry [[wolf]] threatens a young person or animal.<ref name="Watkins">{{cite web|title=Understanding Fairy Tales: A Look Into the Big Bad Wolf Archetype|author=Alison Davies|accessdate=July 17, 2020|date=October 15, 2015|url=https://www.watkinspublishing.com/understanding-fairy-tales-a-look-into-the-big-bad-wolf-archetype/|archive-date=July 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717213328/https://www.watkinspublishing.com/understanding-fairy-tales-a-look-into-the-big-bad-wolf-archetype/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In most of these stories, the young one escapes by cunning (cleverness). One story is the Russian folktale ''Peter and the Wolf''. The Brothers Grimm told the story of the ''Little Kids and the Wolf''. Another story like this is ''The Three Little Pigs'', first published by James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps. == Meanings == As with many fairy tales, hidden messages can be found in ''Little Red Riding Hood''.<ref name="PCentral">{{cite web|url=https://psychcentral.com/blog/hidden-meanings-in-childrens-fairy-tales/|publisher=Psych Central|accessdate=July 17, 2020|title=Hidden Meanings in Children's Fairy Tales|author=Lauren Suval|date=July 8, 2017}}</ref> People have very different ''interpretations'' (ways of understanding the hidden meanings). There are two well-known ways that the story of ''Little Red Riding Hood'' can be interpreted. The first type of interpretation is about [[morality]]. It is about what is right and what is wrong. [[File:Roodkapje1.jpg|thumb|In this picture the wolf is having very bad thoughts about the little girl.]] * The easiest message for children to understand is that it can be [[wikt:danger|dangerous]] to trust strangers. * A more adult interpretation is about [[sex]]uality.<ref>Jane Yolen, ''Touch Magic'' p 25, {{ISBN|0-87483-591-7}}</ref> Some people think that the story of the girl being "eaten" is really a [[symbol]] for [[rape]]. [[Susan Brownmiller]] wrote a book about it, called ''Against Our Will''. Some of the other versions of the story seem to be more about rape than the way that the Brothers Grimm wrote it, which was for children.<ref>Catherine Orenstein, ''Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality, and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale'', p 145, {{ISBN|0-465-04125-6}}</ref> * Charles Perrault makes his meaning quite clear. At the end of the story he writes: :''"From this story one learns that children, especially young lasses, pretty, courteous and well-bred, do very wrong to listen to strangers.... all wolves are not of the same sort.... there is one kind [that is not] noisy, nor hateful, nor angry, but tame, obliging and gentle, following the young maids in the streets, even into their homes. Alas! .... these gentle wolves are ... the most dangerous!"'' :Some scholars say Perrault was not talking about [[rape]] but about sexual morality. At the time, there was an expression in French that is "seen the wolf" in English. If a girl had sex and was no longer a [[virgin]], people would say she had "seen the wolf."<ref name="Library" /> * [[Erich Fromm]] based his ideas only on the story the Brothers Grimm wrote. He sees the red cap of Little Red Riding Hood as a [[symbol]] for [[menstruation]]. * In [[old French]] and Italian versions of the story, the girl is independent and clever. She tricks the wolf and escapes without any help. The second way of seeing the stories has nothing to do with peoples' behaviour or feelings. These interpretations have to do with the [[cycle]] of the [[sun]] and the [[season]]s, and with the cycle of life, with people dying and being born. * One interpretation is about night and day. In this interpretation, Red Riding Hood's bright red cap is a symbol for the sun. The sun is swallowed by the terrible night (the wolf). When she is cut out again, it represent the dawn.<ref>Maria Tatar, p 25, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'', {{ISBN|0-393-05163-3}}</ref> This bears a resemblance to the Norse Legend of the wolf ''Skoll'' (or [[Fenrir]]) who swallows the sun at [[Ragnarök]].<ref>Alan Dundes, "Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically", p 26-7, James M. McGlathery, ed. ''The Brothers Grimm and Folktale'', {{ISBN|0-252-01549-5}}</ref> * Another interpretation is that the tale is about the season of spring, or the month of May, escaping the winter.<ref>Alan Dundes, "Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically", p 27, James M. McGlathery, ed. ''The Brothers Grimm and Folktale'', {{ISBN|0-252-01549-5}}</ref> The story could be seen as a description of the [[May Queen]] ritual that represents the coming of Spring, with the crown of flowers replaced by the red hood.<ref>{{cite web|author=Waller Hastings|title=Little Red Riding Hood|url=http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/redhood.htm|publisher=Northern State University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215065359/http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/redhood.htm|archivedate=15 February 2008}}</ref> == Adaptations == === Other re-tellings === [[File:Little Red Riding Hood.jpg|thumb|right|250px|In this French painting by François Richard Fleury, the girl will perhaps escape.]] [[François Adrien Boieldieu]] (1775 - 1834) made an [[opera]] from the story. The opera is called ''Le petit chaperon rouge''. Its first performance was in [[Paris]], in the year [[1818]]. In 1927, Sir [[Compton Mackenzie|Compton MacKenzie]] used Little Red Riding Hood as the central character of a novel for children "Santa Claus in Summer". Red Riding Hood, in this re-telling, is the daughter of a highway man called Riding Hood. The story has been adapted to various media. [[Tex Avery]] made a [[cartoon]] out of it, [[Red Hot Riding Hood]]. He adapted the story to be more appealing to [[adult]]s. Little Red Riding Hood works at a [[striptease]] [[night club|club]]. The wolf, dressed in a [[suit]], goes after the stripper (a stripper is a person who is paid to take off his or her clothes in public). [[Roald Dahl]] re-told the story in a funny poem about Little Red Riding Hood. It is in his collection ''Revolting Rhymes''. ''Lon Po Po'' is an ancient Chinese version of ''Little Red Riding Hood'' which won the 1990 Randolph [[Caldecott Medal]] for its watercolour and pastel illustrations by Young. === Art === Many paintings have been done of ''Little Red Riding Hood''. Artists who have painted pictures of this story are George Frederick Watts, Samuel Albrecht Anker, and François Richard Fleury. ==Other articles== * [[Big Bad Wolf]] == References == {{reflist|2}} * Jack Zipes, ed. (2000) ''The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales''. Oxford University Press, pp.&nbsp;302–3. == Other websites == {{wikisource|Little Red-cap}} * [http://www.fairyland.tv/fairytales/little-red-riding-hood-11.html Fairyland Little Red Riding Hood.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329061901/http://www.fairyland.tv/fairytales/little-red-riding-hood-11.html |date=2007-03-29 }} * [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/ridinghood/index.html SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: The Little Red Riding Hood story.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230133647/http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/ridinghood/index.html |date=2006-12-30 }} ** [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/ridinghood/notes.html meanings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328185040/http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/ridinghood/notes.html |date=2007-03-28 }} * [http://mld.ursinus.edu/Maerchen/grimmred.html Grimm's version of Little Red Riding Hood.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119120557/http://mld.ursinus.edu/Maerchen/grimmred.html |date=2007-01-19 }} * [http://mld.ursinus.edu/Maerchen/altver.html Different versions of Little Red Riding Hood.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219021656/http://mld.ursinus.edu/Maerchen/altver.html |date=2007-02-19 }} * [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0333.html Another collection of different versions of Little Red Riding Hood.] * [http://www.little-red-riding-hood.bibliography.cc Abridged Version of Little Red Riding Hood.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427163451/http://www.little-red-riding-hood.bibliography.cc/ |date=2021-04-27 }} * {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/perrault-charles-contes-compilation.html/ Little Red Riding Hood, audio version] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [[Category:Works by Charles Perrault]] [[Category:Grimms' Fairy Tales]] [[Category:Former good articles]] sajkts4gtd257smbyw1mouceikgp5ab 0 55518 10967253 10948197 2026-08-19T06:25:18Z ~2026-45483-87 1857838 New image 10967253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} [[File:LJ58OJX LONDON AMBULANCE QUEEN VICTORIA STREET CITY OF LONDON (26124592264) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] ambulance in [[London]].]] [[File:Fiat power Odone Ambulanza in Rome pic2.JPG|thumb|A [[Fiat Ducato]] ambulance in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]]] [[File:Ambulance of the Red Crescent.JPG Ambulance of the Red Crescent.JPG|thumb|right|[[Red crescent]] ambulance]] An '''ambulance''' is a [[Medical device|medically equipped]] vehicle used to transport [[patient]]s to [[Health facility|treatment facilities]], such as [[hospital]]s.<ref>[[Henry Alan Skinner|Skinner, Henry Alan]] (1949), ''The Origin of Medical Terms''. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. {{oclc|459611759}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> Typically, out-of-hospital [[medical care]] is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to [[Medical emergency|medical emergencies]] by [[emergency medical services]] (EMS), and can rapidly transport [[paramedic]]s and other [[first responder]]s, carry equipment for administering [[emergency medicine|emergency care]], and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care. Most ambulances use a design based on [[van]]s or [[pickup truck]]s, though others take the form of [[Motorcycle ambulance|motorcycles]], [[Ambulance bus|buses]], [[hearse]]s, [[Air medical services|aircraft]] and [[Water ambulance|boats]]. Ambulances are generally considered [[emergency vehicle]]s authorized to be [[Emergency vehicle equipment|equipped]] with [[emergency vehicle lighting|emergency lights]] and [[Siren (alarm)|sirens]]. Generally, vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients. However, it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a [[Patient transport|non-emergency patient transport]] vehicle (also called an [[#Ambulette|ambulette]]) is counted as an ambulance. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Conversely, EMS agencies may also have [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]]s that cannot transport patients.<ref name="essexcar">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|title=Essex Ambulance Response Cars|publisher=Car Pages|date=24 July 2004|access-date=27 June 2007|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227030543/http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The term ''ambulance'' comes from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|[[wikt:ambulare|ambulare]]}} as meaning 'to walk or move about'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|title=How Products Are Made: Ambulance|publisher=How products are made|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325025913/http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> which is a reference to early medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital, which follows an army in its movements.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 1</ref> Ambulances ({{lang|es|ambulancias}} in Spanish) were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the [[Siege of Málaga (1487)|siege of Málaga]] by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the [[American Civil War]] vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm|title=Civil War Ambulance Wagons|website=civilwarhome.com|access-date=25 March 2008|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717144400/http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm}}</ref> [[Field hospital]]s were still called ambulances during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]<ref>The memoirs of {{cite web |first=Charles E. |last=Ryan |title=With An Ambulance Personal Experiences And Adventures With Both Armies 1870–1871 |url=http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401155426/http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-date=1 April 2016}} and of {{cite web |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |others=Annotated by McLaughlin, G. Harry. |title=Our Adventures During the War of 1870 |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410103613/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-25}}</ref> of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |title=Service in Servia Under the Red Cross |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |access-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709041433/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref> even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 2a</ref> ==Vehicle types== Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle, although emergency and [[disaster]] conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances: * '''Van''' or '''[[pickup truck]]'''–A typical general-purpose ambulance is based on either the chassis of a van ("vanbulance") or a light-duty truck. This chassis is then modified to the designs and specifications of the purchaser. Vans may either retain their original body and be upfitted inside, or may be based on a chassis without the original body with a modular box body fitted instead. Those based on pickup trucks almost always have modular bodies. Those vehicles intended for especially [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] or require a large amount of equipment to be carried may be based on medium-duty trucks. * '''Car'''–Some Emergency Medical Services Agencies have vehicles that can be Used either as a [[fly-car]] for rapid response or to transport patients who can sit.There are standard car models that are adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a [[stretcher]] with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving) [[hearse]]s, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a [[human body]] in a [[supine position]]. Some operators use modular-body transport ambulances based on the chassis of a [[minivan]] or [[station wagon]]. * '''Motorcycle and motor scooter'''–In urban areas,these may be used for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van. [[Trailer (vehicle)|Trailer]]s or [[sidecar]]s can make these patient transporting units.<ref name=motor1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |title=News Reference to Motorcycle Trailer Ambulance |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=TNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927160815/http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=motor2>{{cite web|url=http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|title=Motorcycle Trailer-Ambulance Brochure|publisher=IT Transport LTD|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614021104/http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Bicycle''' – Used for response, but usually in pedestrian-only areas where large vehicles find access difficult. Like the [[motorcycle]] ambulance, a bicycle may be connected to a trailer for patient transport, most often in the developing world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|title=Bike Ambulance Project|publisher=Design for Development|date=20 July 2005|access-date=14 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928191033/http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''[[All-terrain vehicle]]''' – All Terrain Vehicles are Used for response off-road, especially at events or in remote areas. ATVs can be modified to carry a stretcher, and are used for tasks such as [[mountain rescue]] in inaccessible areas. * '''[[Golf cart]]''' or '''[[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]]''' – Used for rapid response at events or on campuses.These function similarly to ATVs, with less rough terrain capability and less noise. * '''Bus''' – In some cases, buses can be used to transport multiple casualties, either for the purposes of taking patients on journeys than a car or van, in the context of [[Disaster response|major incidents]], or to deal with specific problems such as drunken patients in town centers. They are sometimes referred to as [[ambulance bus]]es. * '''[[Helicopter]]''' – Usually used for emergency care, either in places inaccessible by road, or in areas where speed is of the essence, as they are able to travel significantly faster than a road ambulance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |title=Highways Agency – Air Ambulance |access-date=18 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213633/http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''[[Fixed-wing aircraft]]''' – These can be used for either acute emergency care in remote areas (such as in Australia, with the '[[Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|Flying Doctors]]'<ref name=Flying>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|title=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612073357/http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|archive-date=12 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), for patient transport over long distances (e.g. a re-patriation following an illness or injury in a foreign country<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|title=Heathrow Air Ambulance Service|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Heathrow air ambulance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617031304/http://heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|archive-date=17 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), or transportation between distant hospitals than a [[hospital ship]] and hospital train. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''Boat''' – Boats can be used to serve as [[water ambulance]]s, especially in island areas<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/3181602.stm|title=Islanders to get Ambulance Boat|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 October 2009 | date=10 October 2003}}</ref> or in areas with a large number of canals. Some [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]]s or [[lifeguard]] vessels may fit the description of an ambulance as they are used to transport a casualty. * '''Train''' – In remote or hard-to-reach areas that are accessed primarily by [[railway]] connections, [[train]]s may be used to provide medical care as a mobile treatment facility or transport patients to better care in more accessible areas. These are generally called [[hospital train]]s. * '''Trailer''' – In some instances, a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]], which can be towed behind a self-propelled vehicle, can be used as an ambulance. This permits flexibility in areas with minimal access to vehicles, such as on small islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information – Medical Services |url=http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217064132/http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=Isle of Sark Government}}</ref> * '''Horse and cart''' – More traditional form of transport, mostly seen in [[Developing country|developing economies]]. * '''[[Fire engine|Fire engine or Fire truck]]''' – Fire services (especially in North America) often train firefighters to respond to medical emergencies and most apparatus carry at least basic medical supplies. By design, most apparatus cannot transport patients unless they can sit in the cab. However, some fire trucks may be designed to have a large ambulance compartment behind the front of the cab, where the driver and officer's seats are located.Some Fire Engines or Fire Trucks have cabinets or doors located in the cab or outside of the cab that contain medical equipment. === Vehicle type gallery === <gallery> File:Washington DC Fire Department Ambulance 1.jpg|A [[Navistar]] truck ambulance operated by the [[District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department]] File:ToyotaHiaceKKM.jpg|A [[Toyota HiAce]] van ambulance operated by the [[Malaysia]] [[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)|Ministry of Health]] File:Notarzt Lübeck.jpg|An [[Volkswagen Transporter (T6)]] [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]] carrying an [[Emergency physician]] File:Ambulance Motorbike (29274193644).jpg|A [[Honda ST series]] [[motorcycle ambulance]] operated by the [[London Ambulance Service]] File:NHS bicycle.jpg|A [[Cycle responder|paramedic bicycle]] operated by the London Ambulance Service File:2019 - Pol’and’Rock (029) Medyczny Patrol quadem.jpg|An [[all-terrain vehicle]] ambulance with a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] operated by the [[Pol'and'Rock Festival]]'s Medical Patrol File:GRTW BFHB.JPG|A [[MAN Lion's City]] operated by the [[Bremen]] [[Feuerwehr]] File:Zepper-BK 117-C2-(EC145)-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg|A [[Eurocopter EC145]] helicopter [[air ambulance]] operated by [[Rega (air rescue)|Rega]] File:Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia Central Operations (VH-FGS) Pilatus PC-12-45 at Wagga Wagga Airport.jpg|A [[Pilatus PC-12]] plane air ambulance operated by the [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] File:Eyr Ytterholmen.jpg|A [[water ambulance]] operated by the [[Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue]] File:Surgeon Nikolay Pirogov 9.jpg|The "Surgeon [[Nikolay Pirogov]]" [[hospital train]] operated by [[Russian Railways]] </gallery> ==Crew== An ambulance usually has two or more crew members. One person drives while the other looks after the patient in the back. A paramedic will have at least a year of medical training. They can do fairly advanced treatment. However, not all ambulances have paramedics on them. In the United States, some may have emergency medical technicians (EMTs). [[Emergency Care Assistant|Emergency care assistants]] (ECAs) can be found in the United Kingdom. In some countries such as [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]], ambulances may have [[Physician|doctors]] or [[Nurse|nurses]] on board. ==Equipment== [[File:US Navy medevac transport bus.jpg|thumb|Big military ambulance for when many people are hurt]] In the past, ambulances only gave patients a ride to hospital. They only carried a small amount of [[first aid]] equipment. This is still true in some parts of the world. Most modern ambulances will have more equipment and medicine. In some countries, an ambulance is like a mobile doctor's clinic. Ambulances or other medical vehicles have some or all of the following equipment on board: *Collar:A special collar is used to hold a person so they can not move their [[Neck (body part)|neck]].This is used if it is thought that they may have damaged their [[backbone]]. *[[Defibrillator]]:This is a machine that delivers electricity and restarts a heart that has stopped beating normally.Some defibrillators are connected to a heart monitor and use Manual Paddles whereas an Automated Defibrillator has voice commands and tells the emergency workers and bystanders to stand back so that a shock can be delivered.Defibrillators treat certain Heart Arrhythmias such as [[Ventricular fibrillation|Ventricular Fibrillation]] (V-Fib),Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) and some other Arrhythmias.However,Asystole (Flatline),Cannot be treated by a Defibrillator.Some Ambulances Units and other Medical Vehicles may have both types of machines on board.If one machine doesn’t work,another machine delivers a shock or multiple shocks if necessary. *[[Nitrous oxide]]:This is Also known as"laughing gas".This gas is used to reduce pain. *Heart monitor:This is a machine that shows how well a heart is beating.As explained above,a Heart Monitor can have a Defibrillator connected to it. *[[Oxygen|Oxygen cylinders]]:If a person is having trouble breathing,it often helps to give them oxygen from a cylinder. *Splints:These devices hold an arm or leg in place if a bone is broken.They stop the broken bone from moving and getting worse. *[[Stretcher]]:A stretcher is used to carry the patient in and out of the ambulance. *[[Wheelchair]]:A chair with wheels used to carry a patient. *[[Medication|Medications]]:Medications are found on Ambulances and other medical vehicles. Medications include cardiac (heart) drugs, anti seizure medications and others. == Air ambulance == [[File:North West Air Ambulance - Cumbria Longsleddale.jpg|thumb|A UK helicopter ambulance]] [[Air ambulances]] became more common in the late 20th century. They are [[Helicopter|helicopters]] that carry much of the same equipment as a normal ambulance. In the [[United States]], the [[Coast Guard]] runs a public air ambulance service using helicopters. These are often needed when emergencies happen at [[sea]]. There are also privately owned [[air ambulance services]] that provide for a wider range of needs, including international transport. Air ambulances are very useful when an emergency happens in a place that is hard to get to quickly by ground travel. Air ambulances are very important in countries with low [[population density]] (few people, living in a vast area). Examples of these areas are [[Canada]], [[Russia]], Sweden or [[Finland]]. They can often save the life of a patient who would otherwise die because they could not get to a hospital quickly by other means. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Ambulances}} {{Transport-stub}} [[category:vehicles]] [[Category:Emergency services]] 9ht2u7so6jga4f5gd8x5hpk9n3clyle 10967257 10967253 2026-08-19T06:26:56Z ~2026-45483-87 1857838 Fixed file 10967257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} [[File:LJ58OJX LONDON AMBULANCE QUEEN VICTORIA STREET CITY OF LONDON (26124592264) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] ambulance in [[London]].]] [[File:Fiat power Odone Ambulanza in Rome pic2.JPG|thumb|A [[Fiat Ducato]] ambulance in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]]] [[File:Ambulance of the Red Crescent.JPG|thumb|right|[[Red crescent]] ambulance]] An '''ambulance''' is a [[Medical device|medically equipped]] vehicle used to transport [[patient]]s to [[Health facility|treatment facilities]], such as [[hospital]]s.<ref>[[Henry Alan Skinner|Skinner, Henry Alan]] (1949), ''The Origin of Medical Terms''. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. {{oclc|459611759}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> Typically, out-of-hospital [[medical care]] is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to [[Medical emergency|medical emergencies]] by [[emergency medical services]] (EMS), and can rapidly transport [[paramedic]]s and other [[first responder]]s, carry equipment for administering [[emergency medicine|emergency care]], and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care. Most ambulances use a design based on [[van]]s or [[pickup truck]]s, though others take the form of [[Motorcycle ambulance|motorcycles]], [[Ambulance bus|buses]], [[hearse]]s, [[Air medical services|aircraft]] and [[Water ambulance|boats]]. Ambulances are generally considered [[emergency vehicle]]s authorized to be [[Emergency vehicle equipment|equipped]] with [[emergency vehicle lighting|emergency lights]] and [[Siren (alarm)|sirens]]. Generally, vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients. However, it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a [[Patient transport|non-emergency patient transport]] vehicle (also called an [[#Ambulette|ambulette]]) is counted as an ambulance. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Conversely, EMS agencies may also have [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]]s that cannot transport patients.<ref name="essexcar">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|title=Essex Ambulance Response Cars|publisher=Car Pages|date=24 July 2004|access-date=27 June 2007|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227030543/http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The term ''ambulance'' comes from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|[[wikt:ambulare|ambulare]]}} as meaning 'to walk or move about'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|title=How Products Are Made: Ambulance|publisher=How products are made|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325025913/http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> which is a reference to early medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital, which follows an army in its movements.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 1</ref> Ambulances ({{lang|es|ambulancias}} in Spanish) were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the [[Siege of Málaga (1487)|siege of Málaga]] by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the [[American Civil War]] vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm|title=Civil War Ambulance Wagons|website=civilwarhome.com|access-date=25 March 2008|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717144400/http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm}}</ref> [[Field hospital]]s were still called ambulances during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]<ref>The memoirs of {{cite web |first=Charles E. |last=Ryan |title=With An Ambulance Personal Experiences And Adventures With Both Armies 1870–1871 |url=http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401155426/http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-date=1 April 2016}} and of {{cite web |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |others=Annotated by McLaughlin, G. Harry. |title=Our Adventures During the War of 1870 |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410103613/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-25}}</ref> of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |title=Service in Servia Under the Red Cross |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |access-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709041433/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref> even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 2a</ref> ==Vehicle types== Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle, although emergency and [[disaster]] conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances: * '''Van''' or '''[[pickup truck]]'''–A typical general-purpose ambulance is based on either the chassis of a van ("vanbulance") or a light-duty truck. This chassis is then modified to the designs and specifications of the purchaser. Vans may either retain their original body and be upfitted inside, or may be based on a chassis without the original body with a modular box body fitted instead. Those based on pickup trucks almost always have modular bodies. Those vehicles intended for especially [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] or require a large amount of equipment to be carried may be based on medium-duty trucks. * '''Car'''–Some Emergency Medical Services Agencies have vehicles that can be Used either as a [[fly-car]] for rapid response or to transport patients who can sit.There are standard car models that are adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a [[stretcher]] with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving) [[hearse]]s, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a [[human body]] in a [[supine position]]. Some operators use modular-body transport ambulances based on the chassis of a [[minivan]] or [[station wagon]]. * '''Motorcycle and motor scooter'''–In urban areas,these may be used for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van. [[Trailer (vehicle)|Trailer]]s or [[sidecar]]s can make these patient transporting units.<ref name=motor1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |title=News Reference to Motorcycle Trailer Ambulance |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=TNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927160815/http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=motor2>{{cite web|url=http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|title=Motorcycle Trailer-Ambulance Brochure|publisher=IT Transport LTD|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614021104/http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Bicycle''' – Used for response, but usually in pedestrian-only areas where large vehicles find access difficult. Like the [[motorcycle]] ambulance, a bicycle may be connected to a trailer for patient transport, most often in the developing world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|title=Bike Ambulance Project|publisher=Design for Development|date=20 July 2005|access-date=14 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928191033/http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''[[All-terrain vehicle]]''' – All Terrain Vehicles are Used for response off-road, especially at events or in remote areas. ATVs can be modified to carry a stretcher, and are used for tasks such as [[mountain rescue]] in inaccessible areas. * '''[[Golf cart]]''' or '''[[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]]''' – Used for rapid response at events or on campuses.These function similarly to ATVs, with less rough terrain capability and less noise. * '''Bus''' – In some cases, buses can be used to transport multiple casualties, either for the purposes of taking patients on journeys than a car or van, in the context of [[Disaster response|major incidents]], or to deal with specific problems such as drunken patients in town centers. They are sometimes referred to as [[ambulance bus]]es. * '''[[Helicopter]]''' – Usually used for emergency care, either in places inaccessible by road, or in areas where speed is of the essence, as they are able to travel significantly faster than a road ambulance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |title=Highways Agency – Air Ambulance |access-date=18 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213633/http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''[[Fixed-wing aircraft]]''' – These can be used for either acute emergency care in remote areas (such as in Australia, with the '[[Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|Flying Doctors]]'<ref name=Flying>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|title=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612073357/http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|archive-date=12 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), for patient transport over long distances (e.g. a re-patriation following an illness or injury in a foreign country<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|title=Heathrow Air Ambulance Service|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Heathrow air ambulance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617031304/http://heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|archive-date=17 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), or transportation between distant hospitals than a [[hospital ship]] and hospital train. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''Boat''' – Boats can be used to serve as [[water ambulance]]s, especially in island areas<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/3181602.stm|title=Islanders to get Ambulance Boat|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 October 2009 | date=10 October 2003}}</ref> or in areas with a large number of canals. Some [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]]s or [[lifeguard]] vessels may fit the description of an ambulance as they are used to transport a casualty. * '''Train''' – In remote or hard-to-reach areas that are accessed primarily by [[railway]] connections, [[train]]s may be used to provide medical care as a mobile treatment facility or transport patients to better care in more accessible areas. These are generally called [[hospital train]]s. * '''Trailer''' – In some instances, a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]], which can be towed behind a self-propelled vehicle, can be used as an ambulance. This permits flexibility in areas with minimal access to vehicles, such as on small islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information – Medical Services |url=http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217064132/http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=Isle of Sark Government}}</ref> * '''Horse and cart''' – More traditional form of transport, mostly seen in [[Developing country|developing economies]]. * '''[[Fire engine|Fire engine or Fire truck]]''' – Fire services (especially in North America) often train firefighters to respond to medical emergencies and most apparatus carry at least basic medical supplies. By design, most apparatus cannot transport patients unless they can sit in the cab. However, some fire trucks may be designed to have a large ambulance compartment behind the front of the cab, where the driver and officer's seats are located.Some Fire Engines or Fire Trucks have cabinets or doors located in the cab or outside of the cab that contain medical equipment. === Vehicle type gallery === <gallery> File:Washington DC Fire Department Ambulance 1.jpg|A [[Navistar]] truck ambulance operated by the [[District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department]] File:ToyotaHiaceKKM.jpg|A [[Toyota HiAce]] van ambulance operated by the [[Malaysia]] [[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)|Ministry of Health]] File:Notarzt Lübeck.jpg|An [[Volkswagen Transporter (T6)]] [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]] carrying an [[Emergency physician]] File:Ambulance Motorbike (29274193644).jpg|A [[Honda ST series]] [[motorcycle ambulance]] operated by the [[London Ambulance Service]] File:NHS bicycle.jpg|A [[Cycle responder|paramedic bicycle]] operated by the London Ambulance Service File:2019 - Pol’and’Rock (029) Medyczny Patrol quadem.jpg|An [[all-terrain vehicle]] ambulance with a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] operated by the [[Pol'and'Rock Festival]]'s Medical Patrol File:GRTW BFHB.JPG|A [[MAN Lion's City]] operated by the [[Bremen]] [[Feuerwehr]] File:Zepper-BK 117-C2-(EC145)-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg|A [[Eurocopter EC145]] helicopter [[air ambulance]] operated by [[Rega (air rescue)|Rega]] File:Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia Central Operations (VH-FGS) Pilatus PC-12-45 at Wagga Wagga Airport.jpg|A [[Pilatus PC-12]] plane air ambulance operated by the [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] File:Eyr Ytterholmen.jpg|A [[water ambulance]] operated by the [[Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue]] File:Surgeon Nikolay Pirogov 9.jpg|The "Surgeon [[Nikolay Pirogov]]" [[hospital train]] operated by [[Russian Railways]] </gallery> ==Crew== An ambulance usually has two or more crew members. One person drives while the other looks after the patient in the back. A paramedic will have at least a year of medical training. They can do fairly advanced treatment. However, not all ambulances have paramedics on them. In the United States, some may have emergency medical technicians (EMTs). [[Emergency Care Assistant|Emergency care assistants]] (ECAs) can be found in the United Kingdom. In some countries such as [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]], ambulances may have [[Physician|doctors]] or [[Nurse|nurses]] on board. ==Equipment== [[File:US Navy medevac transport bus.jpg|thumb|Big military ambulance for when many people are hurt]] In the past, ambulances only gave patients a ride to hospital. They only carried a small amount of [[first aid]] equipment. This is still true in some parts of the world. Most modern ambulances will have more equipment and medicine. In some countries, an ambulance is like a mobile doctor's clinic. Ambulances or other medical vehicles have some or all of the following equipment on board: *Collar:A special collar is used to hold a person so they can not move their [[Neck (body part)|neck]].This is used if it is thought that they may have damaged their [[backbone]]. *[[Defibrillator]]:This is a machine that delivers electricity and restarts a heart that has stopped beating normally.Some defibrillators are connected to a heart monitor and use Manual Paddles whereas an Automated Defibrillator has voice commands and tells the emergency workers and bystanders to stand back so that a shock can be delivered.Defibrillators treat certain Heart Arrhythmias such as [[Ventricular fibrillation|Ventricular Fibrillation]] (V-Fib),Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) and some other Arrhythmias.However,Asystole (Flatline),Cannot be treated by a Defibrillator.Some Ambulances Units and other Medical Vehicles may have both types of machines on board.If one machine doesn’t work,another machine delivers a shock or multiple shocks if necessary. *[[Nitrous oxide]]:This is Also known as"laughing gas".This gas is used to reduce pain. *Heart monitor:This is a machine that shows how well a heart is beating.As explained above,a Heart Monitor can have a Defibrillator connected to it. *[[Oxygen|Oxygen cylinders]]:If a person is having trouble breathing,it often helps to give them oxygen from a cylinder. *Splints:These devices hold an arm or leg in place if a bone is broken.They stop the broken bone from moving and getting worse. *[[Stretcher]]:A stretcher is used to carry the patient in and out of the ambulance. *[[Wheelchair]]:A chair with wheels used to carry a patient. *[[Medication|Medications]]:Medications are found on Ambulances and other medical vehicles. Medications include cardiac (heart) drugs, anti seizure medications and others. == Air ambulance == [[File:North West Air Ambulance - Cumbria Longsleddale.jpg|thumb|A UK helicopter ambulance]] [[Air ambulances]] became more common in the late 20th century. They are [[Helicopter|helicopters]] that carry much of the same equipment as a normal ambulance. In the [[United States]], the [[Coast Guard]] runs a public air ambulance service using helicopters. These are often needed when emergencies happen at [[sea]]. There are also privately owned [[air ambulance services]] that provide for a wider range of needs, including international transport. Air ambulances are very useful when an emergency happens in a place that is hard to get to quickly by ground travel. Air ambulances are very important in countries with low [[population density]] (few people, living in a vast area). Examples of these areas are [[Canada]], [[Russia]], Sweden or [[Finland]]. They can often save the life of a patient who would otherwise die because they could not get to a hospital quickly by other means. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Ambulances}} {{Transport-stub}} [[category:vehicles]] [[Category:Emergency services]] 4jtfhy09zcbpctz0xxg1qg67hjxr5f9 10967260 10967257 2026-08-19T06:27:52Z ~2026-45483-87 1857838 Typo 10967260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} [[File:LJ58OJX LONDON AMBULANCE QUEEN VICTORIA STREET CITY OF LONDON (26124592264) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] ambulance in [[London]].]] [[File:Fiat power Odone Ambulanza in Rome pic2.JPG|thumb|A [[Fiat Ducato]] ambulance in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]]] [[File:Ambulance of the Red Crescent.JPG|thumb|right|[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red crescent]] ambulance]] An '''ambulance''' is a [[Medical device|medically equipped]] vehicle used to transport [[patient]]s to [[Health facility|treatment facilities]], such as [[hospital]]s.<ref>[[Henry Alan Skinner|Skinner, Henry Alan]] (1949), ''The Origin of Medical Terms''. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. {{oclc|459611759}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> Typically, out-of-hospital [[medical care]] is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to [[Medical emergency|medical emergencies]] by [[emergency medical services]] (EMS), and can rapidly transport [[paramedic]]s and other [[first responder]]s, carry equipment for administering [[emergency medicine|emergency care]], and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care. Most ambulances use a design based on [[van]]s or [[pickup truck]]s, though others take the form of [[Motorcycle ambulance|motorcycles]], [[Ambulance bus|buses]], [[hearse]]s, [[Air medical services|aircraft]] and [[Water ambulance|boats]]. Ambulances are generally considered [[emergency vehicle]]s authorized to be [[Emergency vehicle equipment|equipped]] with [[emergency vehicle lighting|emergency lights]] and [[Siren (alarm)|sirens]]. Generally, vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients. However, it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a [[Patient transport|non-emergency patient transport]] vehicle (also called an [[#Ambulette|ambulette]]) is counted as an ambulance. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Conversely, EMS agencies may also have [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]]s that cannot transport patients.<ref name="essexcar">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|title=Essex Ambulance Response Cars|publisher=Car Pages|date=24 July 2004|access-date=27 June 2007|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227030543/http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The term ''ambulance'' comes from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|[[wikt:ambulare|ambulare]]}} as meaning 'to walk or move about'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|title=How Products Are Made: Ambulance|publisher=How products are made|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325025913/http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> which is a reference to early medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital, which follows an army in its movements.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 1</ref> Ambulances ({{lang|es|ambulancias}} in Spanish) were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the [[Siege of Málaga (1487)|siege of Málaga]] by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the [[American Civil War]] vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm|title=Civil War Ambulance Wagons|website=civilwarhome.com|access-date=25 March 2008|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717144400/http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm}}</ref> [[Field hospital]]s were still called ambulances during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]<ref>The memoirs of {{cite web |first=Charles E. |last=Ryan |title=With An Ambulance Personal Experiences And Adventures With Both Armies 1870–1871 |url=http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401155426/http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-date=1 April 2016}} and of {{cite web |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |others=Annotated by McLaughlin, G. Harry. |title=Our Adventures During the War of 1870 |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410103613/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-25}}</ref> of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |title=Service in Servia Under the Red Cross |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |access-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709041433/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref> even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 2a</ref> ==Vehicle types== Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle, although emergency and [[disaster]] conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances: * '''Van''' or '''[[pickup truck]]'''–A typical general-purpose ambulance is based on either the chassis of a van ("vanbulance") or a light-duty truck. This chassis is then modified to the designs and specifications of the purchaser. Vans may either retain their original body and be upfitted inside, or may be based on a chassis without the original body with a modular box body fitted instead. Those based on pickup trucks almost always have modular bodies. Those vehicles intended for especially [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] or require a large amount of equipment to be carried may be based on medium-duty trucks. * '''Car'''–Some Emergency Medical Services Agencies have vehicles that can be Used either as a [[fly-car]] for rapid response or to transport patients who can sit.There are standard car models that are adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a [[stretcher]] with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving) [[hearse]]s, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a [[human body]] in a [[supine position]]. Some operators use modular-body transport ambulances based on the chassis of a [[minivan]] or [[station wagon]]. * '''Motorcycle and motor scooter'''–In urban areas,these may be used for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van. [[Trailer (vehicle)|Trailer]]s or [[sidecar]]s can make these patient transporting units.<ref name=motor1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |title=News Reference to Motorcycle Trailer Ambulance |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=TNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927160815/http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=motor2>{{cite web|url=http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|title=Motorcycle Trailer-Ambulance Brochure|publisher=IT Transport LTD|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614021104/http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Bicycle''' – Used for response, but usually in pedestrian-only areas where large vehicles find access difficult. Like the [[motorcycle]] ambulance, a bicycle may be connected to a trailer for patient transport, most often in the developing world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|title=Bike Ambulance Project|publisher=Design for Development|date=20 July 2005|access-date=14 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928191033/http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''[[All-terrain vehicle]]''' – All Terrain Vehicles are Used for response off-road, especially at events or in remote areas. ATVs can be modified to carry a stretcher, and are used for tasks such as [[mountain rescue]] in inaccessible areas. * '''[[Golf cart]]''' or '''[[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]]''' – Used for rapid response at events or on campuses.These function similarly to ATVs, with less rough terrain capability and less noise. * '''Bus''' – In some cases, buses can be used to transport multiple casualties, either for the purposes of taking patients on journeys than a car or van, in the context of [[Disaster response|major incidents]], or to deal with specific problems such as drunken patients in town centers. They are sometimes referred to as [[ambulance bus]]es. * '''[[Helicopter]]''' – Usually used for emergency care, either in places inaccessible by road, or in areas where speed is of the essence, as they are able to travel significantly faster than a road ambulance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |title=Highways Agency – Air Ambulance |access-date=18 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213633/http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''[[Fixed-wing aircraft]]''' – These can be used for either acute emergency care in remote areas (such as in Australia, with the '[[Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|Flying Doctors]]'<ref name=Flying>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|title=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612073357/http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|archive-date=12 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), for patient transport over long distances (e.g. a re-patriation following an illness or injury in a foreign country<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|title=Heathrow Air Ambulance Service|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Heathrow air ambulance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617031304/http://heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|archive-date=17 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), or transportation between distant hospitals than a [[hospital ship]] and hospital train. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''Boat''' – Boats can be used to serve as [[water ambulance]]s, especially in island areas<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/3181602.stm|title=Islanders to get Ambulance Boat|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 October 2009 | date=10 October 2003}}</ref> or in areas with a large number of canals. Some [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]]s or [[lifeguard]] vessels may fit the description of an ambulance as they are used to transport a casualty. * '''Train''' – In remote or hard-to-reach areas that are accessed primarily by [[railway]] connections, [[train]]s may be used to provide medical care as a mobile treatment facility or transport patients to better care in more accessible areas. These are generally called [[hospital train]]s. * '''Trailer''' – In some instances, a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]], which can be towed behind a self-propelled vehicle, can be used as an ambulance. This permits flexibility in areas with minimal access to vehicles, such as on small islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information – Medical Services |url=http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217064132/http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=Isle of Sark Government}}</ref> * '''Horse and cart''' – More traditional form of transport, mostly seen in [[Developing country|developing economies]]. * '''[[Fire engine|Fire engine or Fire truck]]''' – Fire services (especially in North America) often train firefighters to respond to medical emergencies and most apparatus carry at least basic medical supplies. By design, most apparatus cannot transport patients unless they can sit in the cab. However, some fire trucks may be designed to have a large ambulance compartment behind the front of the cab, where the driver and officer's seats are located.Some Fire Engines or Fire Trucks have cabinets or doors located in the cab or outside of the cab that contain medical equipment. === Vehicle type gallery === <gallery> File:Washington DC Fire Department Ambulance 1.jpg|A [[Navistar]] truck ambulance operated by the [[District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department]] File:ToyotaHiaceKKM.jpg|A [[Toyota HiAce]] van ambulance operated by the [[Malaysia]] [[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)|Ministry of Health]] File:Notarzt Lübeck.jpg|An [[Volkswagen Transporter (T6)]] [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]] carrying an [[Emergency physician]] File:Ambulance Motorbike (29274193644).jpg|A [[Honda ST series]] [[motorcycle ambulance]] operated by the [[London Ambulance Service]] File:NHS bicycle.jpg|A [[Cycle responder|paramedic bicycle]] operated by the London Ambulance Service File:2019 - Pol’and’Rock (029) Medyczny Patrol quadem.jpg|An [[all-terrain vehicle]] ambulance with a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] operated by the [[Pol'and'Rock Festival]]'s Medical Patrol File:GRTW BFHB.JPG|A [[MAN Lion's City]] operated by the [[Bremen]] [[Feuerwehr]] File:Zepper-BK 117-C2-(EC145)-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg|A [[Eurocopter EC145]] helicopter [[air ambulance]] operated by [[Rega (air rescue)|Rega]] File:Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia Central Operations (VH-FGS) Pilatus PC-12-45 at Wagga Wagga Airport.jpg|A [[Pilatus PC-12]] plane air ambulance operated by the [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] File:Eyr Ytterholmen.jpg|A [[water ambulance]] operated by the [[Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue]] File:Surgeon Nikolay Pirogov 9.jpg|The "Surgeon [[Nikolay Pirogov]]" [[hospital train]] operated by [[Russian Railways]] </gallery> ==Crew== An ambulance usually has two or more crew members. One person drives while the other looks after the patient in the back. A paramedic will have at least a year of medical training. They can do fairly advanced treatment. However, not all ambulances have paramedics on them. In the United States, some may have emergency medical technicians (EMTs). [[Emergency Care Assistant|Emergency care assistants]] (ECAs) can be found in the United Kingdom. In some countries such as [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]], ambulances may have [[Physician|doctors]] or [[Nurse|nurses]] on board. ==Equipment== [[File:US Navy medevac transport bus.jpg|thumb|Big military ambulance for when many people are hurt]] In the past, ambulances only gave patients a ride to hospital. They only carried a small amount of [[first aid]] equipment. This is still true in some parts of the world. Most modern ambulances will have more equipment and medicine. In some countries, an ambulance is like a mobile doctor's clinic. Ambulances or other medical vehicles have some or all of the following equipment on board: *Collar:A special collar is used to hold a person so they can not move their [[Neck (body part)|neck]].This is used if it is thought that they may have damaged their [[backbone]]. *[[Defibrillator]]:This is a machine that delivers electricity and restarts a heart that has stopped beating normally.Some defibrillators are connected to a heart monitor and use Manual Paddles whereas an Automated Defibrillator has voice commands and tells the emergency workers and bystanders to stand back so that a shock can be delivered.Defibrillators treat certain Heart Arrhythmias such as [[Ventricular fibrillation|Ventricular Fibrillation]] (V-Fib),Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) and some other Arrhythmias.However,Asystole (Flatline),Cannot be treated by a Defibrillator.Some Ambulances Units and other Medical Vehicles may have both types of machines on board.If one machine doesn’t work,another machine delivers a shock or multiple shocks if necessary. *[[Nitrous oxide]]:This is Also known as"laughing gas".This gas is used to reduce pain. *Heart monitor:This is a machine that shows how well a heart is beating.As explained above,a Heart Monitor can have a Defibrillator connected to it. *[[Oxygen|Oxygen cylinders]]:If a person is having trouble breathing,it often helps to give them oxygen from a cylinder. *Splints:These devices hold an arm or leg in place if a bone is broken.They stop the broken bone from moving and getting worse. *[[Stretcher]]:A stretcher is used to carry the patient in and out of the ambulance. *[[Wheelchair]]:A chair with wheels used to carry a patient. *[[Medication|Medications]]:Medications are found on Ambulances and other medical vehicles. Medications include cardiac (heart) drugs, anti seizure medications and others. == Air ambulance == [[File:North West Air Ambulance - Cumbria Longsleddale.jpg|thumb|A UK helicopter ambulance]] [[Air ambulances]] became more common in the late 20th century. They are [[Helicopter|helicopters]] that carry much of the same equipment as a normal ambulance. In the [[United States]], the [[Coast Guard]] runs a public air ambulance service using helicopters. These are often needed when emergencies happen at [[sea]]. There are also privately owned [[air ambulance services]] that provide for a wider range of needs, including international transport. Air ambulances are very useful when an emergency happens in a place that is hard to get to quickly by ground travel. Air ambulances are very important in countries with low [[population density]] (few people, living in a vast area). Examples of these areas are [[Canada]], [[Russia]], Sweden or [[Finland]]. They can often save the life of a patient who would otherwise die because they could not get to a hospital quickly by other means. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Ambulances}} {{Transport-stub}} [[category:vehicles]] [[Category:Emergency services]] 1wipje1eq2lntog9b3owief4zmomlm0 10967261 10967260 2026-08-19T06:28:53Z ~2026-45483-87 1857838 Fixed 10967261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} [[File:LJ58OJX LONDON AMBULANCE QUEEN VICTORIA STREET CITY OF LONDON (26124592264) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] ambulance in [[London]].]] [[File:Fiat power Odone Ambulanza in Rome pic2.JPG|thumb|A [[Fiat Ducato]] ambulance in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]]] [[File:Ambulance of the Red Crescent.JPG|thumb|right||Red crescent ambulance]] An '''ambulance''' is a [[Medical device|medically equipped]] vehicle used to transport [[patient]]s to [[Health facility|treatment facilities]], such as [[hospital]]s.<ref>[[Henry Alan Skinner|Skinner, Henry Alan]] (1949), ''The Origin of Medical Terms''. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. {{oclc|459611759}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> Typically, out-of-hospital [[medical care]] is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to [[Medical emergency|medical emergencies]] by [[emergency medical services]] (EMS), and can rapidly transport [[paramedic]]s and other [[first responder]]s, carry equipment for administering [[emergency medicine|emergency care]], and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care. Most ambulances use a design based on [[van]]s or [[pickup truck]]s, though others take the form of [[Motorcycle ambulance|motorcycles]], [[Ambulance bus|buses]], [[hearse]]s, [[Air medical services|aircraft]] and [[Water ambulance|boats]]. Ambulances are generally considered [[emergency vehicle]]s authorized to be [[Emergency vehicle equipment|equipped]] with [[emergency vehicle lighting|emergency lights]] and [[Siren (alarm)|sirens]]. Generally, vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients. However, it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a [[Patient transport|non-emergency patient transport]] vehicle (also called an [[#Ambulette|ambulette]]) is counted as an ambulance. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Conversely, EMS agencies may also have [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]]s that cannot transport patients.<ref name="essexcar">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|title=Essex Ambulance Response Cars|publisher=Car Pages|date=24 July 2004|access-date=27 June 2007|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227030543/http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The term ''ambulance'' comes from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|[[wikt:ambulare|ambulare]]}} as meaning 'to walk or move about'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|title=How Products Are Made: Ambulance|publisher=How products are made|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325025913/http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> which is a reference to early medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital, which follows an army in its movements.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 1</ref> Ambulances ({{lang|es|ambulancias}} in Spanish) were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the [[Siege of Málaga (1487)|siege of Málaga]] by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the [[American Civil War]] vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm|title=Civil War Ambulance Wagons|website=civilwarhome.com|access-date=25 March 2008|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717144400/http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm}}</ref> [[Field hospital]]s were still called ambulances during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]<ref>The memoirs of {{cite web |first=Charles E. |last=Ryan |title=With An Ambulance Personal Experiences And Adventures With Both Armies 1870–1871 |url=http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401155426/http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-date=1 April 2016}} and of {{cite web |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |others=Annotated by McLaughlin, G. Harry. |title=Our Adventures During the War of 1870 |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410103613/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-25}}</ref> of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |title=Service in Servia Under the Red Cross |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |access-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709041433/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref> even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 2a</ref> ==Vehicle types== Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle, although emergency and [[disaster]] conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances: * '''Van''' or '''[[pickup truck]]'''–A typical general-purpose ambulance is based on either the chassis of a van ("vanbulance") or a light-duty truck. This chassis is then modified to the designs and specifications of the purchaser. Vans may either retain their original body and be upfitted inside, or may be based on a chassis without the original body with a modular box body fitted instead. Those based on pickup trucks almost always have modular bodies. Those vehicles intended for especially [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] or require a large amount of equipment to be carried may be based on medium-duty trucks. * '''Car'''–Some Emergency Medical Services Agencies have vehicles that can be Used either as a [[fly-car]] for rapid response or to transport patients who can sit.There are standard car models that are adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a [[stretcher]] with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving) [[hearse]]s, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a [[human body]] in a [[supine position]]. Some operators use modular-body transport ambulances based on the chassis of a [[minivan]] or [[station wagon]]. * '''Motorcycle and motor scooter'''–In urban areas,these may be used for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van. [[Trailer (vehicle)|Trailer]]s or [[sidecar]]s can make these patient transporting units.<ref name=motor1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |title=News Reference to Motorcycle Trailer Ambulance |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=TNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927160815/http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=motor2>{{cite web|url=http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|title=Motorcycle Trailer-Ambulance Brochure|publisher=IT Transport LTD|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614021104/http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Bicycle''' – Used for response, but usually in pedestrian-only areas where large vehicles find access difficult. Like the [[motorcycle]] ambulance, a bicycle may be connected to a trailer for patient transport, most often in the developing world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|title=Bike Ambulance Project|publisher=Design for Development|date=20 July 2005|access-date=14 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928191033/http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''[[All-terrain vehicle]]''' – All Terrain Vehicles are Used for response off-road, especially at events or in remote areas. ATVs can be modified to carry a stretcher, and are used for tasks such as [[mountain rescue]] in inaccessible areas. * '''[[Golf cart]]''' or '''[[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]]''' – Used for rapid response at events or on campuses.These function similarly to ATVs, with less rough terrain capability and less noise. * '''Bus''' – In some cases, buses can be used to transport multiple casualties, either for the purposes of taking patients on journeys than a car or van, in the context of [[Disaster response|major incidents]], or to deal with specific problems such as drunken patients in town centers. They are sometimes referred to as [[ambulance bus]]es. * '''[[Helicopter]]''' – Usually used for emergency care, either in places inaccessible by road, or in areas where speed is of the essence, as they are able to travel significantly faster than a road ambulance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |title=Highways Agency – Air Ambulance |access-date=18 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213633/http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''[[Fixed-wing aircraft]]''' – These can be used for either acute emergency care in remote areas (such as in Australia, with the '[[Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|Flying Doctors]]'<ref name=Flying>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|title=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612073357/http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|archive-date=12 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), for patient transport over long distances (e.g. a re-patriation following an illness or injury in a foreign country<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|title=Heathrow Air Ambulance Service|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Heathrow air ambulance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617031304/http://heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|archive-date=17 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), or transportation between distant hospitals than a [[hospital ship]] and hospital train. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''Boat''' – Boats can be used to serve as [[water ambulance]]s, especially in island areas<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/3181602.stm|title=Islanders to get Ambulance Boat|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 October 2009 | date=10 October 2003}}</ref> or in areas with a large number of canals. Some [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]]s or [[lifeguard]] vessels may fit the description of an ambulance as they are used to transport a casualty. * '''Train''' – In remote or hard-to-reach areas that are accessed primarily by [[railway]] connections, [[train]]s may be used to provide medical care as a mobile treatment facility or transport patients to better care in more accessible areas. These are generally called [[hospital train]]s. * '''Trailer''' – In some instances, a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]], which can be towed behind a self-propelled vehicle, can be used as an ambulance. This permits flexibility in areas with minimal access to vehicles, such as on small islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information – Medical Services |url=http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217064132/http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=Isle of Sark Government}}</ref> * '''Horse and cart''' – More traditional form of transport, mostly seen in [[Developing country|developing economies]]. * '''[[Fire engine|Fire engine or Fire truck]]''' – Fire services (especially in North America) often train firefighters to respond to medical emergencies and most apparatus carry at least basic medical supplies. By design, most apparatus cannot transport patients unless they can sit in the cab. However, some fire trucks may be designed to have a large ambulance compartment behind the front of the cab, where the driver and officer's seats are located.Some Fire Engines or Fire Trucks have cabinets or doors located in the cab or outside of the cab that contain medical equipment. === Vehicle type gallery === <gallery> File:Washington DC Fire Department Ambulance 1.jpg|A [[Navistar]] truck ambulance operated by the [[District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department]] File:ToyotaHiaceKKM.jpg|A [[Toyota HiAce]] van ambulance operated by the [[Malaysia]] [[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)|Ministry of Health]] File:Notarzt Lübeck.jpg|An [[Volkswagen Transporter (T6)]] [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]] carrying an [[Emergency physician]] File:Ambulance Motorbike (29274193644).jpg|A [[Honda ST series]] [[motorcycle ambulance]] operated by the [[London Ambulance Service]] File:NHS bicycle.jpg|A [[Cycle responder|paramedic bicycle]] operated by the London Ambulance Service File:2019 - Pol’and’Rock (029) Medyczny Patrol quadem.jpg|An [[all-terrain vehicle]] ambulance with a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] operated by the [[Pol'and'Rock Festival]]'s Medical Patrol File:GRTW BFHB.JPG|A [[MAN Lion's City]] operated by the [[Bremen]] [[Feuerwehr]] File:Zepper-BK 117-C2-(EC145)-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg|A [[Eurocopter EC145]] helicopter [[air ambulance]] operated by [[Rega (air rescue)|Rega]] File:Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia Central Operations (VH-FGS) Pilatus PC-12-45 at Wagga Wagga Airport.jpg|A [[Pilatus PC-12]] plane air ambulance operated by the [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] File:Eyr Ytterholmen.jpg|A [[water ambulance]] operated by the [[Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue]] File:Surgeon Nikolay Pirogov 9.jpg|The "Surgeon [[Nikolay Pirogov]]" [[hospital train]] operated by [[Russian Railways]] </gallery> ==Crew== An ambulance usually has two or more crew members. One person drives while the other looks after the patient in the back. A paramedic will have at least a year of medical training. They can do fairly advanced treatment. However, not all ambulances have paramedics on them. In the United States, some may have emergency medical technicians (EMTs). [[Emergency Care Assistant|Emergency care assistants]] (ECAs) can be found in the United Kingdom. In some countries such as [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]], ambulances may have [[Physician|doctors]] or [[Nurse|nurses]] on board. ==Equipment== [[File:US Navy medevac transport bus.jpg|thumb|Big military ambulance for when many people are hurt]] In the past, ambulances only gave patients a ride to hospital. They only carried a small amount of [[first aid]] equipment. This is still true in some parts of the world. Most modern ambulances will have more equipment and medicine. In some countries, an ambulance is like a mobile doctor's clinic. Ambulances or other medical vehicles have some or all of the following equipment on board: *Collar:A special collar is used to hold a person so they can not move their [[Neck (body part)|neck]].This is used if it is thought that they may have damaged their [[backbone]]. *[[Defibrillator]]:This is a machine that delivers electricity and restarts a heart that has stopped beating normally.Some defibrillators are connected to a heart monitor and use Manual Paddles whereas an Automated Defibrillator has voice commands and tells the emergency workers and bystanders to stand back so that a shock can be delivered.Defibrillators treat certain Heart Arrhythmias such as [[Ventricular fibrillation|Ventricular Fibrillation]] (V-Fib),Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) and some other Arrhythmias.However,Asystole (Flatline),Cannot be treated by a Defibrillator.Some Ambulances Units and other Medical Vehicles may have both types of machines on board.If one machine doesn’t work,another machine delivers a shock or multiple shocks if necessary. *[[Nitrous oxide]]:This is Also known as"laughing gas".This gas is used to reduce pain. *Heart monitor:This is a machine that shows how well a heart is beating.As explained above,a Heart Monitor can have a Defibrillator connected to it. *[[Oxygen|Oxygen cylinders]]:If a person is having trouble breathing,it often helps to give them oxygen from a cylinder. *Splints:These devices hold an arm or leg in place if a bone is broken.They stop the broken bone from moving and getting worse. *[[Stretcher]]:A stretcher is used to carry the patient in and out of the ambulance. *[[Wheelchair]]:A chair with wheels used to carry a patient. *[[Medication|Medications]]:Medications are found on Ambulances and other medical vehicles. Medications include cardiac (heart) drugs, anti seizure medications and others. == Air ambulance == [[File:North West Air Ambulance - Cumbria Longsleddale.jpg|thumb|A UK helicopter ambulance]] [[Air ambulances]] became more common in the late 20th century. They are [[Helicopter|helicopters]] that carry much of the same equipment as a normal ambulance. In the [[United States]], the [[Coast Guard]] runs a public air ambulance service using helicopters. These are often needed when emergencies happen at [[sea]]. There are also privately owned [[air ambulance services]] that provide for a wider range of needs, including international transport. Air ambulances are very useful when an emergency happens in a place that is hard to get to quickly by ground travel. Air ambulances are very important in countries with low [[population density]] (few people, living in a vast area). Examples of these areas are [[Canada]], [[Russia]], Sweden or [[Finland]]. They can often save the life of a patient who would otherwise die because they could not get to a hospital quickly by other means. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Ambulances}} {{Transport-stub}} [[category:vehicles]] [[Category:Emergency services]] iz6i7x9n1xf3r9u7ix9kirbf6shbutm 10967273 10967261 2026-08-19T06:40:45Z ~2026-45483-87 1857838 Sock puppet 10967273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} [[File:LJ58OJX LONDON AMBULANCE QUEEN VICTORIA STREET CITY OF LONDON (26124592264) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] ambulance in [[London]].]] [[File:Fiat power Odone Ambulanza in Rome pic2.JPG|thumb|A [[Fiat Ducato]] ambulance in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]]] An '''ambulance''' is a [[Medical device|medically equipped]] vehicle used to transport [[patient]]s to [[Health facility|treatment facilities]], such as [[hospital]]s.<ref>[[Henry Alan Skinner|Skinner, Henry Alan]] (1949), ''The Origin of Medical Terms''. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. {{oclc|459611759}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> Typically, out-of-hospital [[medical care]] is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to [[Medical emergency|medical emergencies]] by [[emergency medical services]] (EMS), and can rapidly transport [[paramedic]]s and other [[first responder]]s, carry equipment for administering [[emergency medicine|emergency care]], and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care. Most ambulances use a design based on [[van]]s or [[pickup truck]]s, though others take the form of [[Motorcycle ambulance|motorcycles]], [[Ambulance bus|buses]], [[hearse]]s, [[Air medical services|aircraft]] and [[Water ambulance|boats]]. Ambulances are generally considered [[emergency vehicle]]s authorized to be [[Emergency vehicle equipment|equipped]] with [[emergency vehicle lighting|emergency lights]] and [[Siren (alarm)|sirens]]. Generally, vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients. However, it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a [[Patient transport|non-emergency patient transport]] vehicle (also called an [[#Ambulette|ambulette]]) is counted as an ambulance. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Conversely, EMS agencies may also have [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]]s that cannot transport patients.<ref name="essexcar">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|title=Essex Ambulance Response Cars|publisher=Car Pages|date=24 July 2004|access-date=27 June 2007|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227030543/http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The term ''ambulance'' comes from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|[[wikt:ambulare|ambulare]]}} as meaning 'to walk or move about'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|title=How Products Are Made: Ambulance|publisher=How products are made|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325025913/http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> which is a reference to early medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital, which follows an army in its movements.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 1</ref> Ambulances ({{lang|es|ambulancias}} in Spanish) were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the [[Siege of Málaga (1487)|siege of Málaga]] by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the [[American Civil War]] vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm|title=Civil War Ambulance Wagons|website=civilwarhome.com|access-date=25 March 2008|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717144400/http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm}}</ref> [[Field hospital]]s were still called ambulances during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]<ref>The memoirs of {{cite web |first=Charles E. |last=Ryan |title=With An Ambulance Personal Experiences And Adventures With Both Armies 1870–1871 |url=http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401155426/http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-date=1 April 2016}} and of {{cite web |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |others=Annotated by McLaughlin, G. Harry. |title=Our Adventures During the War of 1870 |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410103613/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-25}}</ref> of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |title=Service in Servia Under the Red Cross |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |access-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709041433/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref> even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 2a</ref> ==Vehicle types== Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle, although emergency and [[disaster]] conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances: * '''Van''' or '''[[pickup truck]]'''–A typical general-purpose ambulance is based on either the chassis of a van ("vanbulance") or a light-duty truck. This chassis is then modified to the designs and specifications of the purchaser. Vans may either retain their original body and be upfitted inside, or may be based on a chassis without the original body with a modular box body fitted instead. Those based on pickup trucks almost always have modular bodies. Those vehicles intended for especially [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] or require a large amount of equipment to be carried may be based on medium-duty trucks. * '''Car'''–Some Emergency Medical Services Agencies have vehicles that can be Used either as a [[fly-car]] for rapid response or to transport patients who can sit.There are standard car models that are adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a [[stretcher]] with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving) [[hearse]]s, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a [[human body]] in a [[supine position]]. Some operators use modular-body transport ambulances based on the chassis of a [[minivan]] or [[station wagon]]. * '''Motorcycle and motor scooter'''–In urban areas,these may be used for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van. [[Trailer (vehicle)|Trailer]]s or [[sidecar]]s can make these patient transporting units.<ref name=motor1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |title=News Reference to Motorcycle Trailer Ambulance |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=TNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927160815/http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=motor2>{{cite web|url=http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|title=Motorcycle Trailer-Ambulance Brochure|publisher=IT Transport LTD|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614021104/http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Bicycle''' – Used for response, but usually in pedestrian-only areas where large vehicles find access difficult. Like the [[motorcycle]] ambulance, a bicycle may be connected to a trailer for patient transport, most often in the developing world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|title=Bike Ambulance Project|publisher=Design for Development|date=20 July 2005|access-date=14 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928191033/http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''[[All-terrain vehicle]]''' – All Terrain Vehicles are Used for response off-road, especially at events or in remote areas. ATVs can be modified to carry a stretcher, and are used for tasks such as [[mountain rescue]] in inaccessible areas. * '''[[Golf cart]]''' or '''[[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]]''' – Used for rapid response at events or on campuses.These function similarly to ATVs, with less rough terrain capability and less noise. * '''Bus''' – In some cases, buses can be used to transport multiple casualties, either for the purposes of taking patients on journeys than a car or van, in the context of [[Disaster response|major incidents]], or to deal with specific problems such as drunken patients in town centers. They are sometimes referred to as [[ambulance bus]]es. * '''[[Helicopter]]''' – Usually used for emergency care, either in places inaccessible by road, or in areas where speed is of the essence, as they are able to travel significantly faster than a road ambulance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |title=Highways Agency – Air Ambulance |access-date=18 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213633/http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''[[Fixed-wing aircraft]]''' – These can be used for either acute emergency care in remote areas (such as in Australia, with the '[[Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|Flying Doctors]]'<ref name=Flying>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|title=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612073357/http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|archive-date=12 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), for patient transport over long distances (e.g. a re-patriation following an illness or injury in a foreign country<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|title=Heathrow Air Ambulance Service|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Heathrow air ambulance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617031304/http://heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|archive-date=17 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), or transportation between distant hospitals than a [[hospital ship]] and hospital train. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''Boat''' – Boats can be used to serve as [[water ambulance]]s, especially in island areas<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/3181602.stm|title=Islanders to get Ambulance Boat|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 October 2009 | date=10 October 2003}}</ref> or in areas with a large number of canals. Some [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]]s or [[lifeguard]] vessels may fit the description of an ambulance as they are used to transport a casualty. * '''Train''' – In remote or hard-to-reach areas that are accessed primarily by [[railway]] connections, [[train]]s may be used to provide medical care as a mobile treatment facility or transport patients to better care in more accessible areas. These are generally called [[hospital train]]s. * '''Trailer''' – In some instances, a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]], which can be towed behind a self-propelled vehicle, can be used as an ambulance. This permits flexibility in areas with minimal access to vehicles, such as on small islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information – Medical Services |url=http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217064132/http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=Isle of Sark Government}}</ref> * '''Horse and cart''' – More traditional form of transport, mostly seen in [[Developing country|developing economies]]. * '''[[Fire engine|Fire engine or Fire truck]]''' – Fire services (especially in North America) often train firefighters to respond to medical emergencies and most apparatus carry at least basic medical supplies. By design, most apparatus cannot transport patients unless they can sit in the cab. However, some fire trucks may be designed to have a large ambulance compartment behind the front of the cab, where the driver and officer's seats are located.Some Fire Engines or Fire Trucks have cabinets or doors located in the cab or outside of the cab that contain medical equipment. === Vehicle type gallery === <gallery> File:Washington DC Fire Department Ambulance 1.jpg|A [[Navistar]] truck ambulance operated by the [[District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department]] File:ToyotaHiaceKKM.jpg|A [[Toyota HiAce]] van ambulance operated by the [[Malaysia]] [[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)|Ministry of Health]] File:Notarzt Lübeck.jpg|An [[Volkswagen Transporter (T6)]] [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]] carrying an [[Emergency physician]] File:Ambulance Motorbike (29274193644).jpg|A [[Honda ST series]] [[motorcycle ambulance]] operated by the [[London Ambulance Service]] File:NHS bicycle.jpg|A [[Cycle responder|paramedic bicycle]] operated by the London Ambulance Service File:2019 - Pol’and’Rock (029) Medyczny Patrol quadem.jpg|An [[all-terrain vehicle]] ambulance with a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] operated by the [[Pol'and'Rock Festival]]'s Medical Patrol File:GRTW BFHB.JPG|A [[MAN Lion's City]] operated by the [[Bremen]] [[Feuerwehr]] File:Zepper-BK 117-C2-(EC145)-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg|A [[Eurocopter EC145]] helicopter [[air ambulance]] operated by [[Rega (air rescue)|Rega]] File:Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia Central Operations (VH-FGS) Pilatus PC-12-45 at Wagga Wagga Airport.jpg|A [[Pilatus PC-12]] plane air ambulance operated by the [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] File:Eyr Ytterholmen.jpg|A [[water ambulance]] operated by the [[Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue]] File:Surgeon Nikolay Pirogov 9.jpg|The "Surgeon [[Nikolay Pirogov]]" [[hospital train]] operated by [[Russian Railways]] </gallery> ==Crew== An ambulance usually has two or more crew members. One person drives while the other looks after the patient in the back. A paramedic will have at least a year of medical training. They can do fairly advanced treatment. However, not all ambulances have paramedics on them. In the United States, some may have emergency medical technicians (EMTs). [[Emergency Care Assistant|Emergency care assistants]] (ECAs) can be found in the United Kingdom. In some countries such as [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]], ambulances may have [[Physician|doctors]] or [[Nurse|nurses]] on board. ==Equipment== [[File:US Navy medevac transport bus.jpg|thumb|Big military ambulance for when many people are hurt]] In the past, ambulances only gave patients a ride to hospital. They only carried a small amount of [[first aid]] equipment. This is still true in some parts of the world. Most modern ambulances will have more equipment and medicine. In some countries, an ambulance is like a mobile doctor's clinic. Ambulances or other medical vehicles have some or all of the following equipment on board: *Collar:A special collar is used to hold a person so they can not move their [[Neck (body part)|neck]].This is used if it is thought that they may have damaged their [[backbone]]. *[[Defibrillator]]:This is a machine that delivers electricity and restarts a heart that has stopped beating normally.Some defibrillators are connected to a heart monitor and use Manual Paddles whereas an Automated Defibrillator has voice commands and tells the emergency workers and bystanders to stand back so that a shock can be delivered.Defibrillators treat certain Heart Arrhythmias such as [[Ventricular fibrillation|Ventricular Fibrillation]] (V-Fib),Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) and some other Arrhythmias.However,Asystole (Flatline),Cannot be treated by a Defibrillator.Some Ambulances Units and other Medical Vehicles may have both types of machines on board.If one machine doesn’t work,another machine delivers a shock or multiple shocks if necessary. *[[Nitrous oxide]]:This is Also known as"laughing gas".This gas is used to reduce pain. *Heart monitor:This is a machine that shows how well a heart is beating.As explained above,a Heart Monitor can have a Defibrillator connected to it. *[[Oxygen|Oxygen cylinders]]:If a person is having trouble breathing,it often helps to give them oxygen from a cylinder. *Splints:These devices hold an arm or leg in place if a bone is broken.They stop the broken bone from moving and getting worse. *[[Stretcher]]:A stretcher is used to carry the patient in and out of the ambulance. *[[Wheelchair]]:A chair with wheels used to carry a patient. *[[Medication|Medications]]:Medications are found on Ambulances and other medical vehicles. Medications include cardiac (heart) drugs, anti seizure medications and others. == Air ambulance == [[File:North West Air Ambulance - Cumbria Longsleddale.jpg|thumb|A UK helicopter ambulance]] [[Air ambulances]] became more common in the late 20th century. They are [[Helicopter|helicopters]] that carry much of the same equipment as a normal ambulance. In the [[United States]], the [[Coast Guard]] runs a public air ambulance service using helicopters. These are often needed when emergencies happen at [[sea]]. There are also privately owned [[air ambulance services]] that provide for a wider range of needs, including international transport. Air ambulances are very useful when an emergency happens in a place that is hard to get to quickly by ground travel. Air ambulances are very important in countries with low [[population density]] (few people, living in a vast area). Examples of these areas are [[Canada]], [[Russia]], Sweden or [[Finland]]. They can often save the life of a patient who would otherwise die because they could not get to a hospital quickly by other means. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Ambulances}} {{Transport-stub}} [[category:vehicles]] [[Category:Emergency services]] fpj2zxf2d77dn5sel7y1d6vyt4kgzs4 0 58295 10967349 7419782 2026-08-19T08:34:21Z Luna the Eurasian Wolf 1633477 /* */ 10967349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subspeciesbox | name = ''Canis lupus hattai'' | image = Yezo_wolf_at_Hokkaido_University.jpg| | image_caption = Taxidermied Ezo wolf at Hokkaido University Museum | status = EX | status_system = IUCN3.1 | extinct = 1889 | genus = Canis | species = lupus | species_link = Gray wolf | subspecies = hattai | authority = [[Kyukichi Kishida|Kishida]], 1931<ref>Kishida K (1931) Notes on the Yesso wolf, Lansania 3: 72–75</ref> | synonyms = *<small> ''C. l. rex'' (Pocock, 1935)<ref>Pocock, R.I. The races of Canis lupus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1935, pt. 3, pp. 647-686, pIs. 2. September 12, 1935. (New: Canis lupus rex, C. i. arctos, C. I. orion.) DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1935.tb01687.x</ref></small> | range_map = Sea of Okhotsk map with state labels.png | range_map_caption = Range included [[Hokkaido]] and [[Sakhalin]] islands, the [[Kamchatka peninsula]], and [[Iturup]] and [[Kunashir Island|Kunashir]] islands just to the east of Hokkaido in the [[Kuril islands|Kuril archipelago]]. }} The '''Hokkaido wolf''' ''(Canis lupus hattai)'' is a subspecies of [[wolf|gray wolf]]. [[science|Scientists]] believe it became extinct in [[1889]]. There are people who said to have seen some Hokkaido wolves after that year, but there is no proof that they actually did. In the [[Meiji Restoration]] in [[Japan]], Japanese [[agriculture|farmers]] wanted to have [[USA|American]]-[[style]] [[ranch]]es for raising [[livestock]]. A US farmer named Edwin Dun started to [[import]] livestock to Japan. When the wolves began attacking the livestock, the farmers started to kill them, by using [[poison]]. ==Related pages== * [[Werewolf]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Wolves]] h7mks7rtsf3syg0gxq7jypvlfs3z4vm 0 61153 10966934 10954085 2026-08-18T18:54:29Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 10966934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Scarface | image = Scarface movie red logo.png | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Brian De Palma]] | producer = [[Martin Bregman]] | screenplay = [[Oliver Stone]] | based_on = {{Based on|''Scarface''|Armitage Trail}}<br/>{{Based on|''[[Scarface (1932 movie)|Scarface]]''{{efn|Neither the novel nor the 1932 film are credited on-screen. The end credits include a dedication to [[Howard Hawks]] and [[Ben Hecht]], director and co-screenwriter respectively, of the 1932 film.}}|W. R. Burnett<br>Ben Hecht<br>John Lee Mahin<br>Seton I. Miller}} | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Al Pacino]] * [[Steven Bauer]] * [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] }} | music = [[Giorgio Moroder]] | cinematography = John A. Alonzo | editing = {{Plainlist| * [[Gerald B. Greenberg|Jerry Greenberg]] * David Ray }} | studio = [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/68337-SCARFACE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717142536/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/68337-SCARFACE |title=Scarface (1983) |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 17, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br>[[Martin Bregman|Martin Bregman Productions]] | distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/68337-SCARFACE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717142536/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/68337-SCARFACE |title=Scarface (1983) |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 17, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br> | released = {{Film date|1983|12|01|[[New York City]] premiere|1983|12|09|United States}} | runtime = 169 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 169:39--><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/scarface-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdewodi3 |title=Scarface |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |accessdate=May 13, 2015 | quote= Approved Running time 169m 39s}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $23.5–37 million<ref>{{cite web|title=MOVIE 'SCARFACE' RECEIVES X RATING|author=Harmetz, Aljean|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 30, 1983|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/30/movies/movie-scarface-receives-x-rating.html|access-date=April 13, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603212742/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/30/movies/movie-scarface-receives-x-rating.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/vintage/features/al-pacino-scarface-anniversary-1203081687/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207212926/https://variety.com/2018/vintage/features/al-pacino-scarface-anniversary-1203081687/ |title=Inside 'Scarface's' Sometimes Rocky Road to Becoming a Classic |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 7, 2018 |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |access-date=July 17, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=revisit>{{cite news|last1=Bailey|first1=Jason|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/04/revisiting-the-controversy-surrounding-scarface.html|title=Revisiting the Controversy Surrounding Scarface|newspaper=[[Vulture (blog)|Vulture]]|date=April 20, 2018|access-date=June 3, 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603213216/https://www.vulture.com/2018/04/revisiting-the-controversy-surrounding-scarface.html}}</ref> | gross = $66.4 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0086250/ |title=Scarface (1983) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=July 17, 2019 |archive-date=May 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518174755/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0086250/?ref_=bo_rl_ti |url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Scarface''''' is a 1983 American [[epic poetry|epic]] [[crime movie|crime]] [[drama]] [[movie]] directed by [[Brian De Palma]]. and written by [[Oliver Stone]]. It is based on the novel of the same name by Armitage Trail and a [[remake]] of [[Scarface (1932 movie)|the 1932 movie of the same name]] by [[Howard Hawks]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] led by [[Al Pacino]], who stars as Cuban refugee [[Tony Montana]]. In the film, Montana arrives in [[Miami]] during the Mariel boatlift and becomes a powerful [[drug lord]]. Pacino worked with producer [[Martin Bregman]] to develop the project. Bregman and [[Sidney Lumet]] both conceived the idea of setting the story during the boatlift. Lumet was initially hired to direct the film but left, feeling that it was too violent and wanted it to be more of a political film. De Palma replaced Lumet as director and Bregman hired Stone to write the script. Stone, who had been struggling with his own cocaine addiction at the time, wrote the script in [[Paris]]. Several actresses were considered for playing Elvira Hancock before [[Michelle Pfeiffer]]—then almost [[Glenn Close]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oliver Stone wanted Glenn Close to play Elvira in Scarface |url=https://ew.com/books/oliver-stone-wanted-glenn-close-to-play-elvira-in-scarface/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725102541/https://ew.com/books/oliver-stone-wanted-glenn-close-to-play-elvira-in-scarface/ |archive-date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2026-05-28 |work=EW.com |language=en}}</ref>—was chosen for the role; Pacino and De Palma had argued against her casting, but Bregman fought for her inclusion. The film was initially going to be entirely shot in Miami, but the Cuban community denied requests to film there, feeling that the script portrayed them in a bad light. Filming took place from November 1982 to May 1983 in [[Los Angeles]] and two weeks in Miami. The film's soundtrack and score was composed by [[Giorgio Moroder]]. ''Scarface'' premiered in New York City on December 1, 1983, and was released on December 9 by [[Universal Pictures]]. The film was a commercial success, grossing $66 million. Initial critical response was negative due to its extreme violence and depiction of stereotypes. However, in the years that followed, some critics have reappraised it, and it is now considered a classic of the gangster genre.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharp |first1=Nathan |title=10 Best Gangster Movies, According to American Film Institute |url=https://screenrant.com/best-gangster-movies-according-to-the-american-film-institute/ |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=May 29, 2021 |access-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816074257/https://screenrant.com/best-gangster-movies-according-to-the-american-film-institute/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Screenwriters and directors such as [[Martin Scorsese]] have praised the film, and it has been referenced extensively in pop culture, especially in [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] culture,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thegrio.com/2011/08/26/why-the-hip-hop-community-still-worships-scarface/ |title=Why the hip-hop community still worships 'Scarface' |date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224757/http://thegrio.com/2011/08/26/why-the-hip-hop-community-still-worships-scarface/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/whats-on/article/scarfaces-impact-on-hip-hop-culture/qgt341nmp |title=Scarface's impact on hip-hop culture |date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013232006/http://www.sbs.com.au/movies/article/2017/04/26/scarfaces-impact-hip-hop-culture |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as comic books, television programs and video games. The film is regarded as a [[cult film|cult classic]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 20, 2003 |title=Why ''Scarface'' is one of the top 10 cult movies |url=https://ew.com/article/2003/05/20/why-scarface-one-top-10-cult-movies/ |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225227/http://ew.com/article/2003/05/20/why-scarface-one-top-10-cult-movies/ |archive-date=October 13, 2017 |access-date=October 13, 2017 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/reflections-scarface/ |title=Reflections On Scarface |first=LAWRENCE |last=GROBEL |website=Empire |date=May 9, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917131234/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/reflections-scarface/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Story == Tony Montana ([[Al Pacino]]) is a [[prisoner]] from [[Cuba]] who is coming to the [[United States]] on a boat to escape the oppressive [[Communism|Communist]] government. Once there, he works for Frank Lopez, a [[Miami]] drug lord. Soon, Tony kills Frank and takes over his business. He also marries Elvira ([[Michelle Pfeiffer]]), Frank's girlfriend who at first refused to go out with Tony because of Frank. Soon, Tony becomes very rich and powerful because of his growing [[cocaine]] empire. He meets [[Alejandro Sosa]], a powerful [[Bolivia]]n drug lord. Elvira later leaves Tony because she feels that despite all of their money and power, Tony's criminal lifestyle and drug problems make them losers. Tony is eventually arrested for not paying taxes and even though he would be able to bribe some of the judges, he will still have to go to jail for three years. Sosa offers to have one of his contacts in the Justice Department write off Tony's charges if Tony helps kill a [[journalist]] who is going to make a speech against Sosa to the [[United Nations]]. One of Soza's men plants a bomb on the target's car, but when Tony sees the journalist's family inside it, he prevents the explosion of the bomb. Tony later visits his best friend, Manny ([[Steven Bauer]]), but when he sees his sister, Gina, with him, he kills him. Gina reveals that she and Manny got married a few days earlier and wanted to surprise Tony. Tony, feeling extreme guilt for killing his friend and ruining his sister's life, withdraws to his mansion and begins to snort large amounts of cocaine. Sosa gets angry and sends many men to [[Miami]] to kill Tony. When the men enter Tony's mansion, they kill Gina and most of his men. Angry and sad at the death of his sister, Tony singlehandedly kills many of Sosa's men in a major shootout. Tony is then shot in the back by an assassin with a [[shotgun]], and falls into his fountain below, dead. ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{imdb title|0086250}} * {{Letterboxd title |id=scarface-1983 |title=Scarface}} * [https://wallpaperset.com/scarface-wallpaper-hd Scarface wallpapers] * {{movie-stub}} [[Category:1983 crime movies]] [[Category:1983 drama movies]] [[Category:1980s crime drama movies]] [[Category:American crime drama movies]] [[Category:American gangster movies]] [[Category:American movie remakes]] [[Category:Antisocial personality disorder in fiction]] [[Category:1980s English-language movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Brian De Palma]] [[Category:Movies set in Miami]] [[Category:Mafia movies]] [[Category:Universal Pictures movies]] [[Category:R-rated movies]] [[Category:Movies about the illegal drug trade]] [[Category:Movies about organized crime in the United States]] gr53mt27j56m48rvesvg3is09o65m26 0 61804 10967108 10903643 2026-08-19T00:22:46Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the hypothetical speakers of this language|Proto-Indo-Europeans}} [[File:IE1500BP.png|thumb|300px|Indo-European languages around 500 [[AD]]]] The '''Proto-Indo-European language''' ('''PIE''') is the ancestor of the [[Indo-European languages]].<ref>Mallory J.P. & Adams D.Q. 2006. ''The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-929668-5}}</ref> It is the best understood of all [[proto-language]]s.<ref>Ivanov, Vyacheslav V.& Gamkrelidze, Thomas 1990. The early history of Indo-­European languages. ''Scientific American'' '''262''', March.</ref> It was put together by the methods of [[historical linguistics]].<ref>Beekes Robert 1995. ''Comparative Indo-European linguistics: an introduction''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-2150-2}} (Europe), {{ISBN|1-55619-504-4}} (US)</ref> == Discovery and reconstruction == There are different [[hypotheses|theories]] about when and where Proto-Indo-European was spoken.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/Psych/research/Evolution/Gray%26Atkinson2003.pdf |title=Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin, Nature 426 (27 November 2003) 435-439 |access-date=14 June 2007 |archive-date=2 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402070222/http://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/Psych/research/Evolution/Gray%26Atkinson2003.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> PIE may have been spoken as a single language that began to separate, around 3700 [[BC]]. The exact date is not known. The most popular hypothesis for where it came from and how it spread is called the [[Kurgan hypothesis]]. In this hypothesis, its origin is in the [[Pontic Mountains|Pontic]]-[[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] [[steppe]] of [[Eastern Europe]]. === Method === There is no direct evidence of PIE because it was never [[Writing|written down]]. All PIE sounds and words are reconstructed from later [[Indo-European languages]]. The [[asterisk]] symbol is used to mark reconstructed PIE words: *''{{unicode|wódr̥}}'' '[[water]]', *''{{unicode|ḱwṓn}}'' '[[dog]]', or *''{{unicode|tréyes}}'' 'three (masculine)'. Many words in modern Indo-European languages seem to have come from such "proto-words" by regular sound changes such as [[Grimm's law]]. == Phonology == ===Vowels=== The [[Vowel|vowels]] in commonly-used notation are:{{sfnp|Fortson|loc=§3.26}} {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ![[Vowel length|length]] ![[Front vowel|front]] ![[Back vowel|back]] |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Close-mid vowel|Mid]] |short |{{IPA|*[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]}} |{{IPA|*[[Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]}} |- |long |{{IPA|*[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|ē]]}} |{{IPA|*[[Close-mid back rounded vowel|ō]]}} |} ===Consonants=== The [[Consonant|consonants]] in commonly-used notation are:{{sfnp|Fortson|loc=§3.2}}{{sfnp|Beekes|loc=§11}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | [[labial consonant|Labial]] ! rowspan="2" | [[coronal consonant|Coronal]] ! colspan=3| [[dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]] |- ! <small>palatal</small> ! <small>plain</small> ! <small>labial</small> |- ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasals]] | *{{unicode|m}} | *{{unicode|n}} | || || || |- ! rowspan=3| [[Stop consonant|Stops]] ! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | *{{IPA|p}} | *{{IPA|t}} | *{{IPA|ḱ}} | *{{IPA|k}} | *{{IPA|kʷ}} | |- ! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | *{{IPA|b}} | *{{IPA|d}} | *{{IPA|ǵ}} | *{{IPA|g}} | *{{IPA|gʷ}} | |- ! <small>[[Aspiration|aspirated]]</small> | *{{IPA|bʰ}} | *{{IPA|dʰ}} | *{{IPA|ǵʰ}} | *{{IPA|gʰ}} | *{{IPA|gʷʰ}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]] | | *{{IPA|s}} | || || | *{{IPA|h₁}}, *{{IPA|h₂}}, *{{IPA|h₃}} |- ! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximants]] | | *{{IPA|r}} , *{{IPA|l}} | *{{IPA|j}} | | *{{IPA|w}} | |} The following [[phoneme]]s are generally accepted: * '''Short [[vowel]]s''' {{unicode|e, o}} * '''Long vowels''' {{unicode|ē, ō}}. Usually the [[macron]] is used to mark long vowels. Sometimes, a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] is also used to say that the vowel is long (''e:, o:''). * Vowel [[allophone]]s of consonantal phonemes: {{unicode|u, i, r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥}}. === Accent === PIE had a free pitch accent''.'' That means that the stress of a word could be on any [[syllable]] and change even for related words. Different meanings of a word could be marked only with high or low pitch. == Morphology == PIE was an [[Inflection|inflected]] language that had [[root (linguistics)|roots]] with [[suffix]]es. The basic root shape is often altered by the ablaut, a system of regular vowel changes. An example of ablaut in [[English language|English]] is the strong verb ''sing'', ''sang'', ''sung'' and the related noun ''song''. === Synthetic === Most Indo-European languages are [[Synthetic language|synthetic]]. That means they have many [[morpheme]]s per word. Morphemes may be combined to make complex words, as in [[German language|German]]. Root words may be put on "bound morphemes" to show their function, which are morphemes that appear only as part of a larger word. * German example: ''Aufsichtsratsmitgliederversammlung'' => "Supervision + council + member + assembly" * [[Spanish]] example: ''escribiéndomelo'' => "writing it to me" Those methods were probably used often in PIE. Languages like English, which have few such combinations, come from earlier, more typical Indo-European languages. English comes from [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]], a [[Western Germanic language]]. The fact that English once was synthetic like German is shown by [[cranberry morpheme]]s, which are called that because the "cran-" is a remnant of a word that no longer exists. Also, in ''mulberry'' and ''raspberry'', their first syllable is a bound morpheme. == Sample texts == Because PIE was spoken a very long time ago, there are no texts anymore. Scientists have tried many times to make example texts to show what it could be like. However, they are just educated guesses. Even so, such texts are still useful because they show what PIE might have looked and sounded like. People have rewritten a text by Schleicher multiple times as an example text: === Schleicher (1868) === ''Avis akvāsas ka'' :Avis, jasmin varnā na ā ast, dadarka akvams, tam, vāgham garum vaghantam, tam, bhāram magham, tam, manum āku bharantam. Avis akvabhjams ā vavakat: kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam. Akvāsas ā vavakant: krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas: manus patis varnām avisāms karnauti svabhjam gharmam vastram avibhjams ka varnā na asti. Tat kukruvants avis agram ā bhugat. Schleicher's reconstruction says that the o/e vocalism was secondary. His version of PIE is more like [[Sanskrit]] than modern reconstructions are. === Hirt (1939) === ''Owis ek’wōses-kʷe'' :Owis, jesmin wьlənā ne ēst, dedork’e ek’wons, tom, woghom gʷьrum weghontm̥, tom, bhorom megam, tom, gh’ьmonm̥ ōk’u bherontm̥. Owis ek’womos ewьwekʷet: k’ērd aghnutai moi widontei gh’ьmonm̥ ek’wons ag’ontm̥. Ek’wōses ewьwekʷont: kl’udhi, owei!, k’ērd aghnutai vidontmos: gh’ьmo, potis, wьlənām owjôm kʷr̥neuti sebhoi ghʷermom westrom; owimos-kʷe wьlənā ne esti. Tod k’ek’ruwos owis ag’rom ebhuget. Hirt introduced the o/e vocalist and some rather different [[consonants]]. === English translation === ''The Sheep and the Horses'' :[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain. Some of the differences between the texts are just different spelling conventions: w and u̯, for example, are only different ways to indicate the same sound, a consonantal u. However, many other differences are caused by the different ideas about the sounds and the structure of PIE. == Related pages == * [[List of Indo-European languages]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * American Heritage Dictionary: ** [http://www.bartleby.com/61/8.html Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans], essay on the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European ** [http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html Indo-European Roots], index * [http://www.ieed.nl/ Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718163413/http://www.ieed.nl/ |date=2006-07-18 }} (Leiden University) * [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/PokornyMaster-X.html Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420225029/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/PokornyMaster-X.html |date=2016-04-20 }} (University of Texas) * [http://www.grsampson.net/Q_PIE.html Say something in Proto-Indo-European] (by Geoffrey Sampson) * [http://www.geocities.com/caraculiambro/Caraculiambro/Verbs.html An Overview of the Proto-Indo-European Verb System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020107154021/http://www.geocities.com/caraculiambro/Caraculiambro/Verbs.html |date=2002-01-07 }} (by Piotr Gąsiorowski) * [http://verger1.narod.ru/lang1.htm/ Many PIE example texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024132857/http://verger1.narod.ru/lang1.htm |date=2012-10-24 }} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\ie\piet&first=1 PIE root etymology database] {{History of English}} [[Category:Indo-European languages]] igmdiwpp3280hh8jud0w866xbvgdh81 0 64610 10966743 10966495 2026-08-18T16:13:06Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Death */ 10966743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Hayden Panettiere | image = Hayden Panettiere 2009 (Straighten Crop).jpg | caption = Panettiere in 2009 | birth_name = Hayden Lesley Panettiere<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|title=BMI - Repertoire Search|website=repertoire.bmi.com|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041336/http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|archive-date=February 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1989|8|21}} | birth_place = [[Palisades, New York]], U.S.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hischak, Thomas S.|page=[https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom/page/n171 163]|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom|url-access=limited|publisher=McFarland|isbn= 978-0-786-48694-6|year=2011}}</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|8|16|1989|8|21}} | death_place = [[Greenville, South Carolina]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1990–2026 | partner = [[Wladimir Klitschko]] (2009–2011, 2013–2018) | children = 1 | relatives = [[Jansen Panettiere]] (brother) | signature = Hayden Panettiere Autograph.svg }} '''Hayden Lesley Panettiere''' (August 21, 1989 &ndash; August 16, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] [[actress]], [[singer]] and a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominee.<ref>An interview [http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705025553/http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp |date=2007-07-05 }} mentions that she turned 15 in August 2004, putting her birth in August 1989</ref> She starred as Claire Bennet on the [[NBC]] superhero series ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]'' (2006–2010), Kirby Reed in the [[slasher movie|slasher]] [[Horror movie|horror]] franchise ''[[Scream (franchise)|Scream]]'' (2011–2023), and Juliette Barnes in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] musical drama series ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' (2012–2018). She was also the voice of [[Kairi (Kingdom Hearts)|Kairi]] and [[Xion (Kingdom Hearts)|Xion]] in the video game series ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]''. She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show ''One Life To Live''.<ref name=age>{{cite news |title=Today's Birthdays: Hayden Panettiere |work=[[The Age]] |page= 18|date=21 August 2009 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Panettiere was also well known for her work in trying to stop [[whaling]]. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in [[Washington D.C.]], and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.<ref name="gc">{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014/|title=Hayden Panettiere held her Washington DC rally for Save The Whales|date=January 28, 2008|work=Gossip Center|language=en|access-date=2009-12-20|archive-date=2009-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606132426/http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014|url-status=dead}} Ref failed test.</ref> Her brother was actor [[Jansen Panettiere]]. Panettiere publicly came out as [[bisexual]] in May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Brody|date=May 6, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere Holds Nothing Back: From Child Stardom to Crushing Loss, This Is Her Truth (Exclusive)|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/ |access-date= May 6, 2026 |website=[[Us Weekly]]|archive-date= May 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506195100/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Death=== Panettiere died on August 16, 2026 at her home in [[Greenville, South Carolina]], five days before her 37th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Kimberly |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere, Actress in ‘Heroes’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 36 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hayden-panettiere-dead-actress-heroes-nashville-scream-1236674794/ |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US|last2=Nordyke|first2=Carly|last3=Thomas|first3=Mike}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=Matt |title=Hayden Panettiere, Star of 'Nashville' and 'Heroes,' Dies at 36 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 17, 2026 |language=en |date=August 17, 2026}}</ref> She had gone into [[cardiac arrest]] after having a possible [[drug overdose]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hayden Panettiere Suffered Apparent Overdose, Was Unresponsive as 'Advanced Life Support' Was Administered Before Death|url=https://people.com/hayden-panettiere-suffered-apparent-overdose-was-unresponsive-as-advanced-life-support-was-administered-before-death-12061106|access-date=August 17, 2026|website=People|date=August 17, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Derrick Bryson |last2=Stevens |first2=Matt |date=2026-08-17 |title=Hayden Panettiere Was in Cardiac Arrest When Authorities Responded to 911 Call |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-death-foul-play.html |access-date=2026-08-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Some of her acting roles == *1994–97: ''[[One Life To Live]]'' ([[soap opera]]) *1998: ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (the voice of Dot) *2000: ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' *2001: ''[[Joe Somebody]]'' *2004: ''[[Raising Helen]]'' *2005: ''[[Racing Stripes]]'' (voice) *2006–10: ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' *2010: ''[[Alpha and Omega (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) *2011: ''Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy'' (as [[Amanda Knox]]) *2011: ''[[Scream 4]]'' *2012–2018: ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' *2014-2015: ''[[Alpha and Omega 2 (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} * {{IMDb name}} {{US-actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Panettiere, Hayden}} [[Category:Actors from New York (state)]] [[Category:American child actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Singers from New York (state)]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American video game actors]] [[Category:Bisexual people]] [[Category:LGBT actors]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]] lqv5e76d8x9h3mblldtktf4jq91weof 10966744 10966743 2026-08-18T16:13:35Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:Models from New York (state)]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Hayden Panettiere | image = Hayden Panettiere 2009 (Straighten Crop).jpg | caption = Panettiere in 2009 | birth_name = Hayden Lesley Panettiere<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|title=BMI - Repertoire Search|website=repertoire.bmi.com|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041336/http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|archive-date=February 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1989|8|21}} | birth_place = [[Palisades, New York]], U.S.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hischak, Thomas S.|page=[https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom/page/n171 163]|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom|url-access=limited|publisher=McFarland|isbn= 978-0-786-48694-6|year=2011}}</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|8|16|1989|8|21}} | death_place = [[Greenville, South Carolina]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1990–2026 | partner = [[Wladimir Klitschko]] (2009–2011, 2013–2018) | children = 1 | relatives = [[Jansen Panettiere]] (brother) | signature = Hayden Panettiere Autograph.svg }} '''Hayden Lesley Panettiere''' (August 21, 1989 &ndash; August 16, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] [[actress]], [[singer]] and a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominee.<ref>An interview [http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705025553/http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp |date=2007-07-05 }} mentions that she turned 15 in August 2004, putting her birth in August 1989</ref> She starred as Claire Bennet on the [[NBC]] superhero series ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]'' (2006–2010), Kirby Reed in the [[slasher movie|slasher]] [[Horror movie|horror]] franchise ''[[Scream (franchise)|Scream]]'' (2011–2023), and Juliette Barnes in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] musical drama series ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' (2012–2018). She was also the voice of [[Kairi (Kingdom Hearts)|Kairi]] and [[Xion (Kingdom Hearts)|Xion]] in the video game series ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]''. She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show ''One Life To Live''.<ref name=age>{{cite news |title=Today's Birthdays: Hayden Panettiere |work=[[The Age]] |page= 18|date=21 August 2009 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Panettiere was also well known for her work in trying to stop [[whaling]]. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in [[Washington D.C.]], and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.<ref name="gc">{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014/|title=Hayden Panettiere held her Washington DC rally for Save The Whales|date=January 28, 2008|work=Gossip Center|language=en|access-date=2009-12-20|archive-date=2009-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606132426/http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014|url-status=dead}} Ref failed test.</ref> Her brother was actor [[Jansen Panettiere]]. Panettiere publicly came out as [[bisexual]] in May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Brody|date=May 6, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere Holds Nothing Back: From Child Stardom to Crushing Loss, This Is Her Truth (Exclusive)|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/ |access-date= May 6, 2026 |website=[[Us Weekly]]|archive-date= May 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506195100/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Death=== Panettiere died on August 16, 2026 at her home in [[Greenville, South Carolina]], five days before her 37th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Kimberly |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere, Actress in ‘Heroes’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 36 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hayden-panettiere-dead-actress-heroes-nashville-scream-1236674794/ |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US|last2=Nordyke|first2=Carly|last3=Thomas|first3=Mike}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=Matt |title=Hayden Panettiere, Star of 'Nashville' and 'Heroes,' Dies at 36 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 17, 2026 |language=en |date=August 17, 2026}}</ref> She had gone into [[cardiac arrest]] after having a possible [[drug overdose]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hayden Panettiere Suffered Apparent Overdose, Was Unresponsive as 'Advanced Life Support' Was Administered Before Death|url=https://people.com/hayden-panettiere-suffered-apparent-overdose-was-unresponsive-as-advanced-life-support-was-administered-before-death-12061106|access-date=August 17, 2026|website=People|date=August 17, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Derrick Bryson |last2=Stevens |first2=Matt |date=2026-08-17 |title=Hayden Panettiere Was in Cardiac Arrest When Authorities Responded to 911 Call |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-death-foul-play.html |access-date=2026-08-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Some of her acting roles == *1994–97: ''[[One Life To Live]]'' ([[soap opera]]) *1998: ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (the voice of Dot) *2000: ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' *2001: ''[[Joe Somebody]]'' *2004: ''[[Raising Helen]]'' *2005: ''[[Racing Stripes]]'' (voice) *2006–10: ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' *2010: ''[[Alpha and Omega (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) *2011: ''Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy'' (as [[Amanda Knox]]) *2011: ''[[Scream 4]]'' *2012–2018: ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' *2014-2015: ''[[Alpha and Omega 2 (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} * {{IMDb name}} {{US-actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Panettiere, Hayden}} [[Category:Actors from New York (state)]] [[Category:American child actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Singers from New York (state)]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American video game actors]] [[Category:Bisexual people]] [[Category:LGBT actors]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]] [[Category:Models from New York (state)]] rxoxw26xui29d257etrkoz0ygjq1jaq 10966745 10966744 2026-08-18T16:13:42Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:LGBT models]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Hayden Panettiere | image = Hayden Panettiere 2009 (Straighten Crop).jpg | caption = Panettiere in 2009 | birth_name = Hayden Lesley Panettiere<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|title=BMI - Repertoire Search|website=repertoire.bmi.com|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041336/http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|archive-date=February 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1989|8|21}} | birth_place = [[Palisades, New York]], U.S.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hischak, Thomas S.|page=[https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom/page/n171 163]|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom|url-access=limited|publisher=McFarland|isbn= 978-0-786-48694-6|year=2011}}</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|8|16|1989|8|21}} | death_place = [[Greenville, South Carolina]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1990–2026 | partner = [[Wladimir Klitschko]] (2009–2011, 2013–2018) | children = 1 | relatives = [[Jansen Panettiere]] (brother) | signature = Hayden Panettiere Autograph.svg }} '''Hayden Lesley Panettiere''' (August 21, 1989 &ndash; August 16, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] [[actress]], [[singer]] and a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominee.<ref>An interview [http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705025553/http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp |date=2007-07-05 }} mentions that she turned 15 in August 2004, putting her birth in August 1989</ref> She starred as Claire Bennet on the [[NBC]] superhero series ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]'' (2006–2010), Kirby Reed in the [[slasher movie|slasher]] [[Horror movie|horror]] franchise ''[[Scream (franchise)|Scream]]'' (2011–2023), and Juliette Barnes in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] musical drama series ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' (2012–2018). She was also the voice of [[Kairi (Kingdom Hearts)|Kairi]] and [[Xion (Kingdom Hearts)|Xion]] in the video game series ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]''. She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show ''One Life To Live''.<ref name=age>{{cite news |title=Today's Birthdays: Hayden Panettiere |work=[[The Age]] |page= 18|date=21 August 2009 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Panettiere was also well known for her work in trying to stop [[whaling]]. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in [[Washington D.C.]], and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.<ref name="gc">{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014/|title=Hayden Panettiere held her Washington DC rally for Save The Whales|date=January 28, 2008|work=Gossip Center|language=en|access-date=2009-12-20|archive-date=2009-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606132426/http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014|url-status=dead}} Ref failed test.</ref> Her brother was actor [[Jansen Panettiere]]. Panettiere publicly came out as [[bisexual]] in May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Brody|date=May 6, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere Holds Nothing Back: From Child Stardom to Crushing Loss, This Is Her Truth (Exclusive)|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/ |access-date= May 6, 2026 |website=[[Us Weekly]]|archive-date= May 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506195100/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Death=== Panettiere died on August 16, 2026 at her home in [[Greenville, South Carolina]], five days before her 37th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Kimberly |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere, Actress in ‘Heroes’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 36 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hayden-panettiere-dead-actress-heroes-nashville-scream-1236674794/ |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US|last2=Nordyke|first2=Carly|last3=Thomas|first3=Mike}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=Matt |title=Hayden Panettiere, Star of 'Nashville' and 'Heroes,' Dies at 36 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 17, 2026 |language=en |date=August 17, 2026}}</ref> She had gone into [[cardiac arrest]] after having a possible [[drug overdose]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hayden Panettiere Suffered Apparent Overdose, Was Unresponsive as 'Advanced Life Support' Was Administered Before Death|url=https://people.com/hayden-panettiere-suffered-apparent-overdose-was-unresponsive-as-advanced-life-support-was-administered-before-death-12061106|access-date=August 17, 2026|website=People|date=August 17, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Derrick Bryson |last2=Stevens |first2=Matt |date=2026-08-17 |title=Hayden Panettiere Was in Cardiac Arrest When Authorities Responded to 911 Call |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-death-foul-play.html |access-date=2026-08-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Some of her acting roles == *1994–97: ''[[One Life To Live]]'' ([[soap opera]]) *1998: ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (the voice of Dot) *2000: ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' *2001: ''[[Joe Somebody]]'' *2004: ''[[Raising Helen]]'' *2005: ''[[Racing Stripes]]'' (voice) *2006–10: ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' *2010: ''[[Alpha and Omega (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) *2011: ''Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy'' (as [[Amanda Knox]]) *2011: ''[[Scream 4]]'' *2012–2018: ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' *2014-2015: ''[[Alpha and Omega 2 (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} * {{IMDb name}} {{US-actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Panettiere, Hayden}} [[Category:Actors from New York (state)]] [[Category:American child actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Singers from New York (state)]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American video game actors]] [[Category:Bisexual people]] [[Category:LGBT actors]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]] [[Category:Models from New York (state)]] [[Category:LGBT models]] 8djx69neag6hirsns7ztoqevtbfqznv 10966746 10966745 2026-08-18T16:13:48Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:American environmentalists]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Hayden Panettiere | image = Hayden Panettiere 2009 (Straighten Crop).jpg | caption = Panettiere in 2009 | birth_name = Hayden Lesley Panettiere<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|title=BMI - Repertoire Search|website=repertoire.bmi.com|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041336/http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|archive-date=February 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1989|8|21}} | birth_place = [[Palisades, New York]], U.S.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hischak, Thomas S.|page=[https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom/page/n171 163]|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom|url-access=limited|publisher=McFarland|isbn= 978-0-786-48694-6|year=2011}}</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|8|16|1989|8|21}} | death_place = [[Greenville, South Carolina]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1990–2026 | partner = [[Wladimir Klitschko]] (2009–2011, 2013–2018) | children = 1 | relatives = [[Jansen Panettiere]] (brother) | signature = Hayden Panettiere Autograph.svg }} '''Hayden Lesley Panettiere''' (August 21, 1989 &ndash; August 16, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] [[actress]], [[singer]] and a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominee.<ref>An interview [http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705025553/http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp |date=2007-07-05 }} mentions that she turned 15 in August 2004, putting her birth in August 1989</ref> She starred as Claire Bennet on the [[NBC]] superhero series ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]'' (2006–2010), Kirby Reed in the [[slasher movie|slasher]] [[Horror movie|horror]] franchise ''[[Scream (franchise)|Scream]]'' (2011–2023), and Juliette Barnes in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] musical drama series ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' (2012–2018). She was also the voice of [[Kairi (Kingdom Hearts)|Kairi]] and [[Xion (Kingdom Hearts)|Xion]] in the video game series ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]''. She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show ''One Life To Live''.<ref name=age>{{cite news |title=Today's Birthdays: Hayden Panettiere |work=[[The Age]] |page= 18|date=21 August 2009 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Panettiere was also well known for her work in trying to stop [[whaling]]. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in [[Washington D.C.]], and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.<ref name="gc">{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014/|title=Hayden Panettiere held her Washington DC rally for Save The Whales|date=January 28, 2008|work=Gossip Center|language=en|access-date=2009-12-20|archive-date=2009-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606132426/http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014|url-status=dead}} Ref failed test.</ref> Her brother was actor [[Jansen Panettiere]]. Panettiere publicly came out as [[bisexual]] in May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Brody|date=May 6, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere Holds Nothing Back: From Child Stardom to Crushing Loss, This Is Her Truth (Exclusive)|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/ |access-date= May 6, 2026 |website=[[Us Weekly]]|archive-date= May 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506195100/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Death=== Panettiere died on August 16, 2026 at her home in [[Greenville, South Carolina]], five days before her 37th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Kimberly |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere, Actress in ‘Heroes’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 36 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hayden-panettiere-dead-actress-heroes-nashville-scream-1236674794/ |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US|last2=Nordyke|first2=Carly|last3=Thomas|first3=Mike}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=Matt |title=Hayden Panettiere, Star of 'Nashville' and 'Heroes,' Dies at 36 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 17, 2026 |language=en |date=August 17, 2026}}</ref> She had gone into [[cardiac arrest]] after having a possible [[drug overdose]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hayden Panettiere Suffered Apparent Overdose, Was Unresponsive as 'Advanced Life Support' Was Administered Before Death|url=https://people.com/hayden-panettiere-suffered-apparent-overdose-was-unresponsive-as-advanced-life-support-was-administered-before-death-12061106|access-date=August 17, 2026|website=People|date=August 17, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Derrick Bryson |last2=Stevens |first2=Matt |date=2026-08-17 |title=Hayden Panettiere Was in Cardiac Arrest When Authorities Responded to 911 Call |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-death-foul-play.html |access-date=2026-08-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Some of her acting roles == *1994–97: ''[[One Life To Live]]'' ([[soap opera]]) *1998: ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (the voice of Dot) *2000: ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' *2001: ''[[Joe Somebody]]'' *2004: ''[[Raising Helen]]'' *2005: ''[[Racing Stripes]]'' (voice) *2006–10: ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' *2010: ''[[Alpha and Omega (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) *2011: ''Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy'' (as [[Amanda Knox]]) *2011: ''[[Scream 4]]'' *2012–2018: ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' *2014-2015: ''[[Alpha and Omega 2 (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} * {{IMDb name}} {{US-actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Panettiere, Hayden}} [[Category:Actors from New York (state)]] [[Category:American child actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Singers from New York (state)]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American video game actors]] [[Category:Bisexual people]] [[Category:LGBT actors]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]] [[Category:Models from New York (state)]] [[Category:LGBT models]] [[Category:American environmentalists]] cmkq7lv8o0176tp14dwc6imna2yc2er 10966747 10966746 2026-08-18T16:13:55Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 removed [[Category:American environmentalists]]; added [[Category:American animal rights activists]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Hayden Panettiere | image = Hayden Panettiere 2009 (Straighten Crop).jpg | caption = Panettiere in 2009 | birth_name = Hayden Lesley Panettiere<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|title=BMI - Repertoire Search|website=repertoire.bmi.com|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041336/http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|archive-date=February 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1989|8|21}} | birth_place = [[Palisades, New York]], U.S.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hischak, Thomas S.|page=[https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom/page/n171 163]|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom|url-access=limited|publisher=McFarland|isbn= 978-0-786-48694-6|year=2011}}</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|8|16|1989|8|21}} | death_place = [[Greenville, South Carolina]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1990–2026 | partner = [[Wladimir Klitschko]] (2009–2011, 2013–2018) | children = 1 | relatives = [[Jansen Panettiere]] (brother) | signature = Hayden Panettiere Autograph.svg }} '''Hayden Lesley Panettiere''' (August 21, 1989 &ndash; August 16, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] [[actress]], [[singer]] and a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominee.<ref>An interview [http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705025553/http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp |date=2007-07-05 }} mentions that she turned 15 in August 2004, putting her birth in August 1989</ref> She starred as Claire Bennet on the [[NBC]] superhero series ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]'' (2006–2010), Kirby Reed in the [[slasher movie|slasher]] [[Horror movie|horror]] franchise ''[[Scream (franchise)|Scream]]'' (2011–2023), and Juliette Barnes in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] musical drama series ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' (2012–2018). She was also the voice of [[Kairi (Kingdom Hearts)|Kairi]] and [[Xion (Kingdom Hearts)|Xion]] in the video game series ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]''. She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show ''One Life To Live''.<ref name=age>{{cite news |title=Today's Birthdays: Hayden Panettiere |work=[[The Age]] |page= 18|date=21 August 2009 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Panettiere was also well known for her work in trying to stop [[whaling]]. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in [[Washington D.C.]], and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.<ref name="gc">{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014/|title=Hayden Panettiere held her Washington DC rally for Save The Whales|date=January 28, 2008|work=Gossip Center|language=en|access-date=2009-12-20|archive-date=2009-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606132426/http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014|url-status=dead}} Ref failed test.</ref> Her brother was actor [[Jansen Panettiere]]. Panettiere publicly came out as [[bisexual]] in May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Brody|date=May 6, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere Holds Nothing Back: From Child Stardom to Crushing Loss, This Is Her Truth (Exclusive)|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/ |access-date= May 6, 2026 |website=[[Us Weekly]]|archive-date= May 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506195100/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Death=== Panettiere died on August 16, 2026 at her home in [[Greenville, South Carolina]], five days before her 37th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Kimberly |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere, Actress in ‘Heroes’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 36 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hayden-panettiere-dead-actress-heroes-nashville-scream-1236674794/ |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US|last2=Nordyke|first2=Carly|last3=Thomas|first3=Mike}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=Matt |title=Hayden Panettiere, Star of 'Nashville' and 'Heroes,' Dies at 36 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 17, 2026 |language=en |date=August 17, 2026}}</ref> She had gone into [[cardiac arrest]] after having a possible [[drug overdose]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hayden Panettiere Suffered Apparent Overdose, Was Unresponsive as 'Advanced Life Support' Was Administered Before Death|url=https://people.com/hayden-panettiere-suffered-apparent-overdose-was-unresponsive-as-advanced-life-support-was-administered-before-death-12061106|access-date=August 17, 2026|website=People|date=August 17, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Derrick Bryson |last2=Stevens |first2=Matt |date=2026-08-17 |title=Hayden Panettiere Was in Cardiac Arrest When Authorities Responded to 911 Call |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-death-foul-play.html |access-date=2026-08-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Some of her acting roles == *1994–97: ''[[One Life To Live]]'' ([[soap opera]]) *1998: ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (the voice of Dot) *2000: ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' *2001: ''[[Joe Somebody]]'' *2004: ''[[Raising Helen]]'' *2005: ''[[Racing Stripes]]'' (voice) *2006–10: ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' *2010: ''[[Alpha and Omega (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) *2011: ''Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy'' (as [[Amanda Knox]]) *2011: ''[[Scream 4]]'' *2012–2018: ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' *2014-2015: ''[[Alpha and Omega 2 (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} * {{IMDb name}} {{US-actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Panettiere, Hayden}} [[Category:Actors from New York (state)]] [[Category:American child actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Singers from New York (state)]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American video game actors]] [[Category:Bisexual people]] [[Category:LGBT actors]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]] [[Category:Models from New York (state)]] [[Category:LGBT models]] [[Category:American animal rights activists]] ijjr5kqrpf777lrjuf79kw3ouzf9v70 10966765 10966747 2026-08-18T16:39:16Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Hayden Panettiere | image = Hayden Panettiere 2009 (Straighten Crop).jpg | caption = Panettiere in 2009 | birth_name = Hayden Lesley Panettiere<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|title=BMI - Repertoire Search|website=repertoire.bmi.com|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041336/http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|archive-date=February 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1989|8|21}} | birth_place = [[Palisades, New York]], U.S.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hischak, Thomas S.|page=[https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom/page/n171 163]|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom|url-access=limited|publisher=McFarland|isbn= 978-0-786-48694-6|year=2011}}</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|8|16|1989|8|21}} | death_place = [[Greenville, South Carolina]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1990–2026 | partner = [[Wladimir Klitschko]] (2009–2011, 2013–2018) | children = 1 | relatives = [[Jansen Panettiere]] (brother) | signature = Hayden Panettiere Autograph.svg }} '''Hayden Lesley Panettiere''' (August 21, 1989 &ndash; August 16, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] [[actress]], [[singer]] and a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominee.<ref>An interview [http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705025553/http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp |date=2007-07-05 }} mentions that she turned 15 in August 2004, putting her birth in August 1989</ref> She starred as Claire Bennet on the [[NBC]] superhero series ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]'' (2006–2010), Kirby Reed in the [[slasher movie|slasher]] [[Horror movie|horror]] franchise ''[[Scream (franchise)|Scream]]'' (2011–2023), and Juliette Barnes in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] musical drama series ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' (2012–2018). She was also the voice of [[Kairi (Kingdom Hearts)|Kairi]] and [[Xion (Kingdom Hearts)|Xion]] in the video game series ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]''. She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show ''One Life To Live''.<ref name=age>{{cite news |title=Today's Birthdays: Hayden Panettiere |work=[[The Age]] |page= 18|date=21 August 2009 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Panettiere was also well known for her work in trying to stop [[whaling]]. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in [[Washington D.C.]], and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.<ref name="gc">{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014/|title=Hayden Panettiere held her Washington DC rally for Save The Whales|date=January 28, 2008|work=Gossip Center|language=en|access-date=2009-12-20|archive-date=2009-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606132426/http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014|url-status=dead}} Ref failed test.</ref> Her brother was actor [[Jansen Panettiere]]. Panettiere publicly came out as [[bisexual]] in May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Brody|date=May 6, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere Holds Nothing Back: From Child Stardom to Crushing Loss, This Is Her Truth (Exclusive)|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/ |access-date= May 6, 2026 |website=[[Us Weekly]]|archive-date= May 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506195100/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Death=== Panettiere died on August 16, 2026 at her home in [[Greenville, South Carolina]], five days before her 37th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Kimberly |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere, Actress in ‘Heroes’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 36 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hayden-panettiere-dead-actress-heroes-nashville-scream-1236674794/ |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US|last2=Nordyke|first2=Carly|last3=Thomas|first3=Mike}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=Matt |title=Hayden Panettiere, Star of 'Nashville' and 'Heroes,' Dies at 36 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 17, 2026 |language=en |date=August 17, 2026}}</ref> She had gone into [[cardiac arrest]] after having a possible [[drug overdose]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hayden Panettiere Suffered Apparent Overdose, Was Unresponsive as 'Advanced Life Support' Was Administered Before Death|url=https://people.com/hayden-panettiere-suffered-apparent-overdose-was-unresponsive-as-advanced-life-support-was-administered-before-death-12061106|access-date=August 17, 2026|website=People|date=August 17, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Derrick Bryson |last2=Stevens |first2=Matt |date=2026-08-17 |title=Hayden Panettiere Was in Cardiac Arrest When Authorities Responded to 911 Call |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-death-foul-play.html |access-date=2026-08-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Some of her acting roles == *1994–97: ''[[One Life To Live]]'' ([[soap opera]]) *1998: ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (the voice of Dot) *2000: ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' *2001: ''[[Joe Somebody]]'' *2004: ''[[Raising Helen]]'' *2005: ''[[Racing Stripes]]'' (voice) *2006–10: ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' *2010: ''[[Alpha and Omega (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) *2011: ''Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy'' (as [[Amanda Knox]]) *2011: ''[[Scream 4]]'' *2012–2018: ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' *2014-2015: ''[[Alpha and Omega 2 (movie)]]'' (voice of Kate) == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} * {{IMDb name}} {{US-actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Panettiere, Hayden}} [[Category:Actors from New York (state)]] [[Category:American child actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Singers from New York (state)]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American video game actors]] [[Category:Bisexual people]] [[Category:LGBT actors]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]] [[Category:Models from New York (state)]] [[Category:LGBT models]] [[Category:American animal rights activists]] [[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]] nw54yrlvldarzxyud5e85y5wmrzybwx 10966770 10966765 2026-08-18T16:44:05Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Some of her acting roles */ 10966770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Hayden Panettiere | image = Hayden Panettiere 2009 (Straighten Crop).jpg | caption = Panettiere in 2009 | birth_name = Hayden Lesley Panettiere<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|title=BMI - Repertoire Search|website=repertoire.bmi.com|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041336/http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1022590&subid=0|archive-date=February 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1989|8|21}} | birth_place = [[Palisades, New York]], U.S.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hischak, Thomas S.|page=[https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom/page/n171 163]|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/disneyvoiceactor00thom|url-access=limited|publisher=McFarland|isbn= 978-0-786-48694-6|year=2011}}</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|8|16|1989|8|21}} | death_place = [[Greenville, South Carolina]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1990–2026 | partner = [[Wladimir Klitschko]] (2009–2011, 2013–2018) | children = 1 | relatives = [[Jansen Panettiere]] (brother) | signature = Hayden Panettiere Autograph.svg }} '''Hayden Lesley Panettiere''' (August 21, 1989 &ndash; August 16, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] [[actress]], [[singer]] and a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominee.<ref>An interview [http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705025553/http://www.thesource4ym.com/interviews/HaydenPanettiere.asp |date=2007-07-05 }} mentions that she turned 15 in August 2004, putting her birth in August 1989</ref> She starred as Claire Bennet on the [[NBC]] superhero series ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]'' (2006–2010), Kirby Reed in the [[slasher movie|slasher]] [[Horror movie|horror]] franchise ''[[Scream (franchise)|Scream]]'' (2011–2023), and Juliette Barnes in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] musical drama series ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' (2012–2018). She was also the voice of [[Kairi (Kingdom Hearts)|Kairi]] and [[Xion (Kingdom Hearts)|Xion]] in the video game series ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]''. She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show ''One Life To Live''.<ref name=age>{{cite news |title=Today's Birthdays: Hayden Panettiere |work=[[The Age]] |page= 18|date=21 August 2009 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Panettiere was also well known for her work in trying to stop [[whaling]]. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in [[Washington D.C.]], and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.<ref name="gc">{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014/|title=Hayden Panettiere held her Washington DC rally for Save The Whales|date=January 28, 2008|work=Gossip Center|language=en|access-date=2009-12-20|archive-date=2009-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606132426/http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/hayden-panettiere-whales-best-friend-203014|url-status=dead}} Ref failed test.</ref> Her brother was actor [[Jansen Panettiere]]. Panettiere publicly came out as [[bisexual]] in May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Brody|date=May 6, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere Holds Nothing Back: From Child Stardom to Crushing Loss, This Is Her Truth (Exclusive)|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/ |access-date= May 6, 2026 |website=[[Us Weekly]]|archive-date= May 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506195100/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/hayden-panettiere-gets-honest-on-loss-addiction-more/|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Death=== Panettiere died on August 16, 2026 at her home in [[Greenville, South Carolina]], five days before her 37th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Kimberly |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Hayden Panettiere, Actress in ‘Heroes’ and ‘Nashville,’ Dies at 36 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hayden-panettiere-dead-actress-heroes-nashville-scream-1236674794/ |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US|last2=Nordyke|first2=Carly|last3=Thomas|first3=Mike}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=Matt |title=Hayden Panettiere, Star of 'Nashville' and 'Heroes,' Dies at 36 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 17, 2026 |language=en |date=August 17, 2026}}</ref> She had gone into [[cardiac arrest]] after having a possible [[drug overdose]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hayden Panettiere Suffered Apparent Overdose, Was Unresponsive as 'Advanced Life Support' Was Administered Before Death|url=https://people.com/hayden-panettiere-suffered-apparent-overdose-was-unresponsive-as-advanced-life-support-was-administered-before-death-12061106|access-date=August 17, 2026|website=People|date=August 17, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Derrick Bryson |last2=Stevens |first2=Matt |date=2026-08-17 |title=Hayden Panettiere Was in Cardiac Arrest When Authorities Responded to 911 Call |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/17/arts/television/hayden-panettiere-death-foul-play.html |access-date=2026-08-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Some of her acting roles == *1994–97: ''[[One Life To Live]]'' ([[soap opera]]) *1998: ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (the voice of Dot) *2000: ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' *2001: ''[[Joe Somebody]]'' *2004: ''[[Raising Helen]]'' *2005: ''[[Racing Stripes]]'' (voice) *2006–10: ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' *2010: ''[[Alpha and Omega (movie)|Alpha and Omega]]'' (voice of Kate) *2011: ''Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy'' (as [[Amanda Knox]]) *2011: ''[[Scream 4]]'' *2012–2018: ''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' *2014-2015: ''[[Alpha and Omega 2]]'' (voice of Kate) == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} * {{IMDb name}} {{US-actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Panettiere, Hayden}} [[Category:Actors from New York (state)]] [[Category:American child actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Singers from New York (state)]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American video game actors]] [[Category:Bisexual people]] [[Category:LGBT actors]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]] [[Category:Models from New York (state)]] [[Category:LGBT models]] [[Category:American animal rights activists]] [[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]] cjuvmto0f0jhsh2oe03hio8pr02m21m 0 67089 10967374 7664076 2026-08-19T09:06:09Z Filajod 1700438 /* */ 10967374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Méristème couches.png|thumb|240px|Apical meristem or growing tip. <br/>The epidermal (L1) and subepidermal (L2) layers form the outer layers called the [[tunica]]. The inner L3 layer is called the corpus. Cells in the L1 and L2 layers divide in a sideways fashion, which keeps these layers distinct, whereas the L3 layer divides in a more random fashion.|right]] A '''meristem''' is a totipotent [[biological tissue|tissue]] in [[plant]]s made of [[cell division|dividing cells]]. They are in parts of the plant where growth can take place. Plant cells which are [[Cell differentiation|differentiated]] generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, [[mitosis|cell division]] in the meristem is necessary to get new cells. This allows for the growth of tissues and new organs needed by the plant. Meristematic cells have the same function for plants as [[stem cell]]s have for [[animal]]s. They are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cell division. The cells are small and [[protoplasm]] fills the cell completely. The [[vacuole]]s are extremely small. The cytoplasm does not contain plastids (such as [[chloroplasts]], but they are there in rudimentary form ('proplastids'). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The [[cell wall]] is a very thin primary cell wall. == Apical meristem == [[Image:Root-tip-tag.png|thumb|right|10x microscope image of root tip with meristem<br /> 1 – quiescent center <br /> 2 – calyptrogen (live rootcap cells) <br /> 3 – rootcap <br /> 4 – sloughed off dead rootcap cells<br /> 5 – procambium]] The apical meristem, or growing tip, is found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants. It begins growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots (forming buds, among other things). Specifically, an active apical meristem lays down a growing root or shoot behind itself, pushing itself forward. Apical meristems are very small, compared to the cylinder-shaped lateral meristems.<ref>Lyndon R.F. 1998. ''The shoot apical meristem''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-40457-6}}</ref> ==Primary meristems== Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem: * '''Protoderm''' – around the outside of the stem and develops into the [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermis]]. * '''Procambium''' – just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary [[xylem]] and primary [[phloem]]. It also produces the [[vascular cambium]], a secondary meristem. * '''Ground meristem''' develops into the [[pith]]. It produces the [[cork cambium]], another secondary meristem. These meristems are responsible for primary growth, or an increase in length or height. == Secondary meristems == These meristems cause secondary growth, or an increase in width. There are two types of secondary meristems: * [[Vascular cambium]] – produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem, which may continue through the life of the plant. It is what gives rise to [[wood]] in plants. Such plants are called [[arborescent]]. It does not occur in plants which do not go through secondary growth, that is, [[herbaceous]] plants. * [[Cork cambium]] – gives rise to the bark of a tree. == Related pages == * [[Cork cambium]] * [[Vascular cambium]] {{Commons|Méristème}} == References == {{reflist}} * Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece ''Biology'', 6th edition. Benjamin Cummings. * Schoof ''et al.'' The stem cell population of ''Arabidopsis'' shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between CLAVATA and WUSCHEL genes. Cell 100: 635-644. == Other websites == * Research on meristems: meristemania.org [http://meristemania.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106151728/http://meristemania.org/ |date=2009-01-06 }} [[Category:Plant anatomy]] [[Category:Plant tissues]] hnjoxa0a33h5g5tow6gr0qqxqbixfxs 0 69786 10966707 9802814 2026-08-18T15:48:45Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966707 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''peer''' is a member of the [[nobility]]. It is sometimes used instead of 'Lord'. In formal or old [[United Kingdom|British]] [[wikt:document|documents]], the [[House of Lords]] is called the House of Peers. ==Ranks == In the [[United Kingdom]] there are five ranks of the peerage: * [[Baron]] is the lowest. In [[Scotland]] this is called a Lord, short for ''Lord in Parliament''. * [[Viscount]] * [[Earl]] - this is an old Saxon word. In [[Continental Europe]] this rank is called 'count', the lord in charge of a [[county]]. An earl's wife is called a ''countess'' * [[Marquess]] - A special rank higher than an earl because a marquess's land was in the Marches, the [[border]] areas that must be defended. A marquess's wife is called a ''marchioness''. There were not many marquesses in Scotland, and they usually spelled the title 'marquis' like the [[France|French]] * [[Duke]] - the highest rank. Informally Barons, Viscounts, Earls and Marquesses are called lords, and instead of their name when speaking to them, the term 'my lord' is used. A Duke is never called a lord. 'Your grace' is used for a Duke. Since 2004 a list of peers has been kept by the [[Lord Chancellor]] and [[Secretary of State for Justice]]. This list, called the [http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/roll-of-the-peerage Roll of Peerage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318094310/http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/roll-of-the-peerage |date=2013-03-18 }} had to be kept to prove who was a peer. The list of members of the House of Lords used to be the same until the [[wikt:hereditary|hereditary]] peers were excluded. Official documents can only call someone a peer if their name is on the Peerage Roll. == Precedence == Sorting out which peer should precede (''come in front of'') in a procession or other event depends on three different things: #The rank. All dukes come before all marquesses, then earls, then viscounts and finally barons. #Country the peerage was created in. All Dukes first created by the [[King of England]] come before those created by the [[King of Scotland]]. After this come ''Dukes of [[Great Britain]]'' whose titles were created between 1707 and 1801 (during the existence of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain]]). In 1801, the [[kingdom of Ireland]] joined with Great Britain to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], so ''Dukes of Ireland'' come next, followed by ''Dukes of the United Kingdom''. The other types of peer follow in the same order. ##England ##Scotland ##Great Britain ##Ireland ##United Kingdom #Finally the order is decided on the year the title was created. == Exceptions == The only exceptions are the [[royal]] dukes, and the [[Duke of Abercorn]]. *The dukes of Gloucester, Kent, Edinburgh, York, Cambridge, and Sussex are the most junior dukes, but because they are [[prince]]s they rank ahead of all other dukes. In 1952 [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|the Queen]] ordered that her husband, the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], would be second only to her.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/archiveViewFrameSetup.asp?webType=0&PageDuplicate=x0%20%20%20%20%20%20&issueNumber=39657&pageNumber=0&SearchFor=Duke%20of%20Edinburgh&selMedalType=&selHonourType= |title=The London Gazette |access-date=2007-09-03 |author=G. R. Bellew, Garter King of Arms |date=30 September 1952 |publisher=HMSO |quote=The QUEEN has been graciously pleased by Warrant bearing date the 18th instant to declare and ordain that His Royal Highness Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, Commander in the Royal Navy, shall henceforth upon all occasions and in all Meetings except where otherwise provided by Act of Parliament have, hold and enjoy Place, Pre-eminence and Precedence next to Her Majesty. }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Duke of Edinburgh]] is now Elizabeth II's son, [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh]]. *The Duke of Abercorn. When the Irish Marquess of Abercorn<ref>[http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/PeersRoll.html Peerage Roll 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108205526/http://college-of-arms.gov.uk/PeersRoll.html |date=2012-01-08 }} Peerage Roll lists the Marquessate as a UK peerage and notes that the peer is usually called by a higher title. This is usual with Irish peers</ref> was "promoted" in 1868 the duke was listed as a duke of the kingdom of Ireland, but was given precedence as if it was a peerage in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Irish peers cannot attend the House of Lords. == References == <references/> [[Category:British nobility]] [[Category:Peerages]] nxs41blbejmmln4qgumtn5z9nor3py8 0 72296 10966939 10903810 2026-08-18T19:06:01Z AlphaVictorDelta0107 1738545 Gave her legal names 10966939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[Knight Commander|Dame]] | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=100%|CH|DBE}} | image = Dame Maggie Smith 1973 (front side) (cropped).jpg | caption = Smith in 1973 | birth_date = 28 December 1934 | nationality = [[British people|British]] | birth_place = [[Ilford]], [[Essex]], [[England]], UK | death_date = 27 September 2024 (aged&nbsp;89) | death_place = [[London]], England, UK | birth_name = Margaret Nathalie Smith | occupation = [[Actress]] | years_active = 1952–2024 | spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Robert Stephens]]|1967|1974|end=divorced}} | {{marriage|[[Beverley Cross]]|1975|1998|end=died}} }} | children = {{ubl|[[Chris Larkin]]|[[Toby Stephens]]}} }} {{Infobox |headerstyle = background:#F0E68C; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = background:#DCDCDC; |header1 = Film Awards | data2 = {{Infobox | child = yes | decat = yes | title = [[Academy Awards]] | label1= [[42nd Academy Awards|1969]] | data1 = [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] | label2 = [[51st Academy Awards|1978]] | data2 = [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] }} | data3 = {{Infobox | child = yes | decat = yes | title = [[British Academy Film Awards]] | label1= [[23rd British Academy Film Awards|1969]], [[38th British Academy Film Awards|1984]], [[39th British Academy Film Awards|1986]], [[42nd British Academy Film Awards|1988]] | data1 = [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress]] | label2 = [[53rd British Academy Film Awards|1999]] | data2 = [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actress]] | label3 = [[BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award|1996]] | data3 = [[BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award|Fellowship]] }} | data4 = {{Infobox | child = yes | decat = yes | title = [[Golden Globe Awards]] | label1 = [[36th Golden Globe Awards|1978]] | data1 = [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] | label2 = [[44th Golden Globe Awards|1986]] | data2 = [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture]] }} | data5 = {{Infobox | child = yes | decat = yes | title = [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] | label1= [[8th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2001]] | data1 = [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]] }} }} '''Dame Margaret Nathalie Cross''' {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=100%|CH|DBE}} ({{nee|'''Smith'''}}; formerly '''Stephens'''; 28 December 1934 &ndash; 27 September 2024) was a [[British people|British]] [[actress]]. She made her stage debut in 1952 and her career lasted for over 70 years. She won many awards for acting, both for the stage and for movies, including seven [[BAFTA Award]]s (five competitive awards and two special awards including the [[BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award|Bafta Fellowship]] in 1996), two [[Academy Award]]s, two [[Golden Globe]]s, two [[Emmy Award]]s, a [[Laurence Olivier Award]], two [[SAG Award]]s and a [[Tony Award]]. ==Career== Her award-winning movies included ''[[Othello (1965 movie)|Othello]]'' (1965), ''[[The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (movie)|The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie]]'' (1969), ''[[Travels with My Aunt (movie)|Travels with My Aunt]]'' (1972), ''[[California Suite (movie)|California Suite]]'' (1978), ''[[Clash of the Titans]]'' (1981), ''[[A Room with a View (movie)|A Room with a View]]'' (1985) and ''[[Gosford Park]]'' (2001). She has also been in a number of widely-popular movies, including ''[[Hook (movie)|Hook]]'' (1991), ''[[Sister Act]]'' (1992) and as Professor [[Minerva McGonagall]] in the [[Harry Potter (movie series)|''Harry Potter'' movie series]]. Smith said that acting in the ''Harry Potter'' movies was not fully satisfying.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oliver |first=Mark |date=5 November 2001 |title=Rowling: 'It is as I imagined it inside my head' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/nov/05/harrypotter.books |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> However, she said she enjoyed being a part of the franchise because it allowed her to bond with her grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peppin |first=Hayley |date=6 December 2019 |title=Professor McGonagall actress Maggie Smith said working on 'Harry Potter' 'didn't feel like acting' and 'wasn't satisfying' |url=https://www.insider.com/maggie-smith-said-playing-professor-mcgonagall-harry-potter-not-satisfying-2019-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807170317/https://www.businessinsider.com/maggie-smith-said-playing-professor-mcgonagall-harry-potter-not-satisfying-2019-12 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=Insider |language=en}}</ref> Smith underwent intensive [[chemotherapy]] for breast cancer while filming ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie)|Half-Blood Prince]]''. The treatment left her feeling "horribly sick", but she eventually made a full recovery.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 October 2009 |title=Maggie Smith Discusses Cancer Treatment Struggle |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/harry-potter/6260564/Dame-Maggie-Smith-reveals-Harry-Potter-breast-cancer-treatment-struggle.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402111045/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/harry-potter/6260564/Dame-Maggie-Smith-reveals-Harry-Potter-breast-cancer-treatment-struggle.html |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref> She had a role in the drama ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' as Violet Crawley, the Dowager Countess of Grantham, for which she has won an Emmy. ==Personal life== Margaret Nathalie Smith was born in [[Ilford]], [[Essex]]. She moved to [[Oxford]] at age four and went to [[Oxford High School (Oxford)|Oxford High School]]. Smith has been married twice. She married actor [[Robert Stephens]] on 29 June 1967 at [[Greenwich]]. The couple had two sons: actors [[Chris Larkin]] (born in 1967) and [[Toby Stephens]] (born in 1969).<ref name="tiscali"/> They divorced on 6 May 1974.<ref name="tiscali">[http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/maggie_smith_biog.html ''Maggie Smith biography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207101944/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/maggie_smith_biog.html |date=2009-02-07 }}. Tiscali.film & TV.</ref><ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/65/Maggie-Smith.html ''Maggie Smith'']. Film Reference.com.</ref> She married playwright [[Beverley Cross]] on 23 August 1975 at [[Guildford]]. He died on 20 March 1998. In 2007, ''[[The Sunday Telegraph]]'' reported that she had breast cancer. She has made a full recovery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ijMyS9F4MJL_ziOQRrBup8yayqKw |title=Actress Maggie Smith recounts cancer battle |publisher=Google.com |date=2009-10-05 |accessdate=2011-11-08 |archive-date=2010-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419053733/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ijMyS9F4MJL_ziOQRrBup8yayqKw |url-status=dead }}</ref> Smith died on 27 September 2024 at the [[Chelsea and Westminster Hospital]] in [[London]], at the age of 89.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cgk7375ngkxo|title=Actress Dame Maggie Smith dies at 89|publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=27 September 2024|accessdate=27 September 2024}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Television and cinema=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1958 | ''[[Nowhere to Go (1958 movie)|Nowhere to Go]]'' | Bridget Howard | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer]] |- | 1962 | ''[[Go to Blazes (1962 movie)|Go to Blazes]]'' | Chantal | |- | 1963 | ''{{sortname|The|V.I.P.s}}'' | Miss Mead | Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress]] |- | 1964 | ''{{sortname|The|Pumpkin Eater}}'' | Philpot | |- |rowspan=2| 1965 | ''[[Othello (1965 movie)|Othello]]'' | [[Desdemona (Othello)|Desdemona]] | {{ubl|Nominated — [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama]]}} |- | ''[[Young Cassidy]]'' | Nora | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] |- | 1967 | ''{{sortname|The|Honey Pot}}'' | Sarah Watkins | |- | 1968 | ''[[Hot Millions]]'' | Patty Terwilliger Smith | |- | 1969 | ''{{sortname|The|Prime of Miss Jean Brodie|dab=film}}'' | [[Jean Brodie]] | {{ubl|[[Academy Award for Best Actress]]|[[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama]]}} |- | 1969 | ''[[Oh! What a Lovely War]]'' | Music Hall Star | |- | 1972 | ''[[Travels with My Aunt (movie)|Travels with My Aunt]]'' | Aunt Augusta | {{ubl|Nominated — [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]}} |- | 1973 | ''[[Love and Pain and the Whole Damn Thing]]'' | Lila Fisher | |- | 1974 | ''{{sortname|The|Carol Burnett Show}}'' | Gwendylspire Boughgrough | |- | 1975 | ''{{sortname|The|Carol Burnett Show}}'' | Ms. Collins | |- | 1976 | ''[[Murder by Death]]'' | Dora Charleston | |- |rowspan=2| 1978 | ''[[Death on the Nile (1978 movie)|Death on the Nile]]'' | Miss Bowers | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] |- | ''[[California Suite (movie)|California Suite]]'' | Diana Barrie | {{ubl|[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]|[[Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]}} |- |rowspan=2|1981 | ''[[Quartet (1981 movie)|Quartet]]'' | Lois Heidler | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] |- | ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 movie)|Clash of the Titans]]'' | Thetis | Nominated — [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress]] |- |rowspan=3|1982 | ''[[Evil Under the Sun (1982 movie)|Evil Under the Sun]]'' | Daphne Castle | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Missionary}}'' | Lady Isabel Ames | |- | ''[[Better Late Than Never (movie)|Better Late Than Never]]'' | Miss Anderson | |- |rowspan=2| 1984 | ''{{sortname|A|Private Function}}'' | Joyce Chilvers | [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] |- | ''[[Lily in Love]]'' | Lily Wynn | Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress]] |- | 1985 | ''{{sortname|A|Room with a View|dab=film}}'' | Charlotte Bartlett | {{ubl|[[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]|[[Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]}} |- |rowspan=2| 1987 | ''{{sortname|The|Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne}}'' | Judith Hearne | [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] |- | ''[[Talking Heads (series)|Talking Heads]]'' | Susan | Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress]] |- | 1991 | ''[[Hook (movie)|Hook]]'' | [[Wendy Darling]] | |- |rowspan=2| 1992 | ''[[Sister Act]]'' | Reverend Mother | |- | ''Memento Mori'' | Mrs. Mabel Pettigrew | Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress]] |- |rowspan=3| 1993 | ''[[Suddenly, Last Summer]]'' | Violet Venable | Nominated — [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie]] |- | ''[[Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit]]'' | Reverend Mother | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Secret Garden|dab=1993 film}}'' | Mrs. Medlock | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] |- | 1995 | ''[[Richard III (1995 movie)|Richard III]]'' | Duchess of York | |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|First Wives Club}}'' | Gunilla Garson Goldberg | [[National Board of Review Award for Best Cast]] |- | 1997 | ''[[Washington Square (movie)|Washington Square]]'' | Aunt Lavinia Penniman | Nominated — [[Chlotrudis Award for Best Supporting Actress]] |- |rowspan=5| 1999 | ''[[Curtain Call (1999 movie)|Curtain Call]]'' | Lily Gale | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Last September}}'' | Lady Myra Naylor | |- | ''[[Tea with Mussolini]]'' | Lady Hester Random | [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] |- | ''[[All the King's Men (1999 movie)|All the King's Men]]'' | [[Queen Alexandra]] | |- | ''[[David Copperfield (1999 movie)|David Copperfield]]'' | [[Betsey Trotwood]] | {{ubl|Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress]]|Nominated — [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie]]}} |- |rowspan=2| 2001 | ''[[Gosford Park]]'' | Constance, Countess of Trentham | {{ubl|[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast]]|[[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast]]|[[Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|[[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast]]|[[Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture]]|[[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]|[[Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]|Nominated — [[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards#1999 - 2003 Winners|Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]|Nominated — [[European Film Award for Best Actress]]|Nominated — [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast]]}} |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]'' | [[Minerva McGonagall|Professor Minerva McGonagall]] | {{ubl|Released in the US and India as ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone''|Nominated — [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress]]}} |- |rowspan=2| 2002 | ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (movie)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | Nominated — [[Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast]] |- | ''[[Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (movie)|Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood]]'' | Caro Eliza Bennett | |- | 2003 | ''[[My House in Umbria]]'' | Emily Delahunty | {{ubl|[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film]]|Nominated — [[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film]]}} |- |rowspan=2| 2004 | ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (movie)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- | ''[[Ladies in Lavender]]'' | Janet Widdington | Nominated — [[European Film Award for Best Actress]] |- |rowspan=2| 2005 | ''[[Keeping Mum]]'' | Grace Hawkins | |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (movie)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- |rowspan=3| 2007 | ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (movie)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- | ''[[Becoming Jane]]'' | Lady Gresham | |- | ''[[Capturing Mary]]'' | Mary Gilbert | Nominated — [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie]] |- |rowspan=2| 2009 | ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- | ''[[From Time to Time (movie)|From Time to Time]]'' | Linnet Oldknow | |- | 2010 | ''[[Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang]]'' | Mrs. Docherty | |- | 2010–2022 | ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' | [[List of characters in Downton Abbey#The Rt Hon Violet, Countess of Grantham|Violet Crawley, the Dowager Countess of Grantham]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie]]<br>[[TV Times|TV Times Award for Best Actress]]<br>Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actress|BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress]]<br>Nominated — [[Broadcasting Press Guild|Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Actress]]<br>Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series, Miniseries or Television Film]]<br>Nominated — [[Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo|Monte Carlo Television Festival Award for Outstanding Actress]]<br>Nominated — [[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series, Miniseries or Television Film]]<br>Nominated — [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie]] |- |rowspan=2| 2011 | ''[[Gnomeo & Juliet]]'' | Lady Bluebury | |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- |rowspan=2|2012 | ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' | Muriel Donnelly | |- | ''[[Quartet (2012 movie)|Quartet]]'' | Jean Horton | ''post-production'' |} ===Theatre roles=== * ''[[Twelfth Night]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1952 * ''[[He Who Gets Slapped]]'', Clarendon Press Institute, 1952 * ''[[Cinderella]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1952 * ''[[Rookery Nook (play)|Rookery Nook]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1953 * ''[[The Housemaster]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1953 * ''[[Cakes and Ale]]'' (revue), Edinburgh Festival, 1953 * ''[[The Love of Four Colonels]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1953 * ''[[The Ortolan]]'', Maxton Hall, 1954 * ''[[Don’t Listen Ladies]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[The Government Inspector]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[The Letter (play)|The Letter]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[A Man About The House]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[On the Mile]]'' (revue), Edinburgh Festival, 1954 * ''[[Oxford Accents]]'', New Watergate Theatre, London, 1954 * ''[[Theatre 1900]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[Listen to the Wind]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[The Magistrate (play)|The Magistrate]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1955 * ''[[The School For Scandal]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1955 * ''[[New Faces]]'' (revue), Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York, 1956 * ''[[Share My Lettuce]]'' (revue), Lyric Hammersmith and Comedy Theatre, 1957 * ''[[The Stepmother]]'', St. Martin's Theatre, 1958 * ''[[The Double Dealer]]'', Old Vic, 1959 * ''[[As You Like It]]'', Old Vic, 1959 * ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'', Old Vic, 1959 * ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'', Old Vic, 1959 * ''[[What Every Woman Knows]]'', Old Vic, 1960 * ''[[Rhinoceros]]'', Strand Theatre, 1960 * ''[[Strip the Willow]]'', UK Tour, 1960 * ''[[The Rehearsal (play)|The Rehearsal]]'', Bristol Old Vic and Globe Theatre, 1961 * ''[[The Private Ear (play)|The Private Ear]]'' and ''[[The Public Eye (play)|The Public Eye]]'', Globe Theatre, 1962 * ''[[Mary, Mary (play)|Mary, Mary]]'', Queen's Theatre, 1963 * ''[[The Recruiting Officer]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1963 * ''[[Othello]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1964 * ''[[The Master Builder]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1964 * ''[[Hay Fever]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1964 * ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1965 * ''[[Trelawney of the Wells]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1965 * ''[[Miss Julie]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1966 * ''[[Black Comedy]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1966 * ''[[A Bond Honoured]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1966 * ''[[The Country Wife]]'', Chichester Festival Theatre, 1969 * ''[[The Beaux Stratagem]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic and Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, 1970 * ''[[Hedda Gabler]]'', National Theatre/Cambridge Theatre, 1970 * ''[[Design For Living]]'', Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, 1971 * ''[[Private Lives]]'', Queen's Theatre, 1972 * ''[[Peter Pan]]'', London Coliseum, 1973 * ''[[Snap (play)|Snap]]'', Vaudeville Theatre, 1974 * ''[[Private Lives]]'', US tour and 46th Street Theatre, New York, 1975 [Tony nomination] * ''[[The Way of the World]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1976 * ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1976 * ''[[Three Sisters (play)|Three Sisters]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1976 * ''[[The Guardsman]]'', Stratford, Canada and Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, 1976 * ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', Stratford, Canada and Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, 1977 * ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1977 * ''[[As You Like It]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1977 * ''[[Hay Fever]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1977 * ''[[Macbeth]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1978 * ''[[Private Lives]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1978 * ''[[Night and Day (play)|Night and Day]]'', Phoenix Theatre, Washington D.C. and ANTA Playhouse, New York, 1979 [Tony nomination] * ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1980 * ''[[The Seagull]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1980 * ''[[Virginia (play)|Virginia]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1980 and Theatre Royal Haymarket, 1981 * ''[[The Way of the World]]'', Chichester Festival Theatre and Theatre Royal Haymarket, 1984 * ''[[The Interpreters]]'', Queen's Theatre, 1985 * ''[[The Infernal Machine]]'', Lyric Hammersmith, 1986 * ''[[Coming Into Land]]'', National Theatre/Lyttelton, 1987 * ''[[Lettice and Lovage]]'', Globe Theatre, 1987 * ''[[Lettice and Lovage]]'', Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York, 1990 [Tony win] * ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', Aldwych Theatre, 1993 * ''[[Three Tall Women]]'', Wyndham's Theatre, 1994 and 1995 * ''[[Talking Heads (series)|Talking Heads]]'', Chichester Festival Theatre and Comedy Theatre, 1996 * ''[[A Delicate Balance (play)|A Delicate Balance]]'', Theatre Royal Haymarket, 1997 * ''[[The Lady in the Van]]'', Queen's Theatre, 1999 * ''[[The Breath of Life (play)|The Breath of Life]]'', Theatre Royal Haymarket, 2002 * ''[[Talking Heads]]'', Australian tour, 2004 * ''[[The Lady From Dubuque]]'', Theatre Royal Haymarket, 2007 ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb name|1749|Maggie Smith}} {{Authority control}} {{actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Maggie}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2024 deaths]] [[Category:British Academy Award winning actors]] [[Category:Actors from Essex]] [[Category:Actors from Oxford]] [[Category:BAFTA Award winning actors]] [[Category:Emmy Award winning actors]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English stage actors]] [[Category:English television actors]] [[Category:Golden Globe Award winning actors]] [[Category:Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Laurence Olivier Award winners]] [[Category:People from Ilford]] [[Category:Tony Award winning actors]] 5gpy3e6tl27fnr5qntzfiv95yzp95lv 10966940 10966939 2026-08-18T19:08:00Z AlphaVictorDelta0107 1738545 10966940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[Dame]] | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=100%|CH|DBE}} | image = Dame Maggie Smith 1973 (front side) (cropped).jpg | caption = Smith in 1973 | birth_date = 28 December 1934 | nationality = [[British people|British]] | birth_place = [[Ilford]], [[Essex]], [[England]], UK | death_date = 27 September 2024 (aged&nbsp;89) | death_place = [[London]], England, UK | birth_name = Margaret Nathalie Smith | occupation = [[Actress]] | years_active = 1952–2024 | spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Robert Stephens]]|1967|1974|end=divorced}} | {{marriage|[[Beverley Cross]]|1975|1998|end=died}} }} | children = {{ubl|[[Chris Larkin]]|[[Toby Stephens]]}} }} {{Infobox |headerstyle = background:#F0E68C; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = background:#DCDCDC; |header1 = Film Awards | data2 = {{Infobox | child = yes | decat = yes | title = [[Academy Awards]] | label1= [[42nd Academy Awards|1969]] | data1 = [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] | label2 = [[51st Academy Awards|1978]] | data2 = [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] }} | data3 = {{Infobox | child = yes | decat = yes | title = [[British Academy Film Awards]] | label1= [[23rd British Academy Film Awards|1969]], [[38th British Academy Film Awards|1984]], [[39th British Academy Film Awards|1986]], [[42nd British Academy Film Awards|1988]] | data1 = [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress]] | label2 = [[53rd British Academy Film Awards|1999]] | data2 = [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actress]] | label3 = [[BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award|1996]] | data3 = [[BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award|Fellowship]] }} | data4 = {{Infobox | child = yes | decat = yes | title = [[Golden Globe Awards]] | label1 = [[36th Golden Globe Awards|1978]] | data1 = [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] | label2 = [[44th Golden Globe Awards|1986]] | data2 = [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture]] }} | data5 = {{Infobox | child = yes | decat = yes | title = [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] | label1= [[8th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2001]] | data1 = [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]] }} }} '''Dame Margaret Nathalie Cross''' {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=100%|CH|DBE}} ({{nee|'''Smith'''}}; formerly '''Stephens'''; 28 December 1934 &ndash; 27 September 2024) was a [[British people|British]] [[actress]]. She made her stage debut in 1952 and her career lasted for over 70 years. She won many awards for acting, both for the stage and for movies, including seven [[BAFTA Award]]s (five competitive awards and two special awards including the [[BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award|Bafta Fellowship]] in 1996), two [[Academy Award]]s, two [[Golden Globe]]s, two [[Emmy Award]]s, a [[Laurence Olivier Award]], two [[SAG Award]]s and a [[Tony Award]]. ==Career== Her award-winning movies included ''[[Othello (1965 movie)|Othello]]'' (1965), ''[[The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (movie)|The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie]]'' (1969), ''[[Travels with My Aunt (movie)|Travels with My Aunt]]'' (1972), ''[[California Suite (movie)|California Suite]]'' (1978), ''[[Clash of the Titans]]'' (1981), ''[[A Room with a View (movie)|A Room with a View]]'' (1985) and ''[[Gosford Park]]'' (2001). She has also been in a number of widely-popular movies, including ''[[Hook (movie)|Hook]]'' (1991), ''[[Sister Act]]'' (1992) and as Professor [[Minerva McGonagall]] in the [[Harry Potter (movie series)|''Harry Potter'' movie series]]. Smith said that acting in the ''Harry Potter'' movies was not fully satisfying.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oliver |first=Mark |date=5 November 2001 |title=Rowling: 'It is as I imagined it inside my head' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/nov/05/harrypotter.books |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> However, she said she enjoyed being a part of the franchise because it allowed her to bond with her grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peppin |first=Hayley |date=6 December 2019 |title=Professor McGonagall actress Maggie Smith said working on 'Harry Potter' 'didn't feel like acting' and 'wasn't satisfying' |url=https://www.insider.com/maggie-smith-said-playing-professor-mcgonagall-harry-potter-not-satisfying-2019-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807170317/https://www.businessinsider.com/maggie-smith-said-playing-professor-mcgonagall-harry-potter-not-satisfying-2019-12 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=Insider |language=en}}</ref> Smith underwent intensive [[chemotherapy]] for breast cancer while filming ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie)|Half-Blood Prince]]''. The treatment left her feeling "horribly sick", but she eventually made a full recovery.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 October 2009 |title=Maggie Smith Discusses Cancer Treatment Struggle |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/harry-potter/6260564/Dame-Maggie-Smith-reveals-Harry-Potter-breast-cancer-treatment-struggle.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402111045/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/harry-potter/6260564/Dame-Maggie-Smith-reveals-Harry-Potter-breast-cancer-treatment-struggle.html |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref> She had a role in the drama ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' as Violet Crawley, the Dowager Countess of Grantham, for which she has won an Emmy. ==Personal life== Margaret Nathalie Smith was born in [[Ilford]], [[Essex]]. She moved to [[Oxford]] at age four and went to [[Oxford High School (Oxford)|Oxford High School]]. Smith has been married twice. She married actor [[Robert Stephens]] on 29 June 1967 at [[Greenwich]]. The couple had two sons: actors [[Chris Larkin]] (born in 1967) and [[Toby Stephens]] (born in 1969).<ref name="tiscali"/> They divorced on 6 May 1974.<ref name="tiscali">[http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/maggie_smith_biog.html ''Maggie Smith biography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207101944/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/maggie_smith_biog.html |date=2009-02-07 }}. Tiscali.film & TV.</ref><ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/65/Maggie-Smith.html ''Maggie Smith'']. Film Reference.com.</ref> She married playwright [[Beverley Cross]] on 23 August 1975 at [[Guildford]]. He died on 20 March 1998. In 2007, ''[[The Sunday Telegraph]]'' reported that she had breast cancer. She has made a full recovery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ijMyS9F4MJL_ziOQRrBup8yayqKw |title=Actress Maggie Smith recounts cancer battle |publisher=Google.com |date=2009-10-05 |accessdate=2011-11-08 |archive-date=2010-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419053733/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ijMyS9F4MJL_ziOQRrBup8yayqKw |url-status=dead }}</ref> Smith died on 27 September 2024 at the [[Chelsea and Westminster Hospital]] in [[London]], at the age of 89.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cgk7375ngkxo|title=Actress Dame Maggie Smith dies at 89|publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=27 September 2024|accessdate=27 September 2024}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Television and cinema=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1958 | ''[[Nowhere to Go (1958 movie)|Nowhere to Go]]'' | Bridget Howard | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer]] |- | 1962 | ''[[Go to Blazes (1962 movie)|Go to Blazes]]'' | Chantal | |- | 1963 | ''{{sortname|The|V.I.P.s}}'' | Miss Mead | Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress]] |- | 1964 | ''{{sortname|The|Pumpkin Eater}}'' | Philpot | |- |rowspan=2| 1965 | ''[[Othello (1965 movie)|Othello]]'' | [[Desdemona (Othello)|Desdemona]] | {{ubl|Nominated — [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama]]}} |- | ''[[Young Cassidy]]'' | Nora | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] |- | 1967 | ''{{sortname|The|Honey Pot}}'' | Sarah Watkins | |- | 1968 | ''[[Hot Millions]]'' | Patty Terwilliger Smith | |- | 1969 | ''{{sortname|The|Prime of Miss Jean Brodie|dab=film}}'' | [[Jean Brodie]] | {{ubl|[[Academy Award for Best Actress]]|[[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama]]}} |- | 1969 | ''[[Oh! What a Lovely War]]'' | Music Hall Star | |- | 1972 | ''[[Travels with My Aunt (movie)|Travels with My Aunt]]'' | Aunt Augusta | {{ubl|Nominated — [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]}} |- | 1973 | ''[[Love and Pain and the Whole Damn Thing]]'' | Lila Fisher | |- | 1974 | ''{{sortname|The|Carol Burnett Show}}'' | Gwendylspire Boughgrough | |- | 1975 | ''{{sortname|The|Carol Burnett Show}}'' | Ms. Collins | |- | 1976 | ''[[Murder by Death]]'' | Dora Charleston | |- |rowspan=2| 1978 | ''[[Death on the Nile (1978 movie)|Death on the Nile]]'' | Miss Bowers | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] |- | ''[[California Suite (movie)|California Suite]]'' | Diana Barrie | {{ubl|[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]|[[Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]}} |- |rowspan=2|1981 | ''[[Quartet (1981 movie)|Quartet]]'' | Lois Heidler | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] |- | ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 movie)|Clash of the Titans]]'' | Thetis | Nominated — [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress]] |- |rowspan=3|1982 | ''[[Evil Under the Sun (1982 movie)|Evil Under the Sun]]'' | Daphne Castle | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Missionary}}'' | Lady Isabel Ames | |- | ''[[Better Late Than Never (movie)|Better Late Than Never]]'' | Miss Anderson | |- |rowspan=2| 1984 | ''{{sortname|A|Private Function}}'' | Joyce Chilvers | [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] |- | ''[[Lily in Love]]'' | Lily Wynn | Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress]] |- | 1985 | ''{{sortname|A|Room with a View|dab=film}}'' | Charlotte Bartlett | {{ubl|[[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]|[[Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]}} |- |rowspan=2| 1987 | ''{{sortname|The|Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne}}'' | Judith Hearne | [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] |- | ''[[Talking Heads (series)|Talking Heads]]'' | Susan | Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress]] |- | 1991 | ''[[Hook (movie)|Hook]]'' | [[Wendy Darling]] | |- |rowspan=2| 1992 | ''[[Sister Act]]'' | Reverend Mother | |- | ''Memento Mori'' | Mrs. Mabel Pettigrew | Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress]] |- |rowspan=3| 1993 | ''[[Suddenly, Last Summer]]'' | Violet Venable | Nominated — [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie]] |- | ''[[Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit]]'' | Reverend Mother | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Secret Garden|dab=1993 film}}'' | Mrs. Medlock | Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] |- | 1995 | ''[[Richard III (1995 movie)|Richard III]]'' | Duchess of York | |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|First Wives Club}}'' | Gunilla Garson Goldberg | [[National Board of Review Award for Best Cast]] |- | 1997 | ''[[Washington Square (movie)|Washington Square]]'' | Aunt Lavinia Penniman | Nominated — [[Chlotrudis Award for Best Supporting Actress]] |- |rowspan=5| 1999 | ''[[Curtain Call (1999 movie)|Curtain Call]]'' | Lily Gale | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Last September}}'' | Lady Myra Naylor | |- | ''[[Tea with Mussolini]]'' | Lady Hester Random | [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] |- | ''[[All the King's Men (1999 movie)|All the King's Men]]'' | [[Queen Alexandra]] | |- | ''[[David Copperfield (1999 movie)|David Copperfield]]'' | [[Betsey Trotwood]] | {{ubl|Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress]]|Nominated — [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie]]}} |- |rowspan=2| 2001 | ''[[Gosford Park]]'' | Constance, Countess of Trentham | {{ubl|[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast]]|[[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast]]|[[Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|[[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast]]|[[Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture]]|[[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]|[[Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]|Nominated — [[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards#1999 - 2003 Winners|Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]|Nominated — [[European Film Award for Best Actress]]|Nominated — [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress]]|Nominated — [[Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast]]}} |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]'' | [[Minerva McGonagall|Professor Minerva McGonagall]] | {{ubl|Released in the US and India as ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone''|Nominated — [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress]]}} |- |rowspan=2| 2002 | ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (movie)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | Nominated — [[Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast]] |- | ''[[Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (movie)|Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood]]'' | Caro Eliza Bennett | |- | 2003 | ''[[My House in Umbria]]'' | Emily Delahunty | {{ubl|[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie]]|Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film]]|Nominated — [[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film]]}} |- |rowspan=2| 2004 | ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (movie)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- | ''[[Ladies in Lavender]]'' | Janet Widdington | Nominated — [[European Film Award for Best Actress]] |- |rowspan=2| 2005 | ''[[Keeping Mum]]'' | Grace Hawkins | |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (movie)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- |rowspan=3| 2007 | ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (movie)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- | ''[[Becoming Jane]]'' | Lady Gresham | |- | ''[[Capturing Mary]]'' | Mary Gilbert | Nominated — [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie]] |- |rowspan=2| 2009 | ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- | ''[[From Time to Time (movie)|From Time to Time]]'' | Linnet Oldknow | |- | 2010 | ''[[Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang]]'' | Mrs. Docherty | |- | 2010–2022 | ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' | [[List of characters in Downton Abbey#The Rt Hon Violet, Countess of Grantham|Violet Crawley, the Dowager Countess of Grantham]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Miniseries or a Movie|Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie]]<br>[[TV Times|TV Times Award for Best Actress]]<br>Nominated — [[British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actress|BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress]]<br>Nominated — [[Broadcasting Press Guild|Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Actress]]<br>Nominated — [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series, Miniseries or Television Film]]<br>Nominated — [[Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo|Monte Carlo Television Festival Award for Outstanding Actress]]<br>Nominated — [[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series, Miniseries or Television Film]]<br>Nominated — [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie]] |- |rowspan=2| 2011 | ''[[Gnomeo & Juliet]]'' | Lady Bluebury | |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' | Professor Minerva McGonagall | |- |rowspan=2|2012 | ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' | Muriel Donnelly | |- | ''[[Quartet (2012 movie)|Quartet]]'' | Jean Horton | ''post-production'' |} ===Theatre roles=== * ''[[Twelfth Night]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1952 * ''[[He Who Gets Slapped]]'', Clarendon Press Institute, 1952 * ''[[Cinderella]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1952 * ''[[Rookery Nook (play)|Rookery Nook]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1953 * ''[[The Housemaster]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1953 * ''[[Cakes and Ale]]'' (revue), Edinburgh Festival, 1953 * ''[[The Love of Four Colonels]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1953 * ''[[The Ortolan]]'', Maxton Hall, 1954 * ''[[Don’t Listen Ladies]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[The Government Inspector]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[The Letter (play)|The Letter]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[A Man About The House]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[On the Mile]]'' (revue), Edinburgh Festival, 1954 * ''[[Oxford Accents]]'', New Watergate Theatre, London, 1954 * ''[[Theatre 1900]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[Listen to the Wind]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1954 * ''[[The Magistrate (play)|The Magistrate]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1955 * ''[[The School For Scandal]]'', Oxford Playhouse, 1955 * ''[[New Faces]]'' (revue), Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York, 1956 * ''[[Share My Lettuce]]'' (revue), Lyric Hammersmith and Comedy Theatre, 1957 * ''[[The Stepmother]]'', St. Martin's Theatre, 1958 * ''[[The Double Dealer]]'', Old Vic, 1959 * ''[[As You Like It]]'', Old Vic, 1959 * ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'', Old Vic, 1959 * ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'', Old Vic, 1959 * ''[[What Every Woman Knows]]'', Old Vic, 1960 * ''[[Rhinoceros]]'', Strand Theatre, 1960 * ''[[Strip the Willow]]'', UK Tour, 1960 * ''[[The Rehearsal (play)|The Rehearsal]]'', Bristol Old Vic and Globe Theatre, 1961 * ''[[The Private Ear (play)|The Private Ear]]'' and ''[[The Public Eye (play)|The Public Eye]]'', Globe Theatre, 1962 * ''[[Mary, Mary (play)|Mary, Mary]]'', Queen's Theatre, 1963 * ''[[The Recruiting Officer]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1963 * ''[[Othello]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1964 * ''[[The Master Builder]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1964 * ''[[Hay Fever]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1964 * ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1965 * ''[[Trelawney of the Wells]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1965 * ''[[Miss Julie]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1966 * ''[[Black Comedy]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1966 * ''[[A Bond Honoured]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic, 1966 * ''[[The Country Wife]]'', Chichester Festival Theatre, 1969 * ''[[The Beaux Stratagem]]'', National Theatre/Old Vic and Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, 1970 * ''[[Hedda Gabler]]'', National Theatre/Cambridge Theatre, 1970 * ''[[Design For Living]]'', Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, 1971 * ''[[Private Lives]]'', Queen's Theatre, 1972 * ''[[Peter Pan]]'', London Coliseum, 1973 * ''[[Snap (play)|Snap]]'', Vaudeville Theatre, 1974 * ''[[Private Lives]]'', US tour and 46th Street Theatre, New York, 1975 [Tony nomination] * ''[[The Way of the World]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1976 * ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1976 * ''[[Three Sisters (play)|Three Sisters]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1976 * ''[[The Guardsman]]'', Stratford, Canada and Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, 1976 * ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', Stratford, Canada and Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, 1977 * ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1977 * ''[[As You Like It]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1977 * ''[[Hay Fever]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1977 * ''[[Macbeth]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1978 * ''[[Private Lives]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1978 * ''[[Night and Day (play)|Night and Day]]'', Phoenix Theatre, Washington D.C. and ANTA Playhouse, New York, 1979 [Tony nomination] * ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1980 * ''[[The Seagull]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1980 * ''[[Virginia (play)|Virginia]]'', Stratford, Canada, 1980 and Theatre Royal Haymarket, 1981 * ''[[The Way of the World]]'', Chichester Festival Theatre and Theatre Royal Haymarket, 1984 * ''[[The Interpreters]]'', Queen's Theatre, 1985 * ''[[The Infernal Machine]]'', Lyric Hammersmith, 1986 * ''[[Coming Into Land]]'', National Theatre/Lyttelton, 1987 * ''[[Lettice and Lovage]]'', Globe Theatre, 1987 * ''[[Lettice and Lovage]]'', Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York, 1990 [Tony win] * ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', Aldwych Theatre, 1993 * ''[[Three Tall Women]]'', Wyndham's Theatre, 1994 and 1995 * ''[[Talking Heads (series)|Talking Heads]]'', Chichester Festival Theatre and Comedy Theatre, 1996 * ''[[A Delicate Balance (play)|A Delicate Balance]]'', Theatre Royal Haymarket, 1997 * ''[[The Lady in the Van]]'', Queen's Theatre, 1999 * ''[[The Breath of Life (play)|The Breath of Life]]'', Theatre Royal Haymarket, 2002 * ''[[Talking Heads]]'', Australian tour, 2004 * ''[[The Lady From Dubuque]]'', Theatre Royal Haymarket, 2007 ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb name|1749|Maggie Smith}} {{Authority control}} {{actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Maggie}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2024 deaths]] [[Category:British Academy Award winning actors]] [[Category:Actors from Essex]] [[Category:Actors from Oxford]] [[Category:BAFTA Award winning actors]] [[Category:Emmy Award winning actors]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English stage actors]] [[Category:English television actors]] [[Category:Golden Globe Award winning actors]] [[Category:Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Laurence Olivier Award winners]] [[Category:People from Ilford]] [[Category:Tony Award winning actors]] kq01pshir288907w9bzsqoy0q63er0r 0 74941 10966629 8664380 2026-08-18T14:15:45Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 10966629 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Upgrade U |- |align="center" colspan="3"| |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé Knowles]] feat. [[Jay-Z]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album ''[[B'Day]]'' & [[B'Day Deluxe Edition]] |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|January 17, 2007 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B, Hip Hop |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|4:32 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]], MK, Makeba, Sean Garrett, Angela Beyincé, Shawn Carter, Willie Clarke, Clarence Reid, Solange Knowles |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Swizz Beatz]], Cameron Wallace |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>'''[[Listen]]'''<br/>(2006r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Beautiful Liar]]<br/>(2007r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Jay-Z]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Show Me What You Got]]<br/>(2006r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Lost One]]<br/>(2006r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[B'Day]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Suga mama]]<br/>(3)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/>(4)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Ring the Alarm]]<br/>(5)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[B'Day Deluxe Edition]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Welcome to Hollywood]]<br/>(5)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/>(6)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Flaws & all<br/>(7)</small> |- |} '''''Upgrade U''''' is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[hip hop music|hip hop]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]]. == Formats and track listings == ;12" single I<ref>[http://www.2-funky.co.uk/products//555485/upgrade "Vinyl I"]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2FunkyRecords. Retrieved on [[February 14]], [[2007]].</ref> # "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32 # "Upgrade U" (instrumental) - 4:32 # "Upgrade U" (album version - no rap) - 4:02 # "Upgrade U" (a cappella) - 4:32 ;12" single II<ref>[http://www.2-funky.co.uk/products//555550/upgrade "Vinyl II"]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2FunkyRecords. Retrieved on [[February 14]], [[2007]].</ref> # "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32 # "Creole" - 3:53 # "Lost Yo Mind" – 3:47 # "Back Up" - 3:27 ==Charts== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chart (2006) !align="center"|Peak<br>position |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|59 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Song€s |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Lithuania Airplay Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Romanian Airplay Chart |align="center"|21 |- |align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart |align="center"|16 |} ==Notes and references== <references/> {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2006 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Jay-Z songs]] stdexewgval6mv8w0gkptif1hy1nymj 10966630 10966629 2026-08-18T14:16:13Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 10966630 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Upgrade U |- |align="center" colspan="3"| |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé Knowles]] feat. [[Jay-Z]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album ''[[B'Day]]'' & [[B'Day Deluxe Edition]] |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|January 17, 2007 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B, Hip Hop |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|4:32 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]], MK, Makeba, Sean Garrett, Angela Beyincé, Shawn Carter, Willie Clarke, Clarence Reid, Solange Knowles |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Swizz Beatz]], Cameron Wallace |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>'''[[Listen]]'''<br/>(2006r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Beautiful Liar]]<br/>(2007r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Jay-Z]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Show Me What You Got]]<br/>(2006r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Lost One]]<br/>(2006r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[B'Day]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Suga mama]]<br/>(3)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/>(4)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Ring the Alarm]]<br/>(5)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[B'Day Deluxe Edition]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Welcome to Hollywood]]<br/>(5)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/>(6)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Flaws & all<br/>(7)</small> |- |} '''''Upgrade U''''' is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[hip hop music|hip hop]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]]. == Formats and track listings == ;12" single I<ref>[http://www.2-funky.co.uk/products//555485/upgrade "Vinyl I"]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2FunkyRecords. Retrieved on [[February 14]], [[2007]].</ref> # "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32 # "Upgrade U" (instrumental) - 4:32 # "Upgrade U" (album version - no rap) - 4:02 # "Upgrade U" (a cappella) - 4:32 ;12" single II<ref>[http://www.2-funky.co.uk/products//555550/upgrade "Vinyl II"]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2FunkyRecords. Retrieved on [[February 14]], [[2007]].</ref> # "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32 # "Creole" - 3:53 # "Lost Yo Mind" – 3:47 # "Back Up" - 3:27 ==Charts== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chart (2006) !align="center"|Peak<br>position |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|59 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Song€s |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Lithuania Airplay Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Romanian Airplay Chart |align="center"|21 |- |align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart |align="center"|16 |} ==Notes and references== <references/> {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2007 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Jay-Z songs]] r56ymgtbj2akjtbiv6vuekpf2w4kpna 10966635 10966630 2026-08-18T14:27:42Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 10966635 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Upgrade U |- |align="center" colspan="3"| |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé Knowles]] feat. [[Jay-Z]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album ''[[B'Day]]'' & [[B'Day Deluxe Edition]] |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|January 17, 2007 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B, Hip Hop |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|4:32 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]], MK, Makeba, Sean Garrett, Angela Beyincé, Shawn Carter, Willie Clarke, Clarence Reid, Solange Knowles |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Swizz Beatz]], Cameron Wallace |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>'''[[Listen]]'''<br/>(2006r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Beautiful Liar]]<br/>(2007r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Jay-Z]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Pressure]] <br/>(2006r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Umbrella]] <br/>(2007r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[B'Day]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Suga mama]]<br/>(3)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/>(4)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Ring the Alarm]]<br/>(5)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[B'Day Deluxe Edition]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Welcome to Hollywood]]<br/>(5)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/>(6)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Flaws & all<br/>(7)</small> |- |} '''''Upgrade U''''' is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[hip hop music|hip hop]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]]. == Formats and track listings == ;12" single I<ref>[http://www.2-funky.co.uk/products//555485/upgrade "Vinyl I"]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2FunkyRecords. Retrieved on [[February 14]], [[2007]].</ref> # "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32 # "Upgrade U" (instrumental) - 4:32 # "Upgrade U" (album version - no rap) - 4:02 # "Upgrade U" (a cappella) - 4:32 ;12" single II<ref>[http://www.2-funky.co.uk/products//555550/upgrade "Vinyl II"]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2FunkyRecords. Retrieved on [[February 14]], [[2007]].</ref> # "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32 # "Creole" - 3:53 # "Lost Yo Mind" – 3:47 # "Back Up" - 3:27 ==Charts== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chart (2006) !align="center"|Peak<br>position |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|59 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Song€s |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Lithuania Airplay Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Romanian Airplay Chart |align="center"|21 |- |align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart |align="center"|16 |} ==Notes and references== <references/> {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2007 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Jay-Z songs]] 72wpghkk9b9cl43c65712uzgc0uljas 10967025 10966635 2026-08-18T22:00:48Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Ferien 8161771 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Upgrade U |- |align="center" colspan="3"| |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé Knowles]] feat. [[Jay-Z]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album ''[[B'Day]]'' & [[B'Day Deluxe Edition]] |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|27 November 2006r. <small>([[U.S.]])</small> |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B, Hip Hop |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|4:32 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]], MK, Makeba, Sean Garrett, Angela Beyincé, Shawn Carter, Willie Clarke, Clarence Reid, Solange Knowles |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Swizz Beatz]], Cameron Wallace |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Ring the Alarm]]<br/>(2006r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Irreplaceable]]<br/>(2007r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Jay-Z]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Show Me What You Got]]<br/>(2006r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Lost One]]<br/>(2006r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[B'Day]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Suga mama]]<br/>(3)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/>(4)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Ring the Alarm]]<br/>(5)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[B'Day Deluxe Edition]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Welcome to Hollywood]]<br/>(5)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U<br/>(6)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Flaws & all<br/>(7)</small> |- |} '''''Upgrade U''''' is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[hip hop music|hip hop]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]]. == Formats and track listings == ;12" single I<ref>[http://www.2-funky.co.uk/products//555485/upgrade "Vinyl I"]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2FunkyRecords. Retrieved on [[February 14]], [[2007]].</ref> # "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32 # "Upgrade U" (instrumental) - 4:32 # "Upgrade U" (album version - no rap) - 4:02 # "Upgrade U" (a cappella) - 4:32 ;12" single II<ref>[http://www.2-funky.co.uk/products//555550/upgrade "Vinyl II"]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2FunkyRecords. Retrieved on [[February 14]], [[2007]].</ref> # "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32 # "Creole" - 3:53 # "Lost Yo Mind" – 3:47 # "Back Up" - 3:27 ==Charts== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chart (2006) !align="center"|Peak<br>position |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|59 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Song€s |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Lithuania Airplay Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Romanian Airplay Chart |align="center"|21 |- |align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart |align="center"|16 |} ==Notes and references== <references/> {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2006 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Jay-Z songs]] ajqobvq32du88qmx1zjcknqsv3ctjyk 0 75042 10966607 10964451 2026-08-18T13:52:32Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = B'Day | type = studio | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | cover = | border = yes | released = September 4, 2006 | recorded = April 2006; [[Sony Music Studios]] ([[New York City]]); Great Divide Studios ([[Aspen, Colorado|Aspen]]) | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] * [[funk]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] }} | length = {{duration|m=38|s=02}} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Mathew Knowles|Music World]] * [[Sony Urban Music|Sony Urban]] }} | producer = {{Flatlist| * Beyoncé Knowles <small>([[Executive producer|exec.]])</small> * [[Matthew Knowles]] <small>(exec.)</small> * [[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]] * [[Sean Garrett]] * [[Rich Harrison]] * Walter Millsap III * [[The Neptunes]] * [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith]] * [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] * [[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]] * Shea Taylor * Cameron Wallace }} | prev_title = [[Live at Wembley (Beyoncé album)|Live at Wembley]]<br />(2004) | next_title = [[Irreemplazable]]<br />(2007) | misc = {{Singles | name = B'Day | type = studio | single1 = [[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]] | single1date = {{start date|2006|6|24}} | single2 = [[Ring the Alarm]] | single2date = {{start date|2006|8|5}} | single3 = [[Irreplaceable]] | single3date = {{start date|2006|9|8}} | single4 = [[Beautiful Liar]] | single4date = {{start date|2007|2|12}} | single5 = [[Get Me Bodied]] | single5date = {{start date|2007|7|10}} | single6 = [[Amor Gitano]] | single6date = {{start date|2007|7|15}} | single7 = [[Green Light (Beyoncé song)|Green Light]] | single7date = {{start date|2007|7|26}} }}}} '''''B'Day''''' is the second studio album by [[United States|American]] [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] singer [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], released by [[Columbia Records]] on 1 September 2006 outside [[North America]], on [[September 4]], [[2006]] worldwide, and on [[September 5]], [[2006]] in [[Canada]] and the United States. The album's title comes from the fact that September 4, the date of worldwide release, is Beyoncé's birthday (2006 being her 25th). ''B'Day'' won the award for "[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]]" at the [[49th Grammy Awards|49th Annual Grammy Awards]]. A two-CD deluxe edition of the album, including previously unreleased material in English and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], was released on [[April 3]] [[2007]].<ref>[http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20070212/NYM24012022007-1.html "'B'Day - Deluxe Edition' Available Tuesday, April 3"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012134139/http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20070212/NYM24012022007-1.html |date=2007-10-12 }}. ''PR Newswire''. Retrieved 2007-02-13.</ref> 6 singles were released from the album: "Déjà Vu", "Ring the Alarm", "Irreplaceable", "Beautiful Liar", "Get Me Bodied", and "Green Light". "Check on It" was also a single, but was released from the [[Destiny's Child]] album #1's. ==Track listing== {{track listing | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) <!--Credits adapted from http://www.beyonce.com/music--> | total_length = 38:02 | title1 = [[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]] | note1 = featuring [[Jay-Z]] | writer1 = {{Flatlist| * [[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] * [[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]] * Delisha Thomas * [[Makeba Riddick|Makeba]] * Keli Nicole Price * [[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]] }} | extra1 = {{Flatlist| * Jerkins * Knowles }} | length1 = 4:00 | title2 = [[Get Me Bodied]] | writer2 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Solange Knowles]] * [[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]] * [[Sean Garrett]] * Makeba * Angela Beyoncé }} | extra2 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length2 = 3:25 | title3 = [[Suga Mama]] | writer3 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Rich Harrison]] * Makeba * Chuck Middleton }} | extra3 = {{Flatlist| * Harrison * Knowles }} | length3 = 3:26 | title4 = [[Upgrade U]] | note4 = featuring [[Jay-Z]] | writer4 = {{Flatlist| * B. Knowles * S. Knowles * MK * Makeba * Garrett * Beyincé * Carter * Willie Clarke * [[Blowfly (musician)|Clarence Reid]] }} | extra4 = {{Flatlist| * Cameron Wallace * Knowles * Dean{{ref|a|[a]}} }} | length4 = 4:33 | title5 = [[Ring the Alarm]] | writer5 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett }} | extra5 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length5 = 3:23 | title6 = [[Kitty Kat (song)|Kitty Kat]] | writer6 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Pharrell Williams]] * Carter }} | extra6 = {{Flatlist| * [[The Neptunes]] * Knowles }} | length6 = 3:56 | title7 = [[Freakum Dress]] | writer7 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Harrison * Beyincé * Makeba }} | extra7 = {{Flatlist| * Harrison * Knowles }} | length7 = 3:21 | title8 = [[Green Light (Beyoncé song)|Green Light]] | writer8 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Williams * Garrett }} | extra8 = {{Flatlist| * The Neptunes * Knowles }} | length8 = 3:30 | title9 = [[Irreplaceable]] | writer9 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Stargate (production team)|Mikkel S. Eriksen]] * [[Stargate (production team)|Tor Erik Hermansen]] * [[Espionage (production team)|Espen Lind]] * [[Espionage (production team)|Amund Bjørklund]] * [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer Smith]] }} | extra9 = {{Flatlist| * [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] * Knowles * Smith{{ref|b|[b]}} }} | length9 = 3:49 | title10 = [[Resentment (song)#Beyoncé version|Resentment]] | writer10 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Walter "Lil Walt" Millsap III * Candice "G.G" Nelson * [[Curtis Mayfield]] }} | extra10 = {{Flatlist| * Millsap III * Knowles * Nelson{{ref|b|[b]}} }} | length10 = 4:42 }} {{track listing | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | collapsed = yes | headline = Hidden tracks | title11 = Encore for the Fans | length11 = 0:39 | title12 = [[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] | note12 = from the Motion Picture ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | writer12 = {{Flatlist| * Beyoncé * [[Henry Krieger]] * [[Scott Cutler]] * [[Anne Preven]] }} | extra12 = {{Flatlist| * [[The Underdogs (production team)|The Underdogs]] * Beyoncé }} | length12 = 3:38 | title13 = Get Me Bodied | note13 = Extended Mix | writer13 = {{Flatlist| * B. Knowles * S. Knowles * Dean * Garrett * Makeba * Beyincé }} | extra13 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length13 = 5:59 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Non-U.S. bonus track | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = [[Check on It]] | note11 = featuring [[Bun B]] and [[Slim Thug]] | writer11 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett * Beyincé * [[Slim Thug|Stayve Thomas]] }} | extra11 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles }} | length11 = 3:30 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = [[iTunes]] Store pre-order bonus track<ref name="mtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1539838/new-releases-beyonce-audioslave-iron-maiden-alice-in-chains-kinky-sebadoh-black-ice-hem-more/|title=New Releases: Beyonce, Audioslave, Iron Maiden, Alice In Chains, Kinky, Sebadoh, Black Ice, Hem & More|last=Archive-Kurt-Orzeck|website=MTV News|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327134337/http://www.mtv.com/news/1539838/new-releases-beyonce-audioslave-iron-maiden-alice-in-chains-kinky-sebadoh-black-ice-hem-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = Lost Yo Mind | writer11 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett }} | extra11 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length11 = 3:47 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Japanese edition bonus track<ref name="mtv.com"/> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = Creole | writer11 = | extra11 = | length11 = 3:52 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = [[Circuit City]] bonus track<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/bday-circuit-city-exclusive-mr0001446207|title=B'day [Circuit City Exclusive] - Beyoncé - Release Info|website=AllMusic}}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = Back Up | writer11 = {{Flatlist| * Anesha Birchett * LaShawn Daniels * Fred Jenkins III * Rodney Jerkins * Delisha Thomas }} | length11 = 3:27 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = New Zealand iTunes Store bonus track<ref>{{cite web | title=B'Day by Beyoncé | website=[[iTunes]] | url=https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/bday/id187282301 }}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title16 = Lost Yo Mind | writer16 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett }} | extra16 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length16 = 3:47 }} {{track listing | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | collapsed = yes | headline = European [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B007B4UO72/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp B&#39;Day by Beyonce on Amazon Music - Amazon.co.uk]</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B005WLOWSI/ref=sr_1_1_rd?ie=UTF8&child=B005WLP32W&qid=1400769486&sr=1-1%3C/a%3E B&#39;Day von Beyonce bei Amazon Music - Amazon.de]</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.it/gp/product/B00938AY0Q/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp/280-4925101-7441164 B&#39;Day di Beyonce su Amazon Music - Amazon.it]</ref> / iTunes Store<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bday/296790269|title=B'Day by Beyoncé on iTunes|date=4 September 2006 |via=itunes.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/bday/296790269|title=B'Day por Beyoncé|date=4 September 2006 |via=itunes.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ch/album/bday/296790269?l=en|title=B'Day by Beyoncé|date=4 September 2006 |via=itunes.apple.com}}</ref> bonus videos | title14 = Déjà Vu | note14 = featuring Jay-Z) (music video | length14 = 4:01 | title15 = Behind the Scenes With Beyoncé | length15 = 17:39 }} ===Deluxe edition=== ;North American deluxe edition {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = CD 1: ''B'Day'' | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title1 = [[Beautiful Liar]] | note1 = with [[Shakira]] | writer1 = Knowles, Eriksen, Hermansen, Amanda Ghost, Ian Dech | extra1 = Stargate, Knowles, Shakira, Eduardo Cabra | length1 = 3:19 | title2 = Irreplaceable | writer2 = Knowles, Smith, Eriksen, Hermansen, Lind, Bjørklund | extra2 = Stargate, Ne-Yo | length2 = 3:47 | title3 = Green Light | writer3 = Knowles, Williams, Garrett | extra3 = The Neptunes | length3 = 3:30 | title4 = Kitty Kat | writer4 = Knowles, Williams, Carter | extra4 = The Neptunes | length4 = 3:55 | title5 = [[Hollywood (song)|Welcome to Hollywood]] | writer5 = Knowles, Carter, Reggie Perry, Smith | extra5 = [[Syience]], Knowles | length5 = 3:18 | title6 = Upgrade U | note6 = featuring Jay-Z | writer6 = B. Knowles, MK, Makeba, Garrett, Beyincé, Carter, Clarke, Reid, S. Knowles | extra6 = Swizz Beatz, Cameron Wallace | length6 = 4:32 | title7 = [[Flaws and All]] | writer7 = Knowles, Smith, Robert Shea Taylor, S. Knowles | extra7 = Shea Taylor, Knowles | length7 = 4:08 | title8 = Get Me Bodied | note8 = Extended Mix | writer8 = B. Knowles, Dean, Garrett, Makeba, Beyincé, S. Knowles | extra8 = Sean Garrett, Swizz Beatz | length8 = 6:18 | title9 = [[Kissing You (Des'ree song)|Still in Love (Kissing You)]] | note9 = later replaced by "If" | writer9 = Knowles, Desree Weekes, Timothy Atack | extra9 = Knowles, [[Nellee Hooper]] | length9 = 3:18 | title10 = Freakum Dress | writer10 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba | extra10 = Rich Harrison | length10 = 3:20 | title11 = Suga Mama | writer11 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba, Middleton | extra11 = Rich Harrison | length11 = 3:24 | title12 = Déjà Vu | note12 = featuring Jay-Z | writer12 = Knowles, Jerkins, Thomas, Makeba, Price, Carter | extra12 = Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins | length12 = 4:00 | title13 = Ring the Alarm | writer13 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett | extra13 = Swizz Beatz | length13 = 3:23 | title14 = Resentment | writer14 = Knowles, Walter W. Millsap III, Candice C. Nelson, [[Curtis Mayfield]] | extra14 = Walter W. Millsap III, Beyoncé, Candice Nelson | length14 = 4:40 | title15 = [[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] | note15 = from the Motion Picture ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | writer15 = Knowles, Henry Krieger, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven | extra15 = [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] | length15 = 3:38 | title16 = World Wide Woman | note16 = [[hidden track]] | writer16 = Knowles, Makeba, Beyincé, Lashawn Daniels, Jerkins, Garrett | length16 = 3:41 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = CD 2: ''[[Irreemplazable]]'' | title1 = [[Amor Gitano]] | note1 = with [[Alejandro Fernández]] | length1 = 3:48 | title2 = Listen (Oye) | length2 = 3:41 | title3 = Irreplaceable (Irreemplazable) | length3 = 3:48 | title4 = Beautiful Liar (Bello Embustero) | length4 = 3:20 | title5 = Beautiful Liar | note5 = Remix) (with [[Shakira]] | length5 = 3:01 | title6 = Beautiful Liar (Spanglish) | note6 = featuring Sasha Fierce | length6 = 3:21 | title7 = Irreplaceable (Irreemplazable) | note7 = Norteña Remix }} On digital copies "World Wide Woman" is a non-hidden track placed at track 8, and other songs are pushed down the track order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bday-deluxe-edition/id261707051 |title=B'Day (Deluxe Edition) |date=September 2006 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]. [[Apple Inc]] |access-date=June 4, 2011}}</ref> ;International deluxe edition {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = CD: ''B'Day'' | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title1 = [[Beautiful Liar]] | note1 = with [[Shakira]] | writer1 = Knowles, Eriksen, Hermansen, Amanda Ghost, Ian Dech | extra1 = StarGate, Knowles, Shakira, Eduardo Cabra | length1 = 3:19 | title2 = Irreplaceable | writer2 = Knowles, Smith, Eriksen, Hermansen, Lind, Bjørklund | extra2 = StarGate, Ne-Yo | length2 = 3:47 | title3 = Green Light | writer3 = Knowles, Williams, Garrett | extra3 = The Neptunes | length3 = 3:30 | title4 = Kitty Kat | writer4 = Knowles, Williams, Carter | extra4 = The Neptunes | length4 = 3:55 | title5 = [[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)#Beyoncé's Version|Welcome to Hollywood]] | note5 = featuring Jay-Z | writer5 = Knowles, Carter, Reggie Perry, Smith | extra5 = [[Syience]], Beyoncé | length5 = 3:18 | title6 = Upgrade U | note6 = featuring Jay-Z | writer6 = Knowles, MK, Makeba, Garrett, Beyincé, Carter, Clarke, Reid, Knowles | extra6 = Swizz Beatz, Cameron Wallace | length6 = 4:32 | title7 = [[Flaws and All]] | writer7 = B. Knowles, Smith, Robert Shea Taylor, S. Knowles | extra7 = Shea Taylor, Knowles | length7 = 4:08 | title8 = If | note8 = | writer8 = | extra8 = | length8 = 3:19 | title9 = Get Me Bodied | note9 = Extended Mix | writer9 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett, Makeba, Beyincé, S. Knowles | extra9 = Sean Garrett, Swizz Beatz | length9 = 6:18 | title10 = Freakum Dress | writer10 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba | extra10 = Rich Harrison | length10 = 3:20 | title11 = Suga Mama | writer11 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba, Middleton | extra11 = Rich Harrison | length11 = 3:24 | title12 = Déjà Vu | note12 = featuring Jay-Z | writer12 = Knowles, Jerkins, Thomas, Makeba, Price, Carter | extra12 = Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins | length12 = 4:00 | title13 = Ring the Alarm | writer13 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett | extra13 = Swizz Beatz | length13 = 3:23 | title14 = Resentment | writer14 = Knowles, Walter W. Millsap III, Candice C. Nelson, [[Curtis Mayfield]] | extra14 = Walter W. Millsap III, Beyoncé, Candice Nelson | length14 = 4:40 | title15 = [[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] | note15 = from the Motion Picture ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | writer15 = Knowles, Henry Krieger, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven | extra15 = [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] | length15 = 3:38 | title16 = World Wide Woman | writer16 = Knowles, Makeba, Beyincé, Lashawn Daniels, Jerkins, Garrett | extra16 = Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins | length16 = 3:41 | title17 = Check on It | note17 = featuring Bun B and Slim Thug | writer17 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett, Beyincé, Thomas | extra17 = Swizz Beatz, Knowles | length17 = 3:30 | title18 = [[Amor Gitano]] | note18 = with [[Alejandro Fernández]] | writer18 = Knowles, Jaime Flores, Reyli Barba | extra18 = Rudy Perez, Knowles | length18 = 3:48 | title19 = Beautiful Liar | note19 = Remix) (with [[Shakira]]) | writer19 = Knowles, Eriksen, Hermansen, Ghost, Dech | extra19 = Stargate, Knowles, Shakira, Eduardo Cabra | length19 = 3:00 | title20 = Creole | note20 = iTunes Store bonus | writer20 = | extra20 = | length20 = 3:53 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Japanese edition<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/SICP-1400|title=B'Day Deluxe Edition [Regular Edition] Beyonce CD Album|website=CDJapan}}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title16 = Check on It | note16 = featuring Bun B and Slim Thug | length16 = 3:30 | title17 = Creole | length17 = 3:52 | title18 = World Wide Woman | length18 = 3:41 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Latin American edition<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicaladdiction.com.br/#!product/zoom12yn/1449268181/b%2527day-(deluxe-edition%2C-cd---dvd) |title=Musical Addiction |access-date=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032059/http://www.musicaladdiction.com.br/#!product/zoom12yn/1449268181/b%2527day-(deluxe-edition%2C-cd---dvd) |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Beyonc%C3%A9-BDay/release/5326675|title=Beyoncé - B'Day|website=Discogs |date=3 April 2007 }}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title17 = Amor Gitano | note17 = with Alejandro Fernández | length17 = 3:48 | title18 = Irreplaceable (Irreemplazable) | length18 = 3:48 | title19 = Listen (Oye) | length19 = 3:41 | title20 = Beautiful Liar (Bello Embustero) | length20 = 3:20 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = DVD: ''[[B'Day Anthology Video Album]]'' | extra_column = Director(s) | title1 = Beautiful Liar | note1 = with Shakira | extra1 = [[Jake Nava]], Beyoncé | length1 = 3:34 | title2 = Irreplaceable | extra2 = [[Anthony Mandler]] | length2 = 4:17 | title3 = Kitty Kat | extra3 = [[Melina Matsoukas]], Beyoncé | length3 = 1:03 | title4 = Green Light | extra4 = Matsoukas | length4 = 3:31 | title5 = Upgrade U | note5 = featuring Jay-Z | extra5 = Matsoukas, Beyoncé | length5 = 4:38 | title6 = Flaws and All | extra6 = Cliff Watts, Beyoncé | length6 = 4:14 | title7 = Get Me Bodied | note7 = Extended Mix | extra7 = Mandler, Beyoncé | length7 = 6:42 | title8 = Freakum Dress | extra8 = [[Ray Kay]], Beyoncé | length8 = 3:21 | title9 = Suga Mama | extra9 = Matsoukas, Beyoncé | length9 = 3:37 | title10 = Déjà Vu | note10 = featuring Jay-Z | extra10 = [[Sophie Muller]] | length10 = 4:06 | title11 = Ring the Alarm | extra11 = Muller | length11 = 3:33 | title12 = Listen | extra12 = [[Diane Martel]] | length12 = 3:49 | title13 = Still in Love (Kissing You) | note13 = Later removed | extra13 = Watts, Beyoncé | length13 = 4:41 | title14 = Credits | extra14 = | length14 = 0:51 | title15 = Behind the Scenes | extra15 = Ed Burke | length15 = 17:39 }} ;Notes * "Suga Mama" samples "Searching for Soul" by [[Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers]]. * "Upgrade U" samples "[[Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do]]" by [[Betty Wright]]. * "Resentment" samples "Think (Instrumental)" by [[Curtis Mayfield]]. ==Personnel== {{Col-begin}} {{col-2}} * Jason Agel – assistant [[audio recording|recording]] * Omar Al-Musfi – [[Arabic music|Arabic]] [[percussion]] * Roberto Almodovar – [[audio engineering|recording engineering]] * Allen "Al Geez" Arthur – [[French horn|horns]] * Aplril Baldwin – artists and repertoire administration * Aureo Baqueiro – vocal direction for Alejandro Fernández * Reyli Barba – [[songwriter|writing]] * Robert Becker – [[viola]] * Andres Bermudez – recording * Angela Beyincé – writing * Amund Bjorklund – writing * Tim Blacksmith – Stargate management * Aaron Brougher – artists and repertoire coordinator * Denyse Buffum – viola * [[Bun B]] – [[rapping|vocals]] ([[Rap-a-Lot Records|Rap-a-Lot]]) * [[David Campbell (American arranger/composer)|David Campbell]] – [[string instrument|string]] [[arrangement]] and [[conducting]] * Roberto Cani – [[violin]] * Tim Carmon – [[keyboard instrument|keyboards]] * Sean Carrington – [[guitar]] * Jim Caruana – recording [[audio engineering|engineering]] * [[Gustavo Celis]] – recording engineering * Olgui Chirino – vocal production * Fusako Chubachi – art direction, design * Willie Clarke – writing * Andrew Coleman – assistant recording * Larry Corbett – [[cello]] * Tom Coyne – [[audio mastering|mastering]] * Jasmin Cruz – background vocals * [[Scott Cutler]] – writing * Danny D. – Stargate management * Lawshawn Daniels – writing * Mario Deleon – violin * [[Ian Dench]] – writing * Robert "LB" Dorsey – recording * Andrew Duckles – viola * Bruce Dukov – violin ([[concertmaster]]) * Nathan East – [[bass instrument|bass]] * Paco "El Sevillano" – gypsy chant * [[Mikkel S. Eriksen]] – writing, [[multi-instrumentalist|instruments]] * [[Alejandro Fernández]] – vocals ([[Sony BMG]] Mexico) * Jaime Flores – writing * Paul Forat – [[artists and repertoire]] * [[Sean Garrett]] – writing, production * [[Amanda Ghost]] – writing * Jason Goldstein – mixing * Aaron "Goody" Goode – [[French horn|horns]] * Erwin Gorosita – art direction * Max Gousse – artists and repertoire * Alan Grunfeld – violin * Rich Harrison – writing, production, mixing * [[Tor Erik Hermansen]] – writing, instruments * Geraldo Hilera – violin * Jean-Marie Horvat – [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] * Dabling "Hobby Boy" Howard – recording * Ty Hunter – styling * ILoveDust – logo design * Jun Ishizeki – recording * Eric Jackson – guitars * Quincy S. Jackson – marketing * [[Jay-Z]] – writing, vocals ([[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]]/[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]) * [[Rodney Jerkins]] – writing, production, mixing, music, horn arrangement * James Johnson – bass * Jon Jon – assistant production, [[bass (instrument)|bass]] * Ronald Judge – horns * Suzie Katayama – cello * Gimel "Young Guru" Keaton – recording * Hannah Khoury – [[violin]], [[viola]] * Kimberly Kimble – hair * Rob Kinelski – assistant recording, assistant recording engineering * [[Beyoncé]] – writing, [[singing|vocals]], production, vocal production, executive production {{col-2}} * [[Mathew Knowles]] – artists and repertoire, executive production, management * [[Solange Knowles]] – writing * [[Tina Knowles]] – styling * [[Henry Krieger]] – writing * Ricky Lawson – [[drum]]s * Jolie Levine – music contracting * [[Espen Lind]] – writing, [[guitar]]s * Dave Lopez – assistant recording, [[Pro Tools]] editing * Nathan Jenkins – recording * Julia Knapp – artists and repertoire operation * MK – writing * Riley Mackin – assistant recording * [[Makeba Riddick]] – writing * Manny Maroquin – mixing * Harvey Mason – [[percussion instrument|percussion]] * [[Curtis Mayfield]] – writing * Vlado Meller – mastering * Chuck Middleton – writing * Colin Miller – assistant mixing, digital prep engineering, Pro Tools prep * Walter W. Millsap III – writing, production, music, Pro Tools editing * Mo Horns – horns * Naser Musa – [[oud]] * Candice C. Nelson – writing, co-production, music * [[The Neptunes]] – production * [[Ne-Yo]] – writing, co-production * Sara Parkins – violin * Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado – mixing * [[Rudy Perez]] – production, vocal production, arrangement, keyboards, [[programming (music)|programming]], [[Spanish guitar]], background vocals, vocal direction for Fernández * [[Justin Clay Perry|Clay Perry]] – keyboards, programming, Pro Tools editing * [[Denaun Porter]] – programming * [[Anne Preven]] – writing * Keli Nicole Price – writing * Boujemaa Razgui – [[ney]] * Clarence Reid – writing * Aaron Renner – recording * Geoff Rice – recording * Michele Richards – violin * Jared Robbins – assistant recording * Jamie Rosenberg – assistant recording * Kareem Roustom – violin arrangement, additional string arrangements * [[Shakira]] – vocals ([[Epic Records]]), additional production, [[arrangement]], vocal production, violin arrangement, [[remixing]] * Haim Shtrum – violin * Dexter Simmons – mixing * [[Slim Thug]] – vocals ([[Star Trak Entertainment|Star Trak]]/[[Geffen Records]]) * Daniel Smith – cello * Chris Spilfogel – recording * [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] – [[record producer|production]], arrangement, recording engineering, programming * David Stearns – assistant recording engineering * [[Swizz Beatz]] – writing, production, additional production, mixing * [[Syience]] – writing, production * Shea Taylor – writing, production * Delisha Thomas – writing * Stayve Thomas – writing * Michael Tocci – recording * Rene Luis Toledo – Spanish guitar * Steve Tolle – assistant mixing * Francesca Tolot – makeup * [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] – production * [[Max Vadukul]] – [[photography]] * Jeff Villanueva – recording * Rommel Nino Villanueva – recording * [[Visitante]] – programming * Cameron Wallace – production * John Weston – recording engineering, digital editing (strings) * [[Pharrell Williams]] – writing * John Wittenburg – violin * Shane Woodley – recording, assistant recording * Kenneth Yerke – violin {{col-end}} ==Charts== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2006–2014) ! scope="col"| Peak<br>position |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Australia|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Austria|13|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Flanders|7|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Wallonia|12|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|BillboardCanada|1|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Denmark|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Netherlands|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| [[European Top 100 Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="Euro">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=European+Top+100+Albums |title=European Top 100 Albums |magazine=Billboard |date=September 23, 2006 |access-date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916072707/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=European%20Top%20100%20Albums |archive-date=September 16, 2006 }}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Finland|23|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|France|12|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Germany|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| Greek Albums ([[IFPI Greece|IFPI]])<ref name="archive1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart04.htm |title=Greek Albums Chart |publisher=IFPI Greece |date=September 5, 2007 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905201149/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart04.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2007 }}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"| Hungarian Albums ([[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|MAHASZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=2006&het=38&submit_=Keresés |title=Top 40 album- és válogatáslemez-lista – 2006. 38. hét |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|MAHASZ]] |language=hu |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68C9egMxa?url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=2006&het=38&submit_=Keres%C3%A9s |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 22 |- ! scope="row"| Irish Albums ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2006&year=2006&week=36 |title=Top 75 Artist Album, Week Ending 7 September 2006 |publisher=[[Chart-Track]]. [[Irish Recorded Music Association]] |access-date=November 18, 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IC0B2NAf?url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Italy|10|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/666711/1/ |title=B'Day – Beyoncé |language=ja |publisher=[[Oricon]] |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> | 4 |- {{Album chart|Oricon|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|note=Deluxe edition|date=April 18, 2007|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"| Mexican Albums ([[Top 100 Mexico]])<ref name="mex">{{cite web |url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2007.pdf |title=Los Más Vendidos 2007 |language=es |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215041238/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2007.pdf |archive-date=February 15, 2010 |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> | 6 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Mexico|9|artist=Beyonce|album=B'Day|note=Deluxe edition}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|New Zealand|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Norway|6|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Poland|29|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Portugal|6|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| Scottish Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20060910/40/|title= Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100: 10 September 2006 - 16 September 2006 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |date=September 16, 2006 |access-date=June 19, 2015}}</ref> | 9 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Spain|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Sweden|15|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Switzerland|2|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|UK|3|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|date=September 16, 2006}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|UK2|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|date=May 5, 2007|note=Deluxe edition}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|UKR&B|1|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|date=September 16, 2006}} |- ! scope="row"| UK R&B Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-albums-chart/20070429/115/|title=Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=May 5, 2007|access-date=March 17, 2018}}</ref><br/><small>''Deluxe edition''</small> | 3 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=beyoncé|chart=Billboard 200}} |title=Beyoncé Chart History (Billboard 200) |magazine=Billboard |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Billboard200|6|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|note=Deluxe edition}} |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=beyoncé|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums B}} |title=Beyoncé Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums) |magazine=Billboard |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | 1 |} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2006) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/UrbanAlbums2006.htm |title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Albums 2006 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127032250/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/UrbanAlbums2006.htm |archive-date=January 27, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 13 |- ! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2006&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2006|language=nl|work=[[Ultratop]] Flanders|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> | 91 |- ! scope="row"| Dutch Albums ([[MegaCharts]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2006&cat=a |title=Jaaroverzichten 2006 |language=nl |work=[[MegaCharts]] |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217033911/http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2006&cat=a |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 84 |- ! scope="row"| [[European Top 100 Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/european_top_100_albums.jsp|title=European Hot 100 Albums 2006|magazine=Billboard|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629080425/http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/european_top_100_albums.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 61 |- ! scope="row"| French Albums ([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-annuel/top-albums-fusionnes/?ye=2006 |title=SNEP – Classements annuels – 2006 – Albums |publisher=[[SNEP]] |year=2006 |access-date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> | 199 |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/y/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202013921/http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/y/ |language=ja |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |title=アルバム 年間ランキング-Oricon Style ランキング |year=2006 |publisher=Oricon}}</ref> | 55 |- ! scope="row"| Swiss Albums ([[Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2006 |title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade |year=2006 |publisher=Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien |access-date=June 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707000200/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2006 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> | 96 |- ! scope="row"| UK Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2006.pdf |title=Top Selling Albums of 2006 |publisher=UK Charts Plus |year=2006 |access-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927164132/http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2006.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 62 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="2006yearend">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/the-billboard-200 |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – The Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 38 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004145554/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 8 |- ! scope="row"| Worldwide Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2006.pdf |title=Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2006 |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306112901/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2006.pdf |archive-date=March 6, 2009 |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | 6 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2007) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-albums-2007.htm |title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Albums 2007 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |year=2007 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805101457/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-albums-2007.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 13 |- ! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2007|language=nl|work=[[Ultratop]] Flanders|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> | 57 |- ! scope="row"| Dutch Albums ([[MegaCharts]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2007&cat=a |title=Jaaroverzichten 2007 |language=nl |work=[[MegaCharts]] |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211533/http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2007&cat=a |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 84 |- ! scope="row"| French Albums ([[SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2007&type=2 |title=SNEP – Classements annuels – 2007 – Albums |publisher=[[SNEP]] |year=2007 |access-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925060904/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2007&type=2 |archive-date=September 25, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 143 |- ! scope="row"| Mexican Albums ([[Top 100 Mexico]])<ref name="mex"/> | 62 |- ! scope="row"| Mexican International Albums ([[AMPROFON]])<ref name="mex"/> | 16 |- ! scope="row"| Swiss Albums ([[Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2007 |title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade |year=2007 |publisher=Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien |access-date=June 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707000221/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2007 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> | 82 |- ! scope="row"| UK Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2007.pdf |title=Top Selling Albums of 2007 |publisher=UK Charts Plus |year=2007 |access-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117210852/http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2007.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 140 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2007/the-billboard-200|title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – The Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2007 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 11 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2007/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 6 |- ! scope="row"| Worldwide Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2007.pdf |title=Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2007 |publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117215003/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2007.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> |38 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2008) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2008/the-billboard-200|title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – The Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 170 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2008/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=Billboard |year=2008 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 85 |} ===Decade-end charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2000–09) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/decadeendcharts/2009/billboard-200-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Decade-end Albums – Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2009 |access-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> | 133 |} ===All-time charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|Female Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-billboard-200-albums-by-women|title=Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums by Women : Page 1|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> | 91 |} {{col-end}} ==Certifications== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- !scope="col"| Region !scope="col"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certification]] |- !scope="row"| [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | Platinum<ref name="ARIAcert">{{cite web |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2007 Albums |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Belgian Entertainment Association|Belgium]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/certifications.asp?year=2007 |title=Goud en platina – Singles – 2007 |language=nl |publisher=Ultratop. Hung Medien |date=March 3, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Music Canada|Canada]] | Platinum<ref name="CRIAcert">{{cite web |url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/0906_g.php |title=CRIA: Gold & Platinum – September 2006 |publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] |date=September 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202153940/http://www.cria.ca/gold/0906_g.php |archive-date=February 2, 2009}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[IFPI Denmark|Denmark]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-august |title=Guld og platin i August |language=da |publisher=[[IFPI Denmark]] |access-date=April 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xwxAKTo2?url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content%2Fguld-og-platin-i-august |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Europe]] | Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2007.html |title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards |publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry |year=2007 |access-date=March 10, 2011 |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023851/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2007.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|France]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/en/page-259165.xml?year=2007&type=8 |title=Certifications Albums Or – Année 2007 |language=fr |publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] |date=June 21, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|Germany]] | Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Beyoncé|title=B'Day|accessdate=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[IFPI Greece|Greece]] | Gold<ref name="archive1"/> |- !scope="row"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Hungary]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=arany_es_platinalemezek&menu2=adatbazis&ev=2007 |title=Adatbázis – 2007 |language=hu |publisher=MAHASZ |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Irish Recorded Music Association|Ireland]] | 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum06.htm |title=2006 Certification Awards – Multi Platinum |work=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]] |publisher=irishcharts.ie |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Recording Industry Association of Japan|Japan]] | Platinum <small>(standard)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200609.html&sl=ja&tl=en&hl=en |title=List of works certified in September 2006 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |date=September 2006 |access-date=April 25, 2010}}</ref> |- | Gold <small>(deluxe)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200711.html&sl=ja&tl=en&hl=en |title=List of works certified in November 2007 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |date=November 2007 |access-date=November 10, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|Mexico]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=Beyonce&titulo=&disquera=&certificacion=todas&anio=todos&categoria=todas&Submitted=Buscar&item=menuCert&contenido=buscar |title=Certificaciones |language=es |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]] |date=July 31, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=December 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ChVMREhT?url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=beyonce |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Recorded Music NZ|New Zealand]] | Platinum<ref name="RIANZcert">{{cite web |url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=61 |title=Latest Gold / Platinum Albums |publisher=RadioScope New Zealand |date=April 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195845/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61 |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|Portugal]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.org.pt/estatisticas.php |title=Galardões 2007 |language=pt |publisher=[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]] |access-date=March 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402025728/http://www.afp.org.pt/estatisticas.php |archive-date=April 2, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| Romania | Gold<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625052507/http://www.newscafe.ro/content/view/11808/69/ |title=Beyonce a oprit ploaia |language=ro |publisher=NewsCafe.ro |url=http://www.newscafe.ro/content/view/11808/69/ |date=October 24, 2007 |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=November 18, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| Russia | 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5076 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124001139/http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5076 |archive-date=2009-01-24 |title=Gold and Platinum International Albums in Russia – 2006 |language=ru |work=National Federation of Phonogram Producers |publisher=2M |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Productores de Música de España|Spain]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://promusicae.es/files/listassemanales/albumes/historial/TOP%20100%20ALBUMES%2007_19.pdf |title=PROMUSICAE Top 100 Albumes – 19/2007 |language=es |publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]] |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68C9ulIxp?url=http://promusicae.es/files/listassemanales/albumes/historial/TOP%20100%20ALBUMES%2007_19.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Switzerland]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2006 |title=Swiss Certifications – Awards 2006 |publisher=swisscharts.com. Hung Medien |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[British Phonographic Industry|United Kingdom]] | Platinum <small>(standard)</small><ref name="BPI">{{cite web |url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |title=Certified Awards |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |access-date=September 12, 2013 |archive-date=September 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917112745/https://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |url-status=dead }} Note: Enter "Beyonce" in the 'Search' box and select "Artist", "All" and "Album" from the 'Search by', 'By Award' and 'By format' menus, respectively. You may have to click "More" under the relevant search results.</ref> |- | Gold <small>(deluxe)</small><ref name="BPI"/> |- !scope="row"| [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&title=Day&artist=Beyonce&format=ALBUM&perPage=25 |title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |date=April 16, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160907/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&title=Day&artist=Beyonce&format=ALBUM&perPage=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="text-align:center;"|Awards ceremony ! style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|Year ! style="text-align:center;"|Nominated work ! style="text-align:center;"|Award ! style="text-align:center;"|Result |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[American Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/19/entertainment/main3519877.shtml |title=American Music Awards – Winners List |publisher=CBS News |date=November 18, 2007 |access-date=August 12, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[2007 American Music Awards|2007]] | ''B'Day'' | Favorite Album for Soul/R&B | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="7"| [[BET Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm |title=BET Awards 2006 &#124; A List of Nominees and Winners &#124; 2006 BET Awards |publisher=Rap.about.com |date=June 27, 2006 |access-date=August 12, 2010 |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515200808/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzsugar.com/2007-BET-Award-Winners-348277|title=2007 BET Award Winners|year=2007|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=Buzzsugar|archive-date=July 18, 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IC5CuOii?url=http://www.buzzsugar.com/2007-BET-Award-Winners-348277|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | rowspan="2"| "[[Check on It]]" | [[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Duet/Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | [[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | rowspan="2"| "[[Irreplaceable]]" | [[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| [[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video of The Year]] | {{won}} |- | "[[Beautiful Liar]]" | {{nom}} |- | "[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" | rowspan="2"| [[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | "[[Upgrade U]]" | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="6"| [[Grammy Award]]s<ref name="49thGr">{{cite web |title=49th Annual Grammy Awards Winners List |url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx |publisher=[[Grammy Awards]]. [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108091302/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx |archive-date=November 8, 2009 |access-date=January 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="50thGr">{{cite web |title=50th Annual Grammy Award Winners List |url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/50th_show/list.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404005333/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/50th_show/list.aspx |archive-date=April 4, 2008 |publisher=[[Grammy Awards]]. [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=April 21, 2008}}</ref> | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[49th Grammy Awards|2007]] | ''B'Day'' | [[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]] | {{Won}} |- | "[[Ring the Alarm]]" | [[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| "Déjà Vu" | [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]] | {{nom}} |- | [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[50th Grammy Awards|2008]] | "Irreplaceable" | [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- | "Beautiful Liar" | [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[International Dance Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/idmawinners2007.htm |title=22nd Annual IDMA Nominees & Winners |publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]] |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205024902/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/idmawinners2007.htm |archive-date=February 5, 2008}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | rowspan="2"| "Déjà Vu" | Best R&B/Urban Dance Track | {{nom}} |- | Best Pop Dance Track | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[Ivor Novello Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emimusicpub.com/global-offices/united-kingdom/news/53rd-ivor-novello-awards-2008.php|format=PHP|title=53rd Ivor Novello Awards 2008|year=2008|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=[[EMI|EMI Music Publishing]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090441/http://emimusicpub.com/global-offices/united-kingdom/news/53rd-ivor-novello-awards-2008.php |archive-date=November 25, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | "Beautiful Liar" | Best-Selling British Single | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[Latin Grammy Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/news/env-nomineelist,0,4535627.htmlstory |title=Complete list of Latin Grammy nominees & winners |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=July 12, 2011}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[Latin Grammy Awards of 2007|2007]] | "Bello Embustero" | [[Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[Music of Black Origin Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|title=2006 MOBO Awards – Winners|first=Henry|last=Adaso|year=2006|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=About.com. The New York Times Company|archive-date=May 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515160854/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | rowspan="2"| "Déjà Vu" | Best Song | {{won}} |- | Best Video | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[MTV Europe Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nme.com/news/my-chemical-romance/31321 |title=Amy Winehouse, My Chemical Romance, Arctic Monkeys up for MTV Awards |journal=NME |publisher=IPC Media |date=September 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217004958/http://www.nme.com/news/my-chemical-romance/31321 |archive-date=February 17, 2008}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | "Beautiful Liar" | [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song|Most Addictive Track]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="8"| [[MTV Video Music Award|MTV Music Video Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539749/justin-album-preview-shows-singers-two-sides.jhtml |title=Justin's Album Shows Off Two Sides: Over-The-Top Saucy, Unassumingly Sweet |first=Jennifer |last=Vineyard |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV |date=August 29, 2006 |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113154134/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539749/justin-album-preview-shows-singers-two-sides.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566507/vma-race-on-justin-timberlake-beyonce-lead-pack.jhtml |title=MTV VMA Race Is On: Justin Timberlake, Beyonce Lead Nominations |date=August 7, 2007 |first=James |last=Montgomery |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220754/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566507/vma-race-on-justin-timberlake-beyonce-lead-pack.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[2006 MTV Video Music Awards|2006]] | "Check on It" | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video|Best R&B Video]] | {{won}} |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards|2007]] | rowspan="2"| "Irreplaceable" | [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5"| "Beautiful Liar" | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Most Earthshattering Collaboration|Most Earthshattering Collaboration]] | {{won}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]] | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[MTV Video Music Awards Japan]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/news/music/13052/3 |title=MTV Video Music Awards Japan 2008 全ノミネート作品リスト |language=ja |publisher=[[MTV Japan]] |date=March 6, 2008 |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003005750/http://www.mtvjapan.com/news/music/13052/3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[2008 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2008]] | "Beautiful Liar" | [[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="4"| [[NAACP Image Awards]]<ref name="link3">{{cite web |website=NAACP Image Awards |year=2007 |url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/PDFs/Nominees_Only.pdf |title=Nominees List |publisher=NAACP |access-date=June 3, 2011 |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228153720/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/PDFs/Nominees_Only.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | ''B'Day'' | Outstanding Album | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| "Irreplaceable" | Outstanding Song | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| Outstanding Music Video | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | "Beautiful Liar" | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2009 Kids' Choice Awards|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whowonwhen.com/entertainment/kids-choice/kids-choice-2007.php|title=Who Won Kids Choice Awards in 2007?|format=PHP|date=March 31, 2007|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=WhoWonWhen|archive-date=July 18, 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IC5FFT16?url=http://www.whowonwhen.com/entertainment/kids-choice/kids-choice-2007.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | "Irreplaceable" | Favorite Song | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| OVMA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ovma.org/pdf/conf_program09.pdf|title=DocHdl1OnPRT1tmpTarget|access-date=May 30, 2010|archive-date=June 5, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68C9wsGNi?url=http://www.ovma.org/pdf/conf_program09.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | "Beautiful Liar" | Best Choreography in a Video | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[People's Choice Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2008 |title=2008 Nominees |publisher=[[People's Choice Awards]]. [[CBS]] |access-date=July 15, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110715064334/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2008| archive-date= July 15, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | "Irreplaceable" | Favorite Pop Song | {{nom}} |- | "Beautiful Liar" | Favorite R&B Song | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"| [[Soul Train Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-02-06-soul-train-noms_x.htm |title=Beyoncé leads Soul Train nominations |agency=Associated Press |location=Beverly Hills |date=February 6, 2007 |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher=[[Gannett Company]] |access-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1054026/hudson-beyonce-star-at-soul-train-awards |title=Hudson, Beyonce Star At Soul Train Awards |magazine=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |access-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref> | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | ''B'Day'' | [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Album, Female|Best Female R&B/Soul Album]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| "Irreplaceable" | [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Female|Best R&B/Soul Single, Female]] | {{won}} |- | [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video|Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[The Record of the Year]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roty.tv/ |title=You Do Movies |publisher=[[The Record of the Year]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127104021/http://www.roty.tv/ |archive-date=November 27, 2007}}</ref> | "Beautiful Liar" | Record of the Year | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[VH1 Soul]] Vibe Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm |first=Mark Edward |last=Nero |publisher=About.com. The New York Times Company |date=November 6, 2007 |title=2007 VH1 Soul VIBE Award Nominees and Winners |access-date=July 12, 2011 |archive-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509104156/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | "Irreplaceable" | Song of the Year | {{nom}} |- | "[[Get Me Bodied]]" | Video of the Year | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[World Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldmusicawards.com/|title=World Music Awards 2006|publisher=[[World Music Awards]]. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|year=2006|access-date=May 30, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | ''B'Day'' | World's Best-Selling R&B Artist | {{won}} |} == Notes == {{reflist|2}} {{Beyoncé}} [[Category:Beyoncé albums]] [[Category:2006 albums]] [[Category:Hip hop albums]] [[Category:Funk albums]] [[Category:R&B albums]] [[Category:Grammy Award-winning albums]] [[Category:Pop albums]] [[Category:Columbia Records albums]] idk05kc7bqcgn5m9ibmcg7q47xpolb3 10966646 10966607 2026-08-18T14:46:59Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = B'Day | type = studio | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | cover = | border = yes | released = September 4, 2006 | recorded = April 2006; [[Sony Music Studios]] ([[New York City]]); Great Divide Studios ([[Aspen, Colorado|Aspen]]) | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] * [[funk]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] }} | length = {{duration|m=38|s=02}} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Mathew Knowles|Music World]] * [[Sony Urban Music|Sony Urban]] }} | producer = {{Flatlist| * Beyoncé Knowles <small>([[Executive producer|exec.]])</small> * [[Matthew Knowles]] <small>(exec.)</small> * [[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]] * [[Sean Garrett]] * [[Rich Harrison]] * Walter Millsap III * [[The Neptunes]] * [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith]] * [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] * [[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]] * Shea Taylor * Cameron Wallace }} | prev_title = [[Live at Wembley (Beyoncé album)|Live at Wembley]]<br />(2004) | next_title = [[Irreemplazable]]<br />(2007) | misc = {{Singles | name = B'Day | type = studio | single1 = [[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]] | single1date = {{start date|2006|6|24}} | single2 = [[Ring the Alarm]] | single2date = {{start date|2006|8|5}} | single3 = [[Irreplaceable]] | single3date = {{start date|2006|9|8}} | single4 = [[Beautiful Liar]] | single4date = {{start date|2007|2|12}} | single5 = [[Get Me Bodied]] | single5date = {{start date|2007|7|10}} | single6 = [[Amor Gitano]] | single6date = {{start date|2007|7|15}} | single7 = [[Green Light (Beyoncé song)|Green Light]] | single7date = {{start date|2007|7|27}} }}}} '''''B'Day''''' is the second studio album by [[United States|American]] [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] singer [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], released by [[Columbia Records]] on 1 September 2006 outside [[North America]], on [[September 4]], [[2006]] worldwide, and on [[September 5]], [[2006]] in [[Canada]] and the United States. The album's title comes from the fact that September 4, the date of worldwide release, is Beyoncé's birthday (2006 being her 25th). ''B'Day'' won the award for "[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]]" at the [[49th Grammy Awards|49th Annual Grammy Awards]]. A two-CD deluxe edition of the album, including previously unreleased material in English and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], was released on [[April 3]] [[2007]].<ref>[http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20070212/NYM24012022007-1.html "'B'Day - Deluxe Edition' Available Tuesday, April 3"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012134139/http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20070212/NYM24012022007-1.html |date=2007-10-12 }}. ''PR Newswire''. Retrieved 2007-02-13.</ref> 6 singles were released from the album: "Déjà Vu", "Ring the Alarm", "Irreplaceable", "Beautiful Liar", "Get Me Bodied", and "Green Light". "Check on It" was also a single, but was released from the [[Destiny's Child]] album #1's. ==Track listing== {{track listing | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) <!--Credits adapted from http://www.beyonce.com/music--> | total_length = 38:02 | title1 = [[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]] | note1 = featuring [[Jay-Z]] | writer1 = {{Flatlist| * [[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] * [[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]] * Delisha Thomas * [[Makeba Riddick|Makeba]] * Keli Nicole Price * [[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]] }} | extra1 = {{Flatlist| * Jerkins * Knowles }} | length1 = 4:00 | title2 = [[Get Me Bodied]] | writer2 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Solange Knowles]] * [[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]] * [[Sean Garrett]] * Makeba * Angela Beyoncé }} | extra2 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length2 = 3:25 | title3 = [[Suga Mama]] | writer3 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Rich Harrison]] * Makeba * Chuck Middleton }} | extra3 = {{Flatlist| * Harrison * Knowles }} | length3 = 3:26 | title4 = [[Upgrade U]] | note4 = featuring [[Jay-Z]] | writer4 = {{Flatlist| * B. Knowles * S. Knowles * MK * Makeba * Garrett * Beyincé * Carter * Willie Clarke * [[Blowfly (musician)|Clarence Reid]] }} | extra4 = {{Flatlist| * Cameron Wallace * Knowles * Dean{{ref|a|[a]}} }} | length4 = 4:33 | title5 = [[Ring the Alarm]] | writer5 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett }} | extra5 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length5 = 3:23 | title6 = [[Kitty Kat (song)|Kitty Kat]] | writer6 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Pharrell Williams]] * Carter }} | extra6 = {{Flatlist| * [[The Neptunes]] * Knowles }} | length6 = 3:56 | title7 = [[Freakum Dress]] | writer7 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Harrison * Beyincé * Makeba }} | extra7 = {{Flatlist| * Harrison * Knowles }} | length7 = 3:21 | title8 = [[Green Light (Beyoncé song)|Green Light]] | writer8 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Williams * Garrett }} | extra8 = {{Flatlist| * The Neptunes * Knowles }} | length8 = 3:30 | title9 = [[Irreplaceable]] | writer9 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Stargate (production team)|Mikkel S. Eriksen]] * [[Stargate (production team)|Tor Erik Hermansen]] * [[Espionage (production team)|Espen Lind]] * [[Espionage (production team)|Amund Bjørklund]] * [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer Smith]] }} | extra9 = {{Flatlist| * [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] * Knowles * Smith{{ref|b|[b]}} }} | length9 = 3:49 | title10 = [[Resentment (song)#Beyoncé version|Resentment]] | writer10 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Walter "Lil Walt" Millsap III * Candice "G.G" Nelson * [[Curtis Mayfield]] }} | extra10 = {{Flatlist| * Millsap III * Knowles * Nelson{{ref|b|[b]}} }} | length10 = 4:42 }} {{track listing | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | collapsed = yes | headline = Hidden tracks | title11 = Encore for the Fans | length11 = 0:39 | title12 = [[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] | note12 = from the Motion Picture ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | writer12 = {{Flatlist| * Beyoncé * [[Henry Krieger]] * [[Scott Cutler]] * [[Anne Preven]] }} | extra12 = {{Flatlist| * [[The Underdogs (production team)|The Underdogs]] * Beyoncé }} | length12 = 3:38 | title13 = Get Me Bodied | note13 = Extended Mix | writer13 = {{Flatlist| * B. Knowles * S. Knowles * Dean * Garrett * Makeba * Beyincé }} | extra13 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length13 = 5:59 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Non-U.S. bonus track | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = [[Check on It]] | note11 = featuring [[Bun B]] and [[Slim Thug]] | writer11 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett * Beyincé * [[Slim Thug|Stayve Thomas]] }} | extra11 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles }} | length11 = 3:30 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = [[iTunes]] Store pre-order bonus track<ref name="mtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1539838/new-releases-beyonce-audioslave-iron-maiden-alice-in-chains-kinky-sebadoh-black-ice-hem-more/|title=New Releases: Beyonce, Audioslave, Iron Maiden, Alice In Chains, Kinky, Sebadoh, Black Ice, Hem & More|last=Archive-Kurt-Orzeck|website=MTV News|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327134337/http://www.mtv.com/news/1539838/new-releases-beyonce-audioslave-iron-maiden-alice-in-chains-kinky-sebadoh-black-ice-hem-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = Lost Yo Mind | writer11 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett }} | extra11 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length11 = 3:47 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Japanese edition bonus track<ref name="mtv.com"/> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = Creole | writer11 = | extra11 = | length11 = 3:52 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = [[Circuit City]] bonus track<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/bday-circuit-city-exclusive-mr0001446207|title=B'day [Circuit City Exclusive] - Beyoncé - Release Info|website=AllMusic}}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = Back Up | writer11 = {{Flatlist| * Anesha Birchett * LaShawn Daniels * Fred Jenkins III * Rodney Jerkins * Delisha Thomas }} | length11 = 3:27 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = New Zealand iTunes Store bonus track<ref>{{cite web | title=B'Day by Beyoncé | website=[[iTunes]] | url=https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/bday/id187282301 }}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title16 = Lost Yo Mind | writer16 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett }} | extra16 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length16 = 3:47 }} {{track listing | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | collapsed = yes | headline = European [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B007B4UO72/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp B&#39;Day by Beyonce on Amazon Music - Amazon.co.uk]</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B005WLOWSI/ref=sr_1_1_rd?ie=UTF8&child=B005WLP32W&qid=1400769486&sr=1-1%3C/a%3E B&#39;Day von Beyonce bei Amazon Music - Amazon.de]</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.it/gp/product/B00938AY0Q/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp/280-4925101-7441164 B&#39;Day di Beyonce su Amazon Music - Amazon.it]</ref> / iTunes Store<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bday/296790269|title=B'Day by Beyoncé on iTunes|date=4 September 2006 |via=itunes.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/bday/296790269|title=B'Day por Beyoncé|date=4 September 2006 |via=itunes.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ch/album/bday/296790269?l=en|title=B'Day by Beyoncé|date=4 September 2006 |via=itunes.apple.com}}</ref> bonus videos | title14 = Déjà Vu | note14 = featuring Jay-Z) (music video | length14 = 4:01 | title15 = Behind the Scenes With Beyoncé | length15 = 17:39 }} ===Deluxe edition=== ;North American deluxe edition {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = CD 1: ''B'Day'' | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title1 = [[Beautiful Liar]] | note1 = with [[Shakira]] | writer1 = Knowles, Eriksen, Hermansen, Amanda Ghost, Ian Dech | extra1 = Stargate, Knowles, Shakira, Eduardo Cabra | length1 = 3:19 | title2 = Irreplaceable | writer2 = Knowles, Smith, Eriksen, Hermansen, Lind, Bjørklund | extra2 = Stargate, Ne-Yo | length2 = 3:47 | title3 = Green Light | writer3 = Knowles, Williams, Garrett | extra3 = The Neptunes | length3 = 3:30 | title4 = Kitty Kat | writer4 = Knowles, Williams, Carter | extra4 = The Neptunes | length4 = 3:55 | title5 = [[Hollywood (song)|Welcome to Hollywood]] | writer5 = Knowles, Carter, Reggie Perry, Smith | extra5 = [[Syience]], Knowles | length5 = 3:18 | title6 = Upgrade U | note6 = featuring Jay-Z | writer6 = B. Knowles, MK, Makeba, Garrett, Beyincé, Carter, Clarke, Reid, S. Knowles | extra6 = Swizz Beatz, Cameron Wallace | length6 = 4:32 | title7 = [[Flaws and All]] | writer7 = Knowles, Smith, Robert Shea Taylor, S. Knowles | extra7 = Shea Taylor, Knowles | length7 = 4:08 | title8 = Get Me Bodied | note8 = Extended Mix | writer8 = B. Knowles, Dean, Garrett, Makeba, Beyincé, S. Knowles | extra8 = Sean Garrett, Swizz Beatz | length8 = 6:18 | title9 = [[Kissing You (Des'ree song)|Still in Love (Kissing You)]] | note9 = later replaced by "If" | writer9 = Knowles, Desree Weekes, Timothy Atack | extra9 = Knowles, [[Nellee Hooper]] | length9 = 3:18 | title10 = Freakum Dress | writer10 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba | extra10 = Rich Harrison | length10 = 3:20 | title11 = Suga Mama | writer11 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba, Middleton | extra11 = Rich Harrison | length11 = 3:24 | title12 = Déjà Vu | note12 = featuring Jay-Z | writer12 = Knowles, Jerkins, Thomas, Makeba, Price, Carter | extra12 = Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins | length12 = 4:00 | title13 = Ring the Alarm | writer13 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett | extra13 = Swizz Beatz | length13 = 3:23 | title14 = Resentment | writer14 = Knowles, Walter W. Millsap III, Candice C. Nelson, [[Curtis Mayfield]] | extra14 = Walter W. Millsap III, Beyoncé, Candice Nelson | length14 = 4:40 | title15 = [[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] | note15 = from the Motion Picture ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | writer15 = Knowles, Henry Krieger, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven | extra15 = [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] | length15 = 3:38 | title16 = World Wide Woman | note16 = [[hidden track]] | writer16 = Knowles, Makeba, Beyincé, Lashawn Daniels, Jerkins, Garrett | length16 = 3:41 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = CD 2: ''[[Irreemplazable]]'' | title1 = [[Amor Gitano]] | note1 = with [[Alejandro Fernández]] | length1 = 3:48 | title2 = Listen (Oye) | length2 = 3:41 | title3 = Irreplaceable (Irreemplazable) | length3 = 3:48 | title4 = Beautiful Liar (Bello Embustero) | length4 = 3:20 | title5 = Beautiful Liar | note5 = Remix) (with [[Shakira]] | length5 = 3:01 | title6 = Beautiful Liar (Spanglish) | note6 = featuring Sasha Fierce | length6 = 3:21 | title7 = Irreplaceable (Irreemplazable) | note7 = Norteña Remix }} On digital copies "World Wide Woman" is a non-hidden track placed at track 8, and other songs are pushed down the track order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bday-deluxe-edition/id261707051 |title=B'Day (Deluxe Edition) |date=September 2006 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]. [[Apple Inc]] |access-date=June 4, 2011}}</ref> ;International deluxe edition {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = CD: ''B'Day'' | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title1 = [[Beautiful Liar]] | note1 = with [[Shakira]] | writer1 = Knowles, Eriksen, Hermansen, Amanda Ghost, Ian Dech | extra1 = StarGate, Knowles, Shakira, Eduardo Cabra | length1 = 3:19 | title2 = Irreplaceable | writer2 = Knowles, Smith, Eriksen, Hermansen, Lind, Bjørklund | extra2 = StarGate, Ne-Yo | length2 = 3:47 | title3 = Green Light | writer3 = Knowles, Williams, Garrett | extra3 = The Neptunes | length3 = 3:30 | title4 = Kitty Kat | writer4 = Knowles, Williams, Carter | extra4 = The Neptunes | length4 = 3:55 | title5 = [[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)#Beyoncé's Version|Welcome to Hollywood]] | note5 = featuring Jay-Z | writer5 = Knowles, Carter, Reggie Perry, Smith | extra5 = [[Syience]], Beyoncé | length5 = 3:18 | title6 = Upgrade U | note6 = featuring Jay-Z | writer6 = Knowles, MK, Makeba, Garrett, Beyincé, Carter, Clarke, Reid, Knowles | extra6 = Swizz Beatz, Cameron Wallace | length6 = 4:32 | title7 = [[Flaws and All]] | writer7 = B. Knowles, Smith, Robert Shea Taylor, S. Knowles | extra7 = Shea Taylor, Knowles | length7 = 4:08 | title8 = If | note8 = | writer8 = | extra8 = | length8 = 3:19 | title9 = Get Me Bodied | note9 = Extended Mix | writer9 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett, Makeba, Beyincé, S. Knowles | extra9 = Sean Garrett, Swizz Beatz | length9 = 6:18 | title10 = Freakum Dress | writer10 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba | extra10 = Rich Harrison | length10 = 3:20 | title11 = Suga Mama | writer11 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba, Middleton | extra11 = Rich Harrison | length11 = 3:24 | title12 = Déjà Vu | note12 = featuring Jay-Z | writer12 = Knowles, Jerkins, Thomas, Makeba, Price, Carter | extra12 = Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins | length12 = 4:00 | title13 = Ring the Alarm | writer13 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett | extra13 = Swizz Beatz | length13 = 3:23 | title14 = Resentment | writer14 = Knowles, Walter W. Millsap III, Candice C. Nelson, [[Curtis Mayfield]] | extra14 = Walter W. Millsap III, Beyoncé, Candice Nelson | length14 = 4:40 | title15 = [[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] | note15 = from the Motion Picture ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | writer15 = Knowles, Henry Krieger, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven | extra15 = [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] | length15 = 3:38 | title16 = World Wide Woman | writer16 = Knowles, Makeba, Beyincé, Lashawn Daniels, Jerkins, Garrett | extra16 = Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins | length16 = 3:41 | title17 = Check on It | note17 = featuring Bun B and Slim Thug | writer17 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett, Beyincé, Thomas | extra17 = Swizz Beatz, Knowles | length17 = 3:30 | title18 = [[Amor Gitano]] | note18 = with [[Alejandro Fernández]] | writer18 = Knowles, Jaime Flores, Reyli Barba | extra18 = Rudy Perez, Knowles | length18 = 3:48 | title19 = Beautiful Liar | note19 = Remix) (with [[Shakira]]) | writer19 = Knowles, Eriksen, Hermansen, Ghost, Dech | extra19 = Stargate, Knowles, Shakira, Eduardo Cabra | length19 = 3:00 | title20 = Creole | note20 = iTunes Store bonus | writer20 = | extra20 = | length20 = 3:53 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Japanese edition<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/SICP-1400|title=B'Day Deluxe Edition [Regular Edition] Beyonce CD Album|website=CDJapan}}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title16 = Check on It | note16 = featuring Bun B and Slim Thug | length16 = 3:30 | title17 = Creole | length17 = 3:52 | title18 = World Wide Woman | length18 = 3:41 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Latin American edition<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicaladdiction.com.br/#!product/zoom12yn/1449268181/b%2527day-(deluxe-edition%2C-cd---dvd) |title=Musical Addiction |access-date=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032059/http://www.musicaladdiction.com.br/#!product/zoom12yn/1449268181/b%2527day-(deluxe-edition%2C-cd---dvd) |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Beyonc%C3%A9-BDay/release/5326675|title=Beyoncé - B'Day|website=Discogs |date=3 April 2007 }}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title17 = Amor Gitano | note17 = with Alejandro Fernández | length17 = 3:48 | title18 = Irreplaceable (Irreemplazable) | length18 = 3:48 | title19 = Listen (Oye) | length19 = 3:41 | title20 = Beautiful Liar (Bello Embustero) | length20 = 3:20 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = DVD: ''[[B'Day Anthology Video Album]]'' | extra_column = Director(s) | title1 = Beautiful Liar | note1 = with Shakira | extra1 = [[Jake Nava]], Beyoncé | length1 = 3:34 | title2 = Irreplaceable | extra2 = [[Anthony Mandler]] | length2 = 4:17 | title3 = Kitty Kat | extra3 = [[Melina Matsoukas]], Beyoncé | length3 = 1:03 | title4 = Green Light | extra4 = Matsoukas | length4 = 3:31 | title5 = Upgrade U | note5 = featuring Jay-Z | extra5 = Matsoukas, Beyoncé | length5 = 4:38 | title6 = Flaws and All | extra6 = Cliff Watts, Beyoncé | length6 = 4:14 | title7 = Get Me Bodied | note7 = Extended Mix | extra7 = Mandler, Beyoncé | length7 = 6:42 | title8 = Freakum Dress | extra8 = [[Ray Kay]], Beyoncé | length8 = 3:21 | title9 = Suga Mama | extra9 = Matsoukas, Beyoncé | length9 = 3:37 | title10 = Déjà Vu | note10 = featuring Jay-Z | extra10 = [[Sophie Muller]] | length10 = 4:06 | title11 = Ring the Alarm | extra11 = Muller | length11 = 3:33 | title12 = Listen | extra12 = [[Diane Martel]] | length12 = 3:49 | title13 = Still in Love (Kissing You) | note13 = Later removed | extra13 = Watts, Beyoncé | length13 = 4:41 | title14 = Credits | extra14 = | length14 = 0:51 | title15 = Behind the Scenes | extra15 = Ed Burke | length15 = 17:39 }} ;Notes * "Suga Mama" samples "Searching for Soul" by [[Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers]]. * "Upgrade U" samples "[[Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do]]" by [[Betty Wright]]. * "Resentment" samples "Think (Instrumental)" by [[Curtis Mayfield]]. ==Personnel== {{Col-begin}} {{col-2}} * Jason Agel – assistant [[audio recording|recording]] * Omar Al-Musfi – [[Arabic music|Arabic]] [[percussion]] * Roberto Almodovar – [[audio engineering|recording engineering]] * Allen "Al Geez" Arthur – [[French horn|horns]] * Aplril Baldwin – artists and repertoire administration * Aureo Baqueiro – vocal direction for Alejandro Fernández * Reyli Barba – [[songwriter|writing]] * Robert Becker – [[viola]] * Andres Bermudez – recording * Angela Beyincé – writing * Amund Bjorklund – writing * Tim Blacksmith – Stargate management * Aaron Brougher – artists and repertoire coordinator * Denyse Buffum – viola * [[Bun B]] – [[rapping|vocals]] ([[Rap-a-Lot Records|Rap-a-Lot]]) * [[David Campbell (American arranger/composer)|David Campbell]] – [[string instrument|string]] [[arrangement]] and [[conducting]] * Roberto Cani – [[violin]] * Tim Carmon – [[keyboard instrument|keyboards]] * Sean Carrington – [[guitar]] * Jim Caruana – recording [[audio engineering|engineering]] * [[Gustavo Celis]] – recording engineering * Olgui Chirino – vocal production * Fusako Chubachi – art direction, design * Willie Clarke – writing * Andrew Coleman – assistant recording * Larry Corbett – [[cello]] * Tom Coyne – [[audio mastering|mastering]] * Jasmin Cruz – background vocals * [[Scott Cutler]] – writing * Danny D. – Stargate management * Lawshawn Daniels – writing * Mario Deleon – violin * [[Ian Dench]] – writing * Robert "LB" Dorsey – recording * Andrew Duckles – viola * Bruce Dukov – violin ([[concertmaster]]) * Nathan East – [[bass instrument|bass]] * Paco "El Sevillano" – gypsy chant * [[Mikkel S. Eriksen]] – writing, [[multi-instrumentalist|instruments]] * [[Alejandro Fernández]] – vocals ([[Sony BMG]] Mexico) * Jaime Flores – writing * Paul Forat – [[artists and repertoire]] * [[Sean Garrett]] – writing, production * [[Amanda Ghost]] – writing * Jason Goldstein – mixing * Aaron "Goody" Goode – [[French horn|horns]] * Erwin Gorosita – art direction * Max Gousse – artists and repertoire * Alan Grunfeld – violin * Rich Harrison – writing, production, mixing * [[Tor Erik Hermansen]] – writing, instruments * Geraldo Hilera – violin * Jean-Marie Horvat – [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] * Dabling "Hobby Boy" Howard – recording * Ty Hunter – styling * ILoveDust – logo design * Jun Ishizeki – recording * Eric Jackson – guitars * Quincy S. Jackson – marketing * [[Jay-Z]] – writing, vocals ([[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]]/[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]) * [[Rodney Jerkins]] – writing, production, mixing, music, horn arrangement * James Johnson – bass * Jon Jon – assistant production, [[bass (instrument)|bass]] * Ronald Judge – horns * Suzie Katayama – cello * Gimel "Young Guru" Keaton – recording * Hannah Khoury – [[violin]], [[viola]] * Kimberly Kimble – hair * Rob Kinelski – assistant recording, assistant recording engineering * [[Beyoncé]] – writing, [[singing|vocals]], production, vocal production, executive production {{col-2}} * [[Mathew Knowles]] – artists and repertoire, executive production, management * [[Solange Knowles]] – writing * [[Tina Knowles]] – styling * [[Henry Krieger]] – writing * Ricky Lawson – [[drum]]s * Jolie Levine – music contracting * [[Espen Lind]] – writing, [[guitar]]s * Dave Lopez – assistant recording, [[Pro Tools]] editing * Nathan Jenkins – recording * Julia Knapp – artists and repertoire operation * MK – writing * Riley Mackin – assistant recording * [[Makeba Riddick]] – writing * Manny Maroquin – mixing * Harvey Mason – [[percussion instrument|percussion]] * [[Curtis Mayfield]] – writing * Vlado Meller – mastering * Chuck Middleton – writing * Colin Miller – assistant mixing, digital prep engineering, Pro Tools prep * Walter W. Millsap III – writing, production, music, Pro Tools editing * Mo Horns – horns * Naser Musa – [[oud]] * Candice C. Nelson – writing, co-production, music * [[The Neptunes]] – production * [[Ne-Yo]] – writing, co-production * Sara Parkins – violin * Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado – mixing * [[Rudy Perez]] – production, vocal production, arrangement, keyboards, [[programming (music)|programming]], [[Spanish guitar]], background vocals, vocal direction for Fernández * [[Justin Clay Perry|Clay Perry]] – keyboards, programming, Pro Tools editing * [[Denaun Porter]] – programming * [[Anne Preven]] – writing * Keli Nicole Price – writing * Boujemaa Razgui – [[ney]] * Clarence Reid – writing * Aaron Renner – recording * Geoff Rice – recording * Michele Richards – violin * Jared Robbins – assistant recording * Jamie Rosenberg – assistant recording * Kareem Roustom – violin arrangement, additional string arrangements * [[Shakira]] – vocals ([[Epic Records]]), additional production, [[arrangement]], vocal production, violin arrangement, [[remixing]] * Haim Shtrum – violin * Dexter Simmons – mixing * [[Slim Thug]] – vocals ([[Star Trak Entertainment|Star Trak]]/[[Geffen Records]]) * Daniel Smith – cello * Chris Spilfogel – recording * [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] – [[record producer|production]], arrangement, recording engineering, programming * David Stearns – assistant recording engineering * [[Swizz Beatz]] – writing, production, additional production, mixing * [[Syience]] – writing, production * Shea Taylor – writing, production * Delisha Thomas – writing * Stayve Thomas – writing * Michael Tocci – recording * Rene Luis Toledo – Spanish guitar * Steve Tolle – assistant mixing * Francesca Tolot – makeup * [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] – production * [[Max Vadukul]] – [[photography]] * Jeff Villanueva – recording * Rommel Nino Villanueva – recording * [[Visitante]] – programming * Cameron Wallace – production * John Weston – recording engineering, digital editing (strings) * [[Pharrell Williams]] – writing * John Wittenburg – violin * Shane Woodley – recording, assistant recording * Kenneth Yerke – violin {{col-end}} ==Charts== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2006–2014) ! scope="col"| Peak<br>position |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Australia|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Austria|13|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Flanders|7|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Wallonia|12|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|BillboardCanada|1|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Denmark|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Netherlands|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| [[European Top 100 Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="Euro">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=European+Top+100+Albums |title=European Top 100 Albums |magazine=Billboard |date=September 23, 2006 |access-date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916072707/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=European%20Top%20100%20Albums |archive-date=September 16, 2006 }}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Finland|23|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|France|12|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Germany|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| Greek Albums ([[IFPI Greece|IFPI]])<ref name="archive1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart04.htm |title=Greek Albums Chart |publisher=IFPI Greece |date=September 5, 2007 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905201149/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart04.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2007 }}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"| Hungarian Albums ([[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|MAHASZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=2006&het=38&submit_=Keresés |title=Top 40 album- és válogatáslemez-lista – 2006. 38. hét |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|MAHASZ]] |language=hu |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68C9egMxa?url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=2006&het=38&submit_=Keres%C3%A9s |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 22 |- ! scope="row"| Irish Albums ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2006&year=2006&week=36 |title=Top 75 Artist Album, Week Ending 7 September 2006 |publisher=[[Chart-Track]]. [[Irish Recorded Music Association]] |access-date=November 18, 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IC0B2NAf?url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Italy|10|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/666711/1/ |title=B'Day – Beyoncé |language=ja |publisher=[[Oricon]] |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> | 4 |- {{Album chart|Oricon|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|note=Deluxe edition|date=April 18, 2007|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"| Mexican Albums ([[Top 100 Mexico]])<ref name="mex">{{cite web |url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2007.pdf |title=Los Más Vendidos 2007 |language=es |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215041238/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2007.pdf |archive-date=February 15, 2010 |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> | 6 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Mexico|9|artist=Beyonce|album=B'Day|note=Deluxe edition}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|New Zealand|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Norway|6|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Poland|29|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Portugal|6|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| Scottish Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20060910/40/|title= Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100: 10 September 2006 - 16 September 2006 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |date=September 16, 2006 |access-date=June 19, 2015}}</ref> | 9 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Spain|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Sweden|15|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Switzerland|2|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|UK|3|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|date=September 16, 2006}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|UK2|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|date=May 5, 2007|note=Deluxe edition}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|UKR&B|1|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|date=September 16, 2006}} |- ! scope="row"| UK R&B Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-albums-chart/20070429/115/|title=Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=May 5, 2007|access-date=March 17, 2018}}</ref><br/><small>''Deluxe edition''</small> | 3 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=beyoncé|chart=Billboard 200}} |title=Beyoncé Chart History (Billboard 200) |magazine=Billboard |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Billboard200|6|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|note=Deluxe edition}} |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=beyoncé|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums B}} |title=Beyoncé Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums) |magazine=Billboard |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | 1 |} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2006) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/UrbanAlbums2006.htm |title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Albums 2006 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127032250/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/UrbanAlbums2006.htm |archive-date=January 27, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 13 |- ! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2006&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2006|language=nl|work=[[Ultratop]] Flanders|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> | 91 |- ! scope="row"| Dutch Albums ([[MegaCharts]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2006&cat=a |title=Jaaroverzichten 2006 |language=nl |work=[[MegaCharts]] |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217033911/http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2006&cat=a |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 84 |- ! scope="row"| [[European Top 100 Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/european_top_100_albums.jsp|title=European Hot 100 Albums 2006|magazine=Billboard|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629080425/http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/european_top_100_albums.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 61 |- ! scope="row"| French Albums ([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-annuel/top-albums-fusionnes/?ye=2006 |title=SNEP – Classements annuels – 2006 – Albums |publisher=[[SNEP]] |year=2006 |access-date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> | 199 |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/y/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202013921/http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/y/ |language=ja |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |title=アルバム 年間ランキング-Oricon Style ランキング |year=2006 |publisher=Oricon}}</ref> | 55 |- ! scope="row"| Swiss Albums ([[Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2006 |title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade |year=2006 |publisher=Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien |access-date=June 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707000200/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2006 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> | 96 |- ! scope="row"| UK Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2006.pdf |title=Top Selling Albums of 2006 |publisher=UK Charts Plus |year=2006 |access-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927164132/http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2006.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 62 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="2006yearend">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/the-billboard-200 |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – The Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 38 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004145554/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 8 |- ! scope="row"| Worldwide Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2006.pdf |title=Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2006 |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306112901/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2006.pdf |archive-date=March 6, 2009 |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | 6 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2007) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-albums-2007.htm |title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Albums 2007 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |year=2007 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805101457/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-albums-2007.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 13 |- ! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2007|language=nl|work=[[Ultratop]] Flanders|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> | 57 |- ! scope="row"| Dutch Albums ([[MegaCharts]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2007&cat=a |title=Jaaroverzichten 2007 |language=nl |work=[[MegaCharts]] |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211533/http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2007&cat=a |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 84 |- ! scope="row"| French Albums ([[SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2007&type=2 |title=SNEP – Classements annuels – 2007 – Albums |publisher=[[SNEP]] |year=2007 |access-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925060904/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2007&type=2 |archive-date=September 25, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 143 |- ! scope="row"| Mexican Albums ([[Top 100 Mexico]])<ref name="mex"/> | 62 |- ! scope="row"| Mexican International Albums ([[AMPROFON]])<ref name="mex"/> | 16 |- ! scope="row"| Swiss Albums ([[Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2007 |title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade |year=2007 |publisher=Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien |access-date=June 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707000221/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2007 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> | 82 |- ! scope="row"| UK Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2007.pdf |title=Top Selling Albums of 2007 |publisher=UK Charts Plus |year=2007 |access-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117210852/http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2007.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 140 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2007/the-billboard-200|title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – The Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2007 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 11 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2007/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 6 |- ! scope="row"| Worldwide Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2007.pdf |title=Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2007 |publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117215003/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2007.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> |38 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2008) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2008/the-billboard-200|title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – The Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 170 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2008/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=Billboard |year=2008 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 85 |} ===Decade-end charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2000–09) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/decadeendcharts/2009/billboard-200-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Decade-end Albums – Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2009 |access-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> | 133 |} ===All-time charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|Female Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-billboard-200-albums-by-women|title=Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums by Women : Page 1|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> | 91 |} {{col-end}} ==Certifications== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- !scope="col"| Region !scope="col"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certification]] |- !scope="row"| [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | Platinum<ref name="ARIAcert">{{cite web |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2007 Albums |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Belgian Entertainment Association|Belgium]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/certifications.asp?year=2007 |title=Goud en platina – Singles – 2007 |language=nl |publisher=Ultratop. Hung Medien |date=March 3, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Music Canada|Canada]] | Platinum<ref name="CRIAcert">{{cite web |url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/0906_g.php |title=CRIA: Gold & Platinum – September 2006 |publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] |date=September 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202153940/http://www.cria.ca/gold/0906_g.php |archive-date=February 2, 2009}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[IFPI Denmark|Denmark]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-august |title=Guld og platin i August |language=da |publisher=[[IFPI Denmark]] |access-date=April 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xwxAKTo2?url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content%2Fguld-og-platin-i-august |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Europe]] | Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2007.html |title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards |publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry |year=2007 |access-date=March 10, 2011 |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023851/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2007.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|France]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/en/page-259165.xml?year=2007&type=8 |title=Certifications Albums Or – Année 2007 |language=fr |publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] |date=June 21, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|Germany]] | Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Beyoncé|title=B'Day|accessdate=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[IFPI Greece|Greece]] | Gold<ref name="archive1"/> |- !scope="row"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Hungary]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=arany_es_platinalemezek&menu2=adatbazis&ev=2007 |title=Adatbázis – 2007 |language=hu |publisher=MAHASZ |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Irish Recorded Music Association|Ireland]] | 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum06.htm |title=2006 Certification Awards – Multi Platinum |work=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]] |publisher=irishcharts.ie |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Recording Industry Association of Japan|Japan]] | Platinum <small>(standard)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200609.html&sl=ja&tl=en&hl=en |title=List of works certified in September 2006 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |date=September 2006 |access-date=April 25, 2010}}</ref> |- | Gold <small>(deluxe)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200711.html&sl=ja&tl=en&hl=en |title=List of works certified in November 2007 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |date=November 2007 |access-date=November 10, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|Mexico]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=Beyonce&titulo=&disquera=&certificacion=todas&anio=todos&categoria=todas&Submitted=Buscar&item=menuCert&contenido=buscar |title=Certificaciones |language=es |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]] |date=July 31, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=December 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ChVMREhT?url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=beyonce |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Recorded Music NZ|New Zealand]] | Platinum<ref name="RIANZcert">{{cite web |url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=61 |title=Latest Gold / Platinum Albums |publisher=RadioScope New Zealand |date=April 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195845/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61 |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|Portugal]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.org.pt/estatisticas.php |title=Galardões 2007 |language=pt |publisher=[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]] |access-date=March 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402025728/http://www.afp.org.pt/estatisticas.php |archive-date=April 2, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| Romania | Gold<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625052507/http://www.newscafe.ro/content/view/11808/69/ |title=Beyonce a oprit ploaia |language=ro |publisher=NewsCafe.ro |url=http://www.newscafe.ro/content/view/11808/69/ |date=October 24, 2007 |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=November 18, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| Russia | 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5076 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124001139/http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5076 |archive-date=2009-01-24 |title=Gold and Platinum International Albums in Russia – 2006 |language=ru |work=National Federation of Phonogram Producers |publisher=2M |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Productores de Música de España|Spain]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://promusicae.es/files/listassemanales/albumes/historial/TOP%20100%20ALBUMES%2007_19.pdf |title=PROMUSICAE Top 100 Albumes – 19/2007 |language=es |publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]] |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68C9ulIxp?url=http://promusicae.es/files/listassemanales/albumes/historial/TOP%20100%20ALBUMES%2007_19.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Switzerland]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2006 |title=Swiss Certifications – Awards 2006 |publisher=swisscharts.com. Hung Medien |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[British Phonographic Industry|United Kingdom]] | Platinum <small>(standard)</small><ref name="BPI">{{cite web |url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |title=Certified Awards |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |access-date=September 12, 2013 |archive-date=September 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917112745/https://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |url-status=dead }} Note: Enter "Beyonce" in the 'Search' box and select "Artist", "All" and "Album" from the 'Search by', 'By Award' and 'By format' menus, respectively. You may have to click "More" under the relevant search results.</ref> |- | Gold <small>(deluxe)</small><ref name="BPI"/> |- !scope="row"| [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&title=Day&artist=Beyonce&format=ALBUM&perPage=25 |title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |date=April 16, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160907/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&title=Day&artist=Beyonce&format=ALBUM&perPage=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="text-align:center;"|Awards ceremony ! style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|Year ! style="text-align:center;"|Nominated work ! style="text-align:center;"|Award ! style="text-align:center;"|Result |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[American Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/19/entertainment/main3519877.shtml |title=American Music Awards – Winners List |publisher=CBS News |date=November 18, 2007 |access-date=August 12, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[2007 American Music Awards|2007]] | ''B'Day'' | Favorite Album for Soul/R&B | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="7"| [[BET Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm |title=BET Awards 2006 &#124; A List of Nominees and Winners &#124; 2006 BET Awards |publisher=Rap.about.com |date=June 27, 2006 |access-date=August 12, 2010 |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515200808/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzsugar.com/2007-BET-Award-Winners-348277|title=2007 BET Award Winners|year=2007|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=Buzzsugar|archive-date=July 18, 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IC5CuOii?url=http://www.buzzsugar.com/2007-BET-Award-Winners-348277|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | rowspan="2"| "[[Check on It]]" | [[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Duet/Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | [[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | rowspan="2"| "[[Irreplaceable]]" | [[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| [[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video of The Year]] | {{won}} |- | "[[Beautiful Liar]]" | {{nom}} |- | "[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" | rowspan="2"| [[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | "[[Upgrade U]]" | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="6"| [[Grammy Award]]s<ref name="49thGr">{{cite web |title=49th Annual Grammy Awards Winners List |url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx |publisher=[[Grammy Awards]]. [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108091302/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx |archive-date=November 8, 2009 |access-date=January 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="50thGr">{{cite web |title=50th Annual Grammy Award Winners List |url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/50th_show/list.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404005333/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/50th_show/list.aspx |archive-date=April 4, 2008 |publisher=[[Grammy Awards]]. [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=April 21, 2008}}</ref> | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[49th Grammy Awards|2007]] | ''B'Day'' | [[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]] | {{Won}} |- | "[[Ring the Alarm]]" | [[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| "Déjà Vu" | [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]] | {{nom}} |- | [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[50th Grammy Awards|2008]] | "Irreplaceable" | [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- | "Beautiful Liar" | [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[International Dance Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/idmawinners2007.htm |title=22nd Annual IDMA Nominees & Winners |publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]] |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205024902/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/idmawinners2007.htm |archive-date=February 5, 2008}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | rowspan="2"| "Déjà Vu" | Best R&B/Urban Dance Track | {{nom}} |- | Best Pop Dance Track | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[Ivor Novello Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emimusicpub.com/global-offices/united-kingdom/news/53rd-ivor-novello-awards-2008.php|format=PHP|title=53rd Ivor Novello Awards 2008|year=2008|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=[[EMI|EMI Music Publishing]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090441/http://emimusicpub.com/global-offices/united-kingdom/news/53rd-ivor-novello-awards-2008.php |archive-date=November 25, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | "Beautiful Liar" | Best-Selling British Single | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[Latin Grammy Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/news/env-nomineelist,0,4535627.htmlstory |title=Complete list of Latin Grammy nominees & winners |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=July 12, 2011}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[Latin Grammy Awards of 2007|2007]] | "Bello Embustero" | [[Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[Music of Black Origin Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|title=2006 MOBO Awards – Winners|first=Henry|last=Adaso|year=2006|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=About.com. The New York Times Company|archive-date=May 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515160854/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | rowspan="2"| "Déjà Vu" | Best Song | {{won}} |- | Best Video | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[MTV Europe Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nme.com/news/my-chemical-romance/31321 |title=Amy Winehouse, My Chemical Romance, Arctic Monkeys up for MTV Awards |journal=NME |publisher=IPC Media |date=September 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217004958/http://www.nme.com/news/my-chemical-romance/31321 |archive-date=February 17, 2008}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | "Beautiful Liar" | [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song|Most Addictive Track]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="8"| [[MTV Video Music Award|MTV Music Video Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539749/justin-album-preview-shows-singers-two-sides.jhtml |title=Justin's Album Shows Off Two Sides: Over-The-Top Saucy, Unassumingly Sweet |first=Jennifer |last=Vineyard |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV |date=August 29, 2006 |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113154134/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539749/justin-album-preview-shows-singers-two-sides.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566507/vma-race-on-justin-timberlake-beyonce-lead-pack.jhtml |title=MTV VMA Race Is On: Justin Timberlake, Beyonce Lead Nominations |date=August 7, 2007 |first=James |last=Montgomery |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220754/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566507/vma-race-on-justin-timberlake-beyonce-lead-pack.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[2006 MTV Video Music Awards|2006]] | "Check on It" | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video|Best R&B Video]] | {{won}} |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards|2007]] | rowspan="2"| "Irreplaceable" | [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5"| "Beautiful Liar" | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Most Earthshattering Collaboration|Most Earthshattering Collaboration]] | {{won}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]] | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[MTV Video Music Awards Japan]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/news/music/13052/3 |title=MTV Video Music Awards Japan 2008 全ノミネート作品リスト |language=ja |publisher=[[MTV Japan]] |date=March 6, 2008 |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003005750/http://www.mtvjapan.com/news/music/13052/3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[2008 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2008]] | "Beautiful Liar" | [[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="4"| [[NAACP Image Awards]]<ref name="link3">{{cite web |website=NAACP Image Awards |year=2007 |url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/PDFs/Nominees_Only.pdf |title=Nominees List |publisher=NAACP |access-date=June 3, 2011 |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228153720/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/PDFs/Nominees_Only.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | ''B'Day'' | Outstanding Album | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| "Irreplaceable" | Outstanding Song | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| Outstanding Music Video | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | "Beautiful Liar" | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2009 Kids' Choice Awards|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whowonwhen.com/entertainment/kids-choice/kids-choice-2007.php|title=Who Won Kids Choice Awards in 2007?|format=PHP|date=March 31, 2007|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=WhoWonWhen|archive-date=July 18, 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IC5FFT16?url=http://www.whowonwhen.com/entertainment/kids-choice/kids-choice-2007.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | "Irreplaceable" | Favorite Song | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| OVMA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ovma.org/pdf/conf_program09.pdf|title=DocHdl1OnPRT1tmpTarget|access-date=May 30, 2010|archive-date=June 5, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68C9wsGNi?url=http://www.ovma.org/pdf/conf_program09.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | "Beautiful Liar" | Best Choreography in a Video | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[People's Choice Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2008 |title=2008 Nominees |publisher=[[People's Choice Awards]]. [[CBS]] |access-date=July 15, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110715064334/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2008| archive-date= July 15, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | "Irreplaceable" | Favorite Pop Song | {{nom}} |- | "Beautiful Liar" | Favorite R&B Song | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"| [[Soul Train Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-02-06-soul-train-noms_x.htm |title=Beyoncé leads Soul Train nominations |agency=Associated Press |location=Beverly Hills |date=February 6, 2007 |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher=[[Gannett Company]] |access-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1054026/hudson-beyonce-star-at-soul-train-awards |title=Hudson, Beyonce Star At Soul Train Awards |magazine=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |access-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref> | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | ''B'Day'' | [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Album, Female|Best Female R&B/Soul Album]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| "Irreplaceable" | [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Female|Best R&B/Soul Single, Female]] | {{won}} |- | [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video|Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[The Record of the Year]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roty.tv/ |title=You Do Movies |publisher=[[The Record of the Year]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127104021/http://www.roty.tv/ |archive-date=November 27, 2007}}</ref> | "Beautiful Liar" | Record of the Year | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[VH1 Soul]] Vibe Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm |first=Mark Edward |last=Nero |publisher=About.com. The New York Times Company |date=November 6, 2007 |title=2007 VH1 Soul VIBE Award Nominees and Winners |access-date=July 12, 2011 |archive-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509104156/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | "Irreplaceable" | Song of the Year | {{nom}} |- | "[[Get Me Bodied]]" | Video of the Year | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[World Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldmusicawards.com/|title=World Music Awards 2006|publisher=[[World Music Awards]]. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|year=2006|access-date=May 30, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | ''B'Day'' | World's Best-Selling R&B Artist | {{won}} |} == Notes == {{reflist|2}} {{Beyoncé}} [[Category:Beyoncé albums]] [[Category:2006 albums]] [[Category:Hip hop albums]] [[Category:Funk albums]] [[Category:R&B albums]] [[Category:Grammy Award-winning albums]] [[Category:Pop albums]] [[Category:Columbia Records albums]] rvci0gbqjjr0o8ykax9kz4qoubf8wnh 10967024 10966646 2026-08-18T22:00:46Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = B'Day | type = studio | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | cover = | border = yes | released = September 4, 2006 | recorded = April 2006; [[Sony Music Studios]] ([[New York City]]); Great Divide Studios ([[Aspen, Colorado|Aspen]]) | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] * [[funk]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] }} | length = {{duration|m=38|s=02}} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Mathew Knowles|Music World]] * [[Sony Urban Music|Sony Urban]] }} | producer = {{Flatlist| * Beyoncé Knowles <small>([[Executive producer|exec.]])</small> * [[Matthew Knowles]] <small>(exec.)</small> * [[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]] * [[Sean Garrett]] * [[Rich Harrison]] * Walter Millsap III * [[The Neptunes]] * [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith]] * [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] * [[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]] * Shea Taylor * Cameron Wallace }} | prev_title = [[Live at Wembley (Beyoncé album)|Live at Wembley]]<br />(2004) | next_title = [[Irreemplazable]]<br />(2007) | misc = {{Singles | name = B'Day | type = studio | single1 = [[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]] | single1date = {{start date|2006|6|24}} | single2 = [[Ring the Alarm]] | single2date = {{start date|2006|9|10}} | single3 = [[Irreplaceable]] | single3date = {{start date|2006|10|23}} | single4 = [[Beautiful Liar]] | single4date = {{start date|2007|2|12}} | single5 = [[Amor Gitano]] | single5date = {{start date|2007|2|12}} | single6 = [[Get Me Bodied]] | single6date = {{start date|2007|7|10}} | single7 = [[Green Light (Beyoncé song)|Green Light]] | single7date = {{start date|2007|7|30}} }}}} '''''B'Day''''' is the second studio album by [[United States|American]] [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] singer [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], released by [[Columbia Records]] on 1 September 2006 outside [[North America]], on [[September 4]], [[2006]] worldwide, and on [[September 5]], [[2006]] in [[Canada]] and the United States. The album's title comes from the fact that September 4, the date of worldwide release, is Beyoncé's birthday (2006 being her 25th). ''B'Day'' won the award for "[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]]" at the [[49th Grammy Awards|49th Annual Grammy Awards]]. A two-CD deluxe edition of the album, including previously unreleased material in English and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], was released on [[April 3]] [[2007]].<ref>[http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20070212/NYM24012022007-1.html "'B'Day - Deluxe Edition' Available Tuesday, April 3"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012134139/http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20070212/NYM24012022007-1.html |date=2007-10-12 }}. ''PR Newswire''. Retrieved 2007-02-13.</ref> 6 singles were released from the album: "Déjà Vu", "Ring the Alarm", "Irreplaceable", "Beautiful Liar", "Get Me Bodied", and "Green Light". "Check on It" was also a single, but was released from the [[Destiny's Child]] album #1's. ==Track listing== {{track listing | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) <!--Credits adapted from http://www.beyonce.com/music--> | total_length = 38:02 | title1 = [[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]] | note1 = featuring [[Jay-Z]] | writer1 = {{Flatlist| * [[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] * [[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]] * Delisha Thomas * [[Makeba Riddick|Makeba]] * Keli Nicole Price * [[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]] }} | extra1 = {{Flatlist| * Jerkins * Knowles }} | length1 = 4:00 | title2 = [[Get Me Bodied]] | writer2 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Solange Knowles]] * [[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]] * [[Sean Garrett]] * Makeba * Angela Beyoncé }} | extra2 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length2 = 3:25 | title3 = [[Suga Mama]] | writer3 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Rich Harrison]] * Makeba * Chuck Middleton }} | extra3 = {{Flatlist| * Harrison * Knowles }} | length3 = 3:26 | title4 = [[Upgrade U]] | note4 = featuring [[Jay-Z]] | writer4 = {{Flatlist| * B. Knowles * S. Knowles * MK * Makeba * Garrett * Beyincé * Carter * Willie Clarke * [[Blowfly (musician)|Clarence Reid]] }} | extra4 = {{Flatlist| * Cameron Wallace * Knowles * Dean{{ref|a|[a]}} }} | length4 = 4:33 | title5 = [[Ring the Alarm]] | writer5 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett }} | extra5 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length5 = 3:23 | title6 = [[Kitty Kat (song)|Kitty Kat]] | writer6 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Pharrell Williams]] * Carter }} | extra6 = {{Flatlist| * [[The Neptunes]] * Knowles }} | length6 = 3:56 | title7 = [[Freakum Dress]] | writer7 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Harrison * Beyincé * Makeba }} | extra7 = {{Flatlist| * Harrison * Knowles }} | length7 = 3:21 | title8 = [[Green Light (Beyoncé song)|Green Light]] | writer8 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Williams * Garrett }} | extra8 = {{Flatlist| * The Neptunes * Knowles }} | length8 = 3:30 | title9 = [[Irreplaceable]] | writer9 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * [[Stargate (production team)|Mikkel S. Eriksen]] * [[Stargate (production team)|Tor Erik Hermansen]] * [[Espionage (production team)|Espen Lind]] * [[Espionage (production team)|Amund Bjørklund]] * [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer Smith]] }} | extra9 = {{Flatlist| * [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] * Knowles * Smith{{ref|b|[b]}} }} | length9 = 3:49 | title10 = [[Resentment (song)#Beyoncé version|Resentment]] | writer10 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Walter "Lil Walt" Millsap III * Candice "G.G" Nelson * [[Curtis Mayfield]] }} | extra10 = {{Flatlist| * Millsap III * Knowles * Nelson{{ref|b|[b]}} }} | length10 = 4:42 }} {{track listing | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | collapsed = yes | headline = Hidden tracks | title11 = Encore for the Fans | length11 = 0:39 | title12 = [[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] | note12 = from the Motion Picture ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | writer12 = {{Flatlist| * Beyoncé * [[Henry Krieger]] * [[Scott Cutler]] * [[Anne Preven]] }} | extra12 = {{Flatlist| * [[The Underdogs (production team)|The Underdogs]] * Beyoncé }} | length12 = 3:38 | title13 = Get Me Bodied | note13 = Extended Mix | writer13 = {{Flatlist| * B. Knowles * S. Knowles * Dean * Garrett * Makeba * Beyincé }} | extra13 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length13 = 5:59 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Non-U.S. bonus track | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = [[Check on It]] | note11 = featuring [[Bun B]] and [[Slim Thug]] | writer11 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett * Beyincé * [[Slim Thug|Stayve Thomas]] }} | extra11 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles }} | length11 = 3:30 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = [[iTunes]] Store pre-order bonus track<ref name="mtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1539838/new-releases-beyonce-audioslave-iron-maiden-alice-in-chains-kinky-sebadoh-black-ice-hem-more/|title=New Releases: Beyonce, Audioslave, Iron Maiden, Alice In Chains, Kinky, Sebadoh, Black Ice, Hem & More|last=Archive-Kurt-Orzeck|website=MTV News|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327134337/http://www.mtv.com/news/1539838/new-releases-beyonce-audioslave-iron-maiden-alice-in-chains-kinky-sebadoh-black-ice-hem-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = Lost Yo Mind | writer11 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett }} | extra11 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length11 = 3:47 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Japanese edition bonus track<ref name="mtv.com"/> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = Creole | writer11 = | extra11 = | length11 = 3:52 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = [[Circuit City]] bonus track<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/bday-circuit-city-exclusive-mr0001446207|title=B'day [Circuit City Exclusive] - Beyoncé - Release Info|website=AllMusic}}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title11 = Back Up | writer11 = {{Flatlist| * Anesha Birchett * LaShawn Daniels * Fred Jenkins III * Rodney Jerkins * Delisha Thomas }} | length11 = 3:27 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = New Zealand iTunes Store bonus track<ref>{{cite web | title=B'Day by Beyoncé | website=[[iTunes]] | url=https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/bday/id187282301 }}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title16 = Lost Yo Mind | writer16 = {{Flatlist| * Knowles * Dean * Garrett }} | extra16 = {{Flatlist| * Dean * Knowles * Garrett }} | length16 = 3:47 }} {{track listing | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | collapsed = yes | headline = European [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B007B4UO72/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp B&#39;Day by Beyonce on Amazon Music - Amazon.co.uk]</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B005WLOWSI/ref=sr_1_1_rd?ie=UTF8&child=B005WLP32W&qid=1400769486&sr=1-1%3C/a%3E B&#39;Day von Beyonce bei Amazon Music - Amazon.de]</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.it/gp/product/B00938AY0Q/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp/280-4925101-7441164 B&#39;Day di Beyonce su Amazon Music - Amazon.it]</ref> / iTunes Store<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bday/296790269|title=B'Day by Beyoncé on iTunes|date=4 September 2006 |via=itunes.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/bday/296790269|title=B'Day por Beyoncé|date=4 September 2006 |via=itunes.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ch/album/bday/296790269?l=en|title=B'Day by Beyoncé|date=4 September 2006 |via=itunes.apple.com}}</ref> bonus videos | title14 = Déjà Vu | note14 = featuring Jay-Z) (music video | length14 = 4:01 | title15 = Behind the Scenes With Beyoncé | length15 = 17:39 }} ===Deluxe edition=== ;North American deluxe edition {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = CD 1: ''B'Day'' | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title1 = [[Beautiful Liar]] | note1 = with [[Shakira]] | writer1 = Knowles, Eriksen, Hermansen, Amanda Ghost, Ian Dech | extra1 = Stargate, Knowles, Shakira, Eduardo Cabra | length1 = 3:19 | title2 = Irreplaceable | writer2 = Knowles, Smith, Eriksen, Hermansen, Lind, Bjørklund | extra2 = Stargate, Ne-Yo | length2 = 3:47 | title3 = Green Light | writer3 = Knowles, Williams, Garrett | extra3 = The Neptunes | length3 = 3:30 | title4 = Kitty Kat | writer4 = Knowles, Williams, Carter | extra4 = The Neptunes | length4 = 3:55 | title5 = [[Hollywood (song)|Welcome to Hollywood]] | writer5 = Knowles, Carter, Reggie Perry, Smith | extra5 = [[Syience]], Knowles | length5 = 3:18 | title6 = Upgrade U | note6 = featuring Jay-Z | writer6 = B. Knowles, MK, Makeba, Garrett, Beyincé, Carter, Clarke, Reid, S. Knowles | extra6 = Swizz Beatz, Cameron Wallace | length6 = 4:32 | title7 = [[Flaws and All]] | writer7 = Knowles, Smith, Robert Shea Taylor, S. Knowles | extra7 = Shea Taylor, Knowles | length7 = 4:08 | title8 = Get Me Bodied | note8 = Extended Mix | writer8 = B. Knowles, Dean, Garrett, Makeba, Beyincé, S. Knowles | extra8 = Sean Garrett, Swizz Beatz | length8 = 6:18 | title9 = [[Kissing You (Des'ree song)|Still in Love (Kissing You)]] | note9 = later replaced by "If" | writer9 = Knowles, Desree Weekes, Timothy Atack | extra9 = Knowles, [[Nellee Hooper]] | length9 = 3:18 | title10 = Freakum Dress | writer10 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba | extra10 = Rich Harrison | length10 = 3:20 | title11 = Suga Mama | writer11 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba, Middleton | extra11 = Rich Harrison | length11 = 3:24 | title12 = Déjà Vu | note12 = featuring Jay-Z | writer12 = Knowles, Jerkins, Thomas, Makeba, Price, Carter | extra12 = Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins | length12 = 4:00 | title13 = Ring the Alarm | writer13 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett | extra13 = Swizz Beatz | length13 = 3:23 | title14 = Resentment | writer14 = Knowles, Walter W. Millsap III, Candice C. Nelson, [[Curtis Mayfield]] | extra14 = Walter W. Millsap III, Beyoncé, Candice Nelson | length14 = 4:40 | title15 = [[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] | note15 = from the Motion Picture ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | writer15 = Knowles, Henry Krieger, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven | extra15 = [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] | length15 = 3:38 | title16 = World Wide Woman | note16 = [[hidden track]] | writer16 = Knowles, Makeba, Beyincé, Lashawn Daniels, Jerkins, Garrett | length16 = 3:41 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = CD 2: ''[[Irreemplazable]]'' | title1 = [[Amor Gitano]] | note1 = with [[Alejandro Fernández]] | length1 = 3:48 | title2 = Listen (Oye) | length2 = 3:41 | title3 = Irreplaceable (Irreemplazable) | length3 = 3:48 | title4 = Beautiful Liar (Bello Embustero) | length4 = 3:20 | title5 = Beautiful Liar | note5 = Remix) (with [[Shakira]] | length5 = 3:01 | title6 = Beautiful Liar (Spanglish) | note6 = featuring Sasha Fierce | length6 = 3:21 | title7 = Irreplaceable (Irreemplazable) | note7 = Norteña Remix }} On digital copies "World Wide Woman" is a non-hidden track placed at track 8, and other songs are pushed down the track order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bday-deluxe-edition/id261707051 |title=B'Day (Deluxe Edition) |date=September 2006 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]. [[Apple Inc]] |access-date=June 4, 2011}}</ref> ;International deluxe edition {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = CD: ''B'Day'' | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title1 = [[Beautiful Liar]] | note1 = with [[Shakira]] | writer1 = Knowles, Eriksen, Hermansen, Amanda Ghost, Ian Dech | extra1 = StarGate, Knowles, Shakira, Eduardo Cabra | length1 = 3:19 | title2 = Irreplaceable | writer2 = Knowles, Smith, Eriksen, Hermansen, Lind, Bjørklund | extra2 = StarGate, Ne-Yo | length2 = 3:47 | title3 = Green Light | writer3 = Knowles, Williams, Garrett | extra3 = The Neptunes | length3 = 3:30 | title4 = Kitty Kat | writer4 = Knowles, Williams, Carter | extra4 = The Neptunes | length4 = 3:55 | title5 = [[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)#Beyoncé's Version|Welcome to Hollywood]] | note5 = featuring Jay-Z | writer5 = Knowles, Carter, Reggie Perry, Smith | extra5 = [[Syience]], Beyoncé | length5 = 3:18 | title6 = Upgrade U | note6 = featuring Jay-Z | writer6 = Knowles, MK, Makeba, Garrett, Beyincé, Carter, Clarke, Reid, Knowles | extra6 = Swizz Beatz, Cameron Wallace | length6 = 4:32 | title7 = [[Flaws and All]] | writer7 = B. Knowles, Smith, Robert Shea Taylor, S. Knowles | extra7 = Shea Taylor, Knowles | length7 = 4:08 | title8 = If | note8 = | writer8 = | extra8 = | length8 = 3:19 | title9 = Get Me Bodied | note9 = Extended Mix | writer9 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett, Makeba, Beyincé, S. Knowles | extra9 = Sean Garrett, Swizz Beatz | length9 = 6:18 | title10 = Freakum Dress | writer10 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba | extra10 = Rich Harrison | length10 = 3:20 | title11 = Suga Mama | writer11 = Knowles, Harrison, Makeba, Middleton | extra11 = Rich Harrison | length11 = 3:24 | title12 = Déjà Vu | note12 = featuring Jay-Z | writer12 = Knowles, Jerkins, Thomas, Makeba, Price, Carter | extra12 = Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins | length12 = 4:00 | title13 = Ring the Alarm | writer13 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett | extra13 = Swizz Beatz | length13 = 3:23 | title14 = Resentment | writer14 = Knowles, Walter W. Millsap III, Candice C. Nelson, [[Curtis Mayfield]] | extra14 = Walter W. Millsap III, Beyoncé, Candice Nelson | length14 = 4:40 | title15 = [[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] | note15 = from the Motion Picture ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | writer15 = Knowles, Henry Krieger, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven | extra15 = [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] | length15 = 3:38 | title16 = World Wide Woman | writer16 = Knowles, Makeba, Beyincé, Lashawn Daniels, Jerkins, Garrett | extra16 = Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins | length16 = 3:41 | title17 = Check on It | note17 = featuring Bun B and Slim Thug | writer17 = Knowles, Dean, Garrett, Beyincé, Thomas | extra17 = Swizz Beatz, Knowles | length17 = 3:30 | title18 = [[Amor Gitano]] | note18 = with [[Alejandro Fernández]] | writer18 = Knowles, Jaime Flores, Reyli Barba | extra18 = Rudy Perez, Knowles | length18 = 3:48 | title19 = Beautiful Liar | note19 = Remix) (with [[Shakira]]) | writer19 = Knowles, Eriksen, Hermansen, Ghost, Dech | extra19 = Stargate, Knowles, Shakira, Eduardo Cabra | length19 = 3:00 | title20 = Creole | note20 = iTunes Store bonus | writer20 = | extra20 = | length20 = 3:53 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Japanese edition<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/SICP-1400|title=B'Day Deluxe Edition [Regular Edition] Beyonce CD Album|website=CDJapan}}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title16 = Check on It | note16 = featuring Bun B and Slim Thug | length16 = 3:30 | title17 = Creole | length17 = 3:52 | title18 = World Wide Woman | length18 = 3:41 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = Latin American edition<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicaladdiction.com.br/#!product/zoom12yn/1449268181/b%2527day-(deluxe-edition%2C-cd---dvd) |title=Musical Addiction |access-date=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032059/http://www.musicaladdiction.com.br/#!product/zoom12yn/1449268181/b%2527day-(deluxe-edition%2C-cd---dvd) |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Beyonc%C3%A9-BDay/release/5326675|title=Beyoncé - B'Day|website=Discogs |date=3 April 2007 }}</ref> | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title17 = Amor Gitano | note17 = with Alejandro Fernández | length17 = 3:48 | title18 = Irreplaceable (Irreemplazable) | length18 = 3:48 | title19 = Listen (Oye) | length19 = 3:41 | title20 = Beautiful Liar (Bello Embustero) | length20 = 3:20 }} {{track listing | collapsed = yes | headline = DVD: ''[[B'Day Anthology Video Album]]'' | extra_column = Director(s) | title1 = Beautiful Liar | note1 = with Shakira | extra1 = [[Jake Nava]], Beyoncé | length1 = 3:34 | title2 = Irreplaceable | extra2 = [[Anthony Mandler]] | length2 = 4:17 | title3 = Kitty Kat | extra3 = [[Melina Matsoukas]], Beyoncé | length3 = 1:03 | title4 = Green Light | extra4 = Matsoukas | length4 = 3:31 | title5 = Upgrade U | note5 = featuring Jay-Z | extra5 = Matsoukas, Beyoncé | length5 = 4:38 | title6 = Flaws and All | extra6 = Cliff Watts, Beyoncé | length6 = 4:14 | title7 = Get Me Bodied | note7 = Extended Mix | extra7 = Mandler, Beyoncé | length7 = 6:42 | title8 = Freakum Dress | extra8 = [[Ray Kay]], Beyoncé | length8 = 3:21 | title9 = Suga Mama | extra9 = Matsoukas, Beyoncé | length9 = 3:37 | title10 = Déjà Vu | note10 = featuring Jay-Z | extra10 = [[Sophie Muller]] | length10 = 4:06 | title11 = Ring the Alarm | extra11 = Muller | length11 = 3:33 | title12 = Listen | extra12 = [[Diane Martel]] | length12 = 3:49 | title13 = Still in Love (Kissing You) | note13 = Later removed | extra13 = Watts, Beyoncé | length13 = 4:41 | title14 = Credits | extra14 = | length14 = 0:51 | title15 = Behind the Scenes | extra15 = Ed Burke | length15 = 17:39 }} ;Notes * "Suga Mama" samples "Searching for Soul" by [[Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers]]. * "Upgrade U" samples "[[Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do]]" by [[Betty Wright]]. * "Resentment" samples "Think (Instrumental)" by [[Curtis Mayfield]]. ==Personnel== {{Col-begin}} {{col-2}} * Jason Agel – assistant [[audio recording|recording]] * Omar Al-Musfi – [[Arabic music|Arabic]] [[percussion]] * Roberto Almodovar – [[audio engineering|recording engineering]] * Allen "Al Geez" Arthur – [[French horn|horns]] * Aplril Baldwin – artists and repertoire administration * Aureo Baqueiro – vocal direction for Alejandro Fernández * Reyli Barba – [[songwriter|writing]] * Robert Becker – [[viola]] * Andres Bermudez – recording * Angela Beyincé – writing * Amund Bjorklund – writing * Tim Blacksmith – Stargate management * Aaron Brougher – artists and repertoire coordinator * Denyse Buffum – viola * [[Bun B]] – [[rapping|vocals]] ([[Rap-a-Lot Records|Rap-a-Lot]]) * [[David Campbell (American arranger/composer)|David Campbell]] – [[string instrument|string]] [[arrangement]] and [[conducting]] * Roberto Cani – [[violin]] * Tim Carmon – [[keyboard instrument|keyboards]] * Sean Carrington – [[guitar]] * Jim Caruana – recording [[audio engineering|engineering]] * [[Gustavo Celis]] – recording engineering * Olgui Chirino – vocal production * Fusako Chubachi – art direction, design * Willie Clarke – writing * Andrew Coleman – assistant recording * Larry Corbett – [[cello]] * Tom Coyne – [[audio mastering|mastering]] * Jasmin Cruz – background vocals * [[Scott Cutler]] – writing * Danny D. – Stargate management * Lawshawn Daniels – writing * Mario Deleon – violin * [[Ian Dench]] – writing * Robert "LB" Dorsey – recording * Andrew Duckles – viola * Bruce Dukov – violin ([[concertmaster]]) * Nathan East – [[bass instrument|bass]] * Paco "El Sevillano" – gypsy chant * [[Mikkel S. Eriksen]] – writing, [[multi-instrumentalist|instruments]] * [[Alejandro Fernández]] – vocals ([[Sony BMG]] Mexico) * Jaime Flores – writing * Paul Forat – [[artists and repertoire]] * [[Sean Garrett]] – writing, production * [[Amanda Ghost]] – writing * Jason Goldstein – mixing * Aaron "Goody" Goode – [[French horn|horns]] * Erwin Gorosita – art direction * Max Gousse – artists and repertoire * Alan Grunfeld – violin * Rich Harrison – writing, production, mixing * [[Tor Erik Hermansen]] – writing, instruments * Geraldo Hilera – violin * Jean-Marie Horvat – [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] * Dabling "Hobby Boy" Howard – recording * Ty Hunter – styling * ILoveDust – logo design * Jun Ishizeki – recording * Eric Jackson – guitars * Quincy S. Jackson – marketing * [[Jay-Z]] – writing, vocals ([[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]]/[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]) * [[Rodney Jerkins]] – writing, production, mixing, music, horn arrangement * James Johnson – bass * Jon Jon – assistant production, [[bass (instrument)|bass]] * Ronald Judge – horns * Suzie Katayama – cello * Gimel "Young Guru" Keaton – recording * Hannah Khoury – [[violin]], [[viola]] * Kimberly Kimble – hair * Rob Kinelski – assistant recording, assistant recording engineering * [[Beyoncé]] – writing, [[singing|vocals]], production, vocal production, executive production {{col-2}} * [[Mathew Knowles]] – artists and repertoire, executive production, management * [[Solange Knowles]] – writing * [[Tina Knowles]] – styling * [[Henry Krieger]] – writing * Ricky Lawson – [[drum]]s * Jolie Levine – music contracting * [[Espen Lind]] – writing, [[guitar]]s * Dave Lopez – assistant recording, [[Pro Tools]] editing * Nathan Jenkins – recording * Julia Knapp – artists and repertoire operation * MK – writing * Riley Mackin – assistant recording * [[Makeba Riddick]] – writing * Manny Maroquin – mixing * Harvey Mason – [[percussion instrument|percussion]] * [[Curtis Mayfield]] – writing * Vlado Meller – mastering * Chuck Middleton – writing * Colin Miller – assistant mixing, digital prep engineering, Pro Tools prep * Walter W. Millsap III – writing, production, music, Pro Tools editing * Mo Horns – horns * Naser Musa – [[oud]] * Candice C. Nelson – writing, co-production, music * [[The Neptunes]] – production * [[Ne-Yo]] – writing, co-production * Sara Parkins – violin * Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado – mixing * [[Rudy Perez]] – production, vocal production, arrangement, keyboards, [[programming (music)|programming]], [[Spanish guitar]], background vocals, vocal direction for Fernández * [[Justin Clay Perry|Clay Perry]] – keyboards, programming, Pro Tools editing * [[Denaun Porter]] – programming * [[Anne Preven]] – writing * Keli Nicole Price – writing * Boujemaa Razgui – [[ney]] * Clarence Reid – writing * Aaron Renner – recording * Geoff Rice – recording * Michele Richards – violin * Jared Robbins – assistant recording * Jamie Rosenberg – assistant recording * Kareem Roustom – violin arrangement, additional string arrangements * [[Shakira]] – vocals ([[Epic Records]]), additional production, [[arrangement]], vocal production, violin arrangement, [[remixing]] * Haim Shtrum – violin * Dexter Simmons – mixing * [[Slim Thug]] – vocals ([[Star Trak Entertainment|Star Trak]]/[[Geffen Records]]) * Daniel Smith – cello * Chris Spilfogel – recording * [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] – [[record producer|production]], arrangement, recording engineering, programming * David Stearns – assistant recording engineering * [[Swizz Beatz]] – writing, production, additional production, mixing * [[Syience]] – writing, production * Shea Taylor – writing, production * Delisha Thomas – writing * Stayve Thomas – writing * Michael Tocci – recording * Rene Luis Toledo – Spanish guitar * Steve Tolle – assistant mixing * Francesca Tolot – makeup * [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] – production * [[Max Vadukul]] – [[photography]] * Jeff Villanueva – recording * Rommel Nino Villanueva – recording * [[Visitante]] – programming * Cameron Wallace – production * John Weston – recording engineering, digital editing (strings) * [[Pharrell Williams]] – writing * John Wittenburg – violin * Shane Woodley – recording, assistant recording * Kenneth Yerke – violin {{col-end}} ==Charts== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2006–2014) ! scope="col"| Peak<br>position |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Australia|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Austria|13|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Flanders|7|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Wallonia|12|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|BillboardCanada|1|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Denmark|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Netherlands|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| [[European Top 100 Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="Euro">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=European+Top+100+Albums |title=European Top 100 Albums |magazine=Billboard |date=September 23, 2006 |access-date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916072707/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=European%20Top%20100%20Albums |archive-date=September 16, 2006 }}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Finland|23|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|France|12|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Germany|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| Greek Albums ([[IFPI Greece|IFPI]])<ref name="archive1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart04.htm |title=Greek Albums Chart |publisher=IFPI Greece |date=September 5, 2007 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905201149/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart04.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2007 }}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"| Hungarian Albums ([[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|MAHASZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=2006&het=38&submit_=Keresés |title=Top 40 album- és válogatáslemez-lista – 2006. 38. hét |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|MAHASZ]] |language=hu |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68C9egMxa?url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=2006&het=38&submit_=Keres%C3%A9s |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 22 |- ! scope="row"| Irish Albums ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2006&year=2006&week=36 |title=Top 75 Artist Album, Week Ending 7 September 2006 |publisher=[[Chart-Track]]. [[Irish Recorded Music Association]] |access-date=November 18, 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IC0B2NAf?url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Italy|10|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/666711/1/ |title=B'Day – Beyoncé |language=ja |publisher=[[Oricon]] |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> | 4 |- {{Album chart|Oricon|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|note=Deluxe edition|date=April 18, 2007|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"| Mexican Albums ([[Top 100 Mexico]])<ref name="mex">{{cite web |url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2007.pdf |title=Los Más Vendidos 2007 |language=es |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215041238/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2007.pdf |archive-date=February 15, 2010 |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> | 6 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Mexico|9|artist=Beyonce|album=B'Day|note=Deluxe edition}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|New Zealand|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Norway|6|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Poland|29|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Portugal|6|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"| Scottish Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20060910/40/|title= Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100: 10 September 2006 - 16 September 2006 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |date=September 16, 2006 |access-date=June 19, 2015}}</ref> | 9 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Spain|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Sweden|15|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Switzerland|2|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|UK|3|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|date=September 16, 2006}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|UK2|8|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|date=May 5, 2007|note=Deluxe edition}} |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|UKR&B|1|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|date=September 16, 2006}} |- ! scope="row"| UK R&B Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-albums-chart/20070429/115/|title=Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=May 5, 2007|access-date=March 17, 2018}}</ref><br/><small>''Deluxe edition''</small> | 3 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=beyoncé|chart=Billboard 200}} |title=Beyoncé Chart History (Billboard 200) |magazine=Billboard |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"{{Album chart|Billboard200|6|artist=Beyoncé|album=B'Day|note=Deluxe edition}} |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=beyoncé|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums B}} |title=Beyoncé Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums) |magazine=Billboard |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | 1 |} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2006) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/UrbanAlbums2006.htm |title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Albums 2006 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127032250/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/UrbanAlbums2006.htm |archive-date=January 27, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 13 |- ! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2006&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2006|language=nl|work=[[Ultratop]] Flanders|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> | 91 |- ! scope="row"| Dutch Albums ([[MegaCharts]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2006&cat=a |title=Jaaroverzichten 2006 |language=nl |work=[[MegaCharts]] |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217033911/http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2006&cat=a |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 84 |- ! scope="row"| [[European Top 100 Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/european_top_100_albums.jsp|title=European Hot 100 Albums 2006|magazine=Billboard|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629080425/http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/european_top_100_albums.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 61 |- ! scope="row"| French Albums ([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-annuel/top-albums-fusionnes/?ye=2006 |title=SNEP – Classements annuels – 2006 – Albums |publisher=[[SNEP]] |year=2006 |access-date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> | 199 |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/y/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202013921/http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/y/ |language=ja |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |title=アルバム 年間ランキング-Oricon Style ランキング |year=2006 |publisher=Oricon}}</ref> | 55 |- ! scope="row"| Swiss Albums ([[Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2006 |title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade |year=2006 |publisher=Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien |access-date=June 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707000200/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2006 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> | 96 |- ! scope="row"| UK Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2006.pdf |title=Top Selling Albums of 2006 |publisher=UK Charts Plus |year=2006 |access-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927164132/http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2006.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 62 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="2006yearend">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/the-billboard-200 |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – The Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 38 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004145554/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2006/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 8 |- ! scope="row"| Worldwide Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2006.pdf |title=Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2006 |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306112901/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2006.pdf |archive-date=March 6, 2009 |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | 6 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2007) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-albums-2007.htm |title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Albums 2007 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |year=2007 |access-date=March 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805101457/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-albums-2007.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 13 |- ! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2007|language=nl|work=[[Ultratop]] Flanders|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> | 57 |- ! scope="row"| Dutch Albums ([[MegaCharts]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2007&cat=a |title=Jaaroverzichten 2007 |language=nl |work=[[MegaCharts]] |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211533/http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2007&cat=a |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 84 |- ! scope="row"| French Albums ([[SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2007&type=2 |title=SNEP – Classements annuels – 2007 – Albums |publisher=[[SNEP]] |year=2007 |access-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925060904/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2007&type=2 |archive-date=September 25, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> | 143 |- ! scope="row"| Mexican Albums ([[Top 100 Mexico]])<ref name="mex"/> | 62 |- ! scope="row"| Mexican International Albums ([[AMPROFON]])<ref name="mex"/> | 16 |- ! scope="row"| Swiss Albums ([[Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2007 |title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade |year=2007 |publisher=Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien |access-date=June 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707000221/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2007 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> | 82 |- ! scope="row"| UK Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2007.pdf |title=Top Selling Albums of 2007 |publisher=UK Charts Plus |year=2007 |access-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117210852/http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2007.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 140 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2007/the-billboard-200|title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – The Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2007 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 11 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2007/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 6 |- ! scope="row"| Worldwide Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2007.pdf |title=Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2007 |publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117215003/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top50-2007.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> |38 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2008) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2008/the-billboard-200|title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – The Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2006 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 170 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2008/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Year-end Albums – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=Billboard |year=2008 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> | 85 |} ===Decade-end charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2000–09) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/decadeendcharts/2009/billboard-200-albums |title=Billboard Charts – Decade-end Albums – Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |year=2009 |access-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> | 133 |} ===All-time charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|Female Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-billboard-200-albums-by-women|title=Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums by Women : Page 1|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> | 91 |} {{col-end}} ==Certifications== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- !scope="col"| Region !scope="col"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certification]] |- !scope="row"| [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | Platinum<ref name="ARIAcert">{{cite web |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2007 Albums |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Belgian Entertainment Association|Belgium]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/certifications.asp?year=2007 |title=Goud en platina – Singles – 2007 |language=nl |publisher=Ultratop. Hung Medien |date=March 3, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Music Canada|Canada]] | Platinum<ref name="CRIAcert">{{cite web |url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/0906_g.php |title=CRIA: Gold & Platinum – September 2006 |publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] |date=September 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202153940/http://www.cria.ca/gold/0906_g.php |archive-date=February 2, 2009}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[IFPI Denmark|Denmark]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-august |title=Guld og platin i August |language=da |publisher=[[IFPI Denmark]] |access-date=April 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xwxAKTo2?url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content%2Fguld-og-platin-i-august |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Europe]] | Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2007.html |title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards |publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry |year=2007 |access-date=March 10, 2011 |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023851/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2007.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|France]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/en/page-259165.xml?year=2007&type=8 |title=Certifications Albums Or – Année 2007 |language=fr |publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] |date=June 21, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|Germany]] | Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Beyoncé|title=B'Day|accessdate=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[IFPI Greece|Greece]] | Gold<ref name="archive1"/> |- !scope="row"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Hungary]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=arany_es_platinalemezek&menu2=adatbazis&ev=2007 |title=Adatbázis – 2007 |language=hu |publisher=MAHASZ |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Irish Recorded Music Association|Ireland]] | 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum06.htm |title=2006 Certification Awards – Multi Platinum |work=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]] |publisher=irishcharts.ie |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Recording Industry Association of Japan|Japan]] | Platinum <small>(standard)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200609.html&sl=ja&tl=en&hl=en |title=List of works certified in September 2006 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |date=September 2006 |access-date=April 25, 2010}}</ref> |- | Gold <small>(deluxe)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200711.html&sl=ja&tl=en&hl=en |title=List of works certified in November 2007 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |date=November 2007 |access-date=November 10, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|Mexico]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=Beyonce&titulo=&disquera=&certificacion=todas&anio=todos&categoria=todas&Submitted=Buscar&item=menuCert&contenido=buscar |title=Certificaciones |language=es |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]] |date=July 31, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=December 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ChVMREhT?url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=beyonce |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Recorded Music NZ|New Zealand]] | Platinum<ref name="RIANZcert">{{cite web |url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=61 |title=Latest Gold / Platinum Albums |publisher=RadioScope New Zealand |date=April 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195845/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61 |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|Portugal]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.org.pt/estatisticas.php |title=Galardões 2007 |language=pt |publisher=[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]] |access-date=March 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402025728/http://www.afp.org.pt/estatisticas.php |archive-date=April 2, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| Romania | Gold<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625052507/http://www.newscafe.ro/content/view/11808/69/ |title=Beyonce a oprit ploaia |language=ro |publisher=NewsCafe.ro |url=http://www.newscafe.ro/content/view/11808/69/ |date=October 24, 2007 |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=November 18, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| Russia | 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5076 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124001139/http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5076 |archive-date=2009-01-24 |title=Gold and Platinum International Albums in Russia – 2006 |language=ru |work=National Federation of Phonogram Producers |publisher=2M |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[Productores de Música de España|Spain]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://promusicae.es/files/listassemanales/albumes/historial/TOP%20100%20ALBUMES%2007_19.pdf |title=PROMUSICAE Top 100 Albumes – 19/2007 |language=es |publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]] |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68C9ulIxp?url=http://promusicae.es/files/listassemanales/albumes/historial/TOP%20100%20ALBUMES%2007_19.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Switzerland]] | Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2006 |title=Swiss Certifications – Awards 2006 |publisher=swisscharts.com. Hung Medien |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[British Phonographic Industry|United Kingdom]] | Platinum <small>(standard)</small><ref name="BPI">{{cite web |url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |title=Certified Awards |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |access-date=September 12, 2013 |archive-date=September 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917112745/https://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |url-status=dead }} Note: Enter "Beyonce" in the 'Search' box and select "Artist", "All" and "Album" from the 'Search by', 'By Award' and 'By format' menus, respectively. You may have to click "More" under the relevant search results.</ref> |- | Gold <small>(deluxe)</small><ref name="BPI"/> |- !scope="row"| [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&title=Day&artist=Beyonce&format=ALBUM&perPage=25 |title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |date=April 16, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160907/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&title=Day&artist=Beyonce&format=ALBUM&perPage=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="text-align:center;"|Awards ceremony ! style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|Year ! style="text-align:center;"|Nominated work ! style="text-align:center;"|Award ! style="text-align:center;"|Result |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[American Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/19/entertainment/main3519877.shtml |title=American Music Awards – Winners List |publisher=CBS News |date=November 18, 2007 |access-date=August 12, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[2007 American Music Awards|2007]] | ''B'Day'' | Favorite Album for Soul/R&B | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="7"| [[BET Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm |title=BET Awards 2006 &#124; A List of Nominees and Winners &#124; 2006 BET Awards |publisher=Rap.about.com |date=June 27, 2006 |access-date=August 12, 2010 |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515200808/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzsugar.com/2007-BET-Award-Winners-348277|title=2007 BET Award Winners|year=2007|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=Buzzsugar|archive-date=July 18, 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IC5CuOii?url=http://www.buzzsugar.com/2007-BET-Award-Winners-348277|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | rowspan="2"| "[[Check on It]]" | [[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Duet/Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | [[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | rowspan="2"| "[[Irreplaceable]]" | [[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| [[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video of The Year]] | {{won}} |- | "[[Beautiful Liar]]" | {{nom}} |- | "[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" | rowspan="2"| [[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | "[[Upgrade U]]" | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="6"| [[Grammy Award]]s<ref name="49thGr">{{cite web |title=49th Annual Grammy Awards Winners List |url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx |publisher=[[Grammy Awards]]. [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108091302/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx |archive-date=November 8, 2009 |access-date=January 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="50thGr">{{cite web |title=50th Annual Grammy Award Winners List |url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/50th_show/list.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404005333/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/50th_show/list.aspx |archive-date=April 4, 2008 |publisher=[[Grammy Awards]]. [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=April 21, 2008}}</ref> | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[49th Grammy Awards|2007]] | ''B'Day'' | [[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]] | {{Won}} |- | "[[Ring the Alarm]]" | [[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| "Déjà Vu" | [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]] | {{nom}} |- | [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[50th Grammy Awards|2008]] | "Irreplaceable" | [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- | "Beautiful Liar" | [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[International Dance Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/idmawinners2007.htm |title=22nd Annual IDMA Nominees & Winners |publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]] |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205024902/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/idmawinners2007.htm |archive-date=February 5, 2008}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | rowspan="2"| "Déjà Vu" | Best R&B/Urban Dance Track | {{nom}} |- | Best Pop Dance Track | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[Ivor Novello Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emimusicpub.com/global-offices/united-kingdom/news/53rd-ivor-novello-awards-2008.php|format=PHP|title=53rd Ivor Novello Awards 2008|year=2008|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=[[EMI|EMI Music Publishing]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090441/http://emimusicpub.com/global-offices/united-kingdom/news/53rd-ivor-novello-awards-2008.php |archive-date=November 25, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | "Beautiful Liar" | Best-Selling British Single | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[Latin Grammy Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/news/env-nomineelist,0,4535627.htmlstory |title=Complete list of Latin Grammy nominees & winners |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=July 12, 2011}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[Latin Grammy Awards of 2007|2007]] | "Bello Embustero" | [[Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[Music of Black Origin Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|title=2006 MOBO Awards – Winners|first=Henry|last=Adaso|year=2006|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=About.com. The New York Times Company|archive-date=May 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515160854/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | rowspan="2"| "Déjà Vu" | Best Song | {{won}} |- | Best Video | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[MTV Europe Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nme.com/news/my-chemical-romance/31321 |title=Amy Winehouse, My Chemical Romance, Arctic Monkeys up for MTV Awards |journal=NME |publisher=IPC Media |date=September 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217004958/http://www.nme.com/news/my-chemical-romance/31321 |archive-date=February 17, 2008}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | "Beautiful Liar" | [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song|Most Addictive Track]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="8"| [[MTV Video Music Award|MTV Music Video Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539749/justin-album-preview-shows-singers-two-sides.jhtml |title=Justin's Album Shows Off Two Sides: Over-The-Top Saucy, Unassumingly Sweet |first=Jennifer |last=Vineyard |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV |date=August 29, 2006 |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113154134/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539749/justin-album-preview-shows-singers-two-sides.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566507/vma-race-on-justin-timberlake-beyonce-lead-pack.jhtml |title=MTV VMA Race Is On: Justin Timberlake, Beyonce Lead Nominations |date=August 7, 2007 |first=James |last=Montgomery |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220754/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566507/vma-race-on-justin-timberlake-beyonce-lead-pack.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[2006 MTV Video Music Awards|2006]] | "Check on It" | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video|Best R&B Video]] | {{won}} |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards|2007]] | rowspan="2"| "Irreplaceable" | [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5"| "Beautiful Liar" | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Most Earthshattering Collaboration|Most Earthshattering Collaboration]] | {{won}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]] | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[MTV Video Music Awards Japan]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/news/music/13052/3 |title=MTV Video Music Awards Japan 2008 全ノミネート作品リスト |language=ja |publisher=[[MTV Japan]] |date=March 6, 2008 |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003005750/http://www.mtvjapan.com/news/music/13052/3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| [[2008 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2008]] | "Beautiful Liar" | [[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="4"| [[NAACP Image Awards]]<ref name="link3">{{cite web |website=NAACP Image Awards |year=2007 |url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/PDFs/Nominees_Only.pdf |title=Nominees List |publisher=NAACP |access-date=June 3, 2011 |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228153720/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/PDFs/Nominees_Only.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | ''B'Day'' | Outstanding Album | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| "Irreplaceable" | Outstanding Song | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| Outstanding Music Video | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | "Beautiful Liar" | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2009 Kids' Choice Awards|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whowonwhen.com/entertainment/kids-choice/kids-choice-2007.php|title=Who Won Kids Choice Awards in 2007?|format=PHP|date=March 31, 2007|access-date=January 21, 2011|publisher=WhoWonWhen|archive-date=July 18, 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IC5FFT16?url=http://www.whowonwhen.com/entertainment/kids-choice/kids-choice-2007.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | "Irreplaceable" | Favorite Song | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| OVMA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ovma.org/pdf/conf_program09.pdf|title=DocHdl1OnPRT1tmpTarget|access-date=May 30, 2010|archive-date=June 5, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68C9wsGNi?url=http://www.ovma.org/pdf/conf_program09.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | "Beautiful Liar" | Best Choreography in a Video | {{won}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[People's Choice Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2008 |title=2008 Nominees |publisher=[[People's Choice Awards]]. [[CBS]] |access-date=July 15, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110715064334/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2008| archive-date= July 15, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | "Irreplaceable" | Favorite Pop Song | {{nom}} |- | "Beautiful Liar" | Favorite R&B Song | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"| [[Soul Train Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-02-06-soul-train-noms_x.htm |title=Beyoncé leads Soul Train nominations |agency=Associated Press |location=Beverly Hills |date=February 6, 2007 |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher=[[Gannett Company]] |access-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1054026/hudson-beyonce-star-at-soul-train-awards |title=Hudson, Beyonce Star At Soul Train Awards |magazine=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media |access-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref> | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | ''B'Day'' | [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Album, Female|Best Female R&B/Soul Album]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| "Irreplaceable" | [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Female|Best R&B/Soul Single, Female]] | {{won}} |- | [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video|Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video]] | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[The Record of the Year]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roty.tv/ |title=You Do Movies |publisher=[[The Record of the Year]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127104021/http://www.roty.tv/ |archive-date=November 27, 2007}}</ref> | "Beautiful Liar" | Record of the Year | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[VH1 Soul]] Vibe Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm |first=Mark Edward |last=Nero |publisher=About.com. The New York Times Company |date=November 6, 2007 |title=2007 VH1 Soul VIBE Award Nominees and Winners |access-date=July 12, 2011 |archive-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509104156/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | "Irreplaceable" | Song of the Year | {{nom}} |- | "[[Get Me Bodied]]" | Video of the Year | {{nom}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[World Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldmusicawards.com/|title=World Music Awards 2006|publisher=[[World Music Awards]]. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|year=2006|access-date=May 30, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | ''B'Day'' | World's Best-Selling R&B Artist | {{won}} |} == Notes == {{reflist|2}} {{Beyoncé}} [[Category:Beyoncé albums]] [[Category:2006 albums]] [[Category:Hip hop albums]] [[Category:Funk albums]] [[Category:R&B albums]] [[Category:Grammy Award-winning albums]] [[Category:Pop albums]] [[Category:Columbia Records albums]] fqlamy5kgf2fxf30m3xodej8kw4e8ya 0 75070 10966611 10964446 2026-08-18T13:56:47Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966611 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Me, Myself and I |- |align="center" colspan="3"|[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/21/Beyonce_-_Me%2C_Myself_And_I_single_cover.jpg Cover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018035351/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/21/Beyonce_-_Me,_Myself_And_I_single_cover.jpg |date=2011-10-18 }} |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé Knowles]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|September 20, 2003 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|{{hlist|[[Hip hop soul]]|[[neo soul]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:58 (Radio Edit)<br />5:01 (Album Version) |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"| Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"| Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Fighting Temptation]]<br />(2003r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I<br /></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Summertime (Beyonce song)|Summertime]]<br />(2004r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Dangerously in Love]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Be with you<br />(5)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I<br />(6)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Yes<br />(7)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Live at Wembley (DVD Beyoncé)|Live at Wembley]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Destiny`s Child`s Medley<br />(10)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I<br />(11)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Summertime (Beyonce song)|Summertime]]<br />(12)</small> |- |} '''''Me, Myself and I''''' is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[neo soul]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Scott Storch]], and Robert Waller for Knowles' solo debut studio album ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003). In this laid-back, but strong-willed female-empowerment anthem, the singer comes to terms with a [[cheating]] boyfriend, and declares that in the world that there is only one person she can trust who never lets her down: herself. "Me, Myself and I" was the third single to be released from the album, in the last quarter of 2003. It reached number four on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] for two weeks, becoming Beyoncé's fourth consecutive top five single in the [[United States]]; it also reached eleven in the [[United Kingdom]]. == Official versions == * "Me, Myself and I" (Acapella) * "Me, Myself and I" (Instrumental) * "Me, Myself and I" (Radio Edit) * "Me, Myself and I" ([[Bama Boys]] Sexy Remix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Throwback Remix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Eastern Daylight Mix By [[Punjabi MC]] & Raj Asia) * "Me, Myself and I" (Grizzly Mix - with Rap) (featuring [[Ghostface Killah]]) * "Me, Myself and I" (J'TY Remix) (featuring Grafh) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior Vasquez Radio Edit) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Radio Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Marathon Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's World Club Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Tony Moran & Warren Rig Club Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Warren Rigg Vocal Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (DJ Streetz/Street Mix) {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Songs about infidelity]] [[Category:Hip hop soul songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] h9q3sw19tsq0nmp0jhlvwsd3l0avwtu 10966612 10966611 2026-08-18T13:57:10Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966612 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Me, Myself and I |- |align="center" colspan="3"|[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/21/Beyonce_-_Me%2C_Myself_And_I_single_cover.jpg Cover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018035351/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/21/Beyonce_-_Me,_Myself_And_I_single_cover.jpg |date=2011-10-18 }} |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé Knowles]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|September 20, 2003 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|{{hlist|[[Hip hop soul]]|[[neo soul]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:58 (Radio Edit)<br />5:01 (Album Version) |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"| Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"| Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Fighting Temptation]]<br />(2003r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I<br /></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Summertime (Beyonce song)|Summertime]]<br />(2003r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Dangerously in Love]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Be with you<br />(5)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I<br />(6)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Yes<br />(7)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Live at Wembley (DVD Beyoncé)|Live at Wembley]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Destiny`s Child`s Medley<br />(10)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I<br />(11)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Summertime (Beyonce song)|Summertime]]<br />(12)</small> |- |} '''''Me, Myself and I''''' is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[neo soul]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Scott Storch]], and Robert Waller for Knowles' solo debut studio album ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003). In this laid-back, but strong-willed female-empowerment anthem, the singer comes to terms with a [[cheating]] boyfriend, and declares that in the world that there is only one person she can trust who never lets her down: herself. "Me, Myself and I" was the third single to be released from the album, in the last quarter of 2003. It reached number four on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] for two weeks, becoming Beyoncé's fourth consecutive top five single in the [[United States]]; it also reached eleven in the [[United Kingdom]]. == Official versions == * "Me, Myself and I" (Acapella) * "Me, Myself and I" (Instrumental) * "Me, Myself and I" (Radio Edit) * "Me, Myself and I" ([[Bama Boys]] Sexy Remix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Throwback Remix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Eastern Daylight Mix By [[Punjabi MC]] & Raj Asia) * "Me, Myself and I" (Grizzly Mix - with Rap) (featuring [[Ghostface Killah]]) * "Me, Myself and I" (J'TY Remix) (featuring Grafh) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior Vasquez Radio Edit) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Radio Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Marathon Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's World Club Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Tony Moran & Warren Rig Club Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Warren Rigg Vocal Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (DJ Streetz/Street Mix) {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Songs about infidelity]] [[Category:Hip hop soul songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] 7dfjw976u6f33ntmgbstt40hvjd9kjr 10967030 10966612 2026-08-18T22:00:52Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964446 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Me, Myself and I |- |align="center" colspan="3"|[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/21/Beyonce_-_Me%2C_Myself_And_I_single_cover.jpg Cover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018035351/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/21/Beyonce_-_Me,_Myself_And_I_single_cover.jpg |date=2011-10-18 }} |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé Knowles]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|October 21 2003 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|{{hlist|[[Hip hop soul]]|[[neo soul]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:58 (Radio Edit)<br />5:01 (Album Version) |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"| Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"| Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Fighting Temptation]]<br />(2003r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I<br /></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Summertime (Beyonce song)|Summertime]]<br />(2004r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Dangerously in Love]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Be with you<br />(5)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I<br />(6)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Yes<br />(7)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Live at Wembley (DVD Beyoncé)|Live at Wembley]] track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Destiny`s Child`s Medley<br />(10)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I<br />(11)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Summertime (Beyonce song)|Summertime]]<br />(12)</small> |- |} '''''Me, Myself and I''''' is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[neo soul]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Scott Storch]], and Robert Waller for Knowles' solo debut studio album ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003). In this laid-back, but strong-willed female-empowerment anthem, the singer comes to terms with a [[cheating]] boyfriend, and declares that in the world that there is only one person she can trust who never lets her down: herself. "Me, Myself and I" was the third single to be released from the album, in the last quarter of 2003. It reached number four on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] for two weeks, becoming Beyoncé's fourth consecutive top five single in the [[United States]]; it also reached eleven in the [[United Kingdom]]. == Official versions == * "Me, Myself and I" (Acapella) * "Me, Myself and I" (Instrumental) * "Me, Myself and I" (Radio Edit) * "Me, Myself and I" ([[Bama Boys]] Sexy Remix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Throwback Remix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Eastern Daylight Mix By [[Punjabi MC]] & Raj Asia) * "Me, Myself and I" (Grizzly Mix - with Rap) (featuring [[Ghostface Killah]]) * "Me, Myself and I" (J'TY Remix) (featuring Grafh) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior Vasquez Radio Edit) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Radio Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Marathon Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's World Club Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Tony Moran & Warren Rig Club Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (Warren Rigg Vocal Mix) * "Me, Myself and I" (DJ Streetz/Street Mix) {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Songs about infidelity]] [[Category:Hip hop soul songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] sk0som9u1d6r5sepzzxphw2u9m29i9p 0 75259 10966648 10964442 2026-08-18T14:50:42Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 10966648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Baby Boy | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = [[Beyoncé]] featuring [[Sean Paul]] | album = [[Dangerously in Love]] | EP = | B-side = "Summertime (Remix)" | written = | published = | released = August 10, 2003 | format = | recorded = 2002; South Beach Studios, [[Miami|Miami, Florida]]<ref name="liner">{{cite AV media notes |title=[[Dangerously in Love]] |others=Beyoncé Knowles |year=2003 |first=Beyoncé |last=Knowles |author-link=Beyoncé Knowles | type=Compact Disc Liner Notes|publisher=[[Columbia Records]] |id=5044750 959529 |page=2 }}</ref> | studio = | venue = | genre = *[[Dancehall]] *[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | length = 4:04 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = {{hlist|[[Beyoncé Knowles]]|Scott Storch|[[Sean Paul|Sean Paul Henriques]]|Robert Waller|[[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]]}} | composer = | lyricist = | producer = {{hlist|Scott Storch|Beyoncé Knowles}} | chronology = [[Beyoncé]] singles | prev_title = Crazy in Love | prev_year = 2003 | title = Baby Boy | next_title = Fighting Temptation | next_year = 2003 | misc = {{Extra chronology | artist = [[Sean Paul]] singles | type = singles | prev_title = Like Glue | prev_year = 2003 | title = Baby Boy | year = 2003 | next_title = I'm Still in Love with You | next_year = 2004 }} }} "'''Baby Boy'''" is a Middle Eastern-influenced [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] and [[dancehall]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], Scott Storch, [[Sean Paul]], Robert Waller, and [[Jay-Z|Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter]] for Knowles' first solo album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003). It was [[produced]] by Knowles and Storch and was released to positive reception as the album's second [[single (music)|single]] in August 2003. The [[song]] (which features [[dancehall]] singer Sean Paul) reached number one in the [[United States|U.S.]], becoming Beyoncé's second solo number-one single and Sean Paul's second; it also reached number two in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. It was also recognized at the [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] awards by the label companies receiving the Publisher of the Year from [[EMI]] and Most Performed Songs award in 2003. It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Beyonc%C3%A9&ti=baby#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum - RIAA|newspaper=RIAA|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> "Baby Boy" finished at number 12 on the [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' Year-End Hot 100]] of 2003. == Official remixes/versions == * Baby Boy Part 2 (feat. Sean Paul) * Baby Boy (Acapella) (feat. Sean Paul) * Baby Boy (Instrumental) (feat. Sean Paul) * Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Anthem Remix) * Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Remix - Edit) * Baby Boy (Junior's Padapella Remix) * Baby Boy (Junior's Tribapella Remix) * Baby Boy (Junior's World Mixshow) * Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Dub Baby!) * Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix) * Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - No Rap) * Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - Video Edit) * Baby Boy (Jones & Conlin Vibelicious Club Mix) * Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix - Edit) * Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix) * Baby Boy (DJ Whoo Kid Steppin In Hotta Remix) (feat. Lloyd Banks) * Baby Boy (Sandeep Chatterjee & DJ Wildbill DMC Remix) * Baby Boy (Jimbeamjr's Taj Mahal Mix) ==References== {{reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2002 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Sean Paul songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] 5w6zjvttv8x10ck91j241zrx2zgioe5 10967023 10966648 2026-08-18T22:00:46Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Baby Boy | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = [[Beyoncé]] featuring [[Sean Paul]] | album = [[Dangerously in Love]] | EP = | B-side = "Summertime (Remix)" | written = | published = | released = July 1, 2003 | format = | recorded = 2003; South Beach Studios, [[Miami|Miami, Florida]]<ref name="liner">{{cite AV media notes |title=[[Dangerously in Love]] |others=Beyoncé Knowles |year=2003 |first=Beyoncé |last=Knowles |author-link=Beyoncé Knowles | type=Compact Disc Liner Notes|publisher=[[Columbia Records]] |id=5044750 959529 |page=2 }}</ref> | studio = | venue = | genre = *[[Dancehall]] *[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | length = 4:04 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = {{hlist|[[Beyoncé Knowles]]|Scott Storch|[[Sean Paul|Sean Paul Henriques]]|Robert Waller|[[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]]}} | composer = | lyricist = | producer = {{hlist|Scott Storch|Beyoncé Knowles}} | chronology = [[Beyoncé]] singles | prev_title = Temptation | prev_year = 2003 | title = | next_title = Me, Myself and I | next_year = 2003 | misc = {{Extra chronology | artist = [[Sean Paul]] singles | type = singles | prev_title = Breathe | prev_year = 2003 | title = Baby Boy | year = 2003 | next_title = I'm Still in Love with You | next_year = 2004 }} }} "'''Baby Boy'''" is a Middle Eastern-influenced [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] and [[dancehall]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], Scott Storch, [[Sean Paul]], Robert Waller, and [[Jay-Z|Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter]] for Knowles' first solo album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003). It was [[produced]] by Knowles and Storch and was released to positive reception as the album's second [[single (music)|single]] in July 2003. The [[song]] (which features [[dancehall]] singer Sean Paul) reached number one in the [[United States|U.S.]], becoming Beyoncé's second solo number-one single and Sean Paul's second; it also reached number two in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. It was also recognized at the [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP]] awards by the label companies receiving the Publisher of the Year from [[EMI]] and Most Performed Songs award in 2003. It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Beyonc%C3%A9&ti=baby#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum - RIAA|newspaper=RIAA|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> "Baby Boy" finished at number 12 on the [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' Year-End Hot 100]] of 2003. == Official remixes/versions == * Baby Boy Part 2 (feat. Sean Paul) * Baby Boy (Acapella) (feat. Sean Paul) * Baby Boy (Instrumental) (feat. Sean Paul) * Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Anthem Remix) * Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Remix - Edit) * Baby Boy (Junior's Padapella Remix) * Baby Boy (Junior's Tribapella Remix) * Baby Boy (Junior's World Mixshow) * Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Dub Baby!) * Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix) * Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - No Rap) * Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - Video Edit) * Baby Boy (Jones & Conlin Vibelicious Club Mix) * Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix - Edit) * Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix) * Baby Boy (DJ Whoo Kid Steppin In Hotta Remix) (feat. Lloyd Banks) * Baby Boy (Sandeep Chatterjee & DJ Wildbill DMC Remix) * Baby Boy (Jimbeamjr's Taj Mahal Mix) ==References== {{reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Sean Paul songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] p0spcx2lx12hybp8dwysfmh40rnmov2 0 75276 10966621 10964449 2026-08-18T14:01:48Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 10966621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=May 2025}} {{infobox song | type = single | name = | cover = | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | album = [[Dangerously in Love]] | released = January 15, 2004 | recorded = 2003 | genre = {{hlist|[[Disco]]|[[Soul music|soul]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} | length = 3:28 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = {{hlist|[[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]]|Scott Storch|Robert Waller|Angela Beyincé|Donna Summer|Pete Bellotte|[[Giorgio Moroder]]}} | producer = {{hlist|Beyoncé|Scott Storch}} | chronology = [[Beyoncé]] singles | prev_title = [[Dangerously in Love 2]] | prev_year = 2003 | next_title = [[Check on It]] | next_year = 2005 }} "'''Naughty Girl'''" is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[disco]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Scott Storch]], Robert Waller, and [[Angela Beyincé]] for Knowles' debut solo album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003). It was released as the fourth [[single (music)|single]]. It was also recognized at the [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers]] 2005 Pop Music Awards by receiving the "Songwriter of the Year" —sharing with Scott Storch, Robert Walker, Angela Beyincé, and [[Donna Summer]]—and "Most Performed Songs" awards. The [[remix]]es feature [[Lil' Flip]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[Grafh]], and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]]. The song samples "Love to Love You Baby" by Donna Summer. The song reached the top three in the US and Canada. == Music video == The [[music video|video]] for this song was directed by [[Jake Nava]], who had risen to popularity after directing Beyoncé's first two videos, "Crazy In Love" and "Baby Boy." The video pays tribute to [[Hollywood]]'s [[Golden Era]], as Beyoncé and the cast of the video are dressed in old fashioned, glamorous clothing and hairstyles. As the title of the song suggest, Beyoncé plays the role of the naughty girl in several sexy sequences, as she can be seen dancing seductively with [[Usher (musician)|Usher]] emulating [[Cyd Charisse]] and [[Fred Astaire]] in ''[[The Band Wagon]]''. == Charts == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Weekly chart performance for "Naughty Girl"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naughty Girl by Beyoncé - Music Charts|url=https://acharts.co/song/428|access-date=2025-04-13|website=acharts.co}}</ref> !Chart (2004) !Peak<br>position |- {{singlechart|Australia|9|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Austria|29|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Flanders|14|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- |align=left|Canadian Singles Chart ([[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]) |align=center|2 |- {{singlechart|Denmark|15|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|France|18|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- |align=left|Germany (GfK)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Beyonce Knowles - Naughty Girl @ Top40-Charts.com|url=https://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=9735&sort=chartid|access-date=2025-04-13|website=Top40-Charts.com}}</ref> |align=center|16 |- |align=left|India Top 20<ref name=":0" /> |align=center|1 |- {{singlechart|Ireland|14|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé|week=22|year=2004}} |- {{singlechart|Italy|17|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Dutch40|10|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|New Zealand|6|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Norway|14|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Sweden|32|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Switzerland|18|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|UK|10|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé|date=2004-04-05}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardhot100|3|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- |align=left|US [[Pop Airplay]] (''Billboard'') |align=center|2 |} == Official versions == * Naughty Girl Part 2 (feat. Jae R) * Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Club Mix) * Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Naughty Dub) * Naughty Girl (Calderone Fierce Ruling Diva's Whore Dipped In Honey Mix) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat Lil' Flip) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Graph) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Flip & Stack Bundles) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Kim) * Naughty Girl (Jones & Impure Vibelicious Remix) * Naughty Girl (Junior's World Re-edit Mix) * Naughty Girl/Living For The City ([[The Beyonce Experience]] Version) * Naughty Girl (Junior's Feeling Like An Orchid) * Naughty Girl (Junior's World Mixshow) * Naughty Girl (Junior's Naughty Marathon Mix) * Naughty Girl (Love To Infinity DMC Mix) * Naughty Girl (The Popstar Club Anthem) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Kobra Mix) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Magic Lamp Mix) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Pharaoh Mix) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Desert Mix) * Naughty Girl (Eric Sermon Remix) (feat. Redman) == Cover versions == * [[Roesy]] on ''[[Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2]]'' * [[Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine]] covered the song on their [[2006]] album ''[[Silent Nightclub]]''. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:2004 songs]] [[Category:Disco songs]] [[Category:Soul songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] kpsfybwu6imnjwkw75x0ufp6gpt0nxy 10966622 10966621 2026-08-18T14:02:34Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* Music video */ 10966622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=May 2025}} {{infobox song | type = single | name = | cover = | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | album = [[Dangerously in Love]] | released = January 15, 2004 | recorded = 2003 | genre = {{hlist|[[Disco]]|[[Soul music|soul]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} | length = 3:28 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = {{hlist|[[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]]|Scott Storch|Robert Waller|Angela Beyincé|Donna Summer|Pete Bellotte|[[Giorgio Moroder]]}} | producer = {{hlist|Beyoncé|Scott Storch}} | chronology = [[Beyoncé]] singles | prev_title = [[Dangerously in Love 2]] | prev_year = 2003 | next_title = [[Check on It]] | next_year = 2005 }} "'''Naughty Girl'''" is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[disco]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Scott Storch]], Robert Waller, and [[Angela Beyincé]] for Knowles' debut solo album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003). It was released as the fourth [[single (music)|single]]. It was also recognized at the [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers]] 2005 Pop Music Awards by receiving the "Songwriter of the Year" —sharing with Scott Storch, Robert Walker, Angela Beyincé, and [[Donna Summer]]—and "Most Performed Songs" awards. The [[remix]]es feature [[Lil' Flip]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[Grafh]], and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]]. The song samples "Love to Love You Baby" by Donna Summer. The song reached the top three in the US and Canada. == Music video == The [[music video|video]] for this song was directed by [[Jake Nava]], filmed in October 2003. who had risen to popularity after directing Beyoncé's first two videos, "Crazy In Love" and "Baby Boy." The video pays tribute to [[Hollywood]]'s [[Golden Era]], as Beyoncé and the cast of the video are dressed in old fashioned, glamorous clothing and hairstyles. As the title of the song suggest, Beyoncé plays the role of the naughty girl in several sexy sequences, as she can be seen dancing seductively with [[Usher (musician)|Usher]] emulating [[Cyd Charisse]] and [[Fred Astaire]] in ''[[The Band Wagon]]''. == Charts == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Weekly chart performance for "Naughty Girl"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naughty Girl by Beyoncé - Music Charts|url=https://acharts.co/song/428|access-date=2025-04-13|website=acharts.co}}</ref> !Chart (2004) !Peak<br>position |- {{singlechart|Australia|9|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Austria|29|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Flanders|14|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- |align=left|Canadian Singles Chart ([[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]) |align=center|2 |- {{singlechart|Denmark|15|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|France|18|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- |align=left|Germany (GfK)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Beyonce Knowles - Naughty Girl @ Top40-Charts.com|url=https://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=9735&sort=chartid|access-date=2025-04-13|website=Top40-Charts.com}}</ref> |align=center|16 |- |align=left|India Top 20<ref name=":0" /> |align=center|1 |- {{singlechart|Ireland|14|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé|week=22|year=2004}} |- {{singlechart|Italy|17|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Dutch40|10|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|New Zealand|6|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Norway|14|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Sweden|32|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Switzerland|18|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|UK|10|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé|date=2004-04-05}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardhot100|3|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- |align=left|US [[Pop Airplay]] (''Billboard'') |align=center|2 |} == Official versions == * Naughty Girl Part 2 (feat. Jae R) * Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Club Mix) * Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Naughty Dub) * Naughty Girl (Calderone Fierce Ruling Diva's Whore Dipped In Honey Mix) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat Lil' Flip) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Graph) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Flip & Stack Bundles) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Kim) * Naughty Girl (Jones & Impure Vibelicious Remix) * Naughty Girl (Junior's World Re-edit Mix) * Naughty Girl/Living For The City ([[The Beyonce Experience]] Version) * Naughty Girl (Junior's Feeling Like An Orchid) * Naughty Girl (Junior's World Mixshow) * Naughty Girl (Junior's Naughty Marathon Mix) * Naughty Girl (Love To Infinity DMC Mix) * Naughty Girl (The Popstar Club Anthem) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Kobra Mix) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Magic Lamp Mix) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Pharaoh Mix) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Desert Mix) * Naughty Girl (Eric Sermon Remix) (feat. Redman) == Cover versions == * [[Roesy]] on ''[[Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2]]'' * [[Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine]] covered the song on their [[2006]] album ''[[Silent Nightclub]]''. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:2004 songs]] [[Category:Disco songs]] [[Category:Soul songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] mqtfbr5r3kvizb5pkhrk4kcv9uwdcyh 10967027 10966622 2026-08-18T22:00:50Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=May 2025}} {{infobox song |type=single |cover= |artist=[[Beyoncé]] |album=[[Dangerously in Love]] |released=January 30, 2004 |genre={{hlist|[[Disco]]|[[Soul music|soul]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} |length=3:28 |label=[[Columbia Records|Columbia]] |writer={{hlist|[[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]]|Scott Storch|Robert Waller|Angela Beyincé|Donna Summer|Pete Bellotte|[[Giorgio Moroder]]}} |producer={{hlist|Beyoncé|Scott Storch}} |chronology=[[Beyoncé]] singles |prev_title=[[Dangerously in Love 2]] |prev_year=2004 |next_title=[[Check on It]] |next_year=2005 }} "'''Naughty Girl'''" is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]]/[[disco]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Scott Storch]], Robert Waller, and [[Angela Beyincé]] for Knowles' debut solo album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003). It was released as the fourth [[single (music)|single]]. It was also recognized at the [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers]] 2005 Pop Music Awards by receiving the "Songwriter of the Year" —sharing with Scott Storch, Robert Walker, Angela Beyincé, and [[Donna Summer]]—and "Most Performed Songs" awards. The [[remix]]es feature [[Lil' Flip]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[Grafh]], and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]]. The song samples "Love to Love You Baby" by Donna Summer. The song reached the top three in the US and Canada. == Music video == The [[music video|video]] for this song was directed by [[Jake Nava]], who had risen to popularity after directing Beyoncé's first two videos, "Crazy In Love" and "Baby Boy." The video pays tribute to [[Hollywood]]'s [[Golden Era]], as Beyoncé and the cast of the video are dressed in old fashioned, glamorous clothing and hairstyles. As the title of the song suggest, Beyoncé plays the role of the naughty girl in several sexy sequences, as she can be seen dancing seductively with [[Usher (musician)|Usher]] emulating [[Cyd Charisse]] and [[Fred Astaire]] in ''[[The Band Wagon]]''. == Charts == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Weekly chart performance for "Naughty Girl"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naughty Girl by Beyoncé - Music Charts|url=https://acharts.co/song/428|access-date=2025-04-13|website=acharts.co}}</ref> !Chart (2004) !Peak<br>position |- {{singlechart|Australia|9|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Austria|29|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Flanders|14|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- |align=left|Canadian Singles Chart ([[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]) |align=center|2 |- {{singlechart|Denmark|15|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|France|18|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- |align=left|Germany (GfK)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Beyonce Knowles - Naughty Girl @ Top40-Charts.com|url=https://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=9735&sort=chartid|access-date=2025-04-13|website=Top40-Charts.com}}</ref> |align=center|16 |- |align=left|India Top 20<ref name=":0" /> |align=center|1 |- {{singlechart|Ireland|14|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé|week=22|year=2004}} |- {{singlechart|Italy|17|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Dutch40|10|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|New Zealand|6|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Norway|14|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Sweden|32|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|Switzerland|18|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- {{singlechart|UK|10|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé|date=2004-04-05}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardhot100|3|song=Naughty Girl|artist=Beyoncé}} |- |align=left|US [[Pop Airplay]] (''Billboard'') |align=center|2 |} == Official versions == * Naughty Girl Part 2 (feat. Jae R) * Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Club Mix) * Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Naughty Dub) * Naughty Girl (Calderone Fierce Ruling Diva's Whore Dipped In Honey Mix) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat Lil' Flip) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Graph) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Flip & Stack Bundles) * Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Kim) * Naughty Girl (Jones & Impure Vibelicious Remix) * Naughty Girl (Junior's World Re-edit Mix) * Naughty Girl/Living For The City ([[The Beyonce Experience]] Version) * Naughty Girl (Junior's Feeling Like An Orchid) * Naughty Girl (Junior's World Mixshow) * Naughty Girl (Junior's Naughty Marathon Mix) * Naughty Girl (Love To Infinity DMC Mix) * Naughty Girl (The Popstar Club Anthem) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Kobra Mix) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Magic Lamp Mix) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Pharaoh Mix) * Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Desert Mix) * Naughty Girl (Eric Sermon Remix) (feat. Redman) == Cover versions == * [[Roesy]] on ''[[Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2]]'' * [[Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine]] covered the song on their [[2006]] album ''[[Silent Nightclub]]''. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:2004 songs]] [[Category:Disco songs]] [[Category:Soul songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] julvtkpbwoytfhuukw1exgnkw0hsneg 0 75532 10966602 10964453 2026-08-18T13:47:02Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 10966602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Irreplaceable | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Beyoncé | album = B'Day | language = English | released = September 8, 2006 | format = | recorded = 2006 | studio = | venue = | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} | length = 3:47 | label = Columbia Records | writer = [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer Smith]], [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Stargate (production team)|Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen]], [[Espen Lind]], Amund Bjørklund | producer = Stargate, Beyoncé }} "'''Irreplaceable'''" is a [[song]] written by [[United States|American]] [[singer]]-[[songwriter]]s [[Beyoncé]] and [[Ne-Yo]], and [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] songwriters [[Mikkel S. Eriksen]], [[Tor Erik Hermansen]], [[Espen Lind]], and [[Amund Bjørklund]] for Knowles' second [[Album|studio album]], ''[[B'Day]]'' (2006). Produced by Norwegian production team [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] and Beyoncé, the song was released as the album's third [[single (music)|single]] domestically, The track "Freakum Dress" was initially the third single for single and the second international single, however due to the underperformance of the single "[[Ring The Alarm]]" "Irreplaceable" was rush released because of its high popularity. "Irreplaceable" reached number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] on December 16, 2006, making it Beyoncé's eighth ''Billboard'' number-one, and her fourth as a solo artist (her first without a guest rapper). It has sold over two million copies in digital sales. It was the last U.S. #1 of 2006 and the first of 2007. It is positioned on B-flat major with a moderate tempo.<ref>[https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0055999 Irreplaceable]</ref> == Charts == "Irreplaceable" has entered many charts around the world. The following table lists the various charts and peak positions. {| width="0%" |- valign="top" | width="50%" | {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left" width="220"|Chart (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/11218|title=Beyoncé Knowles's Irreplaceable: Chart Positions|accessdate=November 14, 2006|archive-date=February 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219233452/http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/11218|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=18194&sort=chartid|title=Beyoncé – "Irreplaceable" Chart Positions|accessdate=January 4, 2007}}</ref> !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Hot100Brasil|Brazilian Hot 100 Singles & Tracks]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Canadian [[Nielsen BDS|BDS]] Airplay Chart |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Canadian+Hot+100&pageNumber=Top+51-100&g=Singles |title=Canadian Hot 100|access-date=2007-10-28 |archive-date=2008-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221052109/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Canadian+Hot+100&pageNumber=Top+51-100&g=Singles |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40]] |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Euro 200 |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]] |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Greek Singles [[IFPI]] Chart |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Greek Singles [[IFPI]] Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm |title=IFPI Greek Singles Chart Top 50 |access-date=2007-10-28 |archive-date=2003-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605080105/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Ibero-America Top 100<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/iberoamerica/index.htm Ibero-America Top 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212075921/http://www.americatop100.com/iberoamerica/index.htm |date=2008-02-12 }}. ''AmericaTop100''. Retrieved on February 19, 2007</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Latin America Top 40 Airplay]]<ref>[http://toplatino.net/ Top Latino]. ''Top Latino''. Retrieved on February 19, 2007</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|New Zealand ''RIANZ'' Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Portuguese Singles Chart |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Russian Singles Chart |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' The Mainstream Top 40 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' The Rhythmic Top 40 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Top 40 |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Airplay |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Songs |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[United World Chart]] |align="center"|1 |} |} <sup>1</sup> Irreemplazable – Latin Version == Track listings and formats == These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Irreplaceable". {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} *'''Canadian/U.S. CD single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"Irreplaceable" (Instrumental) #"Irreplaceable" remix featuring Trina [New York bonus track] *'''UK CD 1''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"[[Ring the Alarm]]" (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit) *'''UK CD 2''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"Ring the Alarm" (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit) #"Ring the Alarm" (Karmatronic Remix) #"Ring the Alarm" (Tranzformas Remix featuring [[Collie Buddz]]) #"Ring the Alarm" (Video) {{col-2}} *'''UK 12" vinyl single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"Irreplaceable" (Instrumental) #"Ring the Alarm" (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit) #"Ring the Alarm" (Album Version) *'''Australian CD single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"[[Deja Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" (Freemasons Club Mix) #"Déjà Vu" (Remix) # Roc-a-fella mix featuring Foxy Brown *'''iTunes single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Ralphi & Craig Club Radio Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (Ralphi & Craig Club Voc Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (Ralphi Rosario Dub Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (Maurice Joshua Remix Edit) #"Irreplaceable" (Maurice Joshua Club Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (featuring Ghostface Killah) #"Irreplaceable" (DJ Speedy Remix) {{col-end}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2006 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] [[Category:Songs about infidelity]] [[Category:Songs with feminist themes]] [[Category:Pop songs]] [[Category:Pop ballads]] [[Category:R&B songs]] [[Category:R&B ballads]] 3fwu4w521rbfbkplntrjlb4ecb5c780 10966614 10966602 2026-08-18T13:58:29Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 10966614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Irreplaceable | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Beyoncé | album = B'Day | language = English | released = September 8, 2006 | format = | recorded = 2006 | studio = | venue = | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} | length = 3:47 | label = Columbia Records | writer = [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer Smith]], [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Stargate (production team)|Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen]], [[Espen Lind]], Amund Bjørklund | producer = Stargate, Beyoncé }} "'''Irreplaceable'''" is a [[song]] written by [[United States|American]] [[singer]]-[[songwriter]]s [[Beyoncé]] and [[Ne-Yo]], and [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] songwriters [[Mikkel S. Eriksen]], [[Tor Erik Hermansen]], [[Espen Lind]], and [[Amund Bjørklund]] for Knowles' second [[Album|studio album]], ''[[B'Day]]'' (2006). Produced by Norwegian production team [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] and Beyoncé, the song was released as the album's third [[single (music)|single]] domestically, The track "Freakum Dress" was initially the third single for single and the second international single, however due to the underperformance of the single "[[Ring The Alarm]]" "Irreplaceable" was rush released because of its high popularity. "Irreplaceable" reached number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] on December 16, 2006, making it Beyoncé's eighth ''Billboard'' number-one, and her fourth as a solo artist (her first without a guest rapper). It has sold over two million copies in digital sales. It was the last U.S. #1 of 2006 and the first of 2007. It is positioned on B-flat major with a moderate tempo.<ref>[https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0055999 Irreplaceable]</ref> == Charts == "Irreplaceable" has entered many charts around the world. The following table lists the various charts and peak positions. {| width="0%" |- valign="top" | width="50%" | {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left" width="220"|Chart (2006-2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/11218|title=Beyoncé Knowles's Irreplaceable: Chart Positions|accessdate=November 14, 2006|archive-date=February 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219233452/http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/11218|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=18194&sort=chartid|title=Beyoncé – "Irreplaceable" Chart Positions|accessdate=January 4, 2007}}</ref> !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Hot100Brasil|Brazilian Hot 100 Singles & Tracks]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Canadian [[Nielsen BDS|BDS]] Airplay Chart |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Canadian+Hot+100&pageNumber=Top+51-100&g=Singles |title=Canadian Hot 100|access-date=2007-10-28 |archive-date=2008-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221052109/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Canadian+Hot+100&pageNumber=Top+51-100&g=Singles |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40]] |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Euro 200 |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]] |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Greek Singles [[IFPI]] Chart |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Greek Singles [[IFPI]] Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm |title=IFPI Greek Singles Chart Top 50 |access-date=2007-10-28 |archive-date=2003-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605080105/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Ibero-America Top 100<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/iberoamerica/index.htm Ibero-America Top 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212075921/http://www.americatop100.com/iberoamerica/index.htm |date=2008-02-12 }}. ''AmericaTop100''. Retrieved on February 19, 2007</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Latin America Top 40 Airplay]]<ref>[http://toplatino.net/ Top Latino]. ''Top Latino''. Retrieved on February 19, 2007</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|New Zealand ''RIANZ'' Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Portuguese Singles Chart |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Russian Singles Chart |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' The Mainstream Top 40 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' The Rhythmic Top 40 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Top 40 |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Airplay |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Songs |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[United World Chart]] |align="center"|1 |} |} <sup>1</sup> Irreemplazable – Latin Version == Track listings and formats == These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Irreplaceable". {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} *'''Canadian/U.S. CD single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"Irreplaceable" (Instrumental) #"Irreplaceable" remix featuring Trina [New York bonus track] *'''UK CD 1''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"[[Ring the Alarm]]" (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit) *'''UK CD 2''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"Ring the Alarm" (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit) #"Ring the Alarm" (Karmatronic Remix) #"Ring the Alarm" (Tranzformas Remix featuring [[Collie Buddz]]) #"Ring the Alarm" (Video) {{col-2}} *'''UK 12" vinyl single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"Irreplaceable" (Instrumental) #"Ring the Alarm" (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit) #"Ring the Alarm" (Album Version) *'''Australian CD single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"[[Deja Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" (Freemasons Club Mix) #"Déjà Vu" (Remix) # Roc-a-fella mix featuring Foxy Brown *'''iTunes single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Ralphi & Craig Club Radio Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (Ralphi & Craig Club Voc Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (Ralphi Rosario Dub Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (Maurice Joshua Remix Edit) #"Irreplaceable" (Maurice Joshua Club Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (featuring Ghostface Killah) #"Irreplaceable" (DJ Speedy Remix) {{col-end}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2006 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] [[Category:Songs about infidelity]] [[Category:Songs with feminist themes]] [[Category:Pop songs]] [[Category:Pop ballads]] [[Category:R&B songs]] [[Category:R&B ballads]] gwmha284qsz0a7v7s9ltyp3pzc85zm3 10967029 10966614 2026-08-18T22:00:51Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Irreplaceable | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Beyoncé | album = B'Day | language = English | released = October 23, 2006 <small>(UK)</small><br/>December 5, 2006 <small>(US)</small><br/>January 9, 2007 <small>(US commercial release)</small> | format = | recorded = | studio = | venue = | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} | length = 3:47 | label = Columbia Records | writer = [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer Smith]], [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Stargate (production team)|Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen]], [[Espen Lind]], Amund Bjørklund | producer = Stargate, Beyoncé }} "'''Irreplaceable'''" is a [[song]] written by [[United States|American]] [[singer]]-[[songwriter]]s [[Beyoncé]] and [[Ne-Yo]], and [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] songwriters [[Mikkel S. Eriksen]], [[Tor Erik Hermansen]], [[Espen Lind]], and [[Amund Bjørklund]] for Knowles' second [[Album|studio album]], ''[[B'Day]]'' (2006). Produced by Norwegian production team [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] and Beyoncé, the song was released as the album's third [[single (music)|single]] domestically, and the second single outside [[North America]] in October 2006. The track "Freakum Dress" was initially the third single for US single and the second international single, however due to the underperformance of the single "[[Ring The Alarm]]" "Irreplaceable" was rush released because of its high popularity. "Irreplaceable" reached number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] on December 16, 2006, making it Beyoncé's eighth ''Billboard'' number-one, and her fourth as a solo artist (her first without a guest rapper). It has sold over two million copies in digital sales. It was the last U.S. #1 of 2006 and the first of 2007. It is positioned on B-flat major with a moderate tempo.<ref>[https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0055999 Irreplaceable]</ref> == Charts == "Irreplaceable" has entered many charts around the world. The following table lists the various charts and peak positions. {| width="0%" |- valign="top" | width="50%" | {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left" width="220"|Chart (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/11218|title=Beyoncé Knowles's Irreplaceable: Chart Positions|accessdate=November 14, 2006|archive-date=February 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219233452/http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/11218|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=18194&sort=chartid|title=Beyoncé – "Irreplaceable" Chart Positions|accessdate=January 4, 2007}}</ref> !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Hot100Brasil|Brazilian Hot 100 Singles & Tracks]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Canadian [[Nielsen BDS|BDS]] Airplay Chart |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Canadian+Hot+100&pageNumber=Top+51-100&g=Singles |title=Canadian Hot 100|access-date=2007-10-28 |archive-date=2008-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221052109/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Canadian+Hot+100&pageNumber=Top+51-100&g=Singles |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40]] |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Euro 200 |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]] |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Greek Singles [[IFPI]] Chart |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Greek Singles [[IFPI]] Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm |title=IFPI Greek Singles Chart Top 50 |access-date=2007-10-28 |archive-date=2003-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605080105/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Ibero-America Top 100<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/iberoamerica/index.htm Ibero-America Top 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212075921/http://www.americatop100.com/iberoamerica/index.htm |date=2008-02-12 }}. ''AmericaTop100''. Retrieved on February 19, 2007</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Latin America Top 40 Airplay]]<ref>[http://toplatino.net/ Top Latino]. ''Top Latino''. Retrieved on February 19, 2007</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|New Zealand ''RIANZ'' Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Portuguese Singles Chart |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Russian Singles Chart |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' The Mainstream Top 40 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' The Rhythmic Top 40 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Top 40 |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Airplay |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Songs |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[United World Chart]] |align="center"|1 |} |} <sup>1</sup> Irreemplazable – Latin Version == Track listings and formats == These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Irreplaceable". {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} *'''Canadian/U.S. CD single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"Irreplaceable" (Instrumental) #"Irreplaceable" remix featuring Trina [New York bonus track] *'''UK CD 1''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"[[Ring the Alarm]]" (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit) *'''UK CD 2''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"Ring the Alarm" (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit) #"Ring the Alarm" (Karmatronic Remix) #"Ring the Alarm" (Tranzformas Remix featuring [[Collie Buddz]]) #"Ring the Alarm" (Video) {{col-2}} *'''UK 12" vinyl single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"Irreplaceable" (Instrumental) #"Ring the Alarm" (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit) #"Ring the Alarm" (Album Version) *'''Australian CD single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Album Version) #"[[Deja Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" (Freemasons Club Mix) #"Déjà Vu" (Remix) # Roc-a-fella mix featuring Foxy Brown *'''iTunes single''' #"Irreplaceable" (Ralphi & Craig Club Radio Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (Ralphi & Craig Club Voc Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (Ralphi Rosario Dub Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (Maurice Joshua Remix Edit) #"Irreplaceable" (Maurice Joshua Club Remix) #"Irreplaceable" (featuring Ghostface Killah) #"Irreplaceable" (DJ Speedy Remix) {{col-end}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2006 songs]] [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] [[Category:Songs about infidelity]] [[Category:Songs with feminist themes]] [[Category:Pop songs]] [[Category:Pop ballads]] [[Category:R&B songs]] [[Category:R&B ballads]] afsnpch94jmh4cdkao0mt4cl47xoa4j 0 75539 10966627 10860770 2026-08-18T14:12:45Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Listen | cover = | alt = | type = single | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | album = [[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]] | released = {{start date|mf=yes|2006|10|20}} | recorded = 2006 The Underlab<br /><small>([[Los Angeles]], [[California]])</small><br />[[Sony Music Studios]]<br /><small>([[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]])</small> | studio = | venue = | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Soul music|Soul]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] }} | length = 3:39 | label = {{flatlist| * [[Mathew Knowles|Music World]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] }} | writer = {{flatlist| * [[Henry Krieger]] * [[Scott Cutler]] * [[Anne Preven]] *[[Beyoncé Knowles]] }} | producer = {{flatlist| * David Foster }} | prev_title = [[Irreplaceable]] | prev_year = 2006 | next_title = [[Upgrade U]] | next_year = 2007 | misc = {{Extra chronology | artist = ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | type = single | prev_title = [[One Night Only (song)|One Night Only]] | prev_year = 2006 | title = Listen | year = 2007 | next_title = [[And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going#Jennifer Hudson version|And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going]] | next_year = 2007 }} }} '''''Listen''''' is a song performed by [[United States of America|American]] [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] [[singer-songwriter]] [[Beyoncé Knowles]] in the 2006 movie ''[[Dreamgirls (movie)|Dreamgirls]]''. It was released as the first [[single (music)|single]] from the [[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture|film's soundtrack album]] on October 20, 2006 in the Europe and on was released in the [[World]] on February 13, 2007. The song can also be found as a [[hidden track]] on international editions of the singer's second solo studio album, ''[[B'Day]]'' (2006). == Track listing == * '''International CD single''': # "Listen" 3:37 # "Irreplaceable" (DJ Speedy Remix) 4:17 == Charts == {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Chart (2006-2007) !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Austria Top 75 |align="center"|32 |- |align="left"|Brazil Hot 100 |align="center"|52 |- |align="left"|Euro Top 200 |align="center"|33 |- |align="left"|Eurochart Top 100-Billboard |align="center"|24 |- |align="left"|German Singles Top 100 |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|[[Indonesia LIMA Top 50 Charts]] |align="center"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Polish Hit FM |align="center"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Lithuania Airplay Chart]] |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Netherlands Urban Top 100 |align="center"|28 |- |align="left"|Pepsi World Chart <ref>''Pepsi World Chart'' [http://www.5fm.co.za/music/MusicChartsDetails.aspx?id=3 "Pepsi World Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003307/http://www.5fm.co.za/music/MusicChartsDetails.aspx?id=3 |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Crunch World Chart |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Top 100 |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|[[Tokio Hot 100]] |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | title=UK Singles Chart | work=BBC Radio 1 | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/singles.shtml | accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|[[UK Official Download Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | title=UK Official Download Chart | work=Official UK Charts Company | url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_downloads.php | accessdate=2007-02-10}}</ref> |align="center"|22 |- |align="left"|[[UK R&B Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | title=UK R&B Singles Chart | work=BBC Radio 1 | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/rnbsingles.shtml | accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|61 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] |align="center"|56 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] |align="center"|23 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Adult R&B Airplay |align="center"|12 |- |} == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:2006 songs]] bze80qggxyqpyc7hocryv720kzg1b16 10967026 10966627 2026-08-18T22:00:49Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by MichalinaZofia6105 10860770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Listen | cover = | alt = | type = single | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | album = [[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]] | released = {{start date|mf=yes|2006|10|20}} | recorded = 2006 The Underlab<br /><small>([[Los Angeles]], [[California]])</small><br />[[Sony Music Studios]]<br /><small>([[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]])</small> | studio = | venue = | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Soul music|Soul]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] }} | length = 3:39 | label = {{flatlist| * [[Mathew Knowles|Music World]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] }} | writer = {{flatlist| * [[Henry Krieger]] * [[Scott Cutler]] * [[Anne Preven]] *[[Beyoncé Knowles]] }} | producer = {{flatlist| * David Foster }} | prev_title = [[Irreplaceable]] | prev_year = 2006 | next_title = [[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]] | next_year = 2007 | misc = {{Extra chronology | artist = ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | type = single | prev_title = [[One Night Only (song)|One Night Only]] | prev_year = 2006 | title = Listen | year = 2007 | next_title = [[And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going#Jennifer Hudson version|And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going]] | next_year = 2007 }} }} '''''Listen''''' is a song performed by [[United States of America|American]] [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] [[singer-songwriter]] [[Beyoncé Knowles]] in the 2006 movie ''[[Dreamgirls (movie)|Dreamgirls]]''. It was released as the first [[single (music)|single]] from the [[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture|film's soundtrack album]] on October 20, 2006 in the Europe and on was released in the [[World]] on February 13, 2007. The song can also be found as a [[hidden track]] on international editions of the singer's second solo studio album, ''[[B'Day]]'' (2006). == Track listing == * '''International CD single''': # "Listen" 3:37 # "Irreplaceable" (DJ Speedy Remix) 4:17 == Charts == {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Chart (2006-2007) !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Austria Top 75 |align="center"|32 |- |align="left"|Brazil Hot 100 |align="center"|52 |- |align="left"|Euro Top 200 |align="center"|33 |- |align="left"|Eurochart Top 100-Billboard |align="center"|24 |- |align="left"|German Singles Top 100 |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|[[Indonesia LIMA Top 50 Charts]] |align="center"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Polish Hit FM |align="center"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Lithuania Airplay Chart]] |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Netherlands Urban Top 100 |align="center"|28 |- |align="left"|Pepsi World Chart <ref>''Pepsi World Chart'' [http://www.5fm.co.za/music/MusicChartsDetails.aspx?id=3 "Pepsi World Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003307/http://www.5fm.co.za/music/MusicChartsDetails.aspx?id=3 |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Crunch World Chart |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Top 100 |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|[[Tokio Hot 100]] |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | title=UK Singles Chart | work=BBC Radio 1 | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/singles.shtml | accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|[[UK Official Download Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | title=UK Official Download Chart | work=Official UK Charts Company | url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_downloads.php | accessdate=2007-02-10}}</ref> |align="center"|22 |- |align="left"|[[UK R&B Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | title=UK R&B Singles Chart | work=BBC Radio 1 | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/rnbsingles.shtml | accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|61 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] |align="center"|56 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] |align="center"|23 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Adult R&B Airplay |align="center"|12 |- |} == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:2006 songs]] fkzs0t5i01wiqmstm54zvygdygidvof 0 75578 10966608 10964452 2026-08-18T13:53:53Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 10966608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Ring the Alarm | type = single | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | album = [[B'Day]] | released = {{Start date|2006|08|5}} | recorded = April 2006 | studio = [[Sony Music Studios]] <br /> {{small|([[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]])}} | genre = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | length = 3:23 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = {{flat list| *Beyoncé Knowles *[[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]] *[[Sean Garrett]] }} | producer = {{flat list| *Beyoncé *Swizz Beatz *Sean Garrett }} | prev_title = [[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]] | prev_year = 2006 | next_title = [[Irreplaceable]] | next_year = 2006 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|eY_mrU8MPfI|"Ring the Alarm"}}}} }} '''''Ring the Alarm''''' is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]], and [[Sean Garrett]] for Knowles' second solo album ''[[B’Day]]'' (2006). Co-produced by Knowles, and Swizz Beatz, and eventually debuted at number twelve on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], making the single her highest entry on the official [[United States|American]] singles chart and the second highest debut of 2006 behind only [[Taylor Hicks]]'s "[[Do I Make You Proud]]". It previously debuted at ''Billboard'' [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] at number seventeen. == Formats and track listing == These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "Ring the Alarm". ;CD Maxi single # "Ring the Alarm" (Karmatronic remix) # "Ring the Alarm" (Migtight remix) # "Ring the Alarm" (The Tranzformas remix, featuring [[Collie Buddz]]) # "Ring the Alarm" ([[Jazze Pha]] remix) # "Ring the Alarm" (Grizz remix) ;CD Single # "Ring the Alarm" (Album version) # "Ring the Alarm" (Instrumental) == Charts == {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chart (2006)<ref>''[http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/10392 www.musicsquare.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103009/http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/10392 |date=2007-09-29 }}. World singles chart. Since July, 2006.''</ref><ref>''[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p349078 www.allmusic.com/]. U.S. Billboard charts. Since July, 2006.''</ref> !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Brazil Hot 100<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hot100brasil.com/chtsinglesb.html |title=Hot 100 Singles |access-date=2007-10-29 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509153921/http://www.hot100brasil.com/chtsinglesb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|Sweden Singles Top 60 |align="center"|56 |- |align="left"|UK Official Download Chart |align="center"|112 |- |align="left"|United World Chart |align="center"|37 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play |align="center"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Rhythmic Top 40 |align="center"|21 |- |align="left"|U.S. Singles Top 40 |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|World R&B Top 30 Singles |align="center"|3 |} == References == <references/> {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:2006 songs]] 1qm1ogk3rdwhvulmvownp4dv97o8efo 10967032 10966608 2026-08-18T22:00:53Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Ring the Alarm | type = single | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | album = [[B'Day]] | released = {{Start date|2006|9|10}} | recorded = April 2006 | studio = [[Sony Music Studios]] <br /> {{small|([[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]])}} | genre = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | length = 3:23 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = {{flat list| *Beyoncé Knowles *[[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]] *[[Sean Garrett]] }} | producer = {{flat list| *Beyoncé *Swizz Beatz *Sean Garrett }} | prev_title = [[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]] | prev_year = 2006 | next_title = [[Irreplaceable]] | next_year = 2006 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|eY_mrU8MPfI|"Ring the Alarm"}}}} }} '''''Ring the Alarm''''' is an [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] song written by [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Swizz Beatz|Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean]], and [[Sean Garrett]] for Knowles' second solo album ''[[B’Day]]'' (2006). Co-produced by Knowles, and Swizz Beatz, the song premiered on [[August 8]], [[2006]] to radio outlets in the [[United States]] and eventually debuted at number twelve on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], making the single her highest entry on the official [[United States|American]] singles chart and the second highest debut of 2006 behind only [[Taylor Hicks]]'s "[[Do I Make You Proud]]". It previously debuted at ''Billboard'' [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] at number seventeen. == Formats and track listing == These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "Ring the Alarm". ;CD Maxi single # "Ring the Alarm" (Karmatronic remix) # "Ring the Alarm" (Migtight remix) # "Ring the Alarm" (The Tranzformas remix, featuring [[Collie Buddz]]) # "Ring the Alarm" ([[Jazze Pha]] remix) # "Ring the Alarm" (Grizz remix) ;CD Single # "Ring the Alarm" (Album version) # "Ring the Alarm" (Instrumental) == Charts == {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chart (2006)<ref>''[http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/10392 www.musicsquare.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103009/http://www.musicsquare.net/charts/song/10392 |date=2007-09-29 }}. World singles chart. Since July, 2006.''</ref><ref>''[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p349078 www.allmusic.com/]. U.S. Billboard charts. Since July, 2006.''</ref> !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Brazil Hot 100<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hot100brasil.com/chtsinglesb.html |title=Hot 100 Singles |access-date=2007-10-29 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509153921/http://www.hot100brasil.com/chtsinglesb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|Sweden Singles Top 60 |align="center"|56 |- |align="left"|UK Official Download Chart |align="center"|112 |- |align="left"|United World Chart |align="center"|37 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play |align="center"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Rhythmic Top 40 |align="center"|21 |- |align="left"|U.S. Singles Top 40 |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|World R&B Top 30 Singles |align="center"|3 |} == References == <references/> {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:2006 songs]] 0itsrng6v4ummbq685plw3happ6xzv7 0 75591 10966657 10712595 2026-08-18T14:55:35Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Jumpin', Jumpin{{'-}} | cover = | caption = | alt = | border = | type = single | artist = [[Destiny's Child]] | album = [[The Writing's on the Wall]] | B-side = * "[[Upside Down (Diana Ross song)|Upside Down]]" * "[[Say My Name]]" * "[[Bills, Bills, Bills]]" | released = {{start date|2000|7|15}} | recorded = 1999 | studio = * 353 (New York City) * 24/7 (Houston, Texas) | genre = * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[Dance music|dance]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | length = 3:50 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = * [[Rufus Blaq|Rufus Moore]] * [[Chad Elliott]] * [[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] | producer = * Beyoncé Knowles * Chad Elliott * Jovonn Alexander | prev_title = [[Say My Name]] | prev_year = 1999 | next_title = [[Independent Women Part I]] | next_year = 2000 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|Vjw92oUduEM|"Jumpin', Jumpin'{{-"}}}}}} }} "'''Jumpin', Jumpin''''" is a song recorded by [[Destiny's Child]]. It was the fourth and final [[Single (music)|single]] from the group's second album, ''[[The Writing's on the Wall]]''. The single achieved success in various charts. Byron Rittenhouse's voice is on the song saying "Uh huh, I ain't worried 'bout my girl a'ight" in response to Beyonce's line "I ain't thinking 'bout my man tonight". == Formats and remixes == Two official urban remixes for this song exist. One, known as the [[Nitro]] remix features rapper [[Nitro]], while the other is known as the [[So So Def]] Remix with [[Lil' Bow Wow]], [[Da Brat]] and [[Jermaine Dupri]]. A video was filmed for the So So Def Remix later. Also, appearing as a second half of the So So Def Remix on the [[This Is the Remix (Destiny's Child album)]], Azza's Remix of Jumpin', Jumpin'. This version was a newly recorded version with slower singing and Kelly doing lead on chorus and high notes during break, and one of few remix songs from Writing's On The Wall that [[Farrah Franklin]] and Michelle are singing; the other being the WMBA version of the song. :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" ([[A Capella]]) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Instrumental) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Azza's Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Digital Black 'N Groove Club Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Hammerhouse Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Radio Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Jumpin' Retro Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Mike Moore Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Nitro Remix) (feat Mr Nitro) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Disney Party Remix) (feat Solange) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Def Remix) (feat [[Lil' Bow Wow]], [[Jermaine Dupri]] & [[Da Brat]]) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So Far So Def Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Dub) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Jameson Drum & Bass Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (WNBA Version) [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] [[Category:2000 songs]] 3z514gtio0279gj7prfzz94o8nsbvt2 10966658 10966657 2026-08-18T14:55:58Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Jumpin', Jumpin{{'-}} | cover = | caption = | alt = | border = | type = single | artist = [[Destiny's Child]] | album = [[The Writing's on the Wall]] | B-side = * "[[Upside Down (Diana Ross song)|Upside Down]]" * "[[Say My Name]]" * "[[Bills, Bills, Bills]]" | released = {{start date|2000|7|15}} | recorded = 1999 | studio = * 353 (New York City) * 24/7 (Houston, Texas) | genre = * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[Dance music|dance]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | length = 3:50 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = * [[Rufus Blaq|Rufus Moore]] * [[Chad Elliott]] * [[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] | producer = * Beyoncé Knowles * Chad Elliott * Jovonn Alexander | prev_title = [[Say My Name]] | prev_year = 2000 | next_title = [[Independent Women Part I]] | next_year = 2000 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|Vjw92oUduEM|"Jumpin', Jumpin'{{-"}}}}}} }} "'''Jumpin', Jumpin''''" is a song recorded by [[Destiny's Child]]. It was the fourth and final [[Single (music)|single]] from the group's second album, ''[[The Writing's on the Wall]]''. The single achieved success in various charts. Byron Rittenhouse's voice is on the song saying "Uh huh, I ain't worried 'bout my girl a'ight" in response to Beyonce's line "I ain't thinking 'bout my man tonight". == Formats and remixes == Two official urban remixes for this song exist. One, known as the [[Nitro]] remix features rapper [[Nitro]], while the other is known as the [[So So Def]] Remix with [[Lil' Bow Wow]], [[Da Brat]] and [[Jermaine Dupri]]. A video was filmed for the So So Def Remix later. Also, appearing as a second half of the So So Def Remix on the [[This Is the Remix (Destiny's Child album)]], Azza's Remix of Jumpin', Jumpin'. This version was a newly recorded version with slower singing and Kelly doing lead on chorus and high notes during break, and one of few remix songs from Writing's On The Wall that [[Farrah Franklin]] and Michelle are singing; the other being the WMBA version of the song. :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" ([[A Capella]]) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Instrumental) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Azza's Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Digital Black 'N Groove Club Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Hammerhouse Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Radio Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Jumpin' Retro Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Mike Moore Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Nitro Remix) (feat Mr Nitro) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Disney Party Remix) (feat Solange) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Def Remix) (feat [[Lil' Bow Wow]], [[Jermaine Dupri]] & [[Da Brat]]) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So Far So Def Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Dub) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Jameson Drum & Bass Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (WNBA Version) [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] [[Category:2000 songs]] toamez8m77mcm0qx9w1jkkwbb5yclnd 10967021 10966658 2026-08-18T22:00:45Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by CountryANDWestern 10712595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Jumpin', Jumpin{{'-}} | cover = | caption = | alt = | border = | type = single | artist = [[Destiny's Child]] | album = [[The Writing's on the Wall]] | B-side = * "[[Upside Down (Diana Ross song)|Upside Down]]" * "[[Say My Name]]" * "[[Bills, Bills, Bills]]" | released = {{start date|2000|7|11}} | recorded = | studio = * 353 (New York City) * 24/7 (Houston, Texas) | genre = * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[Dance music|dance]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | length = 3:50 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = * [[Rufus Blaq|Rufus Moore]] * [[Chad Elliott]] * [[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] | producer = * Beyoncé Knowles * Chad Elliott * Jovonn Alexander | prev_title = [[Say My Name]] | prev_year = 1999 | next_title = [[Independent Women Part I]] | next_year = 2000 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|Vjw92oUduEM|"Jumpin', Jumpin'{{-"}}}}}} }} "'''Jumpin', Jumpin''''" is a song recorded by [[Destiny's Child]]. It was the fourth and final [[Single (music)|single]] from the group's second album, ''[[The Writing's on the Wall]]''. The single achieved success in various charts. Byron Rittenhouse's voice is on the song saying "Uh huh, I ain't worried 'bout my girl a'ight" in response to Beyonce's line "I ain't thinking 'bout my man tonight". == Formats and remixes == Two official urban remixes for this song exist. One, known as the [[Nitro]] remix features rapper [[Nitro]], while the other is known as the [[So So Def]] Remix with [[Lil' Bow Wow]], [[Da Brat]] and [[Jermaine Dupri]]. A video was filmed for the So So Def Remix later. Also, appearing as a second half of the So So Def Remix on the [[This Is the Remix (Destiny's Child album)]], Azza's Remix of Jumpin', Jumpin'. This version was a newly recorded version with slower singing and Kelly doing lead on chorus and high notes during break, and one of few remix songs from Writing's On The Wall that [[Farrah Franklin]] and Michelle are singing; the other being the WMBA version of the song. :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" ([[A Capella]]) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Instrumental) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Azza's Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Digital Black 'N Groove Club Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Hammerhouse Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Radio Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Jumpin' Retro Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Mike Moore Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Nitro Remix) (feat Mr Nitro) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Disney Party Remix) (feat Solange) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Def Remix) (feat [[Lil' Bow Wow]], [[Jermaine Dupri]] & [[Da Brat]]) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So Far So Def Remix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Dub) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Jameson Drum & Bass Mix) :"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (WNBA Version) [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] [[Category:2000 songs]] q4gh7ubbbw02tv8fblz1yozqoh617ny 0 75594 10966610 10964441 2026-08-18T13:56:03Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966610 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Fighting temptations |- |align="center" colspan="3"|[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Fightingtemptation.jpg Cover] |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé]], [[Missy Elliott]], [[MC Lyte]] and [[Free (rapper)|Free]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album [[The Fighting Temptations]] ''soundtrack'' |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|August 18, 2003 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|{{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[disco]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:51 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Sony BMG |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Jonathan Burks, Missy Elliott, Karriem Mack, Lana Moorer, Walter Murphy, Lashaun Owens, Gene Pistilli, Marie Wright |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Missy Elliott |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Baby Boy]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Me, Myself and I]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Missy Elliott]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Back in the Day]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Pass That Dutch]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[MC Lyte]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>I Can't Make a Mistake<br/>(1998r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small><br/></small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Free (rapper)|Free]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>?<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>?<br/></small> |- |} '''''Fighting Temptation''''' is a [[single (music)|single]] released by [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] singer [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] and female rappers [[Missy Elliott]], [[MC Lyte]], and [[Free (rapper)|Free]] in 2003 to promote the film ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'', in which Beyoncé has a part. The song is part of the official soundtrack. As it was released just one month after the second single from Beyoncé's ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'', "[[Baby Boy]]", the song did not become a big hit and failed to enter the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and other important U.S. charts. However, the single received some attention from [[Europe]]an countries, eventually peaking at number thirteen in the [[Netherlands]]. The film was also an instant success, mainly due to Beyoncé's success in Europe at that time. == Track listing == #"Fighting Temptation" (Album Version) #[[Destiny's Child]] – "I Know" (Album Version) ==Other versions== *"Fighting Temptation" (Acapella) *"Fighting Temptation" (Instrumental) *"Fighting Temptation" (Radio Edit) {{Beyoncé Knowles}} {{Missy Elliott singles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Missy Elliott songs]] [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:Hip hop songs]] [[Category:Disco songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] 40ee2pwv617jfqplhqeloi8n4cgm5d5 10967031 10966610 2026-08-18T22:00:52Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964441 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Fighting temptations |- |align="center" colspan="3"|[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Fightingtemptation.jpg Cover] |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé]], [[Missy Elliott]], [[MC Lyte]] and [[Free (rapper)|Free]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album [[The Fighting Temptations]] ''soundtrack'' |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|September 2003 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|{{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[disco]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:51 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Sony BMG |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Jonathan Burks, Missy Elliott, Karriem Mack, Lana Moorer, Walter Murphy, Lashaun Owens, Gene Pistilli, Marie Wright |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Missy Elliott |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Baby Boy]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Me, Myself and I]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Missy Elliott]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Back in the Day]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Pass That Dutch]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[MC Lyte]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>I Can't Make a Mistake<br/>(1998r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small><br/></small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Free (rapper)|Free]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>?<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>?<br/></small> |- |} '''''Fighting Temptation''''' is a [[single (music)|single]] released by [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] singer [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] and female rappers [[Missy Elliott]], [[MC Lyte]], and [[Free (rapper)|Free]] in 2003 to promote the film ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'', in which Beyoncé has a part. The song is part of the official soundtrack. As it was released just one month after the second single from Beyoncé's ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'', "[[Baby Boy]]", the song did not become a big hit and failed to enter the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and other important U.S. charts. However, the single received some attention from [[Europe]]an countries, eventually peaking at number thirteen in the [[Netherlands]]. The film was also an instant success, mainly due to Beyoncé's success in Europe at that time. == Track listing == #"Fighting Temptation" (Album Version) #[[Destiny's Child]] – "I Know" (Album Version) ==Other versions== *"Fighting Temptation" (Acapella) *"Fighting Temptation" (Instrumental) *"Fighting Temptation" (Radio Edit) {{Beyoncé Knowles}} {{Missy Elliott singles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:Missy Elliott songs]] [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:Hip hop songs]] [[Category:Disco songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] i06us8lc22dlczc2uag64n0lz1sf71b 0 75669 10966618 10964448 2026-08-18T14:00:39Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966618 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Summertime |- |align="center" colspan="3"|[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/Summertime_Beyonce_and_Diddy.jpg Cover] |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé]] featuring P. Diddy |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album [[The Fighting Temptations OST]] |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|October 28 2003 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|{{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[hip hop soul]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:54 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Sony |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, Angela Beyincé, Sean Combs, Steven "Steven J." Jordan, Adonis Shropshire, Varick "Smitty" Smith, Mario Winans |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Mario Winans, P. Diddy |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Me, Myself and I]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Summertime<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Dangerously in Love 2]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |- |} '''''Summertime''''' is a single released by R&B singer [[Beyoncé]] featuring rapper [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]] in 2003. The song was the second and final single released to promote the movie ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'', in which Knowles plays the leading lady. The song is not featured in the movie but is part of the official soundtrack. It first appeared as a [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] to Knowles' 2003 smash hit "[[Crazy in love]]". As it was released just seven days after the third single from Knowles' ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'', "[[Me, Myself and I]]", the song did not become a big hit and an official music video was never shot for it. The song however was part of the set list on Knowles' [[Dangerously in Love World Tour]]. ==Official versions== *Summertime (A Cappella featuring Diddy) *Summertime (featuring Diddy) *Summertime (movie Version) *Summertime (Instrumental) *Summertime (Remix - A Cappella featuring Ghostface Killah) *Summertime (Remix featuring Ghostface Killah) *Summertime (Without Rap) ==Charts== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chart (2003) !align="center"|Peak<br>position |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |align="center"|35 |} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:Hip hop songs]] [[Category:Hip hop soul songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] sgu97u8m234ugq4xguk85o7od8bz63b 10967028 10966618 2026-08-18T22:00:50Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964448 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Summertime |- |align="center" colspan="3"|[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/Summertime_Beyonce_and_Diddy.jpg Cover] |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Beyoncé]] featuring P. Diddy |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album [[The Fighting Temptations OST]] |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|October 28 2003 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|{{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[hip hop soul]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:54 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Sony |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, Angela Beyincé, Sean Combs, Steven "Steven J." Jordan, Adonis Shropshire, Varick "Smitty" Smith, Mario Winans |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Mario Winans, P. Diddy |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Beyoncé]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Me, Myself and I]]<br/>(2003r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Summertime<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Dangerously in Love 2]]<br/>(2004r.)</small> |- |} '''''Summertime''''' is a single released by R&B singer [[Beyoncé]] featuring rapper [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]] in 2003. The song was the second and final single released to promote the movie ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'', in which Knowles plays the leading lady. The song is not featured in the movie but is part of the official soundtrack. It first appeared as a [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] to Knowles' 2003 smash hit "[[Crazy in love]]". As it was released just seven days after the third single from Knowles' ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'', "[[Me, Myself and I]]", the song did not become a big hit and an official music video was never shot for it. The song however was part of the set list on Knowles' [[Dangerously in Love World Tour]]. ==Official versions== *Summertime (A Cappella featuring Diddy) *Summertime (featuring Diddy) *Summertime (movie Version) *Summertime (Instrumental) *Summertime (Remix - A Cappella featuring Ghostface Killah) *Summertime (Remix featuring Ghostface Killah) *Summertime (Without Rap) ==Charts== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chart (2003) !align="center"|Peak<br>position |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |align="center"|35 |} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:Beyoncé songs]] [[Category:2003 songs]] [[Category:Hip hop songs]] [[Category:Hip hop soul songs]] [[Category:R&B songs]] bn550b3e7pbbnspb2bzhaha1qg5l6hv 0 76166 10966951 10192799 2026-08-18T19:38:31Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:M9 main parts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|{{Center|Main parts of a pistol}}]]A '''pistol''' is a [[handgun]]. The word may be used broadly to mean any handgun, or narrowly to mean only a magazine pistol, as distinct from a [[revolver]]. ==Overview== In a magazine pistol, the [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]]s are in a [[magazine (firearms)|magazine]], which is a metal or plastic box. The magazine is usually inside the handle of the pistol. When the pistol is fired, the empty cartridge pops out, and the next one comes up into position. The magazine is spring-loaded so it pushes the next bullet into place as the empty cartridge is ejected. For that reason pistols are sometimes called "[[Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]]". When the magazine runs out of cartridges, it can be reloaded by inserting more cartridges. ==Name== The term has long been variously used. For [[example]], in the [[American Old West]] revolvers were used but were then (and even today by some) called pistols.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gunsandammo.com/gun-culture/9-misused-gun-terms/ |title=9 Most Misused Gun Terms |author=Kyle Wintersteen |date=22 July 2014 |website= |publisher=Guns&Ammo/Outdoor Sportsman Group |accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> The word "pistol" entered English before 1600, from the French. At that time it usually meant a single-shot handgun. ==Safety== [[File:Hearing protectors.jpg|thumb|left|100px|{{Center|Hearing protectors. This pair also has a microphone for hearing normal sounds}}]] One of the most important rules of [[gun safety]] is to keep guns out of the hands of children.<ref name=WP>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/keeping-guns-out-of-childrens-hands/2015/10/19/ff1fbb14-7686-11e5-bc80-9091021aeb69_story.html |title=Keeping guns out of children's hands |author=Editorial Board |date=19 October 2015 |website= |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> Guns should be locked up and kept away from children and others who do not appreciate how deadly they are.<ref name=WP/> Pistols like all guns should always be handled carefully. Always keep the gun pointed in a safe direction.<ref name=GSGH>Grant Cunningham, ''Gun Digest Shooter's Guide to Handguns'' (Cincinnati: F+W Media, 2012), p. 6</ref> A shooter should keep their [[finger]]s away from the trigger until the moment they intend to shoot.<ref name=GSGH/> Always respect guns as a [[tool]] that can cause harm if used incorrectly.<ref name=GSGH/> Always handle a gun like it is loaded, even though you may think it is not. A bullet is not the only part of a gun that can cause injury. [[Hearing|Hearing protection]] will protect the [[eardrum]]s of the shooter and those nearby.<ref name=GSGH/> These can be inexpensive foam earplugs or more costly hearing protectors that have a Noise Reduction Rating or NRR.<ref name=GSGH/> The higher the NRR number the better.<ref name=GSGH/> [[Eye protection]] should be worn at all times while shooting or observing other shooters. Their impact-resistant [[Lens (optics)|lenses]] protect against bullet fragments, stray bits of [[gunpowder]], and other [[debris]].<ref name=GSGH/> ==Goods and bads== [[File:HKUSP.png |thumb|A [[Heckler & Koch]] USP semi-automatic pistol]]The advantage of pistols over revolvers lies in the somewhat faster reloading of magazines that carry more bullets that a revolver's five or six rounds. This is why most [[police]] and [[military]] organizations use pistols. Also, pistols are often thinner and can be worn concealed better than revolvers.<ref name="Difference">{{cite web|author=14 June 2011|date=June 14, 2011|title=Difference Between Revolver and Pistol|url=http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-revolver-and-vs-pistol/|website=|publisher=Difference Between|accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> Pistols have a few disadvantages when compared to revolvers. They are more complicated and have more moving parts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailycaller.com/2013/09/18/5-advantages-of-the-revolver/|title=5 Advantages of the Revolver |author=Grant Cunningham, Gun Digest |date=18 September 2013 |website= |publisher=The Daily Caller |accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> A pistol may use heavier springs that younger and elderly shooters may find difficult to use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.personaldefenseworld.com/2012/10/revolver-vs-auto/#ra_07_phatchfinal-2 |title=Revolver vs. Auto |author= |website= |date=23 October 2012 |publisher=Personal Defense World/Harris Publications, Inc |accessdate=29 December 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Modern]] pistols usually only fire one shot every time you pull the [[trigger]]. Some special pistols, called [[machine pistol]]s, can fire more than one shot at a time. Some [[famous]] pistols are the [[Colt M1911]] and the [[Beretta 92]]. Pistols were not often used in the [[West|western]] [[United States]] during the 1800s. They used revolvers. The first successful pistol being used then was the Borchardt C-93. It was designed in 1893, and became available in 1894. ==Related pages== * [[Air gun]] * [[Revolver]] * [[Firearms]] * [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.marplerifleandpistolclub.org.uk/general/gunlaw.htm Gun Law in the UK] * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/12/gun-laws-around-the-world_n_807700.html Gun laws around the world. Huffington Post] * [http://www.newsweek.com/gun-control-what-we-can-learn-other-advanced-countries-379105 Gun Control: What We Can Learn From Other Advanced Countries. Newsweek] * [http://www.stripes.com/news/strict-local-gun-laws-limit-servicemembers-ownership-on-overseas-bases-1.277089 Strict local gun laws limit servicemembers’ ownership on overseas bases. Stars and Stripes] [[Category:Pistols| ]] qxhjurfa47lzlz7cihwmh7e26o8e4bo 0 76348 10967361 10914863 2026-08-19T08:57:08Z Corrctor1829 1459265 /* See also */ 10967361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam|texts}} '''Sunnah''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: سَنَةٌ) is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word meaning "tradition" or "way." For [[Muslims]], it means "the way of the [[prophet]]." The Sunnites try to follow [[Muhammad]]'s words, actions, and teachings. Most Muslims learn about the Sunnah by studying thousands of stories, called [[hadith]], about Muhammad, his family, and his first followers. However, some Muslims, such as [[Ahl al-Kalam]] and [[Mu'tazila|Mu'tazilites]], have distinguished between the Sunnah and hadiths and generally do not regard the hadiths as being part of the sunnah of Muhammad.<ref name="DWBRTMIT1996:15-6">Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'', 1996, pp. 15–16.</ref><ref>See Abdur Rab, ''ibid'', pp. 199–200.</ref><ref name="Sindima">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8c_DwAAQBAJ&dq=khawarij+rejected+the+hadith&pg=PA75 |first1=Harvey J |last1=Sindima |title=Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges Within and Without |date=2017 |isbn=9780761870173 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> == See also == * [[Living Sunnah]] * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Sunni Islam]] * [[Quranism]] == References == {{religion-stub}} [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] c5if9tledc5e3otl69575wsll4972b1 10967362 10967361 2026-08-19T08:57:56Z Corrctor1829 1459265 /* */ 10967362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam|texts}} '''Sunnah''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: سَنَةٌ) is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word meaning "tradition" or "way." For [[Muslims]], it means "the way of the [[prophet]]." The Sunnites try to follow [[Muhammad]]'s words, actions, and teachings. Most Muslims learn about the Sunnah by studying thousands of stories, called [[hadith]], about Muhammad, his family, and his first followers. However, some Muslims, such as [[Ahl al-Kalam]] and [[Mu'tazila|Mu'tazilites]], have distinguished between the Sunnah and hadiths and generally do not regard the hadiths as being part of the sunnah of Muhammad (See: [[Living Sunnah]]).<ref name="DWBRTMIT1996:15-6">Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'', 1996, pp. 15–16.</ref><ref>See Abdur Rab, ''ibid'', pp. 199–200.</ref><ref name="Sindima">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8c_DwAAQBAJ&dq=khawarij+rejected+the+hadith&pg=PA75 |first1=Harvey J |last1=Sindima |title=Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges Within and Without |date=2017 |isbn=9780761870173 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> == See also == * [[Living Sunnah]] * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Sunni Islam]] * [[Quranism]] == References == {{religion-stub}} [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] 5rslzx9smvbp3jz60up64as8vcyo9v6 10967363 10967362 2026-08-19T08:58:41Z Corrctor1829 1459265 /* */ 10967363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam|texts}} '''Sunnah''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: سَنَةٌ) is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word meaning "tradition" or "way." For [[Muslims]], it means "the way of the [[prophet]]." The Sunnites try to follow [[Muhammad]]'s words, actions, and teachings. Most Muslims learn about the Sunnah by studying thousands of stories, called [[hadith]], about Muhammad, his family, and his first followers. However, some Muslims, such as [[Ahl al-Kalam]] and the [[Mu'tazila|Mu'tazilites]], have distinguished between the Sunnah and hadiths and generally do not regard the hadiths as being part of the sunnah of Muhammad (See: [[Living Sunnah]]).<ref name="DWBRTMIT1996:15-6">Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'', 1996, pp. 15–16.</ref><ref>See Abdur Rab, ''ibid'', pp. 199–200.</ref><ref name="Sindima">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8c_DwAAQBAJ&dq=khawarij+rejected+the+hadith&pg=PA75 |first1=Harvey J |last1=Sindima |title=Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges Within and Without |date=2017 |isbn=9780761870173 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> == See also == * [[Living Sunnah]] * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Sunni Islam]] * [[Quranism]] == References == {{religion-stub}} [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] 2l8992e0v0fy8q5bnzxyhhw7hbzwji5 10967365 10967363 2026-08-19T08:59:13Z Corrctor1829 1459265 /* */ 10967365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam|texts}} '''Sunnah''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: سَنَةٌ) is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word meaning "tradition" or "way." For [[Muslims]], it means "the way of the [[prophet]]." The Sunnites try to follow [[Muhammad]]'s words, actions, and teachings. Most Muslims learn about the Sunnah by studying thousands of stories, called [[hadith]], about Muhammad, his family, and his first followers. However, some Muslims, such as [[Ahl al-Kalam]] and the [[Mu'tazila|Mu'tazilites]], have distinguished between the Sunnah and hadith and generally do not regard hadith as being part of the sunnah of Muhammad (See: [[Living Sunnah]]).<ref name="DWBRTMIT1996:15-6">Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'', 1996, pp. 15–16.</ref><ref>See Abdur Rab, ''ibid'', pp. 199–200.</ref><ref name="Sindima">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8c_DwAAQBAJ&dq=khawarij+rejected+the+hadith&pg=PA75 |first1=Harvey J |last1=Sindima |title=Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges Within and Without |date=2017 |isbn=9780761870173 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> == See also == * [[Living Sunnah]] * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Sunni Islam]] * [[Quranism]] == References == {{religion-stub}} [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] fp9meqbfy9n0mb4lr8x5q8jqjuwmpze 10967369 10967365 2026-08-19T09:00:39Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Corrctor1829|Corrctor1829]] ([[User talk:Corrctor1829|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-38848-54 10914863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam|texts}} '''Sunnah''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: سَنَةٌ) is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word meaning "tradition" or "way." For [[Muslims]], it means "the way of the [[prophet]]." The Sunnites try to follow [[Muhammad]]'s words, actions, and teachings. Most Muslims learn about the Sunnah by studying thousands of stories, called [[hadith]], about Muhammad, his family, and his first followers. However, some Muslims, such as [[Ahl al-Kalam]] and [[Mu'tazila|Mu'tazilites]], have distinguished between the Sunnah and hadiths and generally do not regard the hadiths as being part of the sunnah of Muhammad.<ref name="DWBRTMIT1996:15-6">Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'', 1996, pp. 15–16.</ref><ref>See Abdur Rab, ''ibid'', pp. 199–200.</ref><ref name="Sindima">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8c_DwAAQBAJ&dq=khawarij+rejected+the+hadith&pg=PA75 |first1=Harvey J |last1=Sindima |title=Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges Within and Without |date=2017 |isbn=9780761870173 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> == See also == * [[Sunni Islam]] * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Quranism]] {{religion-stub}} [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] 3itd815t387lgq667uxz1yx7hm83szs 0 79734 10966662 10964490 2026-08-18T14:57:38Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Bills, Bills, Bills | cover = | alt = | border = yes | type = single | artist = [[Destiny's Child]] | album = [[The Writing's on the Wall]] | B-side = {{ubl|"Bills, Bills, Bills (I Can't Go for That)"|"[[Bug a Boo]]"|"So Good"|"Now That She's Gone"|"No, No, No" (Part I)|"No, No, No" (Part II)|"With Me" (Part II)}} | released = {{Start date|1999|5|31|mf=y}} | recorded = December 1998<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faqs.org/copyright/flashing-lights-and-3-other-titles-beautiful-and-15-other/#id11753436 |title=Flashing lights & 3 other titles, Beautiful & 15 other titles, Poems by me, continuation – song, music – Copyright Info |publisher=Faqs.org |accessdate=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2011-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604163108/http://www.faqs.org/copyright/flashing-lights-and-3-other-titles-beautiful-and-15-other/#id11753436 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://soulculture.com/features/interviews/destinys-child-the-writings-on-the-wall-lp-revisited-by-co-writer-kandi-burruss-return-to-the-classics/|title=Destiny's Child The Writing's On The Wall LP revisited by co-writer Kandi Burruss - Return To The Classics - SoulCulture|work=SoulCulture|access-date=2019-05-17|archive-date=2015-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705185817/http://soulculture.com/features/interviews/destinys-child-the-writings-on-the-wall-lp-revisited-by-co-writer-kandi-burruss-return-to-the-classics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | studio = | venue = | genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[pop music|pop]]<ref> http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-writings-on-the-wall-mw0000241813 </ref>}} | length = 4:15 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = {{hlist|Kevin Briggs|[[Kandi Burruss]]|[[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]]|[[LeToya Luckett]]|[[LaTavia Roberson]]|[[Kelly Rowland]]}} | producer = [[Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs|Shek'spere]]<ref name="discogs.com">[http://www.discogs.com/Destinys-Child-Bills-Bills-Bills/release/3081408 Bills Bills Bills credits]</ref> | prev_title = [[Get on the Bus (song)|Get on the Bus]] | prev_year = 1998 | next_title = [[Bug a Boo]] | next_year = 1999 }} "'''Bills, Bills, Bills'''" was the first [[single (music)|single]] from [[Destiny's Child]]'s second [[album]] ''[[The Writing's on the Wall]]''. A track which echoed the men-bashing sentiments of [[TLC (group)|TLC]]'s massive [[summer]] hit "No Scrubs", and even featured the same producer (Kevin She"kspere Briggs). The song provided the group with their first [[United States|US]] chart-topper in July 1999, and also reached the [[United Kingdom|UK]] Top 10. The album featured a greater creative input from the group, although they still relied on a production crew including Rodney Jerkins, [[Missy Elliott]], Chad Elliot, and Dwayne Wiggins of [[Tony! Toni! Tone!]] ==Formats and remixes== :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Radio Edit) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Acapella) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" ([[Jonathan Coulton]]) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Instrumental) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Digital Black-N-Groove Club Mix Instrumental) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Digital Black-N-Groove Club Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Digital Black-n-Groove Club Radio Remix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (DJ Def Club's Xclusive Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Maurice's Xclusive Dub Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Maurice's Xclusive Livegig Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Maurice's Xclusive Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (UK Garage Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (D'n'D 2-Step Mix) :"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix Radio Edit) (feat Jazz-Ming & [[Sporty Thievz]]) :"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix) (feat Jazz-Ming & Sporty Thievz) :"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix Acapella) (feat Jazz-Ming & Sporty Thievz) :"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix Instrumental) ==References== {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:1999 songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] 1hg63kozoaaphn4j0a08ir0mcnx5u88 10967020 10966662 2026-08-18T22:00:44Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Bills, Bills, Bills | cover = | alt = | border = yes | type = single | artist = [[Destiny's Child]] | album = [[The Writing's on the Wall]] | B-side = {{ubl|"Bills, Bills, Bills (I Can't Go for That)"|"[[Bug a Boo]]"|"So Good"|"Now That She's Gone"|"No, No, No" (Part I)|"No, No, No" (Part II)|"With Me" (Part II)}} | released = {{Start date|1999|6|14|mf=y}} | recorded = December 1998<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faqs.org/copyright/flashing-lights-and-3-other-titles-beautiful-and-15-other/#id11753436 |title=Flashing lights & 3 other titles, Beautiful & 15 other titles, Poems by me, continuation – song, music – Copyright Info |publisher=Faqs.org |accessdate=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2011-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604163108/http://www.faqs.org/copyright/flashing-lights-and-3-other-titles-beautiful-and-15-other/#id11753436 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://soulculture.com/features/interviews/destinys-child-the-writings-on-the-wall-lp-revisited-by-co-writer-kandi-burruss-return-to-the-classics/|title=Destiny's Child The Writing's On The Wall LP revisited by co-writer Kandi Burruss - Return To The Classics - SoulCulture|work=SoulCulture|access-date=2019-05-17|archive-date=2015-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705185817/http://soulculture.com/features/interviews/destinys-child-the-writings-on-the-wall-lp-revisited-by-co-writer-kandi-burruss-return-to-the-classics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | studio = | venue = | genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[pop music|pop]]<ref> http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-writings-on-the-wall-mw0000241813 </ref>}} | length = 4:15 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | writer = {{hlist|Kevin Briggs|[[Kandi Burruss]]|[[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]]|[[LeToya Luckett]]|[[LaTavia Roberson]]|[[Kelly Rowland]]}} | producer = [[Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs|Shek'spere]]<ref name="discogs.com">[http://www.discogs.com/Destinys-Child-Bills-Bills-Bills/release/3081408 Bills Bills Bills credits]</ref> | prev_title = [[Get on the Bus (song)|Get on the Bus]] | prev_year = 1998 | next_title = [[Bug a Boo]] | next_year = 1999 }} "'''Bills, Bills, Bills'''" was the first [[single (music)|single]] from [[Destiny's Child]]'s second [[album]] ''[[The Writing's on the Wall]]''. A track which echoed the men-bashing sentiments of [[TLC (group)|TLC]]'s massive [[summer]] hit "No Scrubs", and even featured the same producer (Kevin She"kspere Briggs). The song provided the group with their first [[United States|US]] chart-topper in July 1999, and also reached the [[United Kingdom|UK]] Top 10. The album featured a greater creative input from the group, although they still relied on a production crew including Rodney Jerkins, [[Missy Elliott]], Chad Elliot, and Dwayne Wiggins of [[Tony! Toni! Tone!]] ==Formats and remixes== :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Radio Edit) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Acapella) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" ([[Jonathan Coulton]]) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Instrumental) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Digital Black-N-Groove Club Mix Instrumental) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Digital Black-N-Groove Club Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Digital Black-n-Groove Club Radio Remix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (DJ Def Club's Xclusive Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Maurice's Xclusive Dub Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Maurice's Xclusive Livegig Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Maurice's Xclusive Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (UK Garage Mix) :"Bills, Bills, Bills" (D'n'D 2-Step Mix) :"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix Radio Edit) (feat Jazz-Ming & [[Sporty Thievz]]) :"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix) (feat Jazz-Ming & Sporty Thievz) :"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix Acapella) (feat Jazz-Ming & Sporty Thievz) :"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix Instrumental) ==References== {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:1999 songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] gfcmgy6962p1dxfhra1vxcs8zvjdqts 0 81427 10966652 10964455 2026-08-18T14:52:45Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Say My Name | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = [[Destiny's Child]] | album = [[The Writing's on the Wall]] | EP = | written = | published = | released = February 13, 2000 | format = | recorded = 1999 | studio = | venue = | genre = [[R&B]] | length = 4:00 <small>(single)</small>, 4:31 <small>(album)</small> | label = [[Columbia Records]] | writer = Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, [[Beyoncé Knowles]], LeToya Luckett, LaTavia Roberson, [[Kelly Rowland]] | composer = | lyricist = | producer = Rodney Jerkins | prev_title = Jumpin' Jumpin' | prev_year = 2000 | title = | next_title = Independent Women | next_year = 2000 }} "'''Say My Name'''" is a number-one single by American R&B group [[Destiny's Child]] for the Columbia Records label, released in early 2000. The single was the third of four singles from the group's 1999 album ''[[The Writing's On The Wall]]'', and the most successful of the four. It is considered to be one of their signature songs. It won a Grammy and an MTV Video Music Award. ==Formats and remixes== Several [[remix]]es of "Say My Name" were issued alongside the original version. The two most notable alternate versions are a remix by Timbaland, which features different vocals and a guest appearance from [[Steve "Static" Garrett|Static]] of [[Playa (band)|Playa]]; and the "Nitro Remix" (featuring Nitro and Chief, with production by Mista Maze), which uses the original vocals over a [[bass music]]-styled backing track. * "Say My Name" (Acapella) * "Say My Name" (Daddy D Remix) * "Say My Name" (Digital Black & Groove Club Mix) * "Say My Name" (Dreem Teem Club Mix) * "Say My Name" (Instrumental) * "Say My Name" (Jazzy Bass Remix) * "Say My Name" (Maurice's Bass 2000 Mix) * "Say My Name" (Maurice's Millenium Mix) * "Say My Name" (Maurice's Old Skool Dub Mix) * "Say My Name" (Nitro Remix) (feat Nitro & Chief of Mob Playas) * "Say My Name" (Radio Edit) * "Say My Name" (Noodles Mix) * "Say My Name" (Remix) (feat [[Kobe Bryant]]) * "Say My Name" (Sidney's 2step RMX) * "Say My Name" (Storm Mix By Tariq) * "Say My Name" (Timbaland Remix) (feat Static) == Chart performances == {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="text-align:center;"|Chart (2001) ! style="text-align:center;"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Australian ARIA Singles Chart | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart | style="text-align:center;"|9 |- |align="left"|Philippine Top Hits | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|US R&B Singles | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |} [[Category:2000 songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] hyc3rk5vgioww36wke6nuzbvhfqr8iy 10966656 10966652 2026-08-18T14:54:09Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Say My Name | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = [[Destiny's Child]] | album = [[The Writing's on the Wall]] | EP = | written = | published = | released = February 13, 2000 | format = | recorded = 1999 | studio = | venue = | genre = [[R&B]] | length = 4:00 <small>(single)</small>, 4:31 <small>(album)</small> | label = [[Columbia Records]] | writer = Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, [[Beyoncé Knowles]], LeToya Luckett, LaTavia Roberson, [[Kelly Rowland]] | composer = | lyricist = | producer = Rodney Jerkins | prev_title = Bug a Boo | prev_year = 1999 | title = | next_title = Jumpin’, Jumpin | next_year = 2000 }} "'''Say My Name'''" is a number-one single by American R&B group [[Destiny's Child]] for the Columbia Records label, released in early 2000. The single was the third of four singles from the group's 1999 album ''[[The Writing's On The Wall]]'', and the most successful of the four. It is considered to be one of their signature songs. It won a Grammy and an MTV Video Music Award. ==Formats and remixes== Several [[remix]]es of "Say My Name" were issued alongside the original version. The two most notable alternate versions are a remix by Timbaland, which features different vocals and a guest appearance from [[Steve "Static" Garrett|Static]] of [[Playa (band)|Playa]]; and the "Nitro Remix" (featuring Nitro and Chief, with production by Mista Maze), which uses the original vocals over a [[bass music]]-styled backing track. * "Say My Name" (Acapella) * "Say My Name" (Daddy D Remix) * "Say My Name" (Digital Black & Groove Club Mix) * "Say My Name" (Dreem Teem Club Mix) * "Say My Name" (Instrumental) * "Say My Name" (Jazzy Bass Remix) * "Say My Name" (Maurice's Bass 2000 Mix) * "Say My Name" (Maurice's Millenium Mix) * "Say My Name" (Maurice's Old Skool Dub Mix) * "Say My Name" (Nitro Remix) (feat Nitro & Chief of Mob Playas) * "Say My Name" (Radio Edit) * "Say My Name" (Noodles Mix) * "Say My Name" (Remix) (feat [[Kobe Bryant]]) * "Say My Name" (Sidney's 2step RMX) * "Say My Name" (Storm Mix By Tariq) * "Say My Name" (Timbaland Remix) (feat Static) == Chart performances == {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="text-align:center;"|Chart (2001) ! style="text-align:center;"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Australian ARIA Singles Chart | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart | style="text-align:center;"|9 |- |align="left"|Philippine Top Hits | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|US R&B Singles | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |} [[Category:2000 songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] p5lvf3fop9snxyqoi4w7n9yunstp05i 10967022 10966656 2026-08-18T22:00:45Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Say My Name | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = [[Destiny's Child]] | album = [[The Writing's on the Wall]] | EP = | written = | published = | released = February 10, 2000 | format = | recorded = 1999 | studio = | venue = | genre = [[R&B]] | length = 4:00 <small>(single)</small>, 4:31 <small>(album)</small> | label = [[Columbia Records]] | writer = Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, [[Beyoncé Knowles]], LeToya Luckett, LaTavia Roberson, [[Kelly Rowland]] | composer = | lyricist = | producer = Rodney Jerkins | prev_title = Jumpin' Jumpin' | prev_year = 2000 | title = | next_title = Independent Women | next_year = 2000 }} "'''Say My Name'''" is a number-one single by American R&B group [[Destiny's Child]] for the Columbia Records label, released in early 2000. The single was the third of four singles from the group's 1999 album ''[[The Writing's On The Wall]]'', and the most successful of the four. It is considered to be one of their signature songs. It won a Grammy and an MTV Video Music Award. ==Formats and remixes== Several [[remix]]es of "Say My Name" were issued alongside the original version. The two most notable alternate versions are a remix by Timbaland, which features different vocals and a guest appearance from [[Steve "Static" Garrett|Static]] of [[Playa (band)|Playa]]; and the "Nitro Remix" (featuring Nitro and Chief, with production by Mista Maze), which uses the original vocals over a [[bass music]]-styled backing track. * "Say My Name" (Acapella) * "Say My Name" (Daddy D Remix) * "Say My Name" (Digital Black & Groove Club Mix) * "Say My Name" (Dreem Teem Club Mix) * "Say My Name" (Instrumental) * "Say My Name" (Jazzy Bass Remix) * "Say My Name" (Maurice's Bass 2000 Mix) * "Say My Name" (Maurice's Millenium Mix) * "Say My Name" (Maurice's Old Skool Dub Mix) * "Say My Name" (Nitro Remix) (feat Nitro & Chief of Mob Playas) * "Say My Name" (Radio Edit) * "Say My Name" (Noodles Mix) * "Say My Name" (Remix) (feat [[Kobe Bryant]]) * "Say My Name" (Sidney's 2step RMX) * "Say My Name" (Storm Mix By Tariq) * "Say My Name" (Timbaland Remix) (feat Static) == Chart performances == {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="text-align:center;"|Chart (2001) ! style="text-align:center;"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Australian ARIA Singles Chart | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart | style="text-align:center;"|9 |- |align="left"|Philippine Top Hits | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |- |align="left"|US R&B Singles | style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' |} [[Category:2000 songs]] [[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one songs]] [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] t7vprlg812rlezp5prrtr7ftaksqohi 0 85536 10966979 10965860 2026-08-18T20:33:42Z Synth Legend 1632024 Major revamp. Consolidated to fit Simple Wikipedia standards. For more detailed info, go to the English Wikipedia page. 10966979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}} {{Redirect2|Joseph Biden|Biden|his son, Joseph Biden III|Beau Biden||Biden (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox officeholder | image = Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg | alt = Official portrait of Joe Biden as president of the United States | caption = Official portrait, 2021 <!-- Current office layout is a result of consensus at [[Talk:Joe Biden/Archive 14#RfC on the infobox length]]. Please do not restore old version without seeking consensus on talk first. -->| order = 46th | office = President of the United States | vicepresident = [[Kamala Harris]] | term_start = January 20, 2021 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | predecessor = Donald Trump | successor = [[Donald Trump]] | order2 = 47th | office2 = Vice President of the United States | president2 = [[Barack Obama]] | term_start2 = January 20, 2009 | term_end2 = January 20, 2017 | predecessor2 = [[Dick Cheney]] | successor2 = [[Mike Pence]] | jr/sr3 = United States Senator | state3 = [[Delaware]] | term_start3 = January 3, 1973 | term_end3 = January 15, 2009 | predecessor3 = [[J. Caleb Boggs]] | successor3 = [[Ted Kaufman]] | birth_name = Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|11|20}} | birth_place = [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], U.S. | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (since 1969) | otherparty = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1968–1969) | spouse = {{Plainlist}} * {{marriage|[[Neilia Hunter Biden|Neilia Hunter]]|August 27, 1966|December 18, 1972|reason=died}} * {{marriage|[[Jill Biden|Jill Jacobs]]|June 17, 1977|}} {{endplainlist}} | children = {{Flatlist}} * [[Beau Biden|Beau]] * [[Hunter Biden|Hunter]] * Naomi * [[Ashley Biden|Ashley]] {{endflatlist}} | relatives = [[Family of Joe Biden|Biden family]] | residence = [[Wilmington, Delaware]], U.S. | occupation = {{Flatlist}} * politician * lawyer * author {{endflatlist}} | education = {{Plainlist}} * [[University of Delaware]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) * [[Syracuse University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) {{endplainlist}} | awards = [[List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden|Full list]] | signature = Joe Biden Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | website = {{Official website|bidenlibrary.gov/|name = Presidential library}}<br>{{Official website|bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/|name = White House archives}} | footnotes = <!-- Do not move the chairmanships anywhere else without discussing in talk page; moving them to the footnotes was allowed for in previous talk page discussions on the question of the chairmanships in the infobox. -->{{#invoke:collapsible list|main | titlestyle = background:lavender;text-align:center; | title = Other offices | bullets = on | 2007–2009: Chair of the [[United States Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control|International Narcotics Control Caucus]] | 2001{{efn|Biden held the chairmanship from January 3 to 20, then was succeeded by [[Jesse Helms]] until June 6, and thereafter held the position until 2003.}}–2003, 2007–2009: Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] | 1987–1995: Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] | 1971–1973: Member of the [[New Castle County Council]] from the 4th district }} | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Joe Biden speaks on U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the fall of Kabul.ogg|title=Joe Biden's voice|type=speech|description={{br entries|Biden speaks on the [[2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan]] and the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|fall of Kabul]].|Recorded August 16, 2021}}}} }} '''Joseph Robinette Biden Jr'''. ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aɪ|d|ən|audio=En-us-Biden2.ogg}} {{respell|BY|dən}}; born November 20, 1942), commonly known as '''Joe Biden''', is an American politician and lawyer who was the [[President of the United States|46th president of the United States]] from 2021 to 2025. He was also the [[Vice President of the United States|47th vice president]] from 2009 to 2017 and a [[United States Senate|United States senator]] from [[Delaware]] from 1973 to 2009. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Biden was born in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], and grew up in [[Delaware]]. He studied at the [[University of Delaware]] and [[Syracuse University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joseph R. Biden Jr.|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/joseph-r-biden-jr|access-date=2026-08-17|website=WHHA (en-US)|language=en}}</ref> In 1972, he was elected to the United States Senate at the age of 29. He was reelected six times and became chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee and Senate Foreign Relations Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joseph Biden Jr. (D) {{!}} Freedom and Citizenship|url=https://freedomandcitizenship.columbia.edu/people/joe-biden|access-date=2026-08-17|website=freedomandcitizenship.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref> Biden ran for president in 1988 and 2008 but ended both campaigns before the election. In 2008, [[Barack Obama]] chose Biden as his running mate.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Joe Biden: Campaigns and Elections {{!}} Miller Center|url=https://millercenter.org/president/biden/campaigns-and-elections|access-date=2026-08-17|website=millercenter.org|language=en}}</ref> Obama and Biden won the 2008 election and were reelected in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rushton|first=Simon|title=Obama wins tight Democratic race - CNN.com|url=https://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/29/dems.two/index.html|access-date=2026-08-17|website=www.cnn.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hackman|first=Michelle|last2=Li|first2=Diana|date=2012-11-06|title=Obama wins four more years|url=https://yaledailynews.com/articles/obama-wins-four-more-years|website=Yale Daily News}}</ref> In 2020, Biden became the Democratic nominee for president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden officially clinches Democratic nomination for president|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/12/biden-cllinches-democratic-presidential-nomination-00146648|access-date=2026-08-17|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref> He defeated [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]] in the November election and became president on January 20, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Jonathan|last2=Burns|first2=Alexander|date=2020-11-07|title=Biden Wins Presidency, Ending Four Tumultuous Years Under Trump|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/07/us/politics/biden-election.html|access-date=2026-08-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At age 78, he was the oldest person to become president at the time and the second [[Catholicism|Catholic]] president after [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Joe Biden: America's second Catholic president|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55801307|access-date=2026-08-17|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> As president, Biden signed the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021|American Rescue Plan]] in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and signed a major infrastructure law.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Kate|date=2021-03-11|title=Biden signs historic $1.9 trillion Covid-19 relief law {{!}} CNN Politics|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/11/politics/biden-sign-covid-bill|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> He appointed [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], making her the first Black woman to serve on the Court.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tapper|first=Jake|last2=de Vogue|first2=Ariane|last3=Zeleny|first3=Jeff|last4=Klein|first4=Betsy|last5=Vazquez|first5=Maegan|date=2022-02-25|title=Biden nominates Ketanji Brown Jackson to be first Black woman to sit on Supreme Court {{!}} CNN Politics|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/25/politics/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> He also supported policies to fight [[climate change]] and rejoined the [[Paris Agreement]] after Trump had withdrawn the United States from it.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rot|first=Nathan|date=2021-01-20|title=Biden Moves To Have U.S. Rejoin Climate Accord|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/inauguration-day-live-updates/2021/01/20/958923821/biden-moves-to-have-u-s-rejoin-climate-accord|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> Biden ended the U.S. military presence in [[Afghanistan]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moon Cronk|first=Terri|title=Biden Announces Full U.S. Troop Withdrawal From Afghanistan by Sept. 11|url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2573268/biden-announces-full-us-troop-withdrawal-from-afghanistan-by-sept-11/}}</ref> The withdrawal was followed by the collapse of the Afghan government and the return of the [[Taliban]] to power. Biden was criticized for how the withdrawal was handled.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-09|title=US Republicans blame Biden in Afghanistan withdrawal report|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1k3dp1094ko|access-date=2026-08-17|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> In February 2022, [[Russia]] invaded [[Ukraine]]. Biden responded by placing sanctions on Russia and providing military and economic aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Naylor|first=Brian|last2=Ordoñez|first2=Franco|date=2022-02-24|title=Biden announces new sanctions as Russia attacks Ukraine|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/24/1082776912/biden-russia-ukraine-invasion-live|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> After [[Hamas]] attacked [[Israel]] in October 2023, Biden expressed support for Israel while also calling for [[humanitarian aid]] for [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]] in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Holland|first=Steve|date=2023-10-18|title=Biden offers Israelis support, Palestinians aid in Tel Aviv|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/tel-aviv-biden-reassures-israel-addresses-palestinian-suffering-2023-10-18/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Biden's presidency was also affected by high [[inflation]] and rising prices. His approval ratings were often low, and Republicans criticized his [[Economic policy|economic]] and [[immigration]] policies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morgan|first=David|date=2021-11-01|title=Republicans blame Biden for inflation, but are they right?|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/republicans-blame-biden-inflation-are-they-right-2021-11-01/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> In 2023, [[Classified information|classified documents]] from Biden's time as vice president were found at his home and former office. Special Counsel Robert Hur investigated the matter but did not recommend [[Indictment|criminal charges]] against Biden.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-09|title=Biden won't be charged in classified docs case; special counsel cites instances of 'poor memory'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/joe-biden/special-counsel-says-evidence-biden-willfully-retained-disclosed-class-rcna96666|access-date=2026-08-17|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> == 2024 presidential election == Biden announced his [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|campaign]] for reelection in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Montanaro|first=Domenico|last2=Keith|first2=Tamara|last3=Bustillo|first3=Ximena|date=2023-04-25|title=Biden warns of rights under threat from Trump and 'MAGA extremists' in reelect launch|language=en|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/04/25/1145679856/biden-president-announcement-2024-running-reelection|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> He became the Democratic nominee and was expected to face Donald Trump again.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Zeke|title=Biden clinches 2024 Democratic nomination|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/biden-clinches-2024-democratic-nomination|access-date=2026-08-17|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> On June 27, 2024, Biden and Trump took part in a presidential debate.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Butler|first=Megan|date=2024-06-27|title=Biden and Trump face off in first 2024 presidential debate|url=https://www.courthousenews.com/biden-and-trump-face-off-in-first-2024-presidential-debate|access-date=2026-08-17|website=Courthouse News Service|language=en-us}}</ref> Biden's performance was widely criticized, leading to concerns about his age and ability to serve another term. Several Democratic politicians and public figures called for him to leave the race.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Zeke|last2=Price|first2=Michelle L.|last3=Weissert|first3=Will|last4=Barrow|first4=Bill|last5=Superville|first5=Darlene|date=2024-06-28|title=A halting Biden tries to confront Trump at debate but sparks Democratic anxiety about his candidacy|url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/elections/2024/a-halting-biden-tries-to-confront-trump-at-debate-but-sparks-democratic-anxiety-about-his-candidacy/|access-date=2026-08-17|website=The Associated Press|language=en-US}}</ref> On July 21, 2024, Biden ended his campaign for reelection and endorsed [[Kamala Harris|Vice President Kamala Harris]] as the Democratic nominee.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mason|first=Jeff|last2=Renshaw|first2=Jarrett|last3=Holland|first3=Steve|date=2021-07-21|title=Biden ends failing reelection campaign, backs Harris as nominee|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-81-pulls-out-presidential-race-2024-07-21/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Harris later chose [[Tim Walz|Minnesota Governor Tim Walz]] as her running mate.<ref>{{Cite news|last=John King, Jeff Zeleny, Jamie Gangel, MJ Lee, Daniel Strauss, Gregory Krieg, Kristen Holmes, Betsy Klein|date=2024-08-06|title=Harris picks Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz as her running mate {{!}} CNN Politics|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/06/politics/tim-walz-harris-vice-president|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> Harris lost the [[2024 United States presidential election|November election]] to Trump.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Megerian|first=Chris|last2=Superville|first2=Darlene|last3=Brown|first3=Matt|date=2024-11-06|title=Harris says nation must accept election results while urging supporters to keep fighting|url=https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-donald-trump-election-ddeae9fb378530159201ef4196cba9b3|access-date=2026-08-17|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> == Post-presidency == Biden's presidency ended on January 20, 2025, when Donald Trump was [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inaugurated]] as president for a second term. Biden returned to his home state of Delaware and continued to make public appearances.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wootson Jr|first=Cleve R.|date=2026-07-26|title=The shrinking world of former president Joe Biden|language=en-US|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2026/07/26/illness-has-transformed-biden-post-presidential-life/|access-date=2026-08-18|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In February 2025, Trump revoked Biden's [[security clearance]]. This followed Biden's decision in 2021 to revoke Trump's access to classified information after Trump left office.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Elena|date=2025-02-07|title=Trump says he is revoking Biden's security clearances|language=en|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/07/nx-s1-5290260/trump-biden-security-clearance|access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> In May 2025, Biden's office announced that he had been diagnosed with an aggressive form of [[prostate cancer]] that had spread to his bones.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wolfe|first=Jan|date=2026-08-08|title=Ex-President Joe Biden's cancer has spread, is very painful, son says|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/ex-president-joe-bidens-cancer-has-spread-is-very-painful-son-says-2026-08-08/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> He later received radiation treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lukiv|first=Jaroslav|date=2025-10-11|title=Joe Biden receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer, spokesman says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1ede670jnyo|access-date=2026-08-18|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Personal life == Biden has four children and seven grandchildren.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saenz|first=Kevin Liptak,Arlette|date=2023-07-28|title=Bidens publicly acknowledge their seventh grandchild for the first time {{!}} CNN Politics|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/28/politics/president-acknowledges-seventh-grandchild|access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> His first wife, [[Neilia Hunter Biden|Neilia Hunter]], and their daughter, Naomi, died in a car accident in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|first=HISTORY com|date=2023-06-02|title=Joe Biden loses first wife and daughter in tragic car accident {{!}} December 18, 1972|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/december-18/joe-biden-loses-first-wife-and-daughter-in-tragic-car-accident|access-date=2026-08-18|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref> His sons [[Beau Biden|Beau]] and [[Hunter Biden|Hunter]] survived the accident. Beau later became Attorney General of Delaware but died of brain cancer in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-31|title=socialHeadline|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/05/beau-biden-former-118450|access-date=2026-08-18|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref> Biden married his second wife, [[Jill Biden|Jill Jacobs]], in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Office of Joe and Jill Biden|url=https://a7960553.biden-post-wh.pages.dev/about/|access-date=2026-08-18|website=a7960553.biden-post-wh.pages.dev|language=en}}</ref> They have one daughter, [[Ashley Biden|Ashley]]. Jill Biden was the [[First Lady of the United States|first lady of the United States]] from 2021 to 2025 and is a former [[teacher]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Superville|first=Darlene|date=2024-12-17|title=Jill Biden says she has closed the book on teaching at Northern Virginia Community College|url=https://apnews.com/article/jill-biden-teaching-career-94e8aa4d4ec03a776c98382092a6f1f9|access-date=2026-08-18|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> Biden is a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Travis|date=2021-03-30|title=Most Democrats and Republicans Know Biden Is Catholic, but They Differ Sharply About How Religious He Is|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/03/30/most-democrats-and-republicans-know-biden-is-catholic-but-they-differ-sharply-about-how-religious-he-is/|access-date=2026-08-18|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref> He does not drink [[Alcoholism|alcohol]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagourney|first=Adam|date=2020-10-30|title=In Trump and Biden, a Choice of Teetotalers for President|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/us/trump-biden-alcohol.html|access-date=2026-08-18|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He has had several health problems during his life, including [[Intracranial aneurysm|brain aneurysms]] in 1988 and [[COVID-19]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-05-21|title=Joe Biden's health timeline: From brain aneurysms to prostate cancer diagnosis in 2025|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/joe-bidens-health-timeline-from-brain-aneurysms-to-prostate-cancer-diagnosis-in-2025/articleshow/121300718.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2026-08-18|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Biden is one of the longest-serving politicians in American history. He spent more than 35 years in the Senate, served as vice president for eight years, and was president for four years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Joe Biden: Life in Brief {{!}} Miller Center|url=https://millercenter.org/president/biden/life-in-brief|access-date=2026-08-18|website=millercenter.org|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites== {{commons}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource|Author:Joe Biden|Joe Biden}} * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/vice-president-biden White House official biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718130315/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/vice-president-biden |date=July 18, 2013 }} * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/Vice_President_Joe_Biden}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080403001745/http://bidenforsenate.com/ Senate campaign website (archived)] * {{CongLinks | congbio = b000444 | votesmart = | washpo = gIQAT0JR9O | govtrack = 300008 | opencong = | cspan = 34 | ontheissuespath = Joe_Biden.htm | surge = | legistorm = 8/Sen_Joseph_Biden_Jr.html | fec = S8DE00012 | opensecrets = N00001669 | followthemoney = | nyt = b/joseph_r_jr_biden | findagrave = }} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-16125}} * {{IMDb name|0081182}} {{Joe Biden}} {{USPresidents}} {{USVicePresidents}} {{Biden cabinet}} {{Obama cabinet|state=collapsed}} {{Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Biden, Joe}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Joe Biden| ]] [[Category:1984 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:1988 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2008 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2020 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2024 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:21st-century American politicians]] [[Category:Lawyers from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Politicians from Scranton, Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware]] [[Category:United States senators from Delaware]] [[Category:2008 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Writers from Wilmington, Delaware]] [[Category:Writers from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Lawyers from Delaware]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] [[Category:Vice presidents of the United States]] [[Category:21st-century presidents of the United States]] bb5fnjpitu57jit2qddccyy3ecdrm9f 0 88644 10966678 10691218 2026-08-18T15:14:18Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | name = Paul Rudd | image = Paul Rudd and Kate Mara at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival 8 (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | image caption = Rudd in 2024 | birthname = Paul Stephen Rudd | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|4|6}} | birth_place = [[Passaic, New Jersey]], U.S. | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|writer|comedian}} | years_active = 1991–present | spouse = Julie Yaeger (2003–present) | children = 2 }} '''Paul Stephen Rudd'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/09/paul-rudd-ant-man-hollywoods-nice-guy-english-parents-kansas|title=Paul Rudd on Ant-Man, being Hollywood's go-to nice guy and growing up with English parents in Kansas|last=Freeman|first=Hadley|date=2015-07-09|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-19|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> (born April 6, 1969) is an [[Americans|American]] [[actor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarkarinaukriresult.live/2020/04/paul-rudds-house-where-wife-julie.html|title=Paul Rudd's House: Where Wife Julie Yaeger & His Kids Call Home|access-date=2020-07-20|archive-date=2020-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720064638/https://www.sarkarinaukriresult.live/2020/04/paul-rudds-house-where-wife-julie.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Early and personal life== Rudd was born on April 6, 1969 in [[Passaic, New Jersey]].<ref name=ancestry>{{cite news |first=Hadley |last=Freeman|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/09/paul-rudd-ant-man-hollywoods-nice-guy-english-parents-kansas |title=Paul Rudd on Ant-Man, being Hollywood's go-to nice guy and growing up with English parents in Kansas |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, England|date=July 9, 2015|access-date=January 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paul Rudd biography |url=http://www.biography.com/people/paul-rudd-9542374 |website=Biography.com |publisher=A+E Television Networks, LLC |access-date=September 1, 2012}}</ref> His father, Michael Rudd, was a historical tour guide and former vice-president of [[Trans World Airlines]] who died of cancer when Rudd was 39.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecorazzi.com/2011/03/22/paul-rudds-birthday-wish-is-for-you-to-help-him-cure-cancer/ |title=Paul Rudd's Birthday Wish Is For You To Help Him Cure Cancer |website=Ecorazzi |first=Ali |last=Berman |date=March 22, 2011 |access-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-date=June 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621033233/http://www.ecorazzi.com/2011/03/22/paul-rudds-birthday-wish-is-for-you-to-help-him-cure-cancer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2012/01/Will-Jennifer-Aniston-and-Paul-Rudds-Discussion-of-Cremated-Therapists-Dogs-and-Fathers-Make-You-Want-to-See-Their-New-Movie |title=Will Jennifer Aniston and Paul Rudd's Discussion of Cremated Therapists, Dogs, and Fathers Make You Want to See Their New Movie? |publisher=Vanity Fair |date=February 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/entertainment/actress-julia-roberts-presents-honorary-irishman-award-to-actor-paul-rudd-117006253-237372031 |title=Julia Roberts presents 'Honorary Irishman' award to actor Paul Rudd |publisher=IrishCentral |date=February 27, 2011}}</ref> His mother, Gloria Irene (Granville), was a sales manager at the television station [[KCMO-TV]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]].<ref name=jjournal1/><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Caren |title=FILM; Suddenly the Object Of Much Attention |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 26, 1998 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04E7D6163FF935A15757C0A96E958260 |access-date=December 10, 2007}}</ref><ref name="ref1108">{{cite news |last=Garron |first=Barry |title=Actor takes his career in stride For Paul Rudd, the cancellation of 'Wild Oats is merely a bend in the road |newspaper=[[The Kansas City Star]] |date=October 23, 1994 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=KC&p_theme=kc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF40FAE443789D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |access-date=November 10, 2008 |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609123813/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=KC&p_theme=kc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF40FAE443789D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |url-status=dead }}</ref> His parents were born in England; his father was from [[Edgware]] and his mother from [[Surbiton]], both in [[London]].<ref name="NJ">{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Whitty |url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/tv/index.ssf/2009/03/behind_paul_rudd_theres_a_seri.html |title=Paul Rudd interview: He's happy to have a job – any job |newspaper=[[The Star-Ledger]] |location=Newark |date=March 22, 2009 |access-date=July 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>Stated on ''[[The Graham Norton Show]]'', February 1, 2013.</ref> Rudd's parents were both Jewish (descended from Jewish immigrants who moved to Britain from Russia, Belarus, and Poland).<ref name=ancestry /><ref name="jjournal1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/jews-making-news-parker-rudd/|title=Jews Making News: Parker, Rudd|work=Atlanta Jewish Times|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=May 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Curt|last=Schleier|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/10/26/life-religion/paul-rudd-learns-about-his-family-history-from-a-jta-news-brief-on-finding-your-roots|title=Paul Rudd learns about his family history from a JTA article on 'Finding Your Roots'|work=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]|date=October 26, 2017|access-date=May 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ginott |first=Jamie H. |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1998/4/17/an-object-of-affection-talking-with/?page=single |title=An 'Object' of Affection: Talking with Paul Rudd |newspaper=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=April 17, 1998 |access-date=July 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amy|last=Kuperinsky|url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2017/10/paul_rudd_finding_your_roots_scarlett_johansson_la.html|title=N.J. actor Paul Rudd plumbs family history on 'Finding Your Roots'|work=[[NJ.com]]|date=November 1, 2017|access-date=May 16, 2018}}</ref> Rudd's parents were second cousins.<ref name=fdr1/> His father's family's original surname, "Rudnitsky", was changed by his grandfather to "Rudd", and his mother's family's surname was originally "Goldstein".<ref name="fdr1">Stated on ''[[Finding Your Roots]]'', October 31, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineplex.com/News/INTERVIEW-Paul-Rudd-on-breaking-into-the-Marvel-Universe-in-Ant-Man |title=Interview: Paul Rudd on breaking into the Marvel Universe in Ant-Man |first=Marni |last=Weisz |date=July 14, 2015 |website=[[Cineplex Entertainment|Cineplex.com]] |access-date=January 7, 2018}}</ref> Rudd had a [[Bar and Bat Mitzvah|Bar Mitzvah]] service.<ref name="jjournal1">{{cite news|url=http://jewishjournal.com/uncategorized/111524/|title=Paul Rudd Q & A: 'This is 40'|last=Pfefferman|first=Naomi|date=December 28, 2012|newspaper=[[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles|Jewish Journal]]|access-date=July 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rudd |first=Paul |url=http://bombsite.com/issues/60/articles/2088 |title=Interview: Alfred Uhry |magazine=[[Bomb (magazine)|Bomb]] |number=60 |date=Summer 1997 |access-date=July 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814051215/http://bombsite.com/issues/60/articles/2088 |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Growing up, he loved reading British [[comics]], ''[[The Beano]]'', and ''[[The Dandy]]'', which his uncle in the U.K. would send to him.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/pixar/11766202/Was-Pixars-Inside-Out-inspired-by-The-Beano.html |first=Stephen |last=Armstrong |title=Was Pixar's Inside Out inspired by The Beano? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=July 27, 2015 |access-date=January 7, 2018}}</ref> At age ten, his family moved to [[Lenexa, Kansas]]. They spent three years living in [[Anaheim, California]], because of his father's occupation.<ref name="ew">{{cite magazine |last=Karpel |first=Ari |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20040158,00.html |title=Spotlight on Paul Rudd: Comedy's go-to guy improvises his next career move after 'Knocked Up' |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=May 25, 2007 |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=July 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701152052/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20040158,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elgae>{{cite news |last=Mills |first=Nancy |title=Paul Rudd's offbeat 'Dinner' date |newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]] |date=July 26, 2010 |url=http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=236952 |access-date=July 3, 2010 |archive-date=July 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728143934/http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=236952 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="playboy">{{cite magazine |title=Playboy Interview: Paul Rudd |url=http://www.playboy.com/magazine/playboy-interview-paul-rudd |first=Eric |last=Spitznagel |date=October 2011 |magazine=[[Playboy]] |access-date=January 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128174120/http://www.playboy.com/magazine/playboy-interview-paul-rudd |archive-date=January 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Rudd attended [[Shawnee Mission School District#Former schools|Broadmoor Junior High]] and graduated from [[Shawnee Mission West High School]] in the class of 1987. Rudd attended the [[University of Kansas]], where he majored in [[theater]].<ref name="allmovie">{{Cite web |first=Rebecca Flint |last=Marx |title=Paul Rudd: Biography |website=[[AllMovie]] |url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/paul-rudd-p225541 |access-date=July 24, 2015 }}</ref> He was a member of the [[Sigma Nu]] fraternity's Nu Chapter there.<ref name="sigma">{{cite web |title=Famous Members of Sigma Nu |url=http://www.sigmanu.org/about/famous_sigmanus.php |website=Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc. |access-date=January 29, 2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024445/http://www.sigmanu.org/about/famous_sigmanus.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He studied at the [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts/West]] in [[Los Angeles]] with fellow actor [[Matthew Lillard]].<ref name="allmovie"/> Rudd spent three months studying [[Jacobean drama]] at the [[British American Drama Academy]] based in [[Oxford]], England.<ref name=gg1>{{cite magazine |last=Heath |first=Chris |title=You Know You're Paul Rudd When... |magazine=[[GQ]] |date=May 2009 |url=https://www.gq.com/entertainment/celebrities/200904/paul-rudd-oxford-elvis-costello |access-date=June 2, 2010 |archive-date=March 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317191338/http://www.gq.com/entertainment/celebrities/200904/paul-rudd-oxford-elvis-costello |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="bada">{{cite web |url=http://www.badaonline.com/127/alumni/alumni.html |title=Alumni |website=British American Drama Academy |access-date=July 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707204952/http://www.badaonline.com/127/alumni/alumni.html |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> While attending acting school, Rudd worked as a Bar Mitzvah disc jockey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/10/07/paul-rudd-on-grace-bar-mitzvahs-and-this-is-40.html |title=Paul Rudd on Grace, Bar Mitzvahs and This is 40 |first=Marlow |last=Stern |date=October 8, 2012 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=January 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212060932/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/10/07/paul-rudd-on-grace-bar-mitzvahs-and-this-is-40.html |archive-date=December 12, 2012}}</ref> ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Director ! Notes |- | rowspan="2" | 1995 | ''[[Clueless (film)|Clueless]]'' | Josh | [[Amy Heckerling]] | |- | ''[[Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers]]'' | [[List of characters in the Halloween film series#Tommy Doyle|Tommy Doyle]] | [[Joe Chappelle]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 1996 | ''[[Romeo + Juliet]]'' | [[Count Paris|Dave Paris]] | [[Baz Luhrmann]] | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Size of Watermelons|nolink=1}}'' | Alex | [[Kari Skogland]] | |- | 1997 | ''{{sortname|The|Locusts|dab=film}}'' | Earl | John Patrick Kelley | |- | rowspan="2" | 1998 | ''[[Overnight Delivery]]'' | Wyatt Trips | [[Jason Bloom (director)|Jason Bloom]] | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Object of My Affection}}'' | George Hanson | [[Nicholas Hytner]] | |- | rowspan="2" | 1999 | ''[[200 Cigarettes]]'' | Kevin | Risa Bramon Garica | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Cider House Rules|dab=film}}'' | Wally Worthington | [[Lasse Hallström]] | |- | 2000 | ''[[Gen-Y Cops]]'' | Ian Curtis | [[Benny Chan (film director)|Benny Chan]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2001 | ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]'' | Andy | [[David Wain]] | |- | ''Reaching Normal'' | Kenneth | [[Anne Heche]] | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Château|nolink=1}}'' | Graham Granville | [[Jesse Peretz]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2003 | ''{{sortname|The|Shape of Things}}'' | Adam Sorenson | [[Neil LaBute]] | |- | ''[[Two Days (2003 film)|Two Days]]'' | Paul Miller | [[Sean McGinly]]|| |- | ''House Hunting'' | Daniel | [[Amy Lippman]] | Short film |- | rowspan="3" | 2004 | ''[[Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy]]'' | Brian Fantana | [[Adam McKay]] | |- | ''[[P.S. (film)|P.S.]]'' | Sammy Silverstein | Dylan Kidd | |- | ''[[Wake Up, Ron Burgundy: The Lost Movie]]'' | Brian Fantana | Adam McKay | Direct-to-DVD |- | rowspan="3" | 2005 | ''{{sortname|The|Baxter}}'' | Dan Abbott | [[Michael Showalter]] | |- | ''{{sortname|The|40-Year-Old Virgin}}'' | David | [[Judd Apatow]] | |- | ''Tennis, Anyone...?'' | Lance Rockwood | [[Donal Logue]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2006 | ''{{sortname|The|Oh in Ohio}}'' | Jack Chase | Billy Kent | |- | ''[[Diggers (2006 film)|Diggers]]'' | Hunt | [[Katherine Dieckmann]] | |- | ''[[Night at the Museum]]'' | Don | [[Shawn Levy]] | |- | rowspan="6" | 2007 | ''[[Reno 911!: Miami]]'' | Ethan | [[Robert Ben Garant]] | |- | ''[[I Could Never Be Your Woman]]'' | Adam Pearl | Amy Heckerling | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Ex|dab=2007 film}}'' | Leon | [[Jesse Peretz]] | |- | ''[[Knocked Up]]'' | Pete | Judd Apatow | |- | ''{{sortname|The|Ten}}'' | Jeff Reigert | David Wain | Also producer |- | ''[[Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story]]'' | [[John Lennon]] | [[Jake Kasdan]] | Uncredited cameo |- | rowspan="3" | 2008 | ''[[Over Her Dead Body]]'' | Dr. Henry Mills | Jeff Lowell | |- | ''[[Forgetting Sarah Marshall]]'' | Chuck | [[Nicholas Stoller]] | |- | ''[[Role Models]]'' | Danny Donahue | David Wain | Also writer |- | rowspan="3" | 2009 | ''[[I Love You, Man]]'' | Peter Klaven | [[John Hamburg]] | |- | ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens]]'' | Derek Dietl (voice) | [[Conrad Vernon]]<br/>[[Rob Letterman]] | |- | ''[[Year One (film)|Year One]]'' | Abel | [[Harold Ramis]] | Uncredited |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''[[Dinner for Schmucks]]'' | Tim Conrad | [[Jay Roach]] | |- | ''[[How Do You Know]]'' | George Madison | [[James L. Brooks]] | |- | 2011 | ''[[Our Idiot Brother]]'' | Ned | [[Jesse Peretz]] | |- | rowspan="3" | 2012 | ''[[Wanderlust (2012 film)|Wanderlust]]'' | George | David Wain | Also producer |- | ''{{sortname|The|Perks of Being a Wallflower|dab=film}}'' | Bill Anderson | [[Stephen Chbosky]] | |- | ''[[This Is 40]]'' | Pete | Judd Apatow | |- | rowspan="5" | 2013 | ''[[Admission (film)|Admission]]'' | John | [[Paul Weitz (filmmaker)|Paul Weitz]] | |- | ''[[Prince Avalanche]]'' | Alvin | [[David Gordon Green]] | |- | ''[[This Is the End]]'' | Himself | [[Seth Rogen]]<br/>[[Evan Goldberg]] | Cameo |- | ''[[All Is Bright]]'' | Rene | [[Phil Morrison (director)|Phil Morrison]] | |- | ''[[Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues]]'' | Brian Fantana | Adam McKay | |- | 2014 | ''[[They Came Together]]'' | Joel | David Wain | |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''[[The Little Prince (2015 film)|The Little Prince]]'' | Mr. Prince (voice) | [[Mark Osborne (filmmaker)|Mark Osborne]] | |- | ''[[Ant-Man (movie)|Ant-Man]]'' | [[Ant-Man (Scott Lang)|Scott Lang / Ant-Man]] | [[Peyton Reed]] | Also writer |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | ''[[The Fundamentals of Caring]]'' | Ben | [[Rob Burnett (producer)|Rob Burnett]] | |- | ''[[Sausage Party]]'' | Darren (voice) | [[Greg Tiernan]]<br/>Conrad Vernon | |- | ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' | Scott Lang / Ant-Man | [[Russo brothers|Anthony Russo<br/>Joe Russo]] | |- | ''[[Nerdland]]'' | John (voice) | [[Chris Prynoski]] | |- |-''[[RUSH -Time Stand Still]]'' | Narrator | [[Dale Heslip]] | |- | 2017 | ''[[Fun Mom Dinner]]'' | Brady | Alethea Jones | Also executive producer |- | rowspan="5" | 2018 | ''[[The Catcher Was a Spy (film)|The Catcher Was a Spy]]'' | [[Moe Berg]] | [[Ben Lewin]] | |- | ''[[A Futile and Stupid Gesture (film)|A Futile and Stupid Gesture]]'' | Lawrence “Larry” Kroger | [[David Wain]] | Cameo |- | ''[[Ideal Home (film)|Ideal Home]]'' | Paul | [[Andrew Fleming]] | |- | ''[[Mute (2018 film)|Mute]]'' | Cactus Bill | [[Duncan Jones]] | |- | ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp]]'' | rowspan=2|Scott Lang / Ant-Man | Peyton Reed | Also writer |- | 2019 | ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' | Anthony Russo<br/>Joe Russo | |} == References == <references /> ==Other websites== *{{imdb name|id=0748620|name=Paul Rudd}} *{{ibdb name|id=58595|name=Paul Rudd}} *[http://www.g-wie-gorilla.de/content/view/557/18/ Interview with Paul Rudd about ''Knocked Up''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221213235/http://www.g-wie-gorilla.de/content/view/557/18/ |date=2007-12-21 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rudd, Paul}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from New Jersey]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American stage actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:People from Passaic, New Jersey]] exdqfh9ahggkmxp81ynbxd0vhiz8sta 0 92207 10967132 10901095 2026-08-19T01:09:44Z Maydoxx 1729702 save someone's time and bytes XD 10967132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Citizenship of the [[European Union]]''' was started by the [[Maastricht Treaty]] signed in 1992. It is extra to being a [[citizen]] of one of the member countries of the [[European Union]], and gives extra rights to nationals of European Union Member States. == History == Before the [[Maastricht Treaty|Maastricht Treaty (1992)]], the [[European Communities]] treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951.<ref>[http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=823 Treaty of Paris Article 69] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607132102/http://www.ena.lu/?lang=2&doc=823 |date=2011-06-07 }}.</ref> This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the [[Treaty of Rome]]. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely.<ref>[http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=3800 Treaty of Rome Title 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203113851/https://www.cvce.eu/ |date=2019-12-03 }}.</ref> The [[European Court of Justice]] took a wider idea of freedom of movement.<ref name="Craig">{{cite book| last1 = Craig| first1 = Paul P.| last2 = Burca| first2 = Grainne De| title = EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials| url = https://archive.org/details/eulaw00paul| edition = 3rd| year = 2003| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford, New York| isbn = 978-0-19-925608-2| pages = [https://archive.org/details/eulaw00paul/page/706 706]–711 }}</ref> The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working.<ref name="Craig" /><ref name="Levin">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=681J0053 Case 53/81] ''D.M. Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie''.</ref> The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a [[worker]] wanted to move abroad does not matter,<ref name="Levin" /> they could start part-time and full-time work,<ref name="Levin" /> and get extra help from the new country.<ref name="Kempf">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61985J0139 Case 139/85] ''R. H. Kempf v Staatssecretaris van Justitie''.</ref> Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU<ref name="Luisi">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61982J0286 Joined cases 286/82 and 26/83] ''Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone v Ministero del Tesoro''.</ref><ref name="Cowan">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61987J0186 Case 186/87] ''Ian William Cowan v Trésor public''.</ref> and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country.<ref name="Bickel">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61996C0274:EN:HTML Advocate General Jacobs' Opinion] in Case C-274/96 ''Criminal proceedings against Horst Otto Bickel and Ulrich Franz'' at paragraph [19].</ref> == Start of EU Citizenship == The idea of EU citizenship was started by the [[Treaty of Maastricht]], and was extended by the [[Treaty of Amsterdam]]. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it.<ref>This rendered the provision to the same effect in Protocol no. 5 on the position of Denmark in the Treaty on the European Union superfluous. See {{cite web | last = Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Denmark | authorlink = | title = The Danish Opt-Outs | publisher = | url = http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/AboutDenmark/GovernmentPolitics/DenmarkAndTheEU/TheDanishOptouts/ | doi = | accessdate = 2007-11-24 | archive-date = 2007-10-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014021403/http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/AboutDenmark/GovernmentPolitics/DenmarkAndTheEU/TheDanishOptouts | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Who is an EU citizen? == Article 17 (1) of the amended [[EC Treaty]]<ref name="Rome">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html Treaty of Rome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116105433/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html |date=2013-11-16 }} (consolidated version)</ref> states that <blockquote>Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.</blockquote> == Rights of EU citizens == === Specific rights === The amended [[EC Treaty]]<ref name="Rome" /> provides the following rights to EU citizens: * The right to be treated the same as citizens of the country where they live. (Article 12); * The right to move and live anywhere in the EU, and to apply for any job. EU citizens have the right to work for the government too, but not for some jobs in areas like defence and national security. (Article 18); * The rights to vote or be a [http://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/candidate candidate] in local and European elections in any Member State under the same conditions as the nationals of that state (Article 19); * the right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of any EU country when in a non-EU Member Country, if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen's own country (Article 20); * The right to ask for help from the [[European Parliament]], or from the [[European Ombudsman]] if any EU body has acted badly. (Article 21);<ref>This right also extends to "any natural or legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State": [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html Treaty of Rome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116105433/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html |date=2013-11-16 }} (consolidated version), Article 194.</ref> * The right to contact the [[Institutions of the European Union|EU bodies]] in one of the [[Languages of the European Union|official languages]] and to get a reply in that same language (Article 21); and * The right to get [[European Parliament]], [[European Council|Council]] and [[European Commission|Commission]] documents (Article 255). Citizens of new countries which join the EU can have some of the rights limited for up to seven years after they join. == Brexit == The [[United Kingdom]] has left the European Union. It is still unclear whether [[UK citizen]]s will continue to enjoy EU citizenships after [[Brexit]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46841041 Brexit: How would no deal affect UK citizens in the EU? - BBC News]</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Treaty of Lisbon]] == Further reading == * {{cite book | last = Maas | first = Willem | year = 2007 | title = Creating European Citizens | url = https://archive.org/details/creatingeuropean0000maas | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham | isbn=978-0-7425-5485-6 }} * {{cite book| last = Meehan| first = Elizabeth| title = Citizenship and the European Community| url = https://archive.org/details/citizenshipeurop0000meeh| year = 1993| publisher = Sage| location = London| isbn = 978-0-8039-8429-5 }} * {{cite book | last = O'Leary | first = Síofra | year = 1996 | title = The Evolving Concept of Community Citizenship | url = https://archive.org/details/evolvingconcepto0000olea | publisher = Kluwer Law International | location = The Hague | isbn=978-90-411-0878-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Wiener | first = Antje | year = 1998 | title = 'European' Citizenship Practice: Building Institutions of a Non-State | publisher = Westview Press | location = Boulder | isbn=978-0-8133-3689-3 }} * {{cite web | last = European Commission | authorlink = European Commission | title = Right of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States | url = http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33152.htm | access-date = 2008-02-08 | archive-date = 2012-04-05 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/66hn8NNel?url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33152.htm | url-status = dead }} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Law in Europe]] [[Category:European Union]] [[Category:International law]] [[Category:Citizenship]] hjydnu7xlmujnjvjbydp0plt77omxv3 10967135 10967132 2026-08-19T01:11:50Z Maydoxx 1729702 Another save someone's time and bytes XD 10967135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Citizenship of the [[European Union]]''' was started by the [[Maastricht Treaty]] signed in 1992. It is extra to being a [[citizen]] of one of the member countries of the [[European Union]], and gives extra rights to nationals of European Union Member States. == History == Before the [[Treaty of Maastricht|Treaty of Maastricht (1992)]], the [[European Communities]] treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951.<ref>[http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=823 Treaty of Paris Article 69] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607132102/http://www.ena.lu/?lang=2&doc=823 |date=2011-06-07 }}.</ref> This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the [[Treaty of Rome]]. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely.<ref>[http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=3800 Treaty of Rome Title 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203113851/https://www.cvce.eu/ |date=2019-12-03 }}.</ref> The [[European Court of Justice]] took a wider idea of freedom of movement.<ref name="Craig">{{cite book| last1 = Craig| first1 = Paul P.| last2 = Burca| first2 = Grainne De| title = EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials| url = https://archive.org/details/eulaw00paul| edition = 3rd| year = 2003| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford, New York| isbn = 978-0-19-925608-2| pages = [https://archive.org/details/eulaw00paul/page/706 706]–711 }}</ref> The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working.<ref name="Craig" /><ref name="Levin">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=681J0053 Case 53/81] ''D.M. Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie''.</ref> The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a [[worker]] wanted to move abroad does not matter,<ref name="Levin" /> they could start part-time and full-time work,<ref name="Levin" /> and get extra help from the new country.<ref name="Kempf">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61985J0139 Case 139/85] ''R. H. Kempf v Staatssecretaris van Justitie''.</ref> Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU<ref name="Luisi">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61982J0286 Joined cases 286/82 and 26/83] ''Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone v Ministero del Tesoro''.</ref><ref name="Cowan">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61987J0186 Case 186/87] ''Ian William Cowan v Trésor public''.</ref> and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country.<ref name="Bickel">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61996C0274:EN:HTML Advocate General Jacobs' Opinion] in Case C-274/96 ''Criminal proceedings against Horst Otto Bickel and Ulrich Franz'' at paragraph [19].</ref> == Start of EU Citizenship == The idea of EU citizenship was started by the [[Treaty of Maastricht]], and was extended by the [[Treaty of Amsterdam]]. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it.<ref>This rendered the provision to the same effect in Protocol no. 5 on the position of Denmark in the Treaty on the European Union superfluous. See {{cite web | last = Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Denmark | authorlink = | title = The Danish Opt-Outs | publisher = | url = http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/AboutDenmark/GovernmentPolitics/DenmarkAndTheEU/TheDanishOptouts/ | doi = | accessdate = 2007-11-24 | archive-date = 2007-10-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014021403/http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/AboutDenmark/GovernmentPolitics/DenmarkAndTheEU/TheDanishOptouts | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Who is an EU citizen? == Article 17 (1) of the amended [[EC Treaty]]<ref name="Rome">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html Treaty of Rome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116105433/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html |date=2013-11-16 }} (consolidated version)</ref> states that <blockquote>Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.</blockquote> == Rights of EU citizens == === Specific rights === The amended [[EC Treaty]]<ref name="Rome" /> provides the following rights to EU citizens: * The right to be treated the same as citizens of the country where they live. (Article 12); * The right to move and live anywhere in the EU, and to apply for any job. EU citizens have the right to work for the government too, but not for some jobs in areas like defence and national security. (Article 18); * The rights to vote or be a [http://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/candidate candidate] in local and European elections in any Member State under the same conditions as the nationals of that state (Article 19); * the right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of any EU country when in a non-EU Member Country, if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen's own country (Article 20); * The right to ask for help from the [[European Parliament]], or from the [[European Ombudsman]] if any EU body has acted badly. (Article 21);<ref>This right also extends to "any natural or legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State": [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html Treaty of Rome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116105433/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html |date=2013-11-16 }} (consolidated version), Article 194.</ref> * The right to contact the [[Institutions of the European Union|EU bodies]] in one of the [[Languages of the European Union|official languages]] and to get a reply in that same language (Article 21); and * The right to get [[European Parliament]], [[European Council|Council]] and [[European Commission|Commission]] documents (Article 255). Citizens of new countries which join the EU can have some of the rights limited for up to seven years after they join. == Brexit == The [[United Kingdom]] has left the European Union. It is still unclear whether [[UK citizen]]s will continue to enjoy EU citizenships after [[Brexit]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46841041 Brexit: How would no deal affect UK citizens in the EU? - BBC News]</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Treaty of Lisbon]] == Further reading == * {{cite book | last = Maas | first = Willem | year = 2007 | title = Creating European Citizens | url = https://archive.org/details/creatingeuropean0000maas | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham | isbn=978-0-7425-5485-6 }} * {{cite book| last = Meehan| first = Elizabeth| title = Citizenship and the European Community| url = https://archive.org/details/citizenshipeurop0000meeh| year = 1993| publisher = Sage| location = London| isbn = 978-0-8039-8429-5 }} * {{cite book | last = O'Leary | first = Síofra | year = 1996 | title = The Evolving Concept of Community Citizenship | url = https://archive.org/details/evolvingconcepto0000olea | publisher = Kluwer Law International | location = The Hague | isbn=978-90-411-0878-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Wiener | first = Antje | year = 1998 | title = 'European' Citizenship Practice: Building Institutions of a Non-State | publisher = Westview Press | location = Boulder | isbn=978-0-8133-3689-3 }} * {{cite web | last = European Commission | authorlink = European Commission | title = Right of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States | url = http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33152.htm | access-date = 2008-02-08 | archive-date = 2012-04-05 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/66hn8NNel?url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33152.htm | url-status = dead }} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Law in Europe]] [[Category:European Union]] [[Category:International law]] [[Category:Citizenship]] 3ycxpwq9cliwjlnxceacbxz1cr7nlzv 10967136 10967135 2026-08-19T01:13:35Z Maydoxx 1729702 Quick removal of /* Related pages */ reason: just why?... 10967136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Citizenship of the [[European Union]]''' was started by the [[Maastricht Treaty]] signed in 1992. It is extra to being a [[citizen]] of one of the member countries of the [[European Union]], and gives extra rights to nationals of European Union Member States. == History == Before the [[Treaty of Maastricht|Treaty of Maastricht (1992)]], the [[European Communities]] treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951.<ref>[http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=823 Treaty of Paris Article 69] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607132102/http://www.ena.lu/?lang=2&doc=823 |date=2011-06-07 }}.</ref> This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the [[Treaty of Rome]]. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely.<ref>[http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=3800 Treaty of Rome Title 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203113851/https://www.cvce.eu/ |date=2019-12-03 }}.</ref> The [[European Court of Justice]] took a wider idea of freedom of movement.<ref name="Craig">{{cite book| last1 = Craig| first1 = Paul P.| last2 = Burca| first2 = Grainne De| title = EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials| url = https://archive.org/details/eulaw00paul| edition = 3rd| year = 2003| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford, New York| isbn = 978-0-19-925608-2| pages = [https://archive.org/details/eulaw00paul/page/706 706]–711 }}</ref> The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working.<ref name="Craig" /><ref name="Levin">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=681J0053 Case 53/81] ''D.M. Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie''.</ref> The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a [[worker]] wanted to move abroad does not matter,<ref name="Levin" /> they could start part-time and full-time work,<ref name="Levin" /> and get extra help from the new country.<ref name="Kempf">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61985J0139 Case 139/85] ''R. H. Kempf v Staatssecretaris van Justitie''.</ref> Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU<ref name="Luisi">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61982J0286 Joined cases 286/82 and 26/83] ''Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone v Ministero del Tesoro''.</ref><ref name="Cowan">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61987J0186 Case 186/87] ''Ian William Cowan v Trésor public''.</ref> and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country.<ref name="Bickel">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61996C0274:EN:HTML Advocate General Jacobs' Opinion] in Case C-274/96 ''Criminal proceedings against Horst Otto Bickel and Ulrich Franz'' at paragraph [19].</ref> == Start of EU Citizenship == The idea of EU citizenship was started by the [[Treaty of Maastricht]], and was extended by the [[Treaty of Amsterdam]]. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it.<ref>This rendered the provision to the same effect in Protocol no. 5 on the position of Denmark in the Treaty on the European Union superfluous. See {{cite web | last = Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Denmark | authorlink = | title = The Danish Opt-Outs | publisher = | url = http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/AboutDenmark/GovernmentPolitics/DenmarkAndTheEU/TheDanishOptouts/ | doi = | accessdate = 2007-11-24 | archive-date = 2007-10-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014021403/http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/AboutDenmark/GovernmentPolitics/DenmarkAndTheEU/TheDanishOptouts | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Who is an EU citizen? == Article 17 (1) of the amended [[EC Treaty]]<ref name="Rome">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html Treaty of Rome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116105433/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html |date=2013-11-16 }} (consolidated version)</ref> states that <blockquote>Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.</blockquote> == Rights of EU citizens == === Specific rights === The amended [[EC Treaty]]<ref name="Rome" /> provides the following rights to EU citizens: * The right to be treated the same as citizens of the country where they live. (Article 12); * The right to move and live anywhere in the EU, and to apply for any job. EU citizens have the right to work for the government too, but not for some jobs in areas like defence and national security. (Article 18); * The rights to vote or be a [http://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/candidate candidate] in local and European elections in any Member State under the same conditions as the nationals of that state (Article 19); * the right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of any EU country when in a non-EU Member Country, if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen's own country (Article 20); * The right to ask for help from the [[European Parliament]], or from the [[European Ombudsman]] if any EU body has acted badly. (Article 21);<ref>This right also extends to "any natural or legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State": [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html Treaty of Rome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116105433/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html |date=2013-11-16 }} (consolidated version), Article 194.</ref> * The right to contact the [[Institutions of the European Union|EU bodies]] in one of the [[Languages of the European Union|official languages]] and to get a reply in that same language (Article 21); and * The right to get [[European Parliament]], [[European Council|Council]] and [[European Commission|Commission]] documents (Article 255). Citizens of new countries which join the EU can have some of the rights limited for up to seven years after they join. == Brexit == The [[United Kingdom]] has left the European Union. It is still unclear whether [[UK citizen]]s will continue to enjoy EU citizenships after [[Brexit]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46841041 Brexit: How would no deal affect UK citizens in the EU? - BBC News]</ref> == Further reading == * {{cite book | last = Maas | first = Willem | year = 2007 | title = Creating European Citizens | url = https://archive.org/details/creatingeuropean0000maas | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham | isbn=978-0-7425-5485-6 }} * {{cite book| last = Meehan| first = Elizabeth| title = Citizenship and the European Community| url = https://archive.org/details/citizenshipeurop0000meeh| year = 1993| publisher = Sage| location = London| isbn = 978-0-8039-8429-5 }} * {{cite book | last = O'Leary | first = Síofra | year = 1996 | title = The Evolving Concept of Community Citizenship | url = https://archive.org/details/evolvingconcepto0000olea | publisher = Kluwer Law International | location = The Hague | isbn=978-90-411-0878-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Wiener | first = Antje | year = 1998 | title = 'European' Citizenship Practice: Building Institutions of a Non-State | publisher = Westview Press | location = Boulder | isbn=978-0-8133-3689-3 }} * {{cite web | last = European Commission | authorlink = European Commission | title = Right of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States | url = http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33152.htm | access-date = 2008-02-08 | archive-date = 2012-04-05 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/66hn8NNel?url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33152.htm | url-status = dead }} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Law in Europe]] [[Category:European Union]] [[Category:International law]] [[Category:Citizenship]] kdc2hisp94m0t220ln5gqkobs97skob 0 94430 10966763 10249433 2026-08-18T16:35:19Z ~2026-45110-41 1857509 Made it more accurate 10966763 wikitext text/x-wiki = 898 = '''898''' was a website that provided access to browser-based games intended for use on the Humble Independent School District (Humble ISD) network in Texas. The website was created by '''Nyx898''' and '''Lumen898'''. == History == 898 was developed as an unblocked-games website for students within Humble ISD. Its primary purpose was to provide access to browser games that could be played on school devices or networks where access to gaming websites was otherwise restricted. The website was associated with its creators, Nyx898 and Lumen898. == Shutdown == At some point after its operation as a games website, 898 was shut down or discontinued as a gaming platform. Following the shutdown, the website's content was changed substantially and is now an rng video website. == Legacy == 898 was one of several websites created to provide browser-based entertainment on school networks. Its history is primarily associated with Humble ISD and its student user base. [[Category:898| ]] kz2f4k86l194cbvqabtxg4oh2wdy1zu 10966771 10966763 2026-08-18T16:44:17Z Icodense 484975 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45110-41|~2026-45110-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-45110-41|talk]]) to last version by 24.46.193.228 10249433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav|898}} {{C18 year in topic}} {{Year article header|898}} ==Events == * January &ndash; [[Pope John IX]] succeeds [[Pope Theodore II|Theodore II]] as the 116th [[pope]]. == Deaths == * [[Odo of France]], king of the [[Franks]]. [[Category:898| ]] e4a1s7ip96zy9hwy9dni01v9nbouv2n 0 104251 10966665 10964440 2026-08-18T14:59:04Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966665 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Emotion |- |align="center" colspan="3"| |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Destiny's Child]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album [[Survivor (album Destiny's Child)|Survivor]] |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|September 8, 2001 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|Pop |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:55 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia Records |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]], Mark Feist |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Destiny's Child]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Bootylicious]]<br/>(2001r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Emotion<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Nasty Girl]]<br/>(2001r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Survivor (album Destiny's Child)|Survivor]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Happy Face<br/>(9)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Emotion<br/>(10)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Dangerously in Love 2|Dangerously in Love]]<br/>(11)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Number 1's|#1's]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Say My Name]]<br/>(8)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Emotion<br/>(9)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Bug A Boo]]<br/>(10)</small> |- |} "Emotion" was remade by R&B group [[Destiny's Child]] in 2001, it was produced and arranged by [[Mark J. Feist]]. The song is a remake of Emotions by the Bee Gees and Samantha Sang. {{music-stub}} [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] [[Category:2001 songs]] kdd1hy02oqgohlkiet4jdlbqsii1d8g 10966666 10966665 2026-08-18T14:59:27Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966666 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Emotion |- |align="center" colspan="3"| |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Destiny's Child]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album [[Survivor (album Destiny's Child)|Survivor]] |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|September 8, 2001 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|Pop |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:55 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia Records |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]], Mark Feist |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Destiny's Child]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Bootylicious]]<br/>(2001r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Emotion<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Nasty Girl]]<br/>(2002r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Survivor (album Destiny's Child)|Survivor]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Happy Face<br/>(9)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Emotion<br/>(10)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Dangerously in Love 2|Dangerously in Love]]<br/>(11)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Number 1's|#1's]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Say My Name]]<br/>(8)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Emotion<br/>(9)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Bug A Boo]]<br/>(10)</small> |- |} "Emotion" was remade by R&B group [[Destiny's Child]] in 2001, it was produced and arranged by [[Mark J. Feist]]. The song is a remake of Emotions by the Bee Gees and Samantha Sang. {{music-stub}} [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] [[Category:2001 songs]] shrv35nedt62al8nv6gl0kd55moyicn 10966677 10966666 2026-08-18T15:13:09Z Wmbata 1824376 Adding {{no source}} 10966677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no source}} {| id="toc" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Emotion |- |align="center" colspan="3"| |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Singel [[Destiny's Child]] |- !align="center" colspan="3"|from the album [[Survivor (album Destiny's Child)|Survivor]] |- !align="left" valign="top"|Released |colspan="2" valign="top"|September 8, 2001 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Genre |colspan="2" valign="top"|Pop |- !align="left" valign="top"|Length |colspan="2" valign="top"|3:55 |- !align="left" valign="top"|Label |colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia Records |- !align="left" valign="top"|Writer |colspan="2" valign="top"|Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb |- !align="left" valign="top"|Producer |colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Beyoncé Knowles]], Mark Feist |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Destiny's Child]] singles chronology |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Bootylicious]]<br/>(2001r.)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Emotion<br/></small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Nasty Girl]]<br/>(2002r.)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Survivor (album Destiny's Child)|Survivor]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Happy Face<br/>(9)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Emotion<br/>(10)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Dangerously in Love 2|Dangerously in Love]]<br/>(11)</small> |- !align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|[[Number 1's|#1's]] CD track listing |- |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Say My Name]]<br/>(8)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>Emotion<br/>(9)</small> |align="center" valign="top"|<small>[[Bug A Boo]]<br/>(10)</small> |- |} "Emotion" was remade by R&B group [[Destiny's Child]] in 2001, it was produced and arranged by [[Mark J. Feist]]. The song is a remake of Emotions by the Bee Gees and Samantha Sang. {{music-stub}} [[Category:Destiny's Child songs]] [[Category:2001 songs]] pxklx4roapeaowrt0fw9nthnlr3nl6j 0 104483 10967184 9883342 2026-08-19T04:14:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967184 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Real Irish Republican Army''' (or '''Real IRA''') is a group from [[Ireland]] who want Northern Ireland to become part of the [[Republic of Ireland]], and want it to leave the [[United Kingdom]]. The group started after they left the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]], after an argument.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9239/|title=IRA Splinter Groups (U.K., separatists)|date=November 2005|accessdate=2008-04-26|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|archive-date=2008-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423014244/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9239/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On [[15 August]] [[1998]] they did the [[Omagh bombing]], which killed 29 people and hurt over 300 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/12/20/omagh.trial/index.html|title=Man cleared over Omagh bombing|date=2007-12-20|accessdate=2008-04-26|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=2017-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100121/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/12/20/omagh.trial/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> They have shot [[Police Service of Northern Ireland|police officers]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7090950.stm|title=Real IRA admits police shooting|date=2007-11-12|accessdate=2008-04-26|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7095156.stm|title=Real IRA admits shooting officer|date=2007-11-14|accessdate=2008-04-26|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> and have also bombed places in [[England]], such as [[London]] and [[Birmingham]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2682639.stm|title=Two admit Real IRA bomb plot|date=2003-01-22|accessdate=2008-04-26|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> It is against the law to be a member of the Real IRA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050525/ai_n14641324|title=Membership of Real IRA was a terrorism offence|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=2005-05-25|accessdate=2008-04-26|archive-date=2007-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104031948/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050525/ai_n14641324|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references/> [[Category:Irish nationalist organisations]] [[Category:National liberation movements]] [[Category:Irish Republican Army]] [[Category:1997 establishments in the United Kingdom]] {{UK-stub}} [[Category:Organisations based in Northern Ireland]] 2vupm2nhslioggula6za1iutoa86ige 0 110832 10966936 10941535 2026-08-18T18:55:35Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 10966936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer | name = Ursula Kroeber Le Guin | image = Ursula_Le_Guin.jpg | caption = Ursula K. Le Guin signing a book in 2013 | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{birth date|1929|10|21|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Berkeley, California]], [[United States]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2018|1|22|1929|10|21|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Portland, Oregon]], United States | occupation = [[Novelist]] | nationality = American | period = | genre = [[Science fiction]]<br />[[fantasy]] | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | website = {{url|http://www.ursulakleguin.com}} }} '''Ursula Kroeber Le Guin''' ({{Pron-en|ˈɝsələ ˈkroʊbɚ ləˈgwɪn}}) (October 21, [[1929]] &ndash; January 22, 2018) was an [[Americans|American]] [[writer]]. She wrote [[Book|books]], [[poetry]], children's books, [[essay]]s, [[short story|short stories]], [[fantasy]] and [[science fiction]]. She was born and educated in [[California]]. She grew up in an academic home. Her parents were an [[Anthropology|anthropologist]] and a [[psychologist]]. Ideas from these two subjects are important in her writing. Le Guin spent most of her life in [[Portland, Oregon]]. She was a very successful author. She won many awards. Other writers thought she was very creative. Le Guin was also very political. She mixed politics in her writing. She supported feminism and freedom. She was very interested in [[gender]] and [[Human sexuality|sexuality]]. She also supported other writers. ==Life== ===Early life: California=== [[File:PSM V86 D243 Ishi at the present time 1915.jpg|thumb|Ishi in 1915]] Ursula K. Le Guin was born Ursula Kroeber in [[Berkeley, California]], on October 21, 1929. Her father, [[Alfred L. Kroeber|Alfred Louis Kroeber]] (1876–1960), was an [[anthropologist]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=1}}<ref name="NYT obit">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/obituaries/ursula-k-le-guin-acclaimed-for-her-fantasy-fiction-is-dead-at-88.html |title=Ursula K. Le Guin, Acclaimed for Her Fantasy Fiction, Is Dead at 88 |last=Jonas |first=Gerald |date=January 23, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=January 23, 2018}}</ref> Le Guin's mother, [[Theodora Kroeber]] (1897–1979; born Theodora Covel Kracaw), had a graduate degree in psychology. She started writing in her sixties and became a successful author. Her best known work was ''[[Ishi in Two Worlds]]'' (1961). This was a biography of [[Ishi]], an [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous American]] who was the last known member of the [[Yahi]] tribe.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=1}}{{sfn|Cummins|1990|p=2}} Ursula had three older brothers: [[Karl Kroeber|Karl]], Theodore, and Clifton.<!--The name "Clifton" is taken from Theodora Kroeber's writing: "Clifford" is incorrectly used by Spivack.-->{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=2}}<ref name="Kroeber1970">{{cite book| last = Kroeber| first = Theodora| authorlink = Theodora Kroeber| title = Alfred Kroeber; a Personal Configuration| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9biH8-HT6gcC| year = 1970| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-01598-2| page = 287 }}</ref> The family had a large collection of books. Ursula and her brothers all liked to read when they were young.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=2}} Le Guin read science fiction and fantasy. She and her brothers often read issues of ''[[Wonder Stories|Thrilling Wonder Stories]]'' and ''[[Astounding Science Fiction]]''. She liked [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s. She especially liked [[Norse mythology]] and Native American legends that her father would tell her.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=2}} Many people visited the Kroeber family. Some of the visitors were well-known academics such as [[Robert Oppenheimer]]. Le Guin used Oppenheimer as the model for her lead character in ''[[The Dispossessed]]'', a physicist named Shevek.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|p=2}}{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=2}} The family lived in a summer home in the [[Napa County, California|Napa valley]] and a house in Berkeley during the school year.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|p=2}} ===Education=== [[File:BerkeleyHigh.JPG|thumb|Berkeley High School]] Le Guin studied at [[Berkeley High School (California)|Berkeley High School]]. She graduated with another student who became a famous science fiction author, [[Philip K. Dick]].{{sfn|Cummins|1990|p=3}} She received her [[Bachelor of Arts]] in Renaissance [[French literature|French]] and [[Italian literature]] from [[Radcliffe College]] in 1951. She was a member of the [[Phi Beta Kappa]] honor society.{{sfn|Reid|1997|p=5}} Le Guin then studied at [[Columbia University]], and earned a [[Master of Arts]] in French in 1952.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=3}} Soon after, she began a [[Ph.D.]] program. She won a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] grant to continue her studies in [[France]] from 1953 to 1954.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|p=2}}{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=3}} Later, Le Guin also received Fulbright grants to travel to [[London]] in 1968 and 1975.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|p=2}} ===France=== [[File:Queen Mary forecastle1.jpg|thumb|Aboard the RMS Queen Mary]] Le Guin stayed at [[Hôtel de Seine]] while in Paris.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Dennis Wilson |last=Wise|date=2019-09-10|title=Conference Report: The Legacies of Ursula K. Le Guin – Science, Fiction, and Ethics for the Anthropocene |url=http://journal.finfar.org/articles/the-legacies-of-ursula-k-le-guin/|access-date=2022-10-12|journal=Fafnir – Nordic Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=132–134 |language=English |location=Paris, France}}</ref> Ursula met historian Charles Le Guin in 1953 while traveling to France on the ''[[RMS Queen Mary|Queen Mary]]'', .{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=3}} Charles was also a Fulbright Scholar. They got married in Paris in December 1953.{{sfn|Reid|1997|pp=5–7}} They returned to the United States in 1954. ===Marriage and children=== Le Guin said that getting married meant she had to stop studying for her doctorate degree.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=3}} Le Guin worked while her husband finished his doctorate at [[Emory University]] in Georgia, and later at the [[University of Idaho]]. She taught French and worked as a secretary until her daughter Elisabeth was born in 1957.{{sfn|Reid|1997|pp=5–7}} The couple had another daughter, Caroline, and a son, Theodore (born 1964).{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=3}} ===Return to the West Coast: Portland=== In 1959 Charles became a history instructor at [[Portland State University]], so they moved to [[Portland, Oregon]].{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=3}} He taught there for more than 35 years.<ref>{{Citation|title=Portland State University Oral History: Interview with Charles Le Guin| date=16 August 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG4mnX7MyFs|language=en|access-date=2023-06-25}}</ref> They lived in Portland for the rest of their lives.<ref name="Locus Obituary">{{cite journal |title=Ursula K. Le Guin (1929–2018) |journal=Locus Magazine |date=January 23, 2018 |url=https://locusmag.com/2018/01/ursula-k-le-guin-1929-2018/ |accessdate=September 17, 2018}}</ref> ===Writing life=== She first wrote in the 1960s. She won many [[Hugo Award|Hugo]] and [[Nebula Award|Nebula]] awards. She won the [[Gandalf Award]] in 1979 and the [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]] [[Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award|Grand Master Award]] in 2003. She got eighteen [[Locus Award]]s, more than any other writer. Her book ''[[The Farthest Shore]]'' won the [[National Book Award#Children's Books|National Book Award for Children's Books]] in 1973. Le Guin was the Professional Guest of Honor at the [[33rd World Science Fiction Convention|1975 World Science Fiction Convention]] in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. She got the [[Library of Congress]] ''[[Library of Congress Living Legend|Living Legends]]'' award in the "Writers and Artists" area in April 2000 for her additions to America's cultural history.<ref>"[https://www.loc.gov/about/awards/legends/bio/leguin.html Living Legends: Ursula LeGuin]", Awards and Honors (Library of Congress).</ref> In 2004, Le Guin was the was given the [[Association for Library Service to Children]]'s [[May Hill Arbuthnot]] Honor Lecture Award. Her agent was [[Virgina Kidd]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Le Guin|first=Ursula|title=About Virginia Kidd|url=http://www.ursulakleguin.com/VirginiaKidd.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011153102/http://ursulakleguin.com/VirginiaKidd.html|archive-date=11 October 2007|website=Ursula K. Le Guin|publisher=|quote="I don't believe that any other agent, in any other agency, would or could have furthered my writing career, and my writing itself, as Virginia did. I was supremely lucky in having her as my agent."|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref> ===Death=== Le Guin [[Death|died]] on January 22, 2018, at her home in Portland. She was 88 years old. Her son said that she had been sick for several months. He said that she probably had a [[heart attack]].<ref name="NYT obit"/> There was a private memorial service for her in Portland.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Woodall |first1=Bernie |title=U.S. author Ursula K. Le Guin dies at 88: family |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-le-guin/u-s-author-ursula-k-le-guin-dies-at-88-family-idUSKBN1FD022 |accessdate=September 16, 2018 |work=Reuters |date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> There was also a public memorial service in June 2018. At this service, many writers gave speeches, including: [[Margaret Atwood]], [[Molly Gloss]], and [[Walidah Imarisha]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ursula K. Le Guin Tribute |journal=Locus Magazine |date=April 20, 2018 |url=https://locusmag.com/2018/04/ursula-k-le-guin-tribute/ |accessdate=September 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Baer |first1=April |title=Remembering Ursula K. Le Guin |url=https://www.opb.org/radio/programs/stateofwonder/segment/ursula-le-guin-books-letters-poetry-people-color/ |accessdate=September 16, 2018 |work=Oregon Public Broadcasting |date=June 9, 2018 |archive-date=September 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071359/https://www.opb.org/radio/programs/stateofwonder/segment/ursula-le-guin-books-letters-poetry-people-color/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Beliefs and values== ===Political Freedom=== [[File:Stanislaw_Lem_2.jpg|thumb|Le Guin defended the Polish author Stanislaw Lem.]] In 1975, Le Guin won a [[Nebula Award]] for her story "[[The Diary of the Rose]]." She did not accept the award. This was a protest against the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of [[United States|America]]. The SFWA had recently canceled [[Stanisław Lem]]'s membership in the group. Le Guin believed they kicked Lem out because he criticized American science fiction and chose to live in the [[Soviet Union]], She said she could not take an award for a story about an unfree society from a writers' group that did not protect freedom.<ref>{{cite web |last=Le Guin |first=Ursula |title=The Literary Prize for the Refusal of Literary Prizes|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/12/06/literary-prize-refusal-literary-prizes/ |work=The Paris Review|date=6 December 2017 |accessdate=December 25, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Dugdale 2018">{{cite news |last1=Dugdale |first1=John |title=How to turn down a prestigious literary prize – a winner's guide to etiquette |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/21/how-turn-down-prestigious-literary-prize-winners-guide-etiquette |accessdate=December 25, 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=May 21, 2016}}</ref> ===Religion=== Le Guin said she was did not learn any religion and was not taught to be religious as a child. But, she became very interested in [[Taoism]] and [[Buddhism]]. She said that Taoism was a tool to help her understand her life as a teenager and young adult.<ref name="Paris Review">{{cite journal|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/6253/the-art-of-fiction-no-221-ursula-k-le-guin |title=Interviews: Ursula K. Le Guin, The Art of Fiction No. 221 |date=Fall 2013|last=Wray |first=John |journal=[[The Paris Review]] |accessdate=November 11, 2014 |issue=206|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111161200/http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/6253/the-art-of-fiction-no-221-ursula-k-le-guin |archivedate=November 11, 2014}}</ref> In 1997 she published a translation of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]''.<ref name="Paris Review" />{{sfn|Bernardo|Murphy|2006|p=170}} ===Author's rights=== In December 2009, Le Guin quit the [[Authors Guild]]. She did this to protest the Guild's agreement with the [[Google Books|Google's book digitization project]]. "You decided to deal with the devil", she wrote in her letter when she quit. She wrote that they had given control over authors' rights and copyright to a company for nothing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Le Guin accuses Authors Guild of 'deal with the devil'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/dec/24/le-guin-authors-guild-deal|date=December 24, 2009|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Alison|last=Flood|accessdate=May 27, 2010|quote=Ursula K Le Guin has resigned from the writers' organisation in protest at settlement with Google over digitisation.|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508063509/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/dec/24/le-guin-authors-guild-deal|archivedate=May 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=My letter of resignation from the Authors Guild|url=http://www.ursulakleguin.com/Note-AGResignation.html|last=Le Guin|first=Ursula K.|date=December 18, 2009|accessdate=January 10, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111175604/http://www.ursulakleguin.com/Note-AGResignation.html|archivedate=January 11, 2012}}</ref> Le Guin made a speech at the 2014 National Book Awards. She explained that [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]'s control over the publishing industry was bad and dangerous. She was especially concerned about how Amazon blocked the [[Hachette Book Group]] from selling all books because the companies disagreed about how to sell [[E-book|ebooks]]. [[National Public Radio]] broadcast the speech twice. Many other news organizations reported on it around the world.<ref name="PMM">{{cite magazine |author=Ramona DeNies |url=http://www.portlandmonthlymag.com/arts-and-entertainment/culturephile-portland-arts/articles/ursula-k-le-guin-rocks-the-national-book-awards-november-2014 |title=Ursula K. Le Guin Burns Down the National Book Awards |date=November 20, 2014 |magazine=Portland Monthly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207051932/http://www.portlandmonthlymag.com/arts-and-entertainment/culturephile-portland-arts/articles/ursula-k-le-guin-rocks-the-national-book-awards-november-2014 |archive-date=December 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bausells |first1=Marta |title=Ursula K Le Guin launches broadside on Amazon's 'sell it fast, sell it cheap' policy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jun/03/ursula-k-le-guin-amazon-bs-machine |accessdate=December 22, 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=June 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Mark |title=Writers unite in campaign against 'thuggish' Amazon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jul/25/writers-campaign-amazon-ebook-dispute-us-hachette |accessdate=December 22, 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=July 25, 2014}}</ref> ==Writing career== ===Early writing-1951-1968=== Le Guin's first published work was in her fictional country called [[Orsinian Tales|Orsinia]]. These were a poem and a short story. The poem, "Folksong from the Montayna Province," was published in 1959. The short story was "An die Musik", in 1961.<ref name="LOA">{{cite web|last1=Attebery|first1=Brian|authorlink=Brian Attebery|title=Ursula K. Le Guin: The Complete Orsinia|url=https://www.loa.org/books/513-the-complete-orsinia|publisher=Library of America|accessdate=February 12, 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Nicholls|Clute|2019}} Between 1951 and 1961 she also wrote five novels that all happened in Orsinia. But, publishers did not want them because they thought they were hard to read or understand. Some of her poetry from the 1950s was published in 1975 in a book called ''Wild Angels''.{{sfn|Reid|1997|p=6}} Le Guin was rejected by many publishers. Then she turned to science fiction because she knew that clearly labeled SF would sell well.{{sfn|White|1999|p=45}} Her first professional SF publication was the short story "April in Paris" in 1962 in ''[[Fantastic Science Fiction]]''.{{sfn|Erlich|2009|p=25}} Seven more stories followed in the next few years, in ''Fantastic'' or ''[[Amazing Stories]]''.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=45, 123}} One of them was "[[The Dowry of the Angyar]]", which introduced the fictional [[Hainish universe]],{{sfn|Cummins|1990|p=68}} Two more were "[[The Rule of Names]]" and "[[The Word of Unbinding]]". These introduced the world of [[Earthsea]].{{sfn|Cadden|2005|pp=80–81}} Most [[critic]]s ignored these stories.{{sfn|White|1999|p=45}} Le Guin published her first novel in 1966. It was called ''[[Rocannon's World]]''. [[Ace Books]] published it. Two more Hainish novels, ''[[Planet of Exile]]'' and ''[[City of Illusions]]'' were published in 1966 and 1967. These three books became the Hainish trilogy.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=44–45}} The first two were each published as half of an "[[Ace Double]]": two novels bound into a [[paperback]] and sold as a single low-cost volume.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=44–45}} ''City of Illusions'' was published as a standalone volume. Le Guin was getting greater name-recognition. Critics paid more attention to these books than to Le Guin's short stories. Several science fiction magazines reviewed them, but the critical response was still muted.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=44–45}} The books had many themes and ideas also present in Le Guin's better known later works, including the "archetypal journey" of a [[protagonist]] who undertakes both a physical journey and one of self-discovery, cultural contact and communication, the search for identity, and the reconciliation of opposing forces.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=9}} ===Getting more attention=== Le Guin's next two books in 1968 and 1969 brought her much more attention and praise. The Wizard of Earthsea in 1968 was a young adult fantasy novel. ''The Left Hand of Darkness'' in 1969 started her Hainish universe, explored sexuality, and won awards. These two books changed Le Guin's career and made her a major writer. The important critic [[Harold Bloom]] called ''A Wizard of Earthsea'' and ''The Left Hand of Darkness'' Le Guin's masterpieces.{{sfn|White|1999|p=2}} Le Guin had not planned to write for young adults. But, the editor of [[Parnassus Press]] asked her to write a novel for young people. He thought they could sell many books to that group.{{sfn|White|1999|p=10}}{{sfn|Cadden|2005|p=xi}} He published ''[[A Wizard of Earthsea]]'' in 1968. It was a fantasy [[Bildungsroman|coming of age story]] for teenagers.{{sfn|White|1999|p=2}} In the book, Le Guin created a fictional [[archipelago]] called Earthsea. She also created the first wizarding school. Readers and reviewers in the US and the UK liked the book very much.{{sfn|White|1999|p=10}}{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=8, 22}} [[File:Ursula Le Guin Harlan Ellison.jpg|thumb|right|Le Guin with [[Harlan Ellison]] at [[Westercon]] in [[Portland, Oregon]] (1984)]] Her next novel was ''[[The Left Hand of Darkness]]'' in 1969 and showed the strength of her writing and won awards. It was in her Hainish universe on a fictional planet where humans sex changes.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=45–50}} Le Guin explored experiences of gender and sexuality. The book was Le Guin's first about [[feminism|feminist issues]].{{sfn|Reid|1997|pp=51–56}} The book shocked and surprised science fiction critics. It won both the [[Hugo Award|Hugo]] and the [[Nebula Award for Best Novel|Nebula Awards]] for best novel. Le Guin was the first woman to win these awards.<ref name="Walton Obit">{{cite journal |last1=Walton |first1=Jo |title=Bright the Hawk's Flight on the Empty Sky: Ursula K. Le Guin |journal=[[Tor.com]] |date=January 24, 2018 |url=https://www.tor.com/2018/01/24/bright-the-hawks-flight-in-the-empty-sky-ursula-k-le-guin/ |accessdate=September 19, 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|White|1999|pp=45–50, 54}} For the next couple of years in the 1970s, Le Guin continued and extended the work she had started. Le Guin continued to develop themes of equilibrium and coming-of-age in the next two installments of the ''Earthsea'' series, ''[[The Tombs of Atuan]]'' and ''[[The Farthest Shore]]'', published in 1971 and 1972.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|pp=26–27}} Both books were praised for their writing, while the exploration of death as a theme in ''The Farthest Shore'' also got praise.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=14–15}} She won the Hugo Award again in 1973 for ''[[The Word for World is Forest]]''.<ref name="Salon Profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2001/01/23/le_guin/ |title=Ursula K. Le Guin |last=Justice |first=Faith L. |date=January 23, 2001 |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |access-date=April 22, 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103163715/http://www.salon.com/2001/01/23/le_guin/ |archivedate=November 3, 2012}}</ref> Le Guin's anger over the [[Vietnam War]] was important to this novel. She wrote about [[colonialism]] and [[militarism]]:{{sfn|Spivack|1984|pp=70–71}}{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=87–90}} Le Guin later said it was the most political statement in her fiction.<ref name="Salon Profile" /> Her 1974 novel ''The Dispossessed'' again won both the Hugo and the Nebula awards for best novel. She became the first person to win both awards for each of two books.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Carl|editor1-last=Freedman|title=Conversations with Ursula K. Le Guin|year=2008|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|page=xxiii}}</ref> Also set in the Hainish universe, the story explored [[anarchism]] and [[utopia]]nism. Scholar Charlotte Spivack said Le Guin was making her science fiction writing more about discussing political ideas.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|pp=74–75}}{{sfn|White|1999|pp=46–47}} Several of her [[speculative fiction]] short stories from the period, including her first published story, were later [[Anthology|anthologized]] in the 1975 collection ''[[The Wind's Twelve Quarters]]''.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|p=94}}{{sfn|Le Guin|1978|p=31}} The fiction of the period 1966 to 1974, which also included ''[[The Lathe of Heaven]]'', the Hugo Award-winning "[[The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas]]" and the Nebula Award-winning "[[The Day Before the Revolution]]",{{sfn|White|1999|pp=50, 54}} was the time of Le Guin's best-known work.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|p=4}} ===Exploring=== ===Later writing=== The ''[[Annals of the Western Shore]]'' was a series of three books: ''[[Gifts (novel)|Gifts]]'' (2004), ''[[Voices (Le Guin novel)|Voices]]'' (2006), and ''[[Powers (novel)|Powers]]'' (2007).<ref name="Tor 2009">{{cite journal|url=http://www.tor.com/2009/04/29/a-new-island-of-stability-ursula-le-guins-annals-of-the-western-shore/ |title=A new island of stability: Ursula Le Guin's Annals of the Western Shore |first=Jo|last=Walton|website=Tor.com |date=April 29, 2009 |accessdate=April 17, 2017}}</ref> Each book has a different main character and happens in a different place. But, the books all share some characters and places.''Gifts'' won the [[PEN Center USA]] 2005 [[Children's literature]] award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://penusa.org/go/awards/winners/2005-literary-awards-winners-published-in-2004/#childrens |title=2005 Literary Awards Winners |publisher=PEN Center USA |date= |accessdate=January 26, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107014314/http://penusa.org/go/awards/winners/2005-literary-awards-winners-published-in-2004/#childrens |archivedate=November 7, 2005 }}</ref> ''Powers'' won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 2009.<ref name="Tor 2009" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfadb.com/Nebula_Awards_2009 |title=Nebula Awards 2009 |work=Science Fiction Awards Database |publisher=[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]] |accessdate=December 6, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928045857/http://www.sfadb.com/Nebula_Awards_2009 |archivedate=September 28, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Le Guin published the novel ''[[Lavinia (novel)|Lavinia]]'' in 2008. Lavinia is a character from [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Higgins|first1=Charlotte|date=May 22, 2009|title=The princess with flaming hair|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/23/lavinia-ursula-le-guin-review|accessdate=September 28, 2018}}</ref> Near the end of her life, Le Guin wrote less fiction. She wrote essays, poems, and some translations.<ref name="Clute Guardian Obit" /> Her last publications included the [[non-fiction]] collections ''Dreams Must Explain Themselves'' and ''Ursula K Le Guin: Conversations on Writing''. She also wrote a book of poetry called ''So Far So Good: Final Poems 2014–2018''. These were released after she died.{{sfn|Nicholls|Clute|2019}}<ref name="Scurr2018">{{cite news |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Dreams Must Explain Themselves by Ursula K Le Guin review – writing and the feminist fellowship |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/mar/14/dreams-must-explain-themselves-by-ursula-k-le-guin-review |accessdate=September 28, 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=March 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McCabe |first1=Vinton Rafe |title=So Far So Good: Final Poems 2014–2018 |url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/so-far-so-good |website=New York Journal of Books |accessdate=August 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822205629/https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/so-far-so-good |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==About the writing== ===Influences=== Many other writers influenced Le Guin. Cultural anthropology was important to her writing. Carl Jung's archetypes are in her work. Taoism was part of Le Guin's life and work. ===Genre and style=== ==Themes== ===Gender and sexuality=== Gender and sexuality are important themes in Le Guin's writing. ''The Left Hand of Darkness'' was one of the first books in [[feminist science fiction]]. It was published in 1969 before the idea of feminist science fiction was its own genre. It is the most famous science fiction book about [[androgyny]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/womensciencefict00reid |title=Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy: Entries |volume=2|publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-313-33589-1 |editor-last=Reid |editor-first=Robin Anne |pages= 9, 120 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The story happens on the fictional planet, Gethen. People on the planet are [[ambisexual]] humans. THey can change their [[gender identity]] and [[Biology in fiction|adopt female or male sexual characteristics]] as part of their sexual cycle.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=74–77}} They choose their gender or sex depending on where they are and who they are with.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|pp=44–50}} Le Guin made Gethen a peaceful society without war because people's gender was not permanent.{{sfn|Reid|1997|pp=51–56}}{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=74–77}} Le Guin showed Gethenian culture through the eyes of a [[Earth|Terran]]. His masculinity was a problem in cross-cultural communication.{{sfn|Reid|1997|pp=51–56}} {{sfn|Lothian|2006|pp=380–383}} Although ''The Left Hand of Darkness'' was an early and important exploration of gender, it was also criticized for not going far enough. Le Guin used masculine [[Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns|gender pronouns]] (he/him) to describe androgynous characters,{{sfn|White|1999|pp=45–50}}. Reviewers also said Le Guin did not show androgynous characters in feminine roles.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=78–85}} Also, [[heterosexuality]] was expected on Gethen.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=70–77}} Le Guin's portrayal of gender in ''Earthsea'' was also described as perpetuating the notion of a male-dominated world; according to the ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'', "Le Guin saw men as the actors and doers in the [world], while women remain the still centre, the well from which they drink".{{sfn|Nicholls|Clute|2019}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Modern Children's Fantasy |encyclopedia=The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/16508/1/Modern%20Children%27s%20Fantasy.pdf |date=2012 |editor-last=James |editor-first=Edward |pages=224–235 |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521429597.021 |isbn=978-0-521-42959-7 |last1=Butler |first1=Catherine |editor-first2=Farah |editor-last2=Mendlesohn |access-date=September 24, 2019 |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712200817/http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/16508/1/Modern%20Children%27s%20Fantasy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hatfield |first=Len |date=1993 |title=From Master to Brother: Shifting the Balance of Authority in Ursula K. Le Guin's Farthest Shore and Tehanu |journal=Children's Literature |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=43–65 |doi=10.1353/chl.0.0516 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10919/25443|s2cid=144166026 }}</ref> Le Guin initially defended her writing; in a 1976 essay "Is Gender Necessary?" she wrote that gender was secondary to the primary theme of loyalty in ''The Left Hand of Darkness''. Le Guin revisited this essay in 1988, and acknowledged that gender was central to the novel;{{sfn|White|1999|pp=45–50}} she also apologized for depicting Gethenians solely in heterosexual relationships.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=70–77}} Le Guin responded to these critiques in her later writing. She used feminine [[pronoun]]s for all sexually latent Gethenians in her 1995 short story "Coming of Age in Karhide." In a later reprinting of "[[Winter's King]]", which was first published in 1969.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=78–85}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walton |first=Jo |date=June 8, 2009 |title=Gender and glaciers: Ursula Le Guin's The Left Hand of Darkness |url=http://www.tor.com/2009/06/08/the-poetry-of-anthropology-ursula-le-guins-the-left-hand-of-darkness/ |website=Tor.com |access-date=July 13, 2016 |archive-date=August 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827211823/http://www.tor.com/2009/06/08/the-poetry-of-anthropology-ursula-le-guins-the-left-hand-of-darkness/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ketterer |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh5wFOn256wC |title=Flashes of the Fantastic: Selected Essays from the War of the Worlds |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-31607-4 |pages=80–81 |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613031852/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh5wFOn256wC |url-status=live }}</ref> "Coming of Age in Karhide" was later anthologized in the 2002 collection ''[[The Birthday of the World: and Other Stories|The Birthday of the World]]'', which contained six other stories featuring unorthodox sexual relationships and marital arrangements.{{sfn|Lindow|2012|p=205}} She also revisited gender relations in ''Earthsea'' in ''Tehanu'', published in 1990.{{sfn|Cadden|2005|p=106}} This book was a retelling of a different ''The Tombs of Atuan''. The power and status of the female protagonist Tenar are the opposite of what they were in the earlier book, which was also focused on her and Ged.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hollindale |first=Peter |date=September 2003 |title=The Last Dragon of Earthsea |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_childrens-literature-in-education_2003-09_34_3/page/183 |journal=Children's Literature in Education |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=183–193 |doi=10.1023/A:1025390102089|s2cid=160303057 }}</ref> During this later period she commented that she considered ''The Eye of the Heron'', published in 1978, to be her first work genuinely centered on a woman.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cadden |first=Mike |date=2006 |title=Taking Different Roads to the City: The Development of Ursula K. Le Guin's Young Adult Novels |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_extrapolation-pre-2012_winter-2006_47_3/page/427 |journal=Extrapolation |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=427–444 |doi=10.3828/extr.2006.47.3.7}}</ref> ===Moral development=== ===Political systems=== The story of ''The Dispossessed'' happens on twin planets called Urras and Anarres. Urras was richer than Anarres. But Anarres is more advanced ethically and morally. Sttlers from Urras planned the Anarres society. It is an anarcho-socialist society that is an "ambiguous utopia".{{sfn|White|1999|pp=86–89}} Anarres society is neither perfect nor static, unlike classical [[utopia]]s. The main character, Shevek, travels to Urras to do research. Urras society is authoritarian, hierarchical, and misogynistic. But these the anarchists on Anarres do not have those problems. In their society cooperation and individual liberty are most important.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=86–89}} ==Responses to her work== ===Reception=== Le Guin became popular and got good reviews quickly after publishing ''The Left Hand of Darkness'' in 1969. She was very well known among SF writers by the 1970s.{{sfn|White|1999|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Nicholls|Clute|2019}} Readers bought millions of her books. And, her writing was translated into more than 40 languages. Some of her books stayed [[in print]] many decades after their first publication.<ref name="NYT obit" /><ref name="Clute Guardian Obit" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Un laboratorio di fantastici libri. Riccardo Valla intellettuale, editore, traduttore. Con un'appendice di lettere inedite a cura di Luca G. Manenti |last=Iannuzzi |first=Giulia |publisher=Solfanelli |year=2019 |isbn=978-88-330-5103-1 |location=Chieti (Italy)|pages=93–102}}</ref> Academics studied her work carefully{{sfn|Tymn|1981|p=363}} and discussed it often.<ref name="Pringle2014">{{cite book| last = Pringle| first = David| title = Science Fiction: The 100 Best Novels| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gqPqAwAAQBAJ| year = 2014| publisher = Orion Publishing Group| isbn = 978-1-4732-0807-0| at = Chapter 60 }}</ref> Later in her career, mainstream literary [[critic]]s wrote positively about her work. In an [[obituary]], [[Jo Walton]] said that Le Guin "was so good that the mainstream couldn't dismiss SF any more".<ref name="Walton Obit" /> Le Guin earliest work stayed the most popular and got the most recognition.<ref name="LA Times 2009">{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la-ca-ursula-leguin10-2009may10,0,1005055.story |work=Los Angeles Times |first=Scott |last=Timberg |title=Ursula K. Le Guin's work still resonates with readers |date=May 10, 2009 |accessdate=June 5, 2012 |url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204243/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la-ca-ursula-leguin10-2009may10,0,1005055.story |archivedate=March 7, 2012 }}</ref> A reviewer in 2018 said that she often lectured the reader in her later works.<ref name="NYT obit" /> [[John Clute]], wrote in ''[[The Guardian]]'', that she felt responsible for explaining important things clearly, and that this was difficult for her.<ref name="Clute Guardian Obit">{{cite news |last1=Clute |first1=John |title=Ursula K Le Guin obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/24/obituary-ursula-k-le-guin |accessdate=28 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Some critics disliked some of her work. ''The Compass Rose'' had a mixed reaction. Even the critically well-received ''The Left Hand of Darkness'' was criticized by some feminists,.{{sfn|White|1999|p=5}} [[File:Zadie Smith NBCC 2011 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Zadie Smith liked the way Le Guin wrote.]] Other authors liked her work. According to [[Zadie Smith]], her [[prose]] was "as elegant and beautiful as any written in the twentieth century".<ref name="Fellow Writers">{{cite web |title=Fellow writers remember Ursula K. Le Guin, 1929–2018 |url=https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/1375-fellow-writers-remember-ursula-k-le-guin-1929-2018 |publisher=Library of America |accessdate=5 March 2019 |date=January 26, 2018}}</ref> After Le Guin's death in 2018, writer [[Michael Chabon]] called her the "greatest American writer of her generation", and said that she had "awed [him] with the power of an unfettered imagination".<ref name="Fellow Writers" /> Author Margaret Atwood praised Le Guin's "sane, smart, crafty and lyrical voice", and wrote that social injustice was a powerful motivation through Le Guin's life.<ref name="Atwood 2018">{{cite news |last1=Atwood |first1=Margaret |title=Margaret Atwood: We lost Ursula Le Guin when we needed her most |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/margaret-atwood-we-lost-ursula-le-guin-when-we-needed-her-most/2018/01/24/39372028-011b-11e8-bb03-722769454f82_story.html |accessdate=5 March 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 24, 2018}}</ref> Literary critic Harold Bloom described Le Guin as an "exquisite stylist", saying that in her writing, "Every word was exactly in place and every sentence or line had resonance". According to Bloom, Le Guin was a "[[visionary]] who set herself against all brutality, [[discrimination]], and exploitation".<ref name="Fellow Writers" /> [[File:Joyce carol oates 2014.jpg|thumb|Joyce Carol Oates said Le Guin was one of the greatest writers.]] Academic and author [[Joyce Carol Oates]] highlighted Le Guin's "outspoken sense of [[justice]], decency, and common sense", and called her "one of the great American writers and a visionary artist whose work will long endure".<ref name="Fellow Writers" /> [[China Miéville]] described Le Guin as a "literary colossus", and wrote that she was a "writer of intense [[ethics|ethical]] seriousness and intelligence, of wit and fury, of radical politics, of subtlety, of freedom and yearning".<ref name="Fellow Writers" /> Praise for Le Guin frequently focused on the social and political themes her work explored.<ref name="BookerThomas2009">{{cite book| last1 = Booker| first1 = M. Keith| last2 = Thomas| first2 = Anne-Marie| title = The Science Fiction Handbook| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uW9xST9UsOIC| year = 2009| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| isbn = 978-1-4443-1035-1| pages = 159–160 }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described her as using "a lean but lyrical style" to explore issues of moral relevance.<ref name="NYT obit" /> In the introduction to an interview in 2008, ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'' magazine described Le Guin as having written "some of the more mind-warping sf and fantasy tales of the past 40 years".<ref name="Vice Interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/jmdq48/ursula-k-le-guin-440-v15n12|title=Ursula K. Le Guin|last=Lafrenier|first=Steve|date=December 2008|work=Vice|accessdate=April 22, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709072611/http://www.viceland.com/int/v15n12/htdocs/ursula-k-le-guin-440.php|archivedate=July 9, 2011}}</ref> ===Awards and recognition=== [[File:1991 Hugo award (with variant base).jpg|thumb|A Hugo Award [[trophy]]]] Le Guin won many annual awards for individual works. She was nominated for [[Hugo Award]]s twenty-four times and won seven times. She won six [[Nebula Award]]s from eighteen nominations. Four of her Nebula Awards were for Best Novel, more than any other writer.<ref name="SFADB">{{cite web |title=Ursula K. Le Guin |url=http://www.sfadb.com/Ursula_K_Le_Guin |website=Science Fiction Awards Database |publisher=Locus Magazine |accessdate=February 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Troughton |first1=R. K. |title=Nebula Awards by the Numbers |journal=Amazing Stories |date=May 14, 2014 |url=https://amazingstories.com/2014/05/nebula-awards-numbers/ |access-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-date=January 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127100449/https://amazingstories.com/2014/05/nebula-awards-numbers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Le Guin won twenty-two [[Locus Award]]s.<ref name="SFADB" /><ref name="LocusSFE">{{cite encyclopedia| title= Locus Award| encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|date=April 7, 2018|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/locus_award|editor-last1=Nicholls|editor-first1=Peter|editor-last2=Clute|editor-first2=John|editor-last3=Sleight|editor-first3=Graham|publisher=Gollancz|location = London|accessdate=February 26, 2019}}</ref> Her third Earthsea novel, ''The Farthest Shore'', won the 1973 [[National Book Award for Young People's Literature]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1973.html |title=National Book Awards – 1973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922195723/http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1973.html |archive-date=September 22, 2008 |publisher=[[National Book Foundation]] |accessdate=February 21, 2012}}</ref> She was a finalist for ten [[Mythopoeic Awards]], nine in Fantasy and one for Scholarship.<ref name="SFADB" /> Her 1996 collection ''[[Unlocking the Air and Other Stories]]'' was one of three finalists for the 1997 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Fiction |title=Fiction – Finalists |website=The Pulitzer Prizes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530070948/http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Fiction |archive-date=May 30, 2014}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/219 |title=Fiction – Finalists |website=The Pulitzer Prizes |accessdate=May 15, 2018 }}</ref> Other awards won by Le Guin include three [[James Tiptree Jr. Award]]s, two World Fantasy Awards, and three [[Jupiter Award (science fiction award)|Jupiter Awards]].<ref name="SFADB" /> She won her final Hugo and Locus awards in the year of her death. The Hugo was for the essay collection ''No Time to Spare: Thinking About What Matters'', and the Locus for an anthology of the [[Hainish Cycle|Hainish cycle]].<ref name="SFADB" /> Other awards were for Le Guin's contributions to speculative fiction. She was voted a [[Gandalf Award|Gandalf Grand Master Award]] by the [[World Science Fiction Society]] in 1979.<ref name="SFADB" /> The [[Science Fiction Research Association]] gave her its Pilgrim Award in 1989 for her "lifetime contributions to SF and fantasy scholarship".<ref name="SFADB" /> At the 1995 [[World Fantasy Convention]] she won the [[World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement]].<ref name="SFADB" /><ref>{{cite web|author=World Fantasy Convention|title=Award Winners and Nominees|url=http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html/|accessdate=February 4, 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201074405/http://worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html|archivedate=December 1, 2010}}</ref> She became a member of the [[EMP Museum#Science Fiction Hall of Fame|Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame]] in 2001.<ref name="sfhof-old"> {{cite web |url=http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/ |title=2001 Inductees |website=Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame |publisher=Mid American Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions, Inc |accessdate=April 24, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521070009/http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/ |archive-date=May 21, 2013}} This was the official website of the hall of fame to 2004.</ref> The [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]] made her its 20th [[SFWA Grand Master|Grand Master]] in 2003. She was the second, and as of 2019, one of only six women to receive that honor.<ref name="SFWA">{{cite web |url=http://www.sfwa.org/nebula-awards/nebula-weekend/events-program/grandmaster/ |title=Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701114233/http://www.sfwa.org/nebula-awards/nebula-weekend/events-program/grandmaster/ |archive-date=July 1, 2011 |website=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) |accessdate=April 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=Katherine |title=The Night Ursula K. Le Guin Pranked The Patriarchy |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ursula-k-le-guin-sfwa-grand-master_us_5a68875be4b0dc592a0e4188 |accessdate=February 27, 2019 |work=Huffington Post |date=January 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SFWA Grand Master Award |url=http://www.sfadb.com/SFWA_Grand_Master_Award |website=Science Fiction Awards Database |publisher=Locus Magazine |accessdate=February 27, 2019}}</ref> In 2010, Le Guin was awarded the [[Lyman Tower Sargent]] Distinguished Scholar Award by the North American [[Society for Utopian Studies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://utopian-studies.org/lyman-tower-sargent-award-for-distinguished-scholarship/ |title=Lyman Tower Sargent Award for Distinguished Scholarship |date=6 April 2013 |publisher=The Society for Utopian Studies |accessdate=January 22, 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128082542/http://utopian-studies.org/lyman-tower-sargent-award-for-distinguished-scholarship/ |archivedate=January 28, 2016}}</ref> In 2013, she was given the [[Eaton Award]] by the [[University of California, Riverside]], for lifetime achievement in science fiction.<ref name="SFADB" /><ref name="EatonSFE">{{cite encyclopedia| title= Eaton Award| encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|date=April 7, 2018|url=http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/eaton_award|editor-last1=Nicholls|editor-first1=Peter|editor-last2=Clute|editor-first2=John|editor-last3=Sleight|editor-first3=Graham|publisher=Gollancz|location = London|accessdate=February 26, 2019}}</ref> Later in her career Le Guin was also recognized for her contributions to literature more generally not just in science fiction or fantasy. In April 2000 the U.S. [[Library of Congress]] made Le Guin a [[Library of Congress Living Legend|Living Legend]] in the "Writers and Artists" category for her significant contributions to America's cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/about/awards-and-honors/living-legends/ursula-leguin/ |title=Ursula Leguin – Living Legends |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124082508/https://www.loc.gov/about/awards-and-honors/living-legends/ursula-leguin/ |archive-date=January 24, 2018 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> The [[American Library Association]] gave her the annual [[Margaret Edwards Award]] in 2004, and also chose her to give the annual [[May Hill Arbuthnot Lecture]].<ref name="Edwards">{{cite web |url=http://www.ala.org/yalsa/booklistsawards/bookawards/margaretaedwards/maeprevious/04ursula|title=2004 Margaret A. Edwards Award Winner |website=[[Young Adult Library Services Association]]|publisher=American Library Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019100143/http://www.ala.org/yalsa/booklistsawards/bookawards/margaretaedwards/maeprevious/04ursula |archive-date=October 19, 2013}}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/arbuthnothonor/arbuthnothonor |title=The May Hill Arbuthnot Honor Lecture Award |website=[[Association for Library Service to Children]]|publisher=American Library Association |accessdate=March 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401191441/http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/arbuthnothonor/arbuthnothonor |archive-date=April 1, 2013}}</ref> The Edwards Award is for one writer and a particular body of work: the 2004 panel cited the first four ''Earthsea'' volumes, ''The Left Hand of Darkness'' and ''The Beginning Place''. The panel said that Le Guin "has inspired four [[Generation|generations]] of young adults to read beautifully constructed language, visit fantasy worlds that inform them about their own lives, and think about their ideas that are neither easy nor inconsequential".<ref name="Edwards" /> At its 2009 convention, the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]] awarded the [[Emperor Has No Clothes Award]] to Le Guin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ffrf.org/outreach/awards/emperor-has-no-clothes-award/ursula-k.-le-guin/ |title=Emperor Has No Clothes Award: Ursula K. Le Guin – 2009 |date=7 November 2009 |publisher=Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417154437/http://www.ffrf.org/outreach/awards/emperor-has-no-clothes-award/ursula-k.-le-guin/ |archive-date=April 17, 2011 |postscript=(transcript of acceptance speech)}}</ref> A collection of Le Guin's works was published by the Library of America in 2016. This honor is rarely given to living writers.<ref name="NYT 2016">{{cite news |last=Streitfeld |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/29/books/ursula-le-guin-has-earned-a-rare-honor-just-dont-call-her-a-sci-fi-writer.html?_r=0 |title=Ursula Le Guin Has Earned a Rare Honor. Just Don't Call Her a Sci-Fi Writer |work=The New York Times |date=August 28, 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193735/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/29/books/ursula-le-guin-has-earned-a-rare-honor-just-dont-call-her-a-sci-fi-writer.html?_r=0 |archivedate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> The [[National Book Foundation]] awarded Le Guin its [[Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters]], saying that she had "defied conventions of [[narrative]], language, character, and genre, and transcended boundaries between fantasy and realism to forge new paths for literary fiction".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalbook.org/amerletters_2014_uleguin.html |title=The 2014 Medalist for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters |publisher=National Book Foundation |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913201218/http://www.nationalbook.org/amerletters_2014_uleguin.html#.WwC49EpFyUk |archivedate=September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Oregon Live |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2014/09/ursula_k_le_guin_wins_big_hono.html |title=Ursula K. Le Guin wins big honor from National Book Foundation |first=Jeff |last=Baker |date=September 9, 2014 |accessdate=September 9, 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200152/http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2014/09/ursula_k_le_guin_wins_big_hono.html |archivedate=September 10, 2014}}</ref> The [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] made her a member in 2017.<ref name="HuffPostObit">{{cite web |last1=Blumberg |first1=Antonia |title=Beloved Fantasy Author Ursula Le Guin Dead At 88 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ursula-le-guin-dies_us_5a67bcede4b0dc592a0da8a9 |publisher=Huffington Post |accessdate=1 March 2019 |date=January 1, 2018}}</ref> ===Legacy and influence=== Le Guin had a strong influence on speculative fiction. Jo Walton argued that Le Guin was important in two ways. One, she made the genre more open to new ideas. Two, she helped genre writers get mainstream success.<ref name="Walton Obit" /> ''A Wizard of Earthsea'' was the first book about a "wizard school." This later became more famous in the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series of books.<ref>{{cite news|last=Craig|first=Amanda|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/sep/24/buildingachildrenslibrary.booksforchildrenandteenagers|title=Classic of the month: A Wizard of Earthsea|work=The Guardian|date=September 24, 2003|accessdate=November 10, 2014}}</ref> The idea of a boy wizard as the main character in ''Harry Potter'' came from Le Guin's writing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Power|first=Ed|title=Harry Potter and the boy wizard tradition|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/harry-potter-and-the-boy-wizard-tradition-1.2738955|date=July 31, 2016|accessdate=September 13, 2016|work=Irish Times}}</ref> In 2022, Le Guin's son, Theo Downes-Le Guin, announced a new prize named for his mother. The Ursula K. Le Guin Prize for Fiction gives money to a writer. They must write a full-length book of "imaginative fiction."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-28|title=Announcing the Shortlist for the Inaugural Ursula K. Le Guin Prize for Fiction|url=https://electricliterature.com/announcing-the-shortlist-for-the-inaugural-ursula-k-le-guin-fiction-prize/|access-date=2022-07-29|website=Electric Literature|language=en-US}}</ref> Le Guin created the word "[[ansible]]" for an instantaneous interstellar communication device in 1966. Several other writers, including [[Orson Scott Card]] and [[Neil Gaiman]], used the word later.<ref name="AnsibleSFE">{{cite encyclopedia| title= Ansible| encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|date=April 7, 2018|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/ansible|editor-last1=Nicholls|editor-first1=Peter|editor-last2=Clute|editor-first2=John|editor-last3=Sleight|editor-first3=Graham|publisher=Gollancz|location = London|accessdate=February 26, 2019}}</ref> The idea that names can exert power is also present in [[Hayao Miyazaki]]'s 2001 film ''[[Spirited Away]]. C''ritics have suggested that that idea started with Le Guin's Earthsea series.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reider|first=Noriko T|title=Spirited Away: Film of the fantastic and evolving Japanese folk symbols|journal=Film Criticism|volume=29|issue=3|year=2005|page=4}}</ref> ===Adaptations of her work=== Le Guin's works have been adapted for radio,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05pkpgg |title=Episode 1: The Left Hand of Darkness |accessdate=May 15, 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414050721/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05pkpgg |archivedate=April 14, 2015 |website=BBC Radio 4 The Left Hand of Darkness }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05pktvt |title=Shadow |website=BBC Radio 4 Earthsea |accessdate=June 11, 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05pktvt |archivedate=June 23, 2015 }}</ref> film, television, and theater. ====Movies==== [[File:Gedo senki title (Blu-ray).jpg|thumb|''Tales of Earthsea'' (''Gedo Senki'' in Japanese) DVD title]] Her 1971 novel ''The Lathe of Heaven'' has been adapted twice, [[The Lathe of Heaven (film)|in 1979]] by [[WNET]] with Le Guin's participation, and the [[Lathe of Heaven (film)|in 2002]] by the [[A&E Network]]. In a 2008 interview, she said 1979 adaptation is "the only good adaptation to" a movie of her work to date.<ref name="Vice Interview" /> In the early 1980s Hayao Miyazaki asked to create an animated adaptation of Earthsea. Le Guin, who was unfamiliar with his work and anime in general, initially turned down the offer, but later accepted after seeing ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]''.<ref name="Ursula K. LeGuin, Gedo Senki">{{cite web|url=http://www.ursulakleguin.com/GedoSenkiResponse.html|title=Gedo Senki, A First Response|first=Ursula K.|last=Le Guin|year=2006|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717214649/http://www.ursulakleguin.com/GedoSenkiResponse.html|archivedate=July 17, 2011}}</ref> The third and fourth Earthsea books were the basis of ''[[Tales from Earthsea (movie)|Tales from Earthsea]]'', released in 2006. Miyazaki's son, [[Gorō Miyazaki]] directed the movie, not Hayao Miyazaki himself. Le Guin was disappointed by the change. Le Guin was positive about how the movie looked. She wrote that "much of it was beautiful", but she did not like the moral sense of the movie. She disliked the physical violence, especially the death of a villain as the movie's ending.<ref name="Ursula K. LeGuin, Gedo Senki" /> In 2004 the [[Syfy|Sci Fi Channel]] adapted the first two books of the Earthsea trilogy as the miniseries ''[[Legend of Earthsea]]''. Le Guin was highly critical of the adaptation, calling it a "far cry from the Earthsea I envisioned", objecting to the [[Whitewashing in movies|use of white actors for her red-, brown-, or black-skinned characters]].<ref name="Slate">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2111107|title=A Whitewashed Earthsea: How the Sci Fi Channel wrecked my books|last=Le Guin|first=Ursula K.|date=December 16, 2004|work=Slate|accessdate=February 7, 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201030304/http://slate.com/id/2111107/|archivedate=February 1, 2008}}</ref> ====Theater==== Le Guin's novel ''The Left Hand of Darkness'' and [[novella]] ''Paradises Lost'' have both been adapted for theater. In 1995, Chicago's [[Lifeline Theatre]] presented its adaptation of ''The Left Hand of Darkness''. Reviewer Jack Helbig at the [[Chicago Reader]] wrote that the "adaptation is intelligent and well crafted but ultimately unsatisfying", mainly because it is extremely difficult to compress a complex 300-page novel into a two-hour stage presentation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Helbig|first=Jack|title=Performing Arts Review: The Left Hand of Darkness|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-left-hand-of-darkness/Content?oid=886665|publisher=Chicago Reader|date=February 9, 1995|accessdate=April 22, 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219084229/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-left-hand-of-darkness/Content?oid=886665|archivedate=December 19, 2014}}</ref> She also said she was better pleased with stage adaptations, including ''Paradises Lost'', than screen adaptations of her work till date.<ref name=interview/> In 2013, the Portland Playhouse and [[Hand2Mouth Theatre]] produced a stage adaptation of ''The Left Hand of Darkness'', directed and adapted by Jonathan Walters, with text adapted by John Schmor. The play opened May 2, 2013, and ran until June 16, 2013, in Portland, Oregon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hughley |first=Marty |date=May 5, 2013 |title=Theater review: 'The Left Hand of Darkness' finds deeply human love on a cold, blue world |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/performance/index.ssf/2013/05/theater_review_the_left_hand_o.html |publisher=Oregon Live |accessdate=November 1, 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104082813/http://www.oregonlive.com/performance/index.ssf/2013/05/theater_review_the_left_hand_o.html |archivedate=November 4, 2013 }}</ref> ====Opera==== ''Paradises Lost'' was adapted into an [[opera]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]].<ref name="interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.lightspeedmagazine.com/nonfiction/interview-ursula-k-le-guin/ |title=Interview: Ursula K. Le Guin |date=23 October 2012 |publisher=[[Lightspeed (magazine)|Lightspeed Magazine]]|accessdate=January 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name="opera">{{cite web |url=https://www.playwrightsguild.ca/event/%E2%80%9Cparadises-lost%E2%80%9D-adapted-novella-ursula-k-le-guin-libretto-marcia-johnson-composed-stephen |title=''Paradises Lost'' adapted from the novella by Ursula K Le Guin |publisher=Playwrights Guild of Canada |accessdate=January 2, 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113402/https://www.playwrightsguild.ca/event/%E2%80%9Cparadises-lost%E2%80%9D-adapted-novella-ursula-k-le-guin-libretto-marcia-johnson-composed-stephen |archivedate=January 9, 2017 }}</ref> The opera was composed by Stephen A. Taylor;<ref name=opera/> the [[libretto]] has been attributed both to [[Kate Gale]]<ref name="pf">{{cite web|last=Axelrod|first=Jeremy|title=Phantoms of the Opera|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/features/articles/detail/69288|accessdate=February 2, 2017|website=Poetry Foundation|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203162509/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/features/articles/detail/69288|url-status=dead}}</ref> and to Marcia Johnson.<ref name=opera/> Adapted in 2005,<ref name="pf" /> the opera premiered in April 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.music.illinois.edu/news_items/ui-opera-to-premiere-new-opera-by-stephen-taylor|title=UI Opera to Premiere New Opera by Stephen Taylor|publisher=University of Illinois School of Music|date=April 19, 2012|accessdate=April 27, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821201648/http://www.music.illinois.edu/news_items/ui-opera-to-premiere-new-opera-by-stephen-taylor|archivedate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> Le Guin described the effort as a "beautiful opera" in an interview, and expressed hopes that it would be picked up by other producers. == Books == === Earthsea (fantasy) === * ''[[A Wizard of Earthsea]]'', 1968 * ''[[The Tombs of Atuan]]'', 1971 * ''[[The Farthest Shore]]'', 1972 (Winner of the [[National Book Award]]) * ''[[Tehanu|Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea]]'', 1990 (Winner of the [[Nebula Award]]) * ''[[The Other Wind]]'', 2001 * ''[[Tales from Earthsea]]'', short story collection, 2001 (winner of [[Endeavour Award]]) === Hainish Cycle (science fiction) === [[File:World 4470 System (Hainsh System).png|thumb|Diagram of the World 4470 Solar System from the Hainish Cycle by Ursula K LeGuin]]x * ''[[Rocannon's World]]'', 1966 * ''[[Planet of Exile]]'', 1966 * ''[[City of Illusions]]'', 1967 * ''[[The Left Hand of Darkness]]'', 1969 (winner of the [[Hugo Award]] and [[Nebula Award]]) * ''[[The Dispossessed|The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia]]'', 1974 (winner of the [[Hugo Award]] and [[Nebula Award]]) * ''[[The Word for World is Forest]]'', 1976 (winner of the [[Hugo Award]]) * ''[[Four Ways to Forgiveness]]'', 1995 (Four Stories of the Ekumen) * ''[[The Telling]]'', 2000 (winner of [[Endeavour Award]]) === Miscellaneous novels and story cycles === * ''[[The Lathe of Heaven]]'', 1971 (made into TV movies, 1980 and 2002) * ''[[The Eye of the Heron]]'', 1978 (first published in the anthology ''[[Millennial Women]]'') * ''[[Malafrena]]'', 1979 * ''[[The Beginning Place]]'', 1980 (also published as ''Threshold'', 1986) * ''[[Always Coming Home]]'', 1985 * ''[[Lavinia]]'', 2008 ==== The Catwings Collection ==== * ''[[Catwings]]'', 1988 * ''[[Catwings Return]]'', 1989 * ''[[Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings]]'', 1994 * ''[[Jane on her Own]]'', 1999 === Nonfiction === * ''[[The Language of the Night]]'', 1979, revised edition 1992 * ''[[Dancing at the Edge of the World]]'', 1989 * ''[[Revisioning Earthsea]]'', 1992 (a published lecture - essay) * ''[[Steering the Craft]]'', 1998 (about writing) * ''[[The Wave in the Mind]]'', 2004 == Related pages == *[[List of poets from North America]] == References == {{commonscat}} {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Authority control}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.ursulakleguin.com/blog Ursula K. Le Guin Blog] {{DEFAULTSORT:Le Guin, Ursula K.}} [[Category:1929 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]] [[Category:American children's writers]] [[Category:American essayists]] [[Category:American novelists]] [[Category:American poets]] [[Category:American science fiction writers]] [[Category:Hugo Award winning writers]] [[Category:Nebula Award winning writers]] [[Category:American short story writers]] [[Category:Writers from Berkeley, California]] [[Category:Writers from Portland, Oregon]] b935rxi0dohu0z1tyub0ib1h5sfx1yw 3 112221 10967232 10075523 2026-08-19T05:35:05Z MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is) 1857819 /* Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction */ new section 10967232 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, '''PhilKnight''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! I hope you will be happy helping here. You should begin by reading these pages: [[Wikipedia:Useful]], [[Help:Contents]], [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines]], and [[Wikipedia:how to write Simple English articles|how to write Simple English articles]]. If you want some ideas of which pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested articles]] or the list of [[Special:Wantedpages|wanted pages]]. Even though it is a good idea to research an article (like looking at the discussion page) before making large changes, please [[Wikipedia:Be bold|be bold]] and try! Any changes you make that are not perfect can be fixed later. We are also working most on [[Wikipedia:Core article|core article]]s and [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have|the most common topics]] until this Wikipedia grows. If you want to ask a question or talk with other members, you can visit our version of the "village pump" at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. [[Wikipedia:Administrators|Administrators]] on Wikipedia can also help you with more difficult problems. You can also ask me for help. The best way to do that is to leave a message on my talk page. You should always sign your messages on Talk pages by typing "<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>" (four tildes) at the end of your words. If you would like to test Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Please do not test Wikipedia by editing its articles. Good luck and happy editing! == Request for Guidance on Editing the Notre Dame University-Louaize Wikipedia Page == Dear PhilKnight, We are representatives of the Communications team at '''Notre Dame University-Louaize (NDU)''', and we are reaching out regarding the university’s Wikipedia page, which contains outdated information that needs updating. We previously attempted to create an account for this purpose, but it was blocked (NDU Lebanon). Please note that we did not intend to violate any Wikipedia policies—we are simply looking to ensure that the information about our institution is accurate and up to date. Could you kindly advise us on the correct steps to take in order to edit the page while adhering to Wikipedia’s guidelines? Should you require any legal or official authorization, we are more than willing to provide the necessary documents. We appreciate your guidance on how to proceed. Looking forward to your response. Best regards, Andre Fahed Director of Communications Note: You may search for my name at this link for verification https://www.ndu.edu.lb/directory. [[Special:Contributions/212.36.206.4|212.36.206.4]] ([[User talk:212.36.206.4|talk]]) 14:25, 13 February 2025 (UTC) :: You need to follow the instructions at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:NDU_Lebanon [[User:PhilKnight|PhilKnight]] ([[User talk:PhilKnight#top|talk]]) 14:45, 13 February 2025 (UTC) == Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction == Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction [[User:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)]] ([[User talk:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|talk]]) 05:35, 19 August 2026 (UTC) tvel5xe7tqa6fwzrrnl7yejvdyz9ce0 10967233 10967232 2026-08-19T05:36:15Z MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is) 1857819 10967233 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, '''PhilKnight''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! I hope you will be happy helping here. You should begin by reading these pages: [[Wikipedia:Useful]], [[Help:Contents]], [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines]], and [[Wikipedia:how to write Simple English articles|how to write Simple English articles]]. If you want some ideas of which pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested articles]] or the list of [[Special:Wantedpages|wanted pages]]. Even though it is a good idea to research an article (like looking at the discussion page) before making large changes, please [[Wikipedia:Be bold|be bold]] and try! Any changes you make that are not perfect can be fixed later. We are also working most on [[Wikipedia:Core article|core article]]s and [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have|the most common topics]] until this Wikipedia grows. If you want to ask a question or talk with other members, you can visit our version of the "village pump" at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. [[Wikipedia:Administrators|Administrators]] on Wikipedia can also help you with more difficult problems. You can also ask me for help. The best way to do that is to leave a message on my talk page. You should always sign your messages on Talk pages by typing "<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>" (four tildes) at the end of your words. If you would like to test Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Please do not test Wikipedia by editing its articles. Good luck and happy editing! == Request for Guidance on Editing the Notre Dame University-Louaize Wikipedia Page == Dear PhilKnight, We are representatives of the Communications team at '''Notre Dame University-Louaize (NDU)''', and we are reaching out regarding the university’s Wikipedia page, which contains outdated information that needs updating. We previously attempted to create an account for this purpose, but it was blocked (NDU Lebanon). Please note that we did not intend to violate any Wikipedia policies—we are simply looking to ensure that the information about our institution is accurate and up to date. Could you kindly advise us on the correct steps to take in order to edit the page while adhering to Wikipedia’s guidelines? Should you require any legal or official authorization, we are more than willing to provide the necessary documents. We appreciate your guidance on how to proceed. Looking forward to your response. Best regards, Andre Fahed Director of Communications Note: You may search for my name at this link for verification https://www.ndu.edu.lb/directory. [[Special:Contributions/212.36.206.4|212.36.206.4]] ([[User talk:212.36.206.4|talk]]) 14:25, 13 February 2025 (UTC) :: You need to follow the instructions at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:NDU_Lebanon [[User:PhilKnight|PhilKnight]] ([[User talk:PhilKnight#top|talk]]) 14:45, 13 February 2025 (UTC) == Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction == Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction [[User:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)]] ([[User talk:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|talk]]) 05:35, 19 August 2026 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please do not create or make changes to pages{{#if:|, as you did at "[[:{{{1}}}]]",}} that make [[Wikipedia:No personal attacks|personal attacks]] on other people. [[w:Wikipedia:Attack page|Attack pages]] '''are not allowed''' in Wikipedia and are [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|deleted quickly]]. Users who continue to create or repost such pages will be [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Attack --> [[User:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)]] ([[User talk:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|talk]]) 05:36, 19 August 2026 (UTC) 51fz7kw80e2ojjlho5k3tgiil2x0g8o 10967234 10967233 2026-08-19T05:36:28Z MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is) 1857819 10967234 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, '''PhilKnight''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! I hope you will be happy helping here. You should begin by reading these pages: [[Wikipedia:Useful]], [[Help:Contents]], [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines]], and [[Wikipedia:how to write Simple English articles|how to write Simple English articles]]. If you want some ideas of which pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested articles]] or the list of [[Special:Wantedpages|wanted pages]]. Even though it is a good idea to research an article (like looking at the discussion page) before making large changes, please [[Wikipedia:Be bold|be bold]] and try! Any changes you make that are not perfect can be fixed later. We are also working most on [[Wikipedia:Core article|core article]]s and [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have|the most common topics]] until this Wikipedia grows. If you want to ask a question or talk with other members, you can visit our version of the "village pump" at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. [[Wikipedia:Administrators|Administrators]] on Wikipedia can also help you with more difficult problems. You can also ask me for help. The best way to do that is to leave a message on my talk page. You should always sign your messages on Talk pages by typing "<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>" (four tildes) at the end of your words. If you would like to test Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Please do not test Wikipedia by editing its articles. Good luck and happy editing! == Request for Guidance on Editing the Notre Dame University-Louaize Wikipedia Page == Dear PhilKnight, We are representatives of the Communications team at '''Notre Dame University-Louaize (NDU)''', and we are reaching out regarding the university’s Wikipedia page, which contains outdated information that needs updating. We previously attempted to create an account for this purpose, but it was blocked (NDU Lebanon). Please note that we did not intend to violate any Wikipedia policies—we are simply looking to ensure that the information about our institution is accurate and up to date. Could you kindly advise us on the correct steps to take in order to edit the page while adhering to Wikipedia’s guidelines? Should you require any legal or official authorization, we are more than willing to provide the necessary documents. We appreciate your guidance on how to proceed. Looking forward to your response. Best regards, Andre Fahed Director of Communications Note: You may search for my name at this link for verification https://www.ndu.edu.lb/directory. [[Special:Contributions/212.36.206.4|212.36.206.4]] ([[User talk:212.36.206.4|talk]]) 14:25, 13 February 2025 (UTC) :: You need to follow the instructions at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:NDU_Lebanon [[User:PhilKnight|PhilKnight]] ([[User talk:PhilKnight#top|talk]]) 14:45, 13 February 2025 (UTC) == Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction == Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction [[User:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)]] ([[User talk:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|talk]]) 05:35, 19 August 2026 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please do not create or make changes to pages{{#if:|, as you did at "[[:{{{1}}}]]",}} that make [[Wikipedia:No personal attacks|personal attacks]] on other people. [[w:Wikipedia:Attack page|Attack pages]] '''are not allowed''' in Wikipedia and are [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|deleted quickly]]. Users who continue to create or repost such pages will be [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Attack --> [[User:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)]] ([[User talk:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|talk]]) 05:36, 19 August 2026 (UTC) a42wo8mvlc72y7vjt2nxv8in763870x 10967238 10967234 2026-08-19T05:41:44Z PhilKnight 19006 revert sock 10967238 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, '''PhilKnight''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! I hope you will be happy helping here. You should begin by reading these pages: [[Wikipedia:Useful]], [[Help:Contents]], [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines]], and [[Wikipedia:how to write Simple English articles|how to write Simple English articles]]. If you want some ideas of which pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested articles]] or the list of [[Special:Wantedpages|wanted pages]]. Even though it is a good idea to research an article (like looking at the discussion page) before making large changes, please [[Wikipedia:Be bold|be bold]] and try! Any changes you make that are not perfect can be fixed later. We are also working most on [[Wikipedia:Core article|core article]]s and [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have|the most common topics]] until this Wikipedia grows. If you want to ask a question or talk with other members, you can visit our version of the "village pump" at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. [[Wikipedia:Administrators|Administrators]] on Wikipedia can also help you with more difficult problems. You can also ask me for help. The best way to do that is to leave a message on my talk page. You should always sign your messages on Talk pages by typing "<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>" (four tildes) at the end of your words. If you would like to test Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Please do not test Wikipedia by editing its articles. Good luck and happy editing! == Request for Guidance on Editing the Notre Dame University-Louaize Wikipedia Page == Dear PhilKnight, We are representatives of the Communications team at '''Notre Dame University-Louaize (NDU)''', and we are reaching out regarding the university’s Wikipedia page, which contains outdated information that needs updating. We previously attempted to create an account for this purpose, but it was blocked (NDU Lebanon). Please note that we did not intend to violate any Wikipedia policies—we are simply looking to ensure that the information about our institution is accurate and up to date. Could you kindly advise us on the correct steps to take in order to edit the page while adhering to Wikipedia’s guidelines? Should you require any legal or official authorization, we are more than willing to provide the necessary documents. We appreciate your guidance on how to proceed. Looking forward to your response. Best regards, Andre Fahed Director of Communications Note: You may search for my name at this link for verification https://www.ndu.edu.lb/directory. [[Special:Contributions/212.36.206.4|212.36.206.4]] ([[User talk:212.36.206.4|talk]]) 14:25, 13 February 2025 (UTC) :: You need to follow the instructions at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:NDU_Lebanon [[User:PhilKnight|PhilKnight]] ([[User talk:PhilKnight#top|talk]]) 14:45, 13 February 2025 (UTC) fgmyxhgln0lbluln5b10fkexbzfiw36 0 113335 10966769 10966511 2026-08-18T16:43:56Z Ratoketa 1788979 10966769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Hindko | nativename = ਹਿੰਦਕੋ | altname = {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ہنَدٌّکوَ }}}} | familycolor = Indo-European | states = [[Pakistan]] | region = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] ([[Attock District]]), [[Hazara]], [[Kohat District|Kohat]], [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]] | speakers = 5 million | date = 2023 | ref = e16 | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Northwestern ]] | fam5 = | fam6 = | dia1 = [[Northern Hindko|Hazarvi]] (Hazarewal) | dia2 = Peshawari | dia3 = [[Kohat]] | dia4 = Chachhi | dia5 = Awankari | dia6 = [[Ghebi]] | script = [[Shahmukhi]] | agency = | iso3 = hnd | iso3comment = (Southern Hindko) | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''Hindko''' ({{lang|ur|ہنَدٌّکوَ }}, {{pronounced|Hindkoŭ}}; also spelled as '''Hindku''' or '''Hinko''') is a Northwestern [[Indo-Aryan language]], spoken by about 5 million people in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|chapter=Lahnda|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lahnda language {{!}} Punjabi, Saraiki & Hindko {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lahnda-language|access-date=2024-01-03|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Language and politics in Pakistan|last=Rahman|first=Tariq|date=2003|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-577692-8|edition=3. impr|location=Karachi}}</ref> Most of them live in [[Hazara]] (now a region of the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]), but there are also speakers in other parts of the province (such as [[Kohat]] and [[Peshawar]]). There are also speakers in [[Azad Kashmir]] ([[Muzaffarabad District]]) and in north-western [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] ([[Attock District]]). Hindko is classified by some linguists within the [[Lahnda languages|Lahnda group]]. The Hazarvi variety is the most widely spoken dialect of Hindko. There is no proper, formal generic name for these people because they belong to diverse [[Ethnic group|ethnicities]] and tend to identify themselves by the larger families, [[Caste|castes]] and [[Tribe|tribes]]. However the people of the largest group in the districts of [[Haripur]], [[Abbottabad]] and [[Mansehra]] are sometimes recognised collectively as ''Hazarawal'', named after the Hazara Division that comprises these districts. In [[Peshawar]] city they are referred to as "Kharay" meaning City-dwellers or [[Hindkowan]]s. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Languages of Pakistan}} [[Category:Languages of Punjab (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] [[Category:Punjabi language]] lnxfpch16lg6xbsht4kxoebyi9rnrfx 10966794 10966769 2026-08-18T16:55:14Z Ratoketa 1788979 10966794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Hindko | nativename = ਹਿੰਦਕੋ | altname = {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ہنَدٌّکوَ }}}} | familycolor = Indo-European | states = [[Pakistan]] | region = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] ([[Attock District]]), [[Hazara]], [[Kohat District|Kohat]], [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]] | speakers = 5 million | date = 2023 | ref = e16 | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Northwestern ]] | fam5 = | fam6 = | dia1 = [[Northern Hindko|Hazarvi]] (Hazarewal) | dia2 = Peshawari | dia3 = [[Kohat]] | dia4 = Chachhi | dia5 = Awankari | dia6 = [[Ghebi]] | script = [[Shahmukhi]] | agency = | iso3 = hnd | iso3comment = (Southern Hindko) | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''Hindko''' ({{lang|ur|ہنَدٌّکوَ }}, {{pronounced|Hindkoŭ}}; also spelled as '''Hindku''' or '''Hinko''') is a Northwestern [[Indo-Aryan language]], spoken by about 5 million people in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|chapter=Lahnda|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lahnda language {{!}} Punjabi, Saraiki & Hindko {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lahnda-language|access-date=2024-01-03|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Language and politics in Pakistan|last=Rahman|first=Tariq|date=2003|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-577692-8|edition=3. impr|location=Karachi}}</ref> Most of them live in [[Hazara]] (now a region of the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]), but there are also speakers in other parts of the province (such as [[Kohat]] and [[Peshawar]]). There are also speakers in [[Azad Kashmir]] ([[Muzaffarabad District]]) and in north-western [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] ([[Attock District]]). Hindko is generally classified by linguists as being within the [[Lahnda languages|Lahnda group]] which also includes [[Saraiki]] and [[Pahari-Pothwari]]. The Hazarvi variety is the most widely spoken dialect of Hindko. There is no proper, formal generic name for these people because they belong to diverse [[Ethnic group|ethnicities]] and tend to identify themselves by the larger families, [[Caste|castes]] and [[Tribe|tribes]]. However the people of the largest group in the districts of [[Haripur]], [[Abbottabad]] and [[Mansehra]] are sometimes recognised collectively as ''Hazarawal'', named after the Hazara Division that comprises these districts. In [[Peshawar]] city they are referred to as "Kharay" meaning City-dwellers or [[Hindkowan]]s. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Languages of Pakistan}} [[Category:Languages of Punjab (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] [[Category:Punjabi language]] terkqysvxjtq18qr0ta0xaiwwtyx0nn 0 117930 10966798 10935818 2026-08-18T16:56:12Z Ratoketa 1788979 10966798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=July 2026}} <mapframe frameless align="center" text="Location of Rawalpindi city." width=280 height=150 zoom=10 latitude=33.626057 longitude=73.071442 > { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [33.626057, 73.071442] }, "properties": { "title": "Location of Rawalpindi city.", "description": "", "marker-symbol": "", "marker-size": "large", "marker-color": "0050d0" } } </mapframe> [[File:Rawalpindi Ariel view 1.jpg|thumb|237x237px|right|Aerial view of Rawalpindi]] '''Rawalpindi''', known simply as '''Pindi''', ({{lang-ur|راولپنڈی}}; [[Pothowari]]: راولپنڈی, Rāwalpindī) is a city in the [[Pothohar Plateau]] near [[Pakistan]]'s capital city of [[Islamabad]], in the province of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]. It is home to the headquarters of the ''[[Pakistan Army]]'' and also served as the nation's capital while Islamabad was being constructed during the [[1960]]s. The city is home to many industries and factories. [[Benazir Bhutto International Airport]] is actually in Rawalpindi, formerly known as the "Chaklala Airport", serving the city along with the capital. Rawalpindi is in the Punjab province, 275&nbsp;km (171 miles) to the north-west of [[Lahore]]. It is the administrative seat of the [[Rawalpindi District]]. About 3,363,911 people lived in Rawalpindi in the year 1998. The official language is [[Urdu]] while the native local language is [[Pothowari]]. {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Rawalpindi| ]] [[Category:Former national capitals|R]] [[Category:Capital of Pakistan]] k0wf4snfchhbh7o325c763of9v45wck 10966800 10966798 2026-08-18T16:56:33Z Ratoketa 1788979 10966800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=July 2026}} <mapframe frameless align="center" text="Location of Rawalpindi city." width=280 height=150 zoom=10 latitude=33.626057 longitude=73.071442 > { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [33.626057, 73.071442] }, "properties": { "title": "Location of Rawalpindi city.", "description": "", "marker-symbol": "", "marker-size": "large", "marker-color": "0050d0" } } </mapframe> [[File:Rawalpindi Ariel view 1.jpg|thumb|237x237px|right|Aerial view of Rawalpindi]] '''Rawalpindi''', known simply as '''Pindi''', ({{lang-ur|راولپنڈی}}; [[Pothowari]]: راولپنڈی, Rāwalpindī) is a city in the [[Pothohar Plateau]] near [[Pakistan]]'s capital city of [[Islamabad]], in the province of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]. It is home to the headquarters of the ''[[Pakistan Army]]'' and also served as the nation's capital while Islamabad was being constructed during the [[1960]]s. The city is home to many industries and factories. [[Benazir Bhutto International Airport]] is actually in Rawalpindi, formerly known as the "Chaklala Airport", serving the city along with the capital. Rawalpindi is in the Punjab province, 275&nbsp;km (171 miles) to the north-west of [[Lahore]]. It is the administrative seat of the [[Rawalpindi District]]. About 3,363,911 people lived in Rawalpindi in the year 1998. The official language is [[Urdu]] while the local native language is [[Pothowari]]. {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Rawalpindi| ]] [[Category:Former national capitals|R]] [[Category:Capital of Pakistan]] tohc77mhr4xn0uigulgmlogvpxphq8v 0 123210 10967420 10212046 2026-08-19T11:40:53Z WalnutBloom 1773816 Copyediting and editing of wikilinks; reordered article elements. 10967420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=April 2025}} '''Hayal Pass''' is a high [[mountain pass]] to the north of [[Shani Peak]] in [[Naltar Valley]], [[Pakistan]]. It has an elevation of 4,600 metres. It is west of [[Naltar Pass]]. [[Category:Mountain passes of Pakistan]] {{multistub|geo|asia}} jk1mzb5s1dxmvyl7qwly3rty239lxdk 0 124888 10966675 10257796 2026-08-18T15:09:41Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:53bogra_nehru_(cropped).jpg|53bogra_nehru_(cropped).jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Mohammad Ali Bogra|]]. 10966675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Mohammed Ali Bogra<br><small>মোহাম্মদ আলী বগুড়া</small> |image = |office = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] |monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |governor_general = [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]] |term_start = 17 April 1953 |term_end = 12 August 1955 |predecessor = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] |successor = [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]] |office1 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] |president1 = [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] |term_start1 = 13 June 1962 |term_end1 = 23 January 1963 |predecessor1 = [[Manzur Qadir]] |successor1 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] |term_start2 = 24 October 1954 |term_end2 = 12 August 1955 |predecessor2 = [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]] |successor2 = [[Hamidul Huq Choudhury]] |office3 = [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]] |term_start3 = 17 April 1953 |term_end3 = 24 October 1954 |predecessor3 = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] |successor3 = [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] |birth_date = {{birth date|1909|10|19|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Barisal]], [[British Raj]]<br><small>(now [[Bangladesh]])</small> |death_date = {{death date and age|1963|1|23|1909|10|19|df=y}} |death_place = [[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[Pakistan]]<br><small>(now Dhaka, [[Bangladesh]])</small> |party = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] |alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] }} '''Muhammad Ali Bogra''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| محمد علی بوگرہ}}; {{lang-bn|মোহাম্মদ আলী বগুড়া}}}}; October 19, 1909 — January 23, 1963) was a [[Pakistan]]i [[politician|statesman]] of [[Bengal]]i origin. He served as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] from 1953 until 1955. {{s-start}} {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[Abol Hassan Ispahani]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Ambassador to the United States]]|years=1952–1953}} {{s-aft|after=[[Amjad Ali (civil servant)|Amjad Ali]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Amjad Ali (civil servant)|Amjad Ali]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Ambassador to the United States]]|years=1955–1959}} {{s-aft|after=[[Aziz Ahmed]]}} |- {{s-off}} {{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]|years=1953–1955}} {{s-aft|after=[[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]]|years=1953–1954}} {{s-aft|after=[[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1954–1955}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hamidul Huq Choudhury]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Manzur Qadir]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1962–1963}} {{s-aft|after=[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]}} {{s-end}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bogra, Muhammad Ali}} [[Category:1909 births]] [[Category:1963 deaths]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Pakistan]] [[Category:Politicians from Dhaka]] 7cgwa5dkebmzur5hxrup5zi4gopqjj5 0 126124 10967246 10658817 2026-08-19T06:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Richard Branson March 2015 (cropped).jpg | caption = Branson in 2015 |birthname=Richard Charles Nicholas Branson | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|07|18|df=y}} | birth_place = [[London]], England | alma_mater = | networth = {{increase}} US$4.2 billion <small>(2021)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/richard-branson/|title=#1 Richard Branson|magazine=[[Forbes]]|access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> | awards = | occupation = businessman | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Kristen Tomassi|1972|1979|end=div}} * {{marriage|Joan Templeman|1989|2025|end=died}} }} |children = 3 }} '''[[Knight Bachelor|Sir]] Richard Charles Nicholas Branson''' (born 18 July 1950) is an [[England|English]] [[business]]man. He is the [[chairman]] of the [[Virgin Group]], a group of [[company|companies]] including [[Virgin Atlantic Airways]] and [[Virgin Records]]. Branson started Virgin people, a private company that is trying to get people in space. According to [[Forbes]], Branson was the 245th [[wikt:rich|richest]] person in the world in 2008.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/10/2Y7I.html #245 Richard Branson]. [[Forbes]]. Accessed 23 August 2008.</ref> Branson is adventurous and has sporting achievements, he flew around the world in a [[hot air balloon]] where he nearly got killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/10/business/richard-branson-near-death-experiences/index.html|title=Here are just some of Richard Branson's near-death experiences ahead of his first space flight}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/news/richard-branson|title=Richard Branson News - TRT World|access-date=2021-07-19|archive-date=2021-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719100111/https://www.trtworld.com/news/richard-branson|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 11 July 2021, Branson flew to space, reaching a peak altitude of {{convert|53.5|mi|km}} as part of a test flight for his company, [[Virgin Galactic]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-11|title=Richard Branson successfully completes flight to space with Virgin Galactic|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/space-trip-virgin-branson-live-b1882125.html|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-11|title=Billionaire Richard Branson reaches space in his own ship|url=https://apnews.com/article/virgin-galactic-launch-richard-branson-37fd721264b1421f8a1223ee5e5626e3|access-date=2021-07-11|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> The mission lasted approximately one hour.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57797297|title = Virgin Galactic: Sir Richard Branson rockets to the edge of space|work = BBC News|date = 11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/virgin-galactic-richard-branson-spaceflight-webcast|title = Virgin Galactic will launch billionaire Richard Branson into space today. Here's how to watch it live|website = [[Space.com]]|date = 11 July 2021}}</ref> == Education and career == Richard Branson did not attend college. Branson started his career by setting up a mail order record business. He opened a chain of [[Gramophone record|record]] stores called Virgin Records later known as Virgin Megastores in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/11/business/richard-branson-virgin-timeline/index.html|title = He started out with a record company in 1970. Now Richard Branson is launching rockets into space}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://celebanswers.com/did-richard-branson-go-to-college/|title = Did Richard Branson Go to College?|date = 10 August 2020|access-date = 20 July 2021|archive-date = 20 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210720085134/https://celebanswers.com/did-richard-branson-go-to-college/|url-status = dead}}</ref> == Life == His mother was activist [[Eve Branson]]. Branson has been [[diagnose]]d with [[Dyslexia]] and [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]].<ref>[http://www.independent.ie/health/from-jamie-oliver-to-richard-branson-adhd-isnt-just-for-kids-3256399.html ADHD isn't just for kids]</ref> He lives on an island called Necker, he owns this island in the [[Caribbean]]. He was born in [[Blackheath, London]], [[England]]. On 25 November 2025, Branson announced his second wife Joan's death at the age of 80 on [[Instagram]], stating he was "heartbroken".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce3z1gp2574o|title=Sir Richard Branson 'heartbroken' as wife dies|work=[[BBC News]]|last=Jones|first=Harrison|date=25 November 2025|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Branson, Richard}} [[Category:British billionaires]] [[Category:British chief executives]] [[Category:Knights Bachelor]] [[Category:British aviators]] [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Space tourists]] [[Category:People with dyslexia]] os655iqifv5mgq7isak3rvqbv99rqa8 0 126477 10967277 10945681 2026-08-19T06:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rickrolling''' is an [[internet meme]] that involves playing a [[Practical jokes|trick]] on someone by misleading them into listening to [[Rick Astley]]'s 1987 song "[[Never Gonna Give You Up]]". It was first seen on [[4chan]] and is called a "bait and switch", which involves the prankster giving a [[website]] to someone saying that the [[URL|website address]] (which is somehow hidden) is about something else. When the victim clicks the link, they are led to the [[music video]] and have been "rickrolled" or "rickroll'd". As rickrolling has grown in popularity, two of the many videos online have been watched over 13 million times each.<ref>{{cite web|date=2007-05-15|publisher=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0|title=RickRoll'D|accessdate=2008-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2008-03-25|publisher=YouTube|last=YouTube staff|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yu_moia-oVI|title=Rick Astley - Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=2008-12-28}}</ref> On October 27, 2008, at the [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]], Astley himself performed a live rickroll. He came out during the singing of "Best Friends" by the cast of ''[[Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends]]'' and sang "Never Gonna Give You Up". At the end of the song, one of the characters said "I love rickrolling!"<ref>{{cite web| url=http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2008/11/macys-thanksgiv.html| title=Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade: Best and worst moments| last=North| first=Jesse| date=2008-11-27| accessdate=2008-11-27| archive-date=2012-08-26| archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ADKu5tQf?url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2008/11/27/macys-thanksgiv/| url-status=dead}}</ref> On February 23, 2010, the most viewed Rickroll video was deleted. On July 29, 2021, the "Never Gonna Give You Up" YouTube video reached a billion views. ==History== [[Image:Bball rickroll collage.JPG|thumb|Four women's basketball games at [[Eastern Washington University]] were Rickrolled in March 2008,<ref>{{cite web | last =Rose | first =Adam | title =College Basketball Game Rick Roll'd | work =LAist | publisher =[[Gothamist]] LLC | date =2008-03-19 | url =http://laist.com/2008/03/19/college_basketb.php | accessdate =2008-04-01 | archive-date =2008-03-24 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080324114614/http://laist.com/2008/03/19/college_basketb.php | url-status =dead }}</ref> in the first photo, Davin Perry, dressed as the singer Rick Astley, performed before a basketball game. The games were not actually interrupted.]] ===Song=== {{main|Never Gonna Give You Up}} Astley recorded "Never Gonna Give You Up" in 1987 on his album ''Whenever You Need Somebody''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r941 |title=''Whenever You Need Somebody'' review |accessdate=2008-11-18 |last=Henderson |first=Alex |work=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> This song was his [[wikt:debut|debut]] single and was a Number One hit for him on many [[wikt:international|international]] charts like the [[Billboard Hot 100]], [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] and [[UK Top 40]] charts. It was also Astley's first [[music video]] which features him performing the song while dancing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUKN0421297720080405 |title='80s singer Rick Astley latest Web phenomenon |accessdate=2008-11-19 |last=Hasty |first=Katie |date=2008-04-05 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=2012-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921043517/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/04/05/uk-astley-idUKN0421297720080405 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Origin of the term=== Rickrolling is said to have begun as a [[spin-off]] of an earlier [[Practical jokes|prank]] called ''duckrolling'',<ref name="hoaxonwheels">{{cite web |work=FOX News|publisher=[[FOX News Network]]|date=2008-04-22|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352010,00.html |title=The Biggest Little Internet Hoax on Wheels Hits Mainstream |accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref> which was when a link was supposed to lead to a picture or news story but would really link to an edited picture of a duck on wheels. The victim was then said to have been '''duckrolled'''. The first [[wikt:instance|instance]] of rickrolling happened in [[May]] 2007 on the [[4chan]] video game board, where a link to the video was said to be a copy of the first trailer for [[Grand Theft Auto IV]]. The joke was [[wikt:confined|confined]] to 4chan for a short time.<ref name="hoaxonwheels"/> By May 2008,<ref name="Date">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/trends?q=rick+astley%2C+rickroll%2C+rick+roll%2C+never+gonna+give+you+up&ctab=0&geo=all&date=ytd&sort=0|title=Rick Roll related Google Trends|work=[[Google Trends]]|accessdate=2008-04-03|language=English}}</ref> Rickrolling had become an internet hit or [[wikt:phenomenon|phenomenon]] and very soon rickrolling was being covered on mainstream media.<ref name="You've been tRicked">{{cite web | last =Williams | first =Andy | title =You've been tRicked | work =Wigan Today | publisher =Johnston Press Digital Publishing | date =2007-06-16 | url =http://www.wigantoday.net/the-goss/You39ve-been-tRicked.2959023.jp | accessdate =2008-04-01 | archive-date =2012-08-26 | archive-url =https://www.webcitation.org/6ADKp6Xav?url=http://www.wigantoday.net/news/columnists/you-ve-been-tricked-1-173660 | url-status =dead }}</ref> A poll in [[April]] 2008 by SurveyUSA guessed or [[wikt:estimated|estimated]] that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled.<ref name="SurveyUSA">{{cite web | work=SurveyUSA | date=2008-04-09 | title=You Wouldn't Get This From Any Other Pollster | url=http://www.surveyusa.com/index.php/2008/04/09/you-wouldnt-get-this-from-any-other-pollster/ | accessdate=2008-04-10 | archive-date=2008-04-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412034901/http://www.surveyusa.com/index.php/2008/04/09/you-wouldnt-get-this-from-any-other-pollster/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Many still consider Rickrolling to be one of the longest lasting meme and the prank is still commonly used. ===April Fools' Day, 2008=== On [[April Fools' Day]] 2008 and the weeks following, many instances of Rickrolling appeared on the internet and [[news]] media. All of the featured videos on [[YouTube]]'s main page [[hyperlink]]ed to the Rickroll. The prank showed up on [[international]] YouTube portals before showing up on the main page.<ref>{{cite web | last =Arrington| first =Michael| authorlink=Michael Arrington|title =YouTube RickRolls Users| publisher =[[TechCrunch]]| date =2008-03-31| url =https://techcrunch.com/2008/03/31/youtube-rickrolls-users/| accessdate = 2008-04-01}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9wgxcq Video on YouTube] [[Category:Pranks]] [[Category:Internet memes]] [[Category:Rick Astley]] hd3tecp67aakc7bitnbehsp27y6kumo 0 127419 10967150 10864051 2026-08-19T02:28:23Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox album | name = Radio:ACTIVE | type = studio | artist = [[McFly]] | cover = | alt = | released = 22 September 2008 | recorded = 2008, [[Studios 301]], [[Australia]] | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Pop punk]] | length = 36:19 (''[[Mail on Sunday]]'')<br/>48:09 (deluxe)<br/>59:12 (Woolworths Deluxe) | label = [[Super Records|Super]] / [[EMI|EMI Brazil]] / [[Avex Trax]] (Japan) / [[EMI|EMI International]] | producer = [[Jason Perry (singer)|Jason Perry]], [[Danny Jones]] | prev_title = [[Motion in the Ocean]] | prev_year = 2006 | next_title = [[Above the Noise]] | next_year = 2010 | misc = {{Singles | name = Radio:Active | type = Studio album | single1 = [[One for the Radio]] | single1date = 9 July 2008 | single2 = [[Lies (McFly song)|Lies]] | single2date = 15 September 2008 | single3 = [[Do Ya/Stay With Me]] | single3date = 24 November 2008 | single4 = [[Falling in Love (McFly song)|Falling in Love]] | single4date = 10 May 2009 }} }} {{Album ratings |rev1 = [[Digital Spy]] |rev1score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a114393/mcfly-radio-active.htm|title=McFly: 'Radio: ACTIVE'|work=Digital Spy|date=23 July 2008}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |rev2 = ''[[The Guardian]]'' |rev2score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/sep/19/popandrock8|title=CD: McFly, Radio:Active|author=Caroline Sullivan|work=the Guardian|date=18 September 2008 }}</ref> |rev3 = ''[[Sunday Times]]'' |rev3score = {{rating|2|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article4775184.ece|title=Login|work=timesonline.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |rev4 = ''[[Virgin Media]]'' |rev4score = {{rating|2.5|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/reviews/albumreviews/mcfly-radioactive.php|title=McFly: Radio:Active|work=virginmedia.com|access-date=2008-09-01|archive-date=2008-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907010300/http://www.virginmedia.com/music/reviews/albumreviews/mcfly-radioactive.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{distinguish|Radioactivity}} '''''Radio:Active''''' ([[Typesetting|typeset]] as '''''Radio:ACTIVE''''') is the fourth album by [[United Kingdom|British]] [[pop rock]] band [[McFly]]. It is the band's first album with their new label [[Super Records]]. They created this label after they left [[Island Records]].<ref>{{cite web|date=17 May 2008|title=We're gonna McFly solo lads tell record label Tag|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/showbiz/3am/2008/05/17/we-re-gonna-mcfly-solo-lads-tell-record-label-89520-20420212/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706185806/http://www.mirror.co.uk/showbiz/3am/2008/05/17/we-re-gonna-mcfly-solo-lads-tell-record-label-89520-20420212/|archive-date=2008-07-06|work=The Mirror.co.uk|accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> The first single from the album is "[[One for the Radio]]".<ref>{{cite web|date=20 May 2008|title=McFly Confirm New Album Details Tag|url=http://www.hereward.co.uk/article.asp?id=709276|work=Hereward.co.uk|accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref> On 24 June 2008, McFly said that they would give ''Radio:Active'' free with the newspaper ''[[The Mail on Sunday]]'' on 20 July 2008. They released a second single on 15 September 2008 called ''Lies'' which is also on the album.<ref name="mcflymos">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7472226.stm|title=McFly announce new album giveaway|date=24 June 2008|accessdate=2008-06-24|publisher=BBC.co.uk}}</ref> The deluxe edition has four extra songs, a bonus DVD and a 32-page booklet. McFly released this on 22 September 2008.<ref name="DailyMail">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/prmts/article-1029113/McFly-And-The-Mail-On-Sunday-Unite-To-Give-Away-New-Album--8216-Radio-ACTIVE-8217.html|title=McFly And The Mail On Sunday Unite To Give Away New Album 'Radio:ACTIVE'|date=24 June 2008|accessdate=2008-06-26|publisher=DailyMail.co.uk|archive-date=2008-06-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080627102957/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/prmts/article-1029113/McFly-And-The-Mail-On-Sunday-Unite-To-Give-Away-New-Album--8216-Radio-ACTIVE-8217.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ''The Mail on Sunday'' edition tracklist == # "Do Ya" - 2:53 <small>([[Tom Fletcher|T. Fletcher]], [[Dougie Poynter|D.Poynter]], [[James Bourne|J.Bourne]],)</small> # "Falling In Love" - 4:26 <small>([[Danny Jones|D.Jones]], T.Fletcher, [[Jason Perry|J.Perry]])</small> # "Everybody Knows" - 3:15 <small>(T.Fletcher, D.Poynter, J.Bourne)</small> # "Smile" - 3:18 <small>(D.Jones, T.Fletcher, J.Perry)</small> # "One for the Radio" - 3:06 <small>(T.Fletcher)</small> # "POV" - 3:53 <small>(T.Fletcher)</small> # "Corrupted" - 3:39 <small>(T.Fletcher, [[Lauren Christy|L.Christy]], [[Graham Edwards|G.Edwards]], [[Scott Spock|S.Spock]])</small> # "[[The Heart Never Lies]]" - 3:26 <small>(T.Fletcher)</small> # "Going Through The Motions" - 3:25 <small>(T.Fletcher, D.Jones, D.Poynter)</small> # "The Last Song" - 4:51 <small>(T.Fletcher, D.Jones, D.Poynter)</small><ref name="DailyMail"/> == Deluxe edition tracklist Cd + Dvd == # "Lies" - 3:39 # "One for the Radio" - 3:06 # "Everybody Knows" - 3:15 # "Do Ya" - 2:53 # "Falling In Love" - 4:26 # "POV" - 3:53 # "Corrupted" - 3:39 # "Smile" - 3:18 # "The End" # "Going Through The Motions" - 3:25 # "Down Goes Another One" # "Only The Strong Survive" # "The Last Song" - 4:52 # DVD - PART 1 - Down Under with McFly - The making of radio : ACTIVE # DVD - PART 2 - Behind the scenes with McFly - promotion radio : ACTIVE Summer 2008<ref name="Townsend">{{cite news|url=http://www.townsend-records.co.uk/product.php?pId=10003043&pType=1|title=Radion:Active Deluxe Edition tracklisting|accessdate=2008-08-27|publisher=TownsendRecords.co.uk|archive-date=2008-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827060633/http://www.townsend-records.co.uk/product.php?pId=10003043&pType=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Townsend Records * Download of 'Lies' - Johnny Phonetti Remix * Download of 'Lies' - Johnny Phonetti Dub Mix == References == <references/> [[Category:McFly albums]] [[Category:2008 albums]] m91gjzjwo9wqvx4gkfbmp8hj9s5igw4 0 130802 10966631 10802223 2026-08-18T14:20:39Z Makenzis 687567 10966631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Athletic Club | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | fullname = Athletic Club<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/club/about-the-club|title=About the club|publisher=Athletic Bilbao|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712084732/https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/club/about-the-club|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4308623/2023/03/16/sporting-lisbon-athletic-bilbao-wrong-name/ From Sporting Lisbon to Athletic Bilbao — why do we get foreign clubs' names wrong?] , Michael Cox, The Athletic, 16 March 2023</ref> | nickname = ''Lehoiak'' (The Lions)<br>''Zuri-Gorriak'' (The Red and Whites) | short name = | founded = {{Start date and age|1898|07|18|df=y}} | dissolved = | American = | ground = [[San Mamés Stadium (2013)|Estadio San Mamés]] | capacity = 53,331<ref name="capacity">{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/General/02/14/49/29/2144929_DOWNLOAD.pdf|title=UEFA EURO 2020 Evaluation Report|website=[[UEFA]]|access-date=23 January 2017|archive-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516214454/http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/General/02/14/49/29/2144929_DOWNLOAD.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|43|15|51.0|N|2|56|57.7|W|region:ES-PV|display=inline,title}} | owntitle = <!--optional, default: Owner --> | owner = | chrtitle = President | chairman = Jon Uriarte | mgrtitle = Head coach | manager = [[Ernesto Valverde]] | league = | season = | position = | website = {{URL|https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/|athletic-club.eus}} | pattern_la1 = _bilbao2526h | pattern_b1 = _bilbao2526h | pattern_ra1 = _bilbao2526h | pattern_sh1 = _bilbao2526h | pattern_so1 = _bilbao2526hl | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _bilbao2526a | pattern_b2 = _bilbao2526a | pattern_ra2 = _bilbao2526a | pattern_sh2 = _bilbao2526a | pattern_so2 = _bilbao2526al | leftarm2 = | body2 = | rightarm2 = | shorts2 = | socks2 = | pattern_la3 = _bilbao2526t | pattern_b3 = _bilbao2526t | pattern_ra3 = _bilbao2526t | pattern_sh3 = _bilbao2526t | pattern_so3 = _blacktop | leftarm3 = a0ffe0 | body3 = a0ffe0 | rightarm3 = a0ffe0 | shorts3 = a0ffe0 | socks3 = a0ffe0 | current = }} [[File:Athletic Club 1903.jpg|thumbnail|The squad with the Copa del Rey 1903]] '''Athletic Club''', most often known in English as '''Athletic Bilbao''', is a [[Association football|football]] club which plays in [[Spain]]. Athletic Bilbao's nickname is "Los Leones" (The Lions). This is because their stadium was built near a church named San Mamés. The church is named after Saint Mammes, an early Christian thrown to the lions by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. The club formed from a merger of two football clubs ; '''Bilbao F.C.''' and '''Athletic Club''' in 1903. Athletic Bilbao is known for only utilizing players from the historic [[Basque Country (greater region)|basque territory]], which includes the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] in Spain and France such as the region of [[Navarre]]. == Rivalries == Athletic Club has three major rivalries: Real Sociedad de San Sebastian, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid. The Rivalry with Real Sociedad is due to the location, because both teams are from the Basque Country. The rivalry also took place because of the rule to only sign players from the basque territory, yet Real Sociedad abondoned the rule in the 1980s. The rivalries with Real Madrid established itself because of the political circumstances. Both the Basque Country and Catalunya were had massive issues with the central goverment under Dictator Franco in Madrid, who forbid their language and traditions for a greater spanish empire. Franco heavily supported the capitals team, Real Madrid, which caused tensions with supporters of Athletic Club. The rivalry with FC Barcelona also is a result of the Franco-era. FC Barcelona, located in Catalunya, had the same issues with the central government such as the Basque Country. As a result of this circumstance, a rivalry between the Basque Country and Catalunya happened, which translated in football. As both Athletic Club and the FC Barcelona are the most important teams of their regions, they were the protagonists for this rivalry. Even with Spain being democratic since Franco's in 1975, both rivalries with Real Madrid and FC Barcelona are still on-going. == Honours == === National tournaments === *'''[[La Liga]]''' :'''Winners (8):''' [[1929–30 La Liga|1929–30]], [[1930–31 La Liga|1930–31]], [[1933–34 La Liga|1933–34]], [[1935–36 La Liga|1935–36]], [[1942–43 La Liga|1942–43]], [[1955–56 La Liga|1955–56]], [[1982–83 La Liga|1982–83]], [[1983–84 La Liga|1983–84]]. :''Runners-up (7):'' [[1931–32 La Liga|1931–32]], [[1932–33 La Liga|1932–33]], [[1940–41 La Liga|1940–41]], [[1946–47 La Liga|1946–47]], [[1951–52 La Liga|1951–52]], [[1969–70 La Liga|1969–70]], [[1997–98 La Liga|1997–98]]. *''' [[Copa del Rey]]''' :'''Winners (24<ref name="1902cup">Note:''The number of Copa wins ''Athletic Club'' have been credited with is disputed. The 1902 competition was won by ''Bizcaya'', a team made up of players from ''Athletic Club'' and ''Bilbao FC''. In 1903 these two clubs merged as ''Athletic Club''. The 1902 cup is on display in the Athletic museum [http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/spancup1902.html] and the club includes it in its own honours list. [http://www.athletic-club.net/acc/home.asp?a=7&b=2&idi=2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303045457/http://www.athletic-club.net/acc/home.asp?a=7&b=2&idi=2 |date=2007-03-03 }}. However LFP and [[Royal Spanish Football Federation|RFEF]] official statistics do not include this as an Athletic win.''</ref>):''' [[1903 Copa del Rey|1903]], [[1904 Copa del Rey|1904]], [[1910 Copa del Rey|1910]], [[1911 Copa del Rey|1911]], [[1914 Copa del Rey|1914]], [[1915 Copa del Rey|1915]], [[1916 Copa del Rey|1916]], [[1921 Copa del Rey|1921]], [[1923 Copa del Rey|1923]], [[1930 Copa del Rey|1930]], [[1931 Copa del Rey|1931]], [[1932 Copa del Rey|1932]], [[1933 Copa del Presidente de la República|1933]], [[1943 Copa del Generalísimo|1943]], [[1944 Copa del Generalísimo|1944]], [[1944–45 Copa del Generalísimo|1944–45]], [[1949–50 Copa del Generalísimo|1949–50]], [[1955 Copa del Generalísimo|1955]], [[1956 Copa del Generalísimo|1956]], [[1958 Copa del Generalísimo|1958]], [[1969 Copa del Generalísimo|1969]], [[1972–73 Copa del Generalísimo|1972–73]], [[1983–84 Copa del Rey|1983–84]], 2023-24 :''Runners-up (16):'' [[1905 Copa del Rey|1905]], [[1906 Copa del Rey|1906]], [[1913 Copa del Rey|1913]], [[1920 Copa del Rey|1920]], [[1942 Copa del Generalísimo|1942]], [[1948–49 Copa del Generalísimo|1948–49]], [[1952–53 Copa del Generalísimo|1952–53]], [[1965–66 Copa del Generalísimo|1965–66]], [[1966–67 Copa del Generalísimo|1966–67]], [[1976–77 Copa del Rey|1976–77]], [[1984–85 Copa del Rey|1984–85]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|2008–09]], [[2011–12 Copa del Rey|2011–12]], 2014-15, 2019-20, 2020-21. *'''[[Supercopa de España]]''' :'''Winners (3):''' 1984*, 2015, 2021 :<small>(* ''Won [[Copa del Rey]] and [[La Liga]]''</small> ''Runners-up (3):'' [[1983 Supercopa de España|1983]], [[2009 Supercopa de España|2009]], 2022 Copa de la Coronación (Coronation Cup) Winners (1): 1902. *'''[[Copa Eva Duarte]]'''<ref>Note:"Eva Duarte Cup" competition was the predecessor of the current "Spanish Supercup", because they face the league champion against the champion of the "Copa del Rey".</ref> :'''Winners (1):''' 1950.<ref>The [[Copa Eva Duarte]] was only recognized and organized with that name by the RFEF from 1947 until 1953, and therefore Athletic Bilbao's runners-up medal in the "Copa de Oro Argentina" of 1945 is not included in this count.</ref> :''Runners-up (1):'' 1945 === International tournaments === * UEFA Europa League ''Runners-up:'' 2011-2012 == League position == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |align="center"|Season||align="center"|League||align="center"|Position |- |2000/01||[[La Liga]]||12th |- |2001/02||[[La Liga]]||8th |- |2002/03||[[La Liga]]||7th |- |2003/04||[[La Liga]]||5th |- |2004/05||[[La Liga]]||9th |- |2005/06||[[La Liga]]||12th |- |2006/07||[[La Liga]]||17th |- |2007/08||[[La Liga]]||11th |- |2008/09||[[La Liga]]||13th |} === Former position === {{scroll box|width=75%| * 1929 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1929/30 : [[La Liga]] - Champions * 1930/31 : [[La Liga]] - Champions * 1931/32 : [[La Liga]] - 2nd * 1932/33 : [[La Liga]] - 2nd * 1933/34 : [[La Liga]] - Champions * 1934/35 : [[La Liga]] - 4th * 1935/36 : [[La Liga]] - Champions * 1939/40 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1940/41 : [[La Liga]] - 2nd * 1941/42 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1942/43 : [[La Liga]] - Champions * 1943/44 : [[La Liga]] - 10th * 1944/45 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1945/46 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1946/47 : [[La Liga]] - 2nd * 1947/48 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1948/49 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1949/50 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1950/51 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1951/52 : [[La Liga]] - 2nd * 1952/53 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1953/54 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1954/55 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1955/56 : [[La Liga]] - Champions * 1956/57 : [[La Liga]] - 4th * 1957/58 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1958/59 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1959/60 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1960/61 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1961/62 : [[La Liga]] - 5th * 1962/63 : [[La Liga]] - 10th * 1963/64 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1964/65 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1965/66 : [[La Liga]] - 5th * 1966/67 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1967/68 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1968/69 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1969/70 : [[La Liga]] - 2nd * 1970/71 : [[La Liga]] - 5th * 1971/72 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1972/73 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1973/74 : [[La Liga]] - 5th * 1974/75 : [[La Liga]] - 10th * 1975/76 : [[La Liga]] - 5th * 1976/77 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1977/78 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1978/79 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1979/80 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1980/81 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1981/82 : [[La Liga]] - 4th * 1982/83 : [[La Liga]] - Champions * 1983/84 : [[La Liga]] - Champions * 1984/85 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1985/86 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1986/87 : [[La Liga]] - 13th * 1987/88 : [[La Liga]] - 4th * 1988/89 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1989/90 : [[La Liga]] - 12th * 1990/91 : [[La Liga]] - 12th * 1991/92 : [[La Liga]] - 14th * 1992/93 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1993/94 : [[La Liga]] - 5th * 1994/95 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1995/96 : [[La Liga]] - 15th * 1996/97 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1997/98 : [[La Liga]] - 2nd * 1998/99 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1999/00 : [[La Liga]] - 11th }} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Spanish football clubs]] [[Category:Bilbao]] [[Category:1898 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1890s establishments in Spain]] qu82tuay7nmpqer5yukws9e3t583xxs 0 132718 10967142 10957069 2026-08-19T01:54:17Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart */ 10967142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{colorswatch|chartreuse green|7FFF00}} {{colorswatch|chartreuse yellow|DFFF00}} '''Chartreuse green''' is the [[colour]] halfway between [[yellow]] and [[green]] on the RGB and RYB [[color wheel]], with the hex code of #80FF00. ''Chartreuse green'' (the [[web color]] known as ''chartreuse'' since the X11 colors were created in [[1987]] and then renamed the X11 web colors in 1991) is a web color that was named because it looked like the green color of a French [[liqueur]] called ''green [[chartreuse]]'', made since 1764. Before 1987, this color was called ''yellow-green'', but that name is now used for the web color "yellow-green", a medium dark shade of chartreuse green shown in the color chart below. The color ''chartreuse yellow'' (the traditional color originally called ''chartreuse'' since 1892) is a yellow color mixed with a small amount of green that was named because it looked similar to the yellow color of a French liqueur called ''[[yellow chartreuse (liqueur)|yellow chartreuse]]'', introduced in 1838. The color chartreuse yellow is shown on the color chart below. Chartreuse yellow is the color halfway between [[Lime (color)|lime]] and [[yellow]] on the RGB color wheel. <ref name=greenyellow>{{cite web |url = http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green&yellow_uk.htm |title = Green Chartreuse and Yellow Chartreuse |accessdate = 2008-05-05 |publisher = Chartreuse Liqueurs |archive-date = 2008-04-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183955/http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green%26yellow_uk.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Meaning of chartreuse green== * Chartreuse green is the color of most [[salad]] greens and therefore it is associated with good [[health]] and a healthy diet. It is associated with [[nature]] and the country and with [[healing]]. ==Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart== {| width=100% |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- | style = "background-color: #f3fdc6;"| Light Mindaro (Mindaro Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F3FDC6) (RGB: 243, 253, 198) |- | style = "background-color: #eff7aa;"| Australian Mint (Resene color list) (Hex: #EFF7AA) (RGB: 239, 247, 170) |- | style = "background-color: #f7fa97;"| Light Starship (Starship Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F7FA97) (RGB: 247, 250, 151) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f48c;"| Key Lime (Crayola Key Lime Pearl (Pearl Brites)) (Hex: #E8F48C) (RGB: 232, 244, 140) |- | style = "background-color: #e3f988;"| Mindaro (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #E3F988) (RGB: 227, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- | style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #e6f554;"| Light Las Palmas (Las Palmas Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E6F554) (RGB: 230, 245, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f24e;"| Light Bitter Lemon (Bitter Lemon Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E8F24E) (RGB: 232, 242, 78) |- | style = "background-color: #ecf245;"| Starship (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #ECF245) (RGB: 236, 242, 69) |- | style="background-color: #dfff00;" | Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse (Fluorescent Chartreuse)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Fluorescent Chartreuse (Fluorescent Yellow (Crayola Twistable colored pencils) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c7ff00;"| Fluorescent Lime (Hex: #C7FF00) (RGB: 199, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c2f732;"| French Chartreuse (Chartreuse Green (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #C2F732) (RGB: 194, 247, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- | style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #dde454;"| Light La Rioja (La Rioja Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #DDE454) (RGB: 221, 228, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #d6e94b;"| Light Bahia (Bahia Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D6E94B) (RGB: 214, 233, 75) |- | style = "background-color: #d4e646;"| Light Citrus (Citrus Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D4E646) (RGB: 212, 230, 70) |- | style = "background-color: #d3d86e;"| Light Citron (Citron Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D3D86E) (RGB: 211, 216, 110) |- | style = "background-color: #c9dc89;"| Medium Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C9DC89) (RGB: 202, 220, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #c2e20d;"| Go Bunny Go (Colour [sic] Lovers 2011 Color of the Year) (Hex: #C2E20D) (RGB: 194, 226, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #c6e610;"| Las Palmas (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #C6E610) (RGB: 193, 230, 16) |- | style="background-color: #ceff00;" | Volt (Nike) (Hex: #CEFF00) (RGB: 206, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| Lime (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- | style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (traditional)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #9efd38;"| French Lime (Lime (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #9EFD38) (RGB: 158, 253, 56) |- | style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Environmentalist Green) (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #85ea85;"| Light Lime Green (Lime Green Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #85EA85) (RGB: 133, 234, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #b2ec5d;"| Inchworm (Crayola) (Hex: #B2EC5D) (RGB: 178, 236, 53) |- | style = "background-color: #bbe261;"|Light Lima (Lima Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #BBE261) (RGB: 187, 226, 97) |- | style = "background-color: #d2e454;"| Light Limerick (Limerick Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D2E543) (RGB: 210, 229, 67) |- | style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- | style = "background-color: #bada55;"| Badass (Hex: #BADA55) (RGB: 186, 218, 85) |- | style = "background-color: #bdd741;"| Brilliant Yellow Green (Liquitex Basic Colors #140) (Hex: #BDD741) (RGB: 189, 215, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #cecf72;"| Yaffle Green (British Standards BS 5-062) (Hex: #CECF72) (RGB: 206, 207, 114) |- | style = "background-color: #bfbf6c;"| Green Chartreuse Liqueur (Chartreuse (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #BFBF6C) (RGB: 191, 191, 108) |- | style = "background-color: #b3c110;"| La Rioja (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B3C110) (RGB: 179, 193, 16) |- | style = "background-color: #b0bc4a;"| Medium Chartreuse (Pantone TPX 14-0445 "Bright Chartreuse") (Hex: #B0BC4A) (RGB: 176, 188, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #b0b583;"| Medium Winter Pear (Winter Pear (Pantone TPX 15-0523)) (Hex: #B0B583) (RGB: 176, 181, 131) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD2B) (RGB: 165, 205, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- | style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- | style = "background-color: #8fd400;"| Sheen Green (Crayola Metallic FX) (Hex: #8FD400) (RGB: 143, 212, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #98df62;"| Go Go Go (Resene color list) (Hex: #98DF62) (RGB: 152, 223, 98) |- | style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-green (web color) (Yellowgreen) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #a4c639;"| Android Green (Google) (Hex: #A4C639) (RGB: 164, 198, 57) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cb0c;"| Bahia (Xona.com color list)(Hex: #A5CB0C) (RGB: 165, 203, 12) |- | style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- | style = "background-color: #9dc209;"| Limerick (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #9DC209) (RGB: 157, 194, 9) |- | style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #80ca2b;"| Dizzy Lizzy (Resene color list) (Hex: #80CA2B) (RGB: 128, 202, 43) |- | style = "background-color: #76bd17;"| Lima (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #76BD17) (RGB: 118, 189, 23) |- | style = "background-color: #6bbe23;"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6BBE23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- | style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #57d200;"| Deep Yellow-Green (Yellow-Green (Crayola colored pencils)) (Hex: #57D200) (RGB: 87, 210, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #50b708;"| Usumbara Chameleon Harlequin (Hex: #50B708) (RGB: 80, 183, 8) |- | style = "background-color: #5ca345;"| Groovy (Resene color list} (Hex: #5CA345) (RGB: 92, 163, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #44944a; color:#ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (ISCC-NBS Harlequin) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #4c9141; color:#ffffff"| May Green (RAL 6017) (Hex: #4C9141) (RGB: 76, 145, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #87a96b; color:#ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #87A96B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #78866b; color:#ffffff"| Camouflage Green (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color:#ffffff"| Winter Pear (Plochere) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB: 138, 154, 191) |- | style = "background-color: #9fa91f; color:#ffffff"| Citron (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 158, 169, 31) |- | style = "background-color: #808000; color:#ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #568203; color:#ffffff"| Avocado (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #568203) (RGB: 86, 130, 3) |- | style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #808000; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #3b3c36; color:#ffffff"| Black Olive (Olive RAL 6015) (Hex: #3B3C36) (RGB: 59, 60, 54) |- | style = "background-color: #354230; color:#ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |} ==Related pages== *[[List of colors]] ==References== <references/> {{Shades of green}} {{Shades of yellow}} tv73ztdzw3inl4d1qu9nr9qyxevvoy7 10967144 10967142 2026-08-19T01:56:05Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart */ 10967144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{colorswatch|chartreuse green|7FFF00}} {{colorswatch|chartreuse yellow|DFFF00}} '''Chartreuse green''' is the [[colour]] halfway between [[yellow]] and [[green]] on the RGB and RYB [[color wheel]], with the hex code of #80FF00. ''Chartreuse green'' (the [[web color]] known as ''chartreuse'' since the X11 colors were created in [[1987]] and then renamed the X11 web colors in 1991) is a web color that was named because it looked like the green color of a French [[liqueur]] called ''green [[chartreuse]]'', made since 1764. Before 1987, this color was called ''yellow-green'', but that name is now used for the web color "yellow-green", a medium dark shade of chartreuse green shown in the color chart below. The color ''chartreuse yellow'' (the traditional color originally called ''chartreuse'' since 1892) is a yellow color mixed with a small amount of green that was named because it looked similar to the yellow color of a French liqueur called ''[[yellow chartreuse (liqueur)|yellow chartreuse]]'', introduced in 1838. The color chartreuse yellow is shown on the color chart below. Chartreuse yellow is the color halfway between [[Lime (color)|lime]] and [[yellow]] on the RGB color wheel. <ref name=greenyellow>{{cite web |url = http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green&yellow_uk.htm |title = Green Chartreuse and Yellow Chartreuse |accessdate = 2008-05-05 |publisher = Chartreuse Liqueurs |archive-date = 2008-04-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183955/http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green%26yellow_uk.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Meaning of chartreuse green== * Chartreuse green is the color of most [[salad]] greens and therefore it is associated with good [[health]] and a healthy diet. It is associated with [[nature]] and the country and with [[healing]]. ==Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart== {| width=100% |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- | style = "background-color: #f3fdc6;"| Light Mindaro (Mindaro Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F3FDC6) (RGB: 243, 253, 198) |- | style = "background-color: #eff7aa;"| Australian Mint (Resene color list) (Hex: #EFF7AA) (RGB: 239, 247, 170) |- | style = "background-color: #f7fa97;"| Light Starship (Starship Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F7FA97) (RGB: 247, 250, 151) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f48c;"| Key Lime (Crayola Key Lime Pearl (Pearl Brites)) (Hex: #E8F48C) (RGB: 232, 244, 140) |- | style = "background-color: #e3f988;"| Mindaro (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #E3F988) (RGB: 227, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- | style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #e6f554;"| Light Las Palmas (Las Palmas Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E6F554) (RGB: 230, 245, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f24e;"| Light Bitter Lemon (Bitter Lemon Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E8F24E) (RGB: 232, 242, 78) |- | style = "background-color: #ecf245;"| Starship (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #ECF245) (RGB: 236, 242, 69) |- | style="background-color: #dfff00;" | Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse (Fluorescent Chartreuse)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Fluorescent Chartreuse (Fluorescent Yellow (Crayola Twistable colored pencils) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c7ff00;"| Fluorescent Lime (Hex: #C7FF00) (RGB: 199, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c2f732;"| French Chartreuse (Chartreuse Green (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #C2F732) (RGB: 194, 247, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- | style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #dde454;"| Light La Rioja (La Rioja Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #DDE454) (RGB: 221, 228, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #d6e94b;"| Light Bahia (Bahia Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D6E94B) (RGB: 214, 233, 75) |- | style = "background-color: #d4e646;"| Light Citrus (Citrus Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D4E646) (RGB: 212, 230, 70) |- | style = "background-color: #d3d86e;"| Light Citron (Citron Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D3D86E) (RGB: 211, 216, 110) |- | style = "background-color: #c9dc89;"| Medium Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C9DC89) (RGB: 202, 220, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #c2e20d;"| Go Bunny Go (Colour [sic] Lovers 2011 Color of the Year) (Hex: #C2E20D) (RGB: 194, 226, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #c6e610;"| Las Palmas (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #C6E610) (RGB: 193, 230, 16) |- | style="background-color: #ceff00;" | Volt (Nike) (Hex: #CEFF00) (RGB: 206, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| Lime (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- | style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (traditional)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #9efd38;"| French Lime (Lime (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #9EFD38) (RGB: 158, 253, 56) |- | style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Environmentalist Green) (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #85ea85;"| Light Lime Green (Lime Green Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #85EA85) (RGB: 133, 234, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #b2ec5d;"| Inchworm (Crayola) (Hex: #B2EC5D) (RGB: 178, 236, 53) |- | style = "background-color: #bbe261;"|Light Lima (Lima Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #BBE261) (RGB: 187, 226, 97) |- | style = "background-color: #d2e454;"| Light Limerick (Limerick Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D2E543) (RGB: 210, 229, 67) |- | style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- | style = "background-color: #bada55;"| Badass (Hex: #BADA55) (RGB: 186, 218, 85) |- | style = "background-color: #bdd741;"| Brilliant Yellow Green (Liquitex Basic Colors #140) (Hex: #BDD741) (RGB: 189, 215, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #cecf72;"| Yaffle Green (British Standards BS 5-062) (Hex: #CECF72) (RGB: 206, 207, 114) |- | style = "background-color: #bfbf6c;"| Green Chartreuse Liqueur (Chartreuse (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #BFBF6C) (RGB: 191, 191, 108) |- | style = "background-color: #b3c110;"| La Rioja (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B3C110) (RGB: 179, 193, 16) |- | style = "background-color: #b0bc4a;"| Medium Chartreuse (Pantone TPX 14-0445 "Bright Chartreuse") (Hex: #B0BC4A) (RGB: 176, 188, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #b0b583;"| Medium Winter Pear (Winter Pear (Pantone TPX 15-0523)) (Hex: #B0B583) (RGB: 176, 181, 131) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD2B) (RGB: 165, 205, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- | style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- | style = "background-color: #8fd400;"| Sheen Green (Crayola Metallic FX) (Hex: #8FD400) (RGB: 143, 212, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #98df62;"| Go Go Go (Resene color list) (Hex: #98DF62) (RGB: 152, 223, 98) |- | style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-green (web color) (Yellowgreen) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #a4c639;"| Android Green (Google) (Hex: #A4C639) (RGB: 164, 198, 57) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cb0c;"| Bahia (Xona.com color list)(Hex: #A5CB0C) (RGB: 165, 203, 12) |- | style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- | style = "background-color: #9dc209;"| Limerick (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #9DC209) (RGB: 157, 194, 9) |- | style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #80ca2b;"| Dizzy Lizzy (Resene color list) (Hex: #80CA2B) (RGB: 128, 202, 43) |- | style = "background-color: #76bd17;"| Lima (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #76BD17) (RGB: 118, 189, 23) |- | style = "background-color: #6bbe23;"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6BBE23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- | style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #57d200;"| Deep Yellow-Green (Yellow-Green (Crayola colored pencils)) (Hex: #57D200) (RGB: 87, 210, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #50b708;"| Usumbara Chameleon Harlequin (Hex: #50B708) (RGB: 80, 183, 8) |- | style = "background-color: #5ca345;"| Groovy (Resene color list} (Hex: #5CA345) (RGB: 92, 163, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #44944a; color:#ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (ISCC-NBS Harlequin) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #4c9141; color:#ffffff"| May Green (RAL 6017) (Hex: #4C9141) (RGB: 76, 145, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #87a96b; color:#ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #87A96B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #78866b; color:#ffffff"| Camouflage Green (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color:#ffffff"| Winter Pear (Plochere) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB: 138, 154, 191) |- | style = "background-color: #9fa91f; color:#ffffff"| Citron (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 158, 169, 31) |- | style = "background-color: #808000; color:#ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #568203; color:#ffffff"| Avocado (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #568203) (RGB: 86, 130, 3) |- | style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (web color) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #3b3c36; color:#ffffff"| Black Olive (Olive RAL 6015) (Hex: #3B3C36) (RGB: 59, 60, 54) |- | style = "background-color: #354230; color:#ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |} ==Related pages== *[[List of colors]] ==References== <references/> {{Shades of green}} {{Shades of yellow}} dwjr7jd024ogd3o1n90ldvl2hr0brxk 10967145 10967144 2026-08-19T01:56:53Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart */ 10967145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{colorswatch|chartreuse green|7FFF00}} {{colorswatch|chartreuse yellow|DFFF00}} '''Chartreuse green''' is the [[colour]] halfway between [[yellow]] and [[green]] on the RGB and RYB [[color wheel]], with the hex code of #80FF00. ''Chartreuse green'' (the [[web color]] known as ''chartreuse'' since the X11 colors were created in [[1987]] and then renamed the X11 web colors in 1991) is a web color that was named because it looked like the green color of a French [[liqueur]] called ''green [[chartreuse]]'', made since 1764. Before 1987, this color was called ''yellow-green'', but that name is now used for the web color "yellow-green", a medium dark shade of chartreuse green shown in the color chart below. The color ''chartreuse yellow'' (the traditional color originally called ''chartreuse'' since 1892) is a yellow color mixed with a small amount of green that was named because it looked similar to the yellow color of a French liqueur called ''[[yellow chartreuse (liqueur)|yellow chartreuse]]'', introduced in 1838. The color chartreuse yellow is shown on the color chart below. Chartreuse yellow is the color halfway between [[Lime (color)|lime]] and [[yellow]] on the RGB color wheel. <ref name=greenyellow>{{cite web |url = http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green&yellow_uk.htm |title = Green Chartreuse and Yellow Chartreuse |accessdate = 2008-05-05 |publisher = Chartreuse Liqueurs |archive-date = 2008-04-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183955/http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green%26yellow_uk.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Meaning of chartreuse green== * Chartreuse green is the color of most [[salad]] greens and therefore it is associated with good [[health]] and a healthy diet. It is associated with [[nature]] and the country and with [[healing]]. ==Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart== {| width=100% |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- | style = "background-color: #f3fdc6;"| Light Mindaro (Mindaro Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F3FDC6) (RGB: 243, 253, 198) |- | style = "background-color: #eff7aa;"| Australian Mint (Resene color list) (Hex: #EFF7AA) (RGB: 239, 247, 170) |- | style = "background-color: #f7fa97;"| Light Starship (Starship Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F7FA97) (RGB: 247, 250, 151) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f48c;"| Key Lime (Crayola Key Lime Pearl (Pearl Brites)) (Hex: #E8F48C) (RGB: 232, 244, 140) |- | style = "background-color: #e3f988;"| Mindaro (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #E3F988) (RGB: 227, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- | style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #e6f554;"| Light Las Palmas (Las Palmas Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E6F554) (RGB: 230, 245, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f24e;"| Light Bitter Lemon (Bitter Lemon Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E8F24E) (RGB: 232, 242, 78) |- | style = "background-color: #ecf245;"| Starship (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #ECF245) (RGB: 236, 242, 69) |- | style="background-color: #dfff00;" | Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse (Fluorescent Chartreuse)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Fluorescent Chartreuse (Fluorescent Yellow (Crayola Twistable colored pencils) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c7ff00;"| Fluorescent Lime (Hex: #C7FF00) (RGB: 199, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c2f732;"| French Chartreuse (Chartreuse Green (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #C2F732) (RGB: 194, 247, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- | style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #dde454;"| Light La Rioja (La Rioja Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #DDE454) (RGB: 221, 228, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #d6e94b;"| Light Bahia (Bahia Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D6E94B) (RGB: 214, 233, 75) |- | style = "background-color: #d4e646;"| Light Citrus (Citrus Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D4E646) (RGB: 212, 230, 70) |- | style = "background-color: #d3d86e;"| Light Citron (Citron Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D3D86E) (RGB: 211, 216, 110) |- | style = "background-color: #c9dc89;"| Medium Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C9DC89) (RGB: 202, 220, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #c2e20d;"| Go Bunny Go (Colour [sic] Lovers 2011 Color of the Year) (Hex: #C2E20D) (RGB: 194, 226, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #c6e610;"| Las Palmas (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #C6E610) (RGB: 193, 230, 16) |- | style="background-color: #ceff00;" | Volt (Nike) (Hex: #CEFF00) (RGB: 206, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| Lime (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- | style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (traditional)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #9efd38;"| French Lime (Lime (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #9EFD38) (RGB: 158, 253, 56) |- | style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Environmentalist Green) (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #85ea85;"| Light Lime Green (Lime Green Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #85EA85) (RGB: 133, 234, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #b2ec5d;"| Inchworm (Crayola) (Hex: #B2EC5D) (RGB: 178, 236, 53) |- | style = "background-color: #bbe261;"|Light Lima (Lima Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #BBE261) (RGB: 187, 226, 97) |- | style = "background-color: #d2e454;"| Light Limerick (Limerick Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D2E543) (RGB: 210, 229, 67) |- | style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- | style = "background-color: #bada55;"| Badass (Hex: #BADA55) (RGB: 186, 218, 85) |- | style = "background-color: #bdd741;"| Brilliant Yellow Green (Liquitex Basic Colors #140) (Hex: #BDD741) (RGB: 189, 215, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #cecf72;"| Yaffle Green (British Standards BS 5-062) (Hex: #CECF72) (RGB: 206, 207, 114) |- | style = "background-color: #bfbf6c;"| Green Chartreuse Liqueur (Chartreuse (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #BFBF6C) (RGB: 191, 191, 108) |- | style = "background-color: #b3c110;"| La Rioja (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B3C110) (RGB: 179, 193, 16) |- | style = "background-color: #b0bc4a;"| Medium Chartreuse (Pantone TPX 14-0445 "Bright Chartreuse") (Hex: #B0BC4A) (RGB: 176, 188, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #b0b583;"| Medium Winter Pear (Winter Pear (Pantone TPX 15-0523)) (Hex: #B0B583) (RGB: 176, 181, 131) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD2B) (RGB: 165, 205, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- | style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- | style = "background-color: #8fd400;"| Sheen Green (Crayola Metallic FX) (Hex: #8FD400) (RGB: 143, 212, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #98df62;"| Go Go Go (Resene color list) (Hex: #98DF62) (RGB: 152, 223, 98) |- | style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-green (web color) (Yellowgreen) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #a4c639;"| Android Green (Google) (Hex: #A4C639) (RGB: 164, 198, 57) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cb0c;"| Bahia (Xona.com color list)(Hex: #A5CB0C) (RGB: 165, 203, 12) |- | style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- | style = "background-color: #9dc209;"| Limerick (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #9DC209) (RGB: 157, 194, 9) |- | style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #80ca2b;"| Dizzy Lizzy (Resene color list) (Hex: #80CA2B) (RGB: 128, 202, 43) |- | style = "background-color: #76bd17;"| Lima (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #76BD17) (RGB: 118, 189, 23) |- | style = "background-color: #6bbe23;"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6BBE23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- | style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #57d200;"| Deep Yellow-Green (Yellow-Green (Crayola colored pencils)) (Hex: #57D200) (RGB: 87, 210, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #50b708;"| Usumbara Chameleon Harlequin (Hex: #50B708) (RGB: 80, 183, 8) |- | style = "background-color: #5ca345;"| Groovy (Resene color list} (Hex: #5CA345) (RGB: 92, 163, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #44944a; color:#ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (ISCC-NBS Harlequin) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #4c9141; color:#ffffff"| May Green (RAL 6017) (Hex: #4C9141) (RGB: 76, 145, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #87a96b; color:#ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #87A96B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #78866b; color:#ffffff"| Camouflage Green (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color:#ffffff"| Winter Pear (Plochere) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB: 138, 154, 191) |- | style = "background-color: #9fa91f; color:#ffffff"| Citron (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 158, 169, 31) |- | style = "background-color: #808000; color:#ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #568203; color:#ffffff"| Avocado (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #568203) (RGB: 86, 130, 3) |- | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (web color) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #3b3c36; color:#ffffff"| Black Olive (Olive RAL 6015) (Hex: #3B3C36) (RGB: 59, 60, 54) |- | style = "background-color: #354230; color:#ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |} ==Related pages== *[[List of colors]] ==References== <references/> {{Shades of green}} {{Shades of yellow}} mjwa4a24xa324qg5fek1to5u39unsj8 10967146 10967145 2026-08-19T01:58:48Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart */ 10967146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{colorswatch|chartreuse green|7FFF00}} {{colorswatch|chartreuse yellow|DFFF00}} '''Chartreuse green''' is the [[colour]] halfway between [[yellow]] and [[green]] on the RGB and RYB [[color wheel]], with the hex code of #80FF00. ''Chartreuse green'' (the [[web color]] known as ''chartreuse'' since the X11 colors were created in [[1987]] and then renamed the X11 web colors in 1991) is a web color that was named because it looked like the green color of a French [[liqueur]] called ''green [[chartreuse]]'', made since 1764. Before 1987, this color was called ''yellow-green'', but that name is now used for the web color "yellow-green", a medium dark shade of chartreuse green shown in the color chart below. The color ''chartreuse yellow'' (the traditional color originally called ''chartreuse'' since 1892) is a yellow color mixed with a small amount of green that was named because it looked similar to the yellow color of a French liqueur called ''[[yellow chartreuse (liqueur)|yellow chartreuse]]'', introduced in 1838. The color chartreuse yellow is shown on the color chart below. Chartreuse yellow is the color halfway between [[Lime (color)|lime]] and [[yellow]] on the RGB color wheel. <ref name=greenyellow>{{cite web |url = http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green&yellow_uk.htm |title = Green Chartreuse and Yellow Chartreuse |accessdate = 2008-05-05 |publisher = Chartreuse Liqueurs |archive-date = 2008-04-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183955/http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green%26yellow_uk.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Meaning of chartreuse green== * Chartreuse green is the color of most [[salad]] greens and therefore it is associated with good [[health]] and a healthy diet. It is associated with [[nature]] and the country and with [[healing]]. ==Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart== {| width=100% |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- | style = "background-color: #f3fdc6;"| Light Mindaro (Mindaro Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F3FDC6) (RGB: 243, 253, 198) |- | style = "background-color: #eff7aa;"| Australian Mint (Resene color list) (Hex: #EFF7AA) (RGB: 239, 247, 170) |- | style = "background-color: #f7fa97;"| Light Starship (Starship Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F7FA97) (RGB: 247, 250, 151) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f48c;"| Key Lime (Crayola Key Lime Pearl (Pearl Brites)) (Hex: #E8F48C) (RGB: 232, 244, 140) |- | style = "background-color: #e3f988;"| Mindaro (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #E3F988) (RGB: 227, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- | style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #e6f554;"| Light Las Palmas (Las Palmas Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E6F554) (RGB: 230, 245, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f24e;"| Light Bitter Lemon (Bitter Lemon Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E8F24E) (RGB: 232, 242, 78) |- | style = "background-color: #ecf245;"| Starship (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #ECF245) (RGB: 236, 242, 69) |- | style="background-color: #dfff00;" | Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse (Fluorescent Chartreuse)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Fluorescent Chartreuse (Fluorescent Yellow (Crayola Twistable colored pencils) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c7ff00;"| Fluorescent Lime (Hex: #C7FF00) (RGB: 199, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c2f732;"| French Chartreuse (Chartreuse Green (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #C2F732) (RGB: 194, 247, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- | style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #dde454;"| Light La Rioja (La Rioja Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #DDE454) (RGB: 221, 228, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #d6e94b;"| Light Bahia (Bahia Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D6E94B) (RGB: 214, 233, 75) |- | style = "background-color: #d4e646;"| Light Citrus (Citrus Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D4E646) (RGB: 212, 230, 70) |- | style = "background-color: #d3d86e;"| Light Citron (Citron Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D3D86E) (RGB: 211, 216, 110) |- | style = "background-color: #c9dc89;"| Medium Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C9DC89) (RGB: 202, 220, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #c2e20d;"| Go Bunny Go (Colour [sic] Lovers 2011 Color of the Year) (Hex: #C2E20D) (RGB: 194, 226, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #c6e610;"| Las Palmas (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #C6E610) (RGB: 193, 230, 16) |- | style="background-color: #ceff00;" | Volt (Nike) (Hex: #CEFF00) (RGB: 206, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| Lime (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- | style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (traditional)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #9efd38;"| French Lime (Lime (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #9EFD38) (RGB: 158, 253, 56) |- | style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Environmentalist Green) (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #85ea85;"| Light Lime Green (Lime Green Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #85EA85) (RGB: 133, 234, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #b2ec5d;"| Inchworm (Crayola) (Hex: #B2EC5D) (RGB: 178, 236, 53) |- | style = "background-color: #bbe261;"|Light Lima (Lima Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #BBE261) (RGB: 187, 226, 97) |- | style = "background-color: #d2e454;"| Light Limerick (Limerick Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D2E543) (RGB: 210, 229, 67) |- | style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- | style = "background-color: #bada55;"| Badass (Hex: #BADA55) (RGB: 186, 218, 85) |- | style = "background-color: #bdd741;"| Brilliant Yellow Green (Liquitex Basic Colors #140) (Hex: #BDD741) (RGB: 189, 215, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #cecf72;"| Yaffle Green (British Standards BS 5-062) (Hex: #CECF72) (RGB: 206, 207, 114) |- | style = "background-color: #bfbf6c;"| Green Chartreuse Liqueur (Chartreuse (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #BFBF6C) (RGB: 191, 191, 108) |- | style = "background-color: #b3c110;"| La Rioja (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B3C110) (RGB: 179, 193, 16) |- | style = "background-color: #b0bc4a;"| Medium Chartreuse (Pantone TPX 14-0445 "Bright Chartreuse") (Hex: #B0BC4A) (RGB: 176, 188, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #b0b583;"| Medium Winter Pear (Winter Pear (Pantone TPX 15-0523)) (Hex: #B0B583) (RGB: 176, 181, 131) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD2B) (RGB: 165, 205, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- | style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- | style = "background-color: #8fd400;"| Sheen Green (Crayola Metallic FX) (Hex: #8FD400) (RGB: 143, 212, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #98df62;"| Go Go Go (Resene color list) (Hex: #98DF62) (RGB: 152, 223, 98) |- | style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-green (web color) (Yellowgreen) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #a4c639;"| Android Green (Google) (Hex: #A4C639) (RGB: 164, 198, 57) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cb0c;"| Bahia (Xona.com color list)(Hex: #A5CB0C) (RGB: 165, 203, 12) |- | style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- | style = "background-color: #9dc209;"| Limerick (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #9DC209) (RGB: 157, 194, 9) |- | style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #80ca2b;"| Dizzy Lizzy (Resene color list) (Hex: #80CA2B) (RGB: 128, 202, 43) |- | style = "background-color: #76bd17;"| Lima (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #76BD17) (RGB: 118, 189, 23) |- | style = "background-color: #6bbe23;"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6BBE23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- | style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #57d200;"| Deep Yellow-Green (Yellow-Green (Crayola colored pencils)) (Hex: #57D200) (RGB: 87, 210, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #50b708;"| Usumbara Chameleon Harlequin (Hex: #50B708) (RGB: 80, 183, 8) |- | style = "background-color: #5ca345;"| Groovy (Resene color list} (Hex: #5CA345) (RGB: 92, 163, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #44944a; color:#ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (ISCC-NBS Harlequin) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #4c9141; color:#ffffff"| May Green (RAL 6017) (Hex: #4C9141) (RGB: 76, 145, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #87a96b; color:#ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #87A96B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #78866b; color:#ffffff"| Camouflage Green (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color:#ffffff"| Winter Pear (Plochere) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB: 138, 154, 191) |- | style = "background-color: #9fa91f; color:#ffffff"| Citron (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 158, 169, 31) |- | style = "background-color: #808000; color:#ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #568203; color:#ffffff"| Avocado (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #568203) (RGB: 86, 130, 3) |- | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #3b3c36; color:#ffffff"| Black Olive (Olive RAL 6015) (Hex: #3B3C36) (RGB: 59, 60, 54) |- | style = "background-color: #354230; color:#ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |} ==Related pages== *[[List of colors]] ==References== <references/> {{Shades of green}} {{Shades of yellow}} 52lecwxu1u5kifhlvw9e6p53eyrac4d 10967231 10967146 2026-08-19T05:34:46Z ~2026-43871-16 1852597 /* Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart */ 10967231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{colorswatch|chartreuse green|7FFF00}} {{colorswatch|chartreuse yellow|DFFF00}} '''Chartreuse green''' is the [[colour]] halfway between [[yellow]] and [[green]] on the RGB and RYB [[color wheel]], with the hex code of #80FF00. ''Chartreuse green'' (the [[web color]] known as ''chartreuse'' since the X11 colors were created in [[1987]] and then renamed the X11 web colors in 1991) is a web color that was named because it looked like the green color of a French [[liqueur]] called ''green [[chartreuse]]'', made since 1764. Before 1987, this color was called ''yellow-green'', but that name is now used for the web color "yellow-green", a medium dark shade of chartreuse green shown in the color chart below. The color ''chartreuse yellow'' (the traditional color originally called ''chartreuse'' since 1892) is a yellow color mixed with a small amount of green that was named because it looked similar to the yellow color of a French liqueur called ''[[yellow chartreuse (liqueur)|yellow chartreuse]]'', introduced in 1838. The color chartreuse yellow is shown on the color chart below. Chartreuse yellow is the color halfway between [[Lime (color)|lime]] and [[yellow]] on the RGB color wheel. <ref name=greenyellow>{{cite web |url = http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green&yellow_uk.htm |title = Green Chartreuse and Yellow Chartreuse |accessdate = 2008-05-05 |publisher = Chartreuse Liqueurs |archive-date = 2008-04-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183955/http://www.chartreuse.fr/pa_green%26yellow_uk.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Meaning of chartreuse green== * Chartreuse green is the color of most [[salad]] greens and therefore it is associated with good [[health]] and a healthy diet. It is associated with [[nature]] and the country and with [[healing]]. ==Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart== {| width=100% |- | style = "background-color: #e9ffd8;"| Nyanza (Pale Chartreuse Green) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E9FFD8) (RGB: 233, 255, 219) |- | style = "background-color: #f3fdc6;"| Light Mindaro (Mindaro Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F3FDC6) (RGB: 243, 253, 198) |- | style = "background-color: #eff7aa;"| Australian Mint (Resene color list) (Hex: #EFF7AA) (RGB: 239, 247, 170) |- | style = "background-color: #f7fa97;"| Light Starship (Starship Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #F7FA97) (RGB: 247, 250, 151) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f48c;"| Key Lime (Crayola Key Lime Pearl (Pearl Brites)) (Hex: #E8F48C) (RGB: 232, 244, 140) |- | style = "background-color: #e3f988;"| Mindaro (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #E3F988) (RGB: 227, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ecebbd;"| Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189) |- | style = "background-color: #f1e788;"| Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #e6f554;"| Light Las Palmas (Las Palmas Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E6F554) (RGB: 230, 245, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #e8f24e;"| Light Bitter Lemon (Bitter Lemon Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E8F24E) (RGB: 232, 242, 78) |- | style = "background-color: #ecf245;"| Starship (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #ECF245) (RGB: 236, 242, 69) |- | style="background-color: #dfff00;" | Chartreuse Yellow (traditional Chartreuse (Fluorescent Chartreuse)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c3f988;"| Light Chartreuse Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C3F988) (RGB: 207, 249, 136) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Fluorescent Chartreuse (Fluorescent Yellow (Crayola Twistable colored pencils) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c7ff00;"| Fluorescent Lime (Hex: #C7FF00) (RGB: 199, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #c2f732;"| French Chartreuse (Chartreuse Green (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #C2F732) (RGB: 194, 247, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e231;"| Pear (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49) |- | style = "background-color: #cae00d;"| Bitter Lemon (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #CAE00D) (RGB: 202, 224, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #dde454;"| Light La Rioja (La Rioja Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #DDE454) (RGB: 221, 228, 84) |- | style = "background-color: #d6e94b;"| Light Bahia (Bahia Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D6E94B) (RGB: 214, 233, 75) |- | style = "background-color: #d4e646;"| Light Citrus (Citrus Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D4E646) (RGB: 212, 230, 70) |- | style = "background-color: #d3d86e;"| Light Citron (Citron Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D3D86E) (RGB: 211, 216, 110) |- | style = "background-color: #c9dc89;"| Medium Spring Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C9DC89) (RGB: 202, 220, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #d1e189;"| Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 200, 225, 137) |- | style = "background-color: #c2e20d;"| Go Bunny Go (Colour [sic] Lovers 2011 Color of the Year) (Hex: #C2E20D) (RGB: 194, 226, 13) |- | style = "background-color: #c6e610;"| Las Palmas (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #C6E610) (RGB: 193, 230, 16) |- | style="background-color: #ceff00;" | Volt (Nike) (Hex: #CEFF00) (RGB: 206, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #ccff00;"| Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #bfff00;"| Lime (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #adff2f;"| Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47) |- | style = "background-color: #a7fc00;"| Spring Bud (Spring Green (traditional)) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #9efd38;"| French Lime (Lime (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #9EFD38) (RGB: 158, 253, 56) |- | style = "background-color: #7cfc00;"| Lawn Green (web color) (Hex: #7CFC00) (RGB: 124, 252, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #7fff00;"| Chartreuse Green (web color Chartreuse) (Hex: #7FFF00) (RGB: 127, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #66ff00;"| Bright Green (Environmentalist Green) (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #66FF00) (RGB: 102, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #3fff00;"| Harlequin (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3FFF00) (RGB: 63, 255, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #85ea85;"| Light Lime Green (Lime Green Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #85EA85) (RGB: 133, 234, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #b2ec5d;"| Inchworm (Crayola) (Hex: #B2EC5D) (RGB: 178, 236, 53) |- | style = "background-color: #bbe261;"|Light Lima (Lima Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #BBE261) (RGB: 187, 226, 97) |- | style = "background-color: #d2e454;"| Light Limerick (Limerick Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D2E543) (RGB: 210, 229, 67) |- | style = "background-color: #bdda57;"| June Bud (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87) |- | style = "background-color: #bada55;"| Badass (Hex: #BADA55) (RGB: 186, 218, 85) |- | style = "background-color: #bdd741;"| Brilliant Yellow Green (Liquitex Basic Colors #140) (Hex: #BDD741) (RGB: 189, 215, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #cecf72;"| Yaffle Green (British Standards BS 5-062) (Hex: #CECF72) (RGB: 206, 207, 114) |- | style = "background-color: #bfbf6c;"| Green Chartreuse Liqueur (Chartreuse (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #BFBF6C) (RGB: 191, 191, 108) |- | style = "background-color: #b3c110;"| La Rioja (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B3C110) (RGB: 179, 193, 16) |- | style = "background-color: #b0bc4a;"| Medium Chartreuse (Pantone TPX 14-0445 "Bright Chartreuse") (Hex: #B0BC4A) (RGB: 176, 188, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #b0b583;"| Medium Winter Pear (Winter Pear (Pantone TPX 15-0523)) (Hex: #B0B583) (RGB: 176, 181, 131) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cd85;"| Chartreuse Green Gray (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #80CD2B) (RGB: 165, 205, 133) |- | style = "background-color: #9ab973;"| Olivine (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115) |- | style = "background-color: #93c572;"| Pistachio (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146) |- | style = "background-color: #8fd400;"| Sheen Green (Crayola Metallic FX) (Hex: #8FD400) (RGB: 143, 212, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #98df62;"| Go Go Go (Resene color list) (Hex: #98DF62) (RGB: 152, 223, 98) |- | style = "background-color: #9acd32;"| Yellow-green (web color) (Yellowgreen) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #a4c639;"| Android Green (Google) (Hex: #A4C639) (RGB: 164, 198, 57) |- | style = "background-color: #a5cb0c;"| Bahia (Xona.com color list)(Hex: #A5CB0C) (RGB: 165, 203, 12) |- | style = "background-color: #a1c50a;"| Citrus (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10) |- | style = "background-color: #9dc209;"| Limerick (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #9DC209) (RGB: 157, 194, 9) |- | style = "background-color: #8db600;"| Apple Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #8DB600) (RGB: 141, 182, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #80ca2b;"| Dizzy Lizzy (Resene color list) (Hex: #80CA2B) (RGB: 128, 202, 43) |- | style = "background-color: #76bd17;"| Lima (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #76BD17) (RGB: 118, 189, 23) |- | style = "background-color: #6bbe23;"| Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6BBE23) (RGB: 107, 142, 35) |- |style = "background-color: #66cc00;"| Apple Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #66CC00) (RGB: 102, 204, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #32cd32;"| Lime Green (web color) (Hex: #32CD32) (RGB: 50, 205, 50) |- | style = "background-color: #57d200;"| Deep Yellow-Green (Yellow-Green (Crayola colored pencils)) (Hex: #57D200) (RGB: 87, 210, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #50b708;"| Usumbara Chameleon Harlequin (Hex: #50B708) (RGB: 80, 183, 8) |- | style = "background-color: #5ca345;"| Groovy (Resene color list} (Hex: #5CA345) (RGB: 92, 163, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #44944a; color:#ffffff"| Medium Harlequin (ISCC-NBS Harlequin) (Hex: #44944A) (RGB: 68, 148, 74) |- | style = "background-color: #4c9141; color:#ffffff"| May Green (RAL 6017) (Hex: #4C9141) (RGB: 76, 145, 65) |- | style = "background-color: #87a96b; color:#ffffff"| Asparagus (Matcha) (Crayola) (Hex: #87A96B) (RGB: 135, 169, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #78866b; color:#ffffff"| Camouflage Green (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107) |- | style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color:#ffffff"| Winter Pear (Plochere) (Hex: #8A9A5B) (RGB: 138, 154, 191) |- | style = "background-color: #9fa91f; color:#ffffff"| Citron (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 158, 169, 31) |- | style = "background-color: #808000; color:#ffffff"| Olive (web color) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #568203; color:#ffffff"| Avocado (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #568203) (RGB: 86, 130, 3) |- | style = "background-color: #3F7F00; color:#ffffff"| Dark Chartreuse Green (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #3F7F00) (RGB: 63, 127, 0) |- | style = "background-color: #556b2f; color:#ffffff"| Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47) |- |style = "background-color: #465945; color:#ffffff"| Gray-Asparagus (Hex: #465945) (RGB: 70, 89, 69) |- | style = "background-color: #3b3c36; color:#ffffff"| Black Olive (Olive RAL 6015) (Hex: #3B3C36) (RGB: 59, 60, 54) |- | style = "background-color: #354230; color:#ffffff"| Kombu Green (Pantone TPX 19-0417) (Hex: #354230) (RGB: 53, 66, 48) |} ==Related pages== *[[List of colors]] ==References== <references/> {{Shades of green}} {{Shades of yellow}} n9j0gddy0n6ngsw31r5d08zl821fnw4 0 132793 10966741 10948875 2026-08-18T16:09:42Z ~2026-40382-02 1839773 /* Programming */ 10966741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use British English|date=August 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{distinguish|BBC HD}} {{Infobox television channel | name = CBBC | logo = CBBC (2023).svg | logo_size = 180px | logo_caption = Logo used since 2023 | launch_date = {{start date and age|1985|09|09|df|df=y}} (block)<br />{{start date and age|2001|11|05|df=y}} (Canada; as [[BBC Kids]])<br />{{start date and age|2002|02|11|df|df=y}} (channel) | closed_date = {{end date and age|2018|12|31|df=y}} (Canada; as [[BBC Kids]]) | owner = [[BBC]] | picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]<br />(downscaled to [[16:9]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed) | country = United Kingdom<br> Ireland | network = [[BBC One]] (until 2012)<br />[[BBC Two]] (until 2013 and then later revived in 2022) | area = United Kingdom and other services worldwide | headquarters = CBBC HQ, [[MediaCityUK]], [[Salford]], England, UK | language = English | sister_channels = [[BBC One]]<br />[[BBC Two]]<br />[[BBC Three]]<br />[[BBC Four]]<br />[[BBC News (TV channel)|BBC News]]<br />[[BBC Parliament]]<br />[[CBeebies]]<br />[[BBC Scotland (TV channel)|BBC Scotland]]<br />[[BBC Alba]] | website = {{URL|bbc.co.uk/cbbc|CBBC}} (UK only) | terr_serv_1 = [[Freeview (UK)|Freeview]] | terr_chan_1 = Channel 201 (SD)<br />Channel 203 (HD) | online_serv_1 = [[BBC iPlayer]] | online_chan_1 = [https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/live/cbbc Watch live] (UK only) | terr_serv_2 = [[Saorview]] | terr_chan_2 = Channel 108 (SD)<br>Channel 115 (HD) | online_serv_2 = [[Virgin TV Anywhere]] | online_chan_2 = [https://www.virginmediatv.ie/en/tv/channel-asset.html/954956327264/location/6651943228.html Watch live] (Ireland only) | online_serv_3 = [[UPC TV]] | online_chan_3 = [https://www.upctv.ch/fr/tv/channel-asset.html/lgi-ch-prod-master%3ASV09093/location/603.html Watch live] (Switzerland only) }} '''CBBC''' (also known as '''Children's BBC''') is a [[television channel]] that airs programmes aimed at children between 6 to 14 years old. On 9 September 1985, the Children's BBC name was first used. Before then there were BBC children's programmes, but they were not branded under one name. The name CBBC was used [[wikt:informal|informally]] since 1990, and became the official name in 1997. CBBC programmes are shown on [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two]] and the CBBC Channel. CBBC has a sister brand, [[CBeebies]], for children under 6. The CBBC brands for BBC One and BBC Two are "CBBC One" and "CBBC Two". CBBC is run by the BBC Children's department, who make the programmes for children up to the age of 13. Most of their offices are in the East Tower of the [[BBC Television Centre]], with some programmes coming from [[Scotland]] and [[Bristol]]. CBBC produces a whole range of programme types, including [[drama]], [[news]], [[entertainment]] and educational programmes. Since February [[2006]], the controller of the BBC Children's department has been Richard Deverell. The department splits output into age groups: * CBeebies for ages up to 6 * CBBC brand for ages 6 to 12 * [[BBC Switch]] for ages 12 to 16 Anne Gilchrist is Creative Director of CBBC, and Michael Carrington is Creative Director of CBeebies. ==Programming== <!-- Please cite any REAL shows if there are any --> ===Live action=== {{div col}} * ''[[4 O'Clock Club]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/shows|title=Shows - The best TV shows for kids - CBBC - BBC|website=BBC}}</ref> (2012–2020, reruns) * ''[[Almost Never (TV series)|Almost Never]]'' (2019–2021) * ''Andy and the Band'' (2020–2023) * ''[[Art Ninja]]'' (2015–2019) * ''[[The Beaker Girls]]'' (2021–present) * ''[[Blue Peter]]'' (1958–present) * ''[[Born to Spy]]'' (2022–present) * ''[[Bro's in Control]]'' (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m001ctns/bros-in-control-series-1-1-long-arms-challenge| title=BBC iPlayer - Bro's in Control - Series 1: 1 - Long Arms Challenge}}</ref> * ''[[Class Dismissed (TV series)|Class Dismissed]]'' (2016–present) * ''Clipheads'' (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001b6q9 | title=CBBC - Clipheads }}</ref> * ''Cooking Buddies'' (2024–present) * ''Danny and Mick'' (2019–present) * ''[[Davey & Jonesie's Locker]]'' (2025–present)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002gv1q | title=CBBC - Davey & Jonesie's Locker }}</ref> * ''[[Deadly (franchise)|Deadly 60]]'' (2009–2012, 2020–present) * ''[[The Dengineers]]'' (2015–present) * ''[[Dodger (TV series)|Dodger]]'' (2022–present) * ''[[The Dumping Ground]]'' (2013–present) * ''Game on Grandparents'' (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001b6v5 | title=CBBC - Game on Grandparents }}</ref> * ''[[Free Rein]]'' (2022-present) * ''[[Gangnam Project]]'' (2024–present)<ref>{{cite news |date=3 October 2023 |title=Pillango Productions and Aircraft Pictures announce K-Pop inspired tween dramedy series Gangnam Project for CBC Kids and CBBC |format=Press release |url=https://www.cbc.ca/mediacentre/press-release/pillango-productions-and-aircraft-pictures-announce-k-pop-inspired-tween-se |work=CBC Media Centre |access-date=17 June 2026}}</ref> * ''Girl Troop vs Aliens'' (2026–present) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/shows/girl-troop-vs-aliens | title=CBBC - Girl Troop vs Aliens }}</ref> * ''Gormiti: The New Era'' (2025–present)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.c21media.net/news/bbc-childrens-and-education-picks-up-gormiti-the-new-era-from-italys-rainbow/ | title= BBC Children's and Education picks up Gormiti – The New Era from Italy's Rainbow }}</ref> * ''[[Got What It Takes?]]'' (2016–2021) * ''[[Hardball (2019 TV series)|Hardball]]'' (2021–present) * ''[[Heirs of the Night]]'' (2020–present) * ''High Hoops'' (2025–present)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapack/high-hoops-cbbc | title=BBC Media Centre}}</ref> * ''[[Horrible Histories (2015 TV series)|Horrible Histories]]'' (2015–present) * ''[[Horrible Science (TV series)|Horrible Science]]'' (2025–present)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2025/horrible-science-coming-to-bbc | title=Prepare to laugh and learn with Horrible Science launching on the BBC in May 2025}}</ref> * ''[[Itch (TV series)|Itch]]'' (2020–present) * ''[[Jamie Johnson (TV series)|Jamie Johnson]]'' (2016–2022, reruns) * ''Jamie Johnson FC'' (2023–present) * ''The Lady Grace Mysteries'' (2026–present) <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Children's and Education announces TV adaptation of The Lady Grace Mysteries and more new commissions |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2025/bbc-childrens-and-education-tv-adaptation-lady-grace-mysteries/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> * ''Lagging'' (2021–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berlinka |first1=Dan |last2=BBC Media Centre |title=CBBC Lagging |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/mediapacks/lagging |work=www.bbc.com |date=1 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> * ''Lifebabble'' (2016–2017) * ''[[Little Lunch (TV series)|Little Lunch]]'' (2025–present) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002jjkc | title=CBBC - Little Lunch }}</ref> * ''[[Malory Towers (TV series)|Malory Towers]]'' (2020–2025, reruns) * ''[[Matilda and the Ramsay Bunch]]'' (2015–2019) * ''Meet the McQueens'' (2023–present) * ''My Life'' (2011–present) * ''[[Mystic (TV series)|Mystic]]'' (2020–present) * ''[[Newsround]]'' (1972–present) * ''[[The Next Step (Canadian TV series)|The Next Step]]'' (2014–2025, reruns) * '' The Next Step: Cheer'' (2026–present) * ''[[Nova Jones]]'' (2021–present) * ''[[Odd Squad (TV series)|Odd Squad]]'' (2015–present) * ''One Zoo Three'' (2020–present) * ''[[Operation Ouch!]]'' (2012–present) * ''[[Our School (TV series)|Our School]]'' (2014–present) * ''Out of This World'' (2020–present) * ''[[Penny on M.A.R.S.]]'' (2025-present) * ''[[The Pets Factor]]'' (2017–present) * ''[[Pickle Storm]]'' (2024–present) * ''[[Saturday Mash-Up!]]'' (2017–present) * ''Show Me The Honey'' (2021–present) * ''[[Silverpoint (TV series)|Silverpoint]]'' (2022–2023) * ''Sketchy Comedy'' (2018) * ''Snaps'' (2021–present) * ''[[So Awkward]]'' (2015–2020, reruns) ** ''[[So Awkward|Still So Awkward]]'' (2021–2025, reruns) * ''[[The Story of Tracy Beaker (TV series)|The Story of Tracy Beaker]]'' (2002–present) * ''[[Sydney to the Max]]'' (2025-present) * ''[[Theodosia (TV series)|Theodosia]]'' (2022–present) * ''What's Cooking Omari'' (2020–present) * ''Wow That's Amazing'' (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001c95z| title=CBBC - Wow That's Amazing }}</ref> * ''[[The Zoo (2017 TV series)|The Zoo]]'' (2017–present) {{div col end}} ===Animation=== {{div col}} * ''[[The Amazing World of Gumball]]'' (2026-present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002ycty|title = CBBC - The Amazing World of Gumball}}</ref> * ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' (1997–2022) (iPlayer only; since 2023) * ''[[Asterix & Obelix: The Big Fight]]'' * ''[[The Bad Guys: Breaking In|The Bad Guys: The Series]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBBC - The Bad Guys: The Series |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002x7ww |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''[[Beyblade X]]'' (2024–present) * ''[[Danger Mouse (2015 TV series)|Danger Mouse]]'' (2015–2019)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/shows/danger-mouse | title=Danger Mouse - CBBC - BBC }}</ref> * ''[[The Deep (TV series)|The Deep]]'' (2016–present) * ''[[Dennis & Gnasher: Unleashed!]]'' (2017–2021) * ''[[Dragon Quest: The Adventures of Dai (2020 TV series)|Dragon Quest: The Adventures of Dai]]'' (2022–present) (iPlayer only) * ''[[DreamWorks Dragons: The Nine Realms]]'' (2022–present) * ''Duck and Frog'' (2026–present) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The BBC selects three projects from the inaugural children's animation talent search |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2023/bbc.com/mediacentre/2023/childrens-animation-ignite-commissions/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002r6nr | title=CBBC - Duck and Frog }}</ref> * ''[[The Fast and the Furious Spy Racers]]'' (2024-present) * ''[[Fright Krewe]]'' (2024–present) * ''Girls of Olympus'' (2023–present) (iPlayer only)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kidscreen.com/2022/03/31/girls-of-olympus-heads-to-cbbc/|title = Girls of Olympus heads to CBBC}}</ref> * ''[[Gremlins (TV series)|Gremlins]]'' (2023–present) * ''[[Hero Inside]]'' (2025-present) * ''[[Hot Wheels Let’s Race]]'' (2026-present) * ''[[Jellystones]]'' (2025-present) * ''[[Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir]]'' (2024–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deals in Brief – December 2, 2024 |url=https://kidscreen.com/2024/12/02/deals-in-brief-december-2-2024/ |access-date=2024-12-03}}</ref> * ''Monster Loving Maniacs'' * ''[[Muddle Earth]]'' (2011-2014, 2025-present) * ''[[Ninja Express]]'' (2021–present) * ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches: Next Generation]]'' (2026-present) * ''[[OOglies]]'' (2009–2015) * ''[[Piripenguins]]'' (2025-present) * ''[[Pokémon (TV series)|Pokémon]]'' (2022–present) ** ''[[Pokémon (TV series)|Pokémon the Series: Diamond and Pearl]]'' (2022–present) ** ''[[Pokémon the Series: XY]]'' (2023–present) (iPlayer only)<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=Pokemon The Series: XY |url=http://pokemon.com/news/pokemon-the-series-XY}}</ref> * ''[[Ronja, the Robber's Daughter (2014 TV series)|Ronja, the Robber's Daughter]]'' (2022–present) * ''[[Scream Street (TV series)|Scream Street]]'' (2015–present) * ''[[Shaun the Sheep]]'' (2007–present) * ''[[Sherwood (2019 TV series)|Sherwood]]'' (2025–present) * ''[[The Smurfs]]'' (2023-present) * ''[[Spirit Riding Free]]'' (2018-present) * ''[[Rugrats]]'' (2025–present) * ''[[The Strange Chores]]'' (2025–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9r/2025/07/28|title=CBBC - Schedules - Monday 28 July 2025}}</ref> * ''Submarine Jim'' (2026–present)<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002t3d2|title = CBBC - Submarine Jim}}</ref> * ''Super Happy Magic Forest'' (2024–present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2024 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/super-happy-magic-forest-animation |title = Judi Love and Julian Barratt star in new BBC family animation Super Happy Magic Forest}}</ref> * ''[[Summer Camp Island]]'' (2021-present) * ''[[Taffy (TV series)|Taffy]]'' (2023–present) * ''[[Total Drama]]'' (2022–present) (''Ridonculous Race'' is iPlayer only) ** ''[[Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race]]'' (2022–present) ** ''[[Total DramaRama]]'' (2023–present) *''[[Transformers: EarthSpark]]'' (2023–present) * ''[[The Weasy Family]]'' (2025-present) * ''[[We Baby Bears]]'' (2024-present) * ''[[What's New, Scooby-Doo?]]'' (2003–2015; 2026–present) <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0078w2g |title=CBBC - What's New Scooby-Doo Series 1, There's No Creature Like Snow Creature |language=en-GB |via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> * ''[[Winx Club: The Magic Is Back]]'' (2025–present)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episodes/m002d7ps/winx |title=Winx |language=en-GB |access-date=2025-07-13 |via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> {{div col end}} === Upcoming === * ''Anisha, Accidental Detective''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lady Grace Mysteries returns to lead an exciting slate of new BBC Children’s and Education commissions made of the sights and stories from across the UK |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2026/the-lady-grace-mysteries-returns-to-lead-slate-of-new-bbc-childrens-and-education-commissions |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=BBC Media Centre |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''[[Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!]]'' * ''Children Vs Battle SuperStars''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Jamie |date=2025-06-10 |title=BBC Studios, Blink Industries Team Up for New Animated Martial Arts Series, 'Children Vs Battle SuperStars' |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/global/bbc-studios-blink-industries-children-vs-battle-superstars-1236424520/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Dungeons & Kittens''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharanidharan |first=Sadhana |title=Eight broadcasters sink their claws into Dungeons & Kittens |url=https://kidscreen.com/2025/10/02/eight-broadcasters-sink-their-claws-into-dungeons-kittens/ |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref> * ''Little Lunch: New Class''<ref>{{cite web|title= Little Lunch revived for next chapter, “New Class” |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2026/02/little-lunch-revived-for-next-chapter-new-class.html |last=Knox|first=David|date=24 February 2026|website=TV Tonight|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= School's back! Iconic ABC series Little Lunch returns with a brand-new class |url= https://www.abc.net.au/about/media-centre/publicity-media-room/school-s-back-iconic-abc-series-little-lunch-returns-with-a-bran/106379506 |date=24 February 2026|website=ABC|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref> * ''[[My Life is a Manga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharanidharan |first=Sadhana |title=The EBU backs My Life is a Manga |url=https://kidscreen.com/2025/04/02/the-ebu-backs-my-life-is-a-manga/ |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref> *''Tuff Pom''<ref>{{cite web|title=MKF Catalogue|url=https://indd.adobe.com/view/e0362652-1fa8-49c2-a08c-7dcc629358b5|website=Mediawan Kids & Family}}</ref> * ''Vanishing Point''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuchow |first=Ryan |title=BBC Studios Children's & Education and France Télévisions commission Vanishing Point |url=https://kidscreen.com/2025/06/09/bbc-studios-childrens-education-and-france-televisions-commission-vanishing-point/ |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref> * ''The Wolfbjorns''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Studios Kids & Family introduces exciting slate of shows at MIPCOM |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/bbcstudios/2023/bbc-studios-kids-and-family-introduces-exciting-slate-of-shows-at-mipcom/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> * ''Witch Detectives''<ref>{{cite web|title=MKF Catalogue|url=https://indd.adobe.com/view/e0362652-1fa8-49c2-a08c-7dcc629358b5|website=Mediawan Kids & Family}}</ref> ==Presentation== [[File:CBBC 1997.svg|thumb|145x145px|2nd logo in 1997 to 2002]] [[File:CBBC logo 2002.svg|thumb|93x93px|3rd logo in 2002 to 2005]] [[File:CBBC logo 2005.svg|thumb|88x88px|4th logo in 2005 to 2007]] On 10 October 1997, Children's BBC is Changed into CBBC, The idents are in a yellow backgrounds and animations on them. On 11 February 2002, CBBC launched, As part of the branding, mascots named bugs are also part of CBeebies, The CBBC Bugs are Green while the CBeebies Bugs are Yellow. On 3 October 2005, CBBC rebranded again for a logo zooming around a dark blue background and flyby arrows, In December 2006, the HQ is computer generated. On 3 September 2007 saw the fifth CBBC relaunch.<ref>{{cite news |publisher = BBC |accessdate = 14 August 2007 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/08_august/14/cbbc.shtml |title = CBBC Autumn 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher = The TV Room Plus |accessdate = 18 July 2007 |date=18 July 2007 |url=http://tvpresnews.thetvroomplus.com/?month=07&year=2007#139 |title =BBC announces rebrand and hours extension for CBBC}}</ref> As part of the relaunch, new logos, idents, interactive services, programmes and presenters were introduced. The previous computer generated backgrounds used from December 2006 were replaced by a real set. [[Ed Petrie]] became the chief continuity presenter, accompanied by a puppet sidekick ''Oucho T. Cactus'' (operated and voiced by [[Warrick Brownlow-Pike]]). They regularly present live, weekday afternoon links on the CBBC channel with Petrie voicing pre-recorded, out-of-vision announcements during for weekdays on BBC One. On 29 August 2008, they went on extended leave to record a new series for CBBC—they returned to continuity duties on 1 December 2008. During this period, relief presenter [[Holly Walsh]] presented weekday afternoon links for the channel with Dunceton the Talking Brain. [[File:CBBC logo 2007.svg|thumb|114x114px|5th logo in 2007 to 2016]] Anne Foy presented pre-recorded in-vision links at the weekend alongside her dog, Elliot, until her departure in March 2008. Foy was replaced by two new presenters, Ben Hanson and Ciaran Joyce, who previously appeared in CBBC show ''The Story of Tracy Beaker''. They have since been replaced by comedy double act Dan and Jeff. In September 2014, The idents were replaced with new ones in 2014, but the logo stayed the same. [[File:CBBC (2022).png|thumb|114x114px|6th logo in 2022 reusing the 2016 icon to 2023]] On 14 March 2016, CBBC got a whole new look, which saw a new logo, plus new idents and presentation. In 2022, the 6th logo is redesigned with the BBC 2021 logo with the 2016 icon, it was only used as a sign off board until 15 March 2023. Following the BBC corporate rebrand in 2021, CBBC finally updated with the new logo on 15 March 2023. The idents featured square, snake-like cylinders named the Flooms. Like other BBC channels, the new BBC logo is always at the top, whilst the word "CBBC" is always at the bottom.<ref>{{Citation|title=CBBC idents|date=10 February 2025|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_idents#The_Flooms_(2023%E2%80%93present)|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> ==CBBC HD== CBBC HD was launched on 10 December 2013 alongside the sister channels CBeebies HD, BBC Four HD, BBC Three HD and BBC News HD. ==Other services== ===CBBC extra=== ''CBBC extra'' is a free [[interactive]] television service from CBBC. It is found on the [[BBCi]] pages. It is accessible from the CBBC Channel by pressing the red button and then selecting "CBBC extra". It can also be accessed from any other BBCi page by pressing 570. The service is different on different digital platforms, for example [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky]] viewers can access the video loop. But it is only available on [[Freeview]] when BBCi is not showing other interactive services, like sports events.<ref>{{cite news |publisher = CBBC |accessdate = 21 May 2007 |date = 21 May 2007 |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/content/articles/2005/11/09/otherservices_cbbcextra_feature.shtml |title = CBBC- CBBC extra |archive-date = 22 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070222002619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/content/articles/2005/11/09/otherservices_cbbcextra_feature.shtml |url-status = dead }}</ref> CBBC extra offers games, the UK Top 40 music, jokes sent in by viewers, "Nev's Horoscopes", and a weekly [[competition]]. The current presenter of CBBC extra is Ed Petrie. It has been discontinued since CBBC last changed its logo. ===CBBC Quiz=== This new feature allows the viewers to play a quiz. There are 15 levels, each containing 5 up to 10 questions. Viewers can also send in their questions which could be shown on the service. The ''CBBC Quiz'' can be from the [[CBBC#CBBC extra|CBBC extra]] page, by selecting the option called "CBBC Quiz". This option is also available on the main interactive menu on the ''CBBC Channel'', by pressing the red button. ===Website=== The CBBC website has a wide range of activities, such as games, puzzles, message boards and frequently updated news and more stuff. The website is found {{bbc.co.uk|cbbc|here}}. ===Adventure Rock=== ''Adventure Rock'' (renamed from '''CBBC World''') is a virtual online world that launched on 1 March 2008. Press releases have stated "it would allow digitally literate children the access to characters and resources they had come to expect. Users would be able to build an online presence, known as an avatar, then create and share content." The main points of the system are safety and responsibility online, with no chatrooms or the financial aspects available in other online worlds such as ''[[Second Life]]''. Controller of Children's BBC Richard Deverell said: "''Adventure Rock'' is a good example of the way we need to go. The thing that interests me is that children are at the vanguard. And that is where we are taking Children's BBC."<ref>{{cite news|publisher = BBC|accessdate = 21 May 2007|date=23 January 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6290585.stm|title =BBC plans online children's world}}</ref>and still fun. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{bbc.co.uk|cbbc|CBBC}} *{{bbc.co.uk|pressoffice/proginfo/tv/wk37/feature_cbbc.shtml|CBBC - A new look}} *[http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/childrens/broomcupboard.htm "And Now, For Younger Viewers..." A history of CBBC continuity from 1985 to 1994, from Off The Telly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026062239/http://offthetelly.co.uk/childrens/broomcupboard.htm |date=26 October 2005 }} *[http://www.the-broom-cupboard.co.uk The Broom Cupboard.co.uk, a history of CBBC continuity from 1985 to 1992, with over 150 pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415064710/http://www.the-broom-cupboard.co.uk/ |date=15 April 2012 }} *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2175466,00.html BBC considers end of children's shows on BBC 1] (Guardian) *[http://www.tvradiobits.co.uk/idents/cbbc.htm CBBC idents from 1983-2007]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{BBC}} {{UK television channels}} [[Category:BBC television channels]] [[Category:1985 establishments in England]] [[Category:Organizations based in Salford]] [[Category:British television channels]] [[Category:CBBC]] bysxmkljrsdl0ejqqhisywobvr8i1y5 0 138627 10967180 10473787 2026-08-19T04:00:07Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place | official_name= Ravenscraig | gaelic_name= | scots_name= | local_name= | country= Scotland | os_grid_reference= NS756563 | edinburgh_distance_mi=41 | london_distance_mi=393 |coordinates={{Coord|55.792017|-3.967524|display=inline,title}} | post_town= MOTHERWELL | postcode_area= ML | postcode_district= ML1-ML2 (part) | dial_code= 01698 | constituency_westminster= [[Motherwell and Wishaw (UK Parliament constituency)|Motherwell and Wishaw]] | unitary_scotland= [[North Lanarkshire Council]] | lieutenancy_scotland= Motherwell | constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Motherwell and Wishaw (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Motherwell and Wishaw]] | constituency_scottish_parliament1= [[Central Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Central Scotland]] | website= [http://www.ravenscraig.co.uk/] }} '''Ravenscraig''' is an area of land in [[North Lanarkshire]], [[Scotland]]. It used to be the site for [[steelwork]]s. Ravenscraig used to have the largest [[steel]] mill in Western [[Europe]]. Ravenscraig was closed in 1992 and is now almost completely gone. Ravenscraig is now at the start of a big redevelopment by [[Wilson Bowden|Wilson Bowden Developments Ltd]], [[Scottish Enterprise]] and [[Corus]], to create a full new town. == Location == Ravenscraig is very easy to get to. More than two thirds of Scotland’s population live within 90 minutes drive. Located in [[North Lanarkshire]], Ravenscraig is between the towns of [[Wishaw]] and [[Motherwell]], who house a population of over 60,000. Ravenscraig lies only a few minutes drive from both the [[M74 motorway|M74]] and the [[M8 motorway (Scotland)|M8]] [[motorways]], which lead to [[Glasgow]] and [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]'s two biggest cities. == History == [[Image:Ravenscraig Steel Mill.jpg|thumb|left|Ravenscraig Rolling Mills in 1985]] Another steel maker, [[Colvilles]], decided to expand their business in July 1954. They were the largest steel manufacturer before [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/steelworks/Colville%27s.htm |title=The Company and Its Allied Concerns - Colville's Magazine, 1920 |access-date=2008-10-29 |archive-date=2008-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922162736/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/steelworks/Colville%27s.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=campbell>Campbell, R. H. (1958). ''Iron and Steel''. Chapter 5, In: Cunnison, J. and Gilfillan, J. B. S. (Editors) (1958). ''The Third Statistical Account of Scotland'', Volume V, ''The City of Glasgow''. Glasgow: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.</ref> In 1954, Colvilles began the first stages of development in Ravenscraig, that turned Ravenscraig from an empty field into a site for steelworks. By 1957 most of the machinery was built and by 1959 the full building work was complete.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/steelworks/Steelworks%20Ravenscraig.htm |title=Ravenscraig Steel Works History 1954 - 1992 |access-date=2008-10-29 |archive-date=2008-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123051616/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/steelworks/Steelworks%20Ravenscraig.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> When Ravenscraig closed in 1993, that was the end of most steel making in Scotland.<ref name=s&t>Stratton, Michael and Trinder, Barry (2000). ''Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology''. London: E & FN Spon. {{ISBN|0-419-24680-0}}.</ref> 770 jobs were lost, along with another 10,000 jobs, both directly and indirectly linked.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_199005/ai_n18315273 Still time for a new strategy. (closing of British Steel's Ravenscraig, Scotland steel plant)]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Current State == In its current state, Ravenscraig is one of the largest [[derelict]] sites in [[Europe]] measuring over 1125 acres in size. Ravenscraig is the same size as an area of 700 football pitches and double the size of [[Monaco]].<ref>[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&time=&date=&ttype=&q=ravenscraig,+motherwell&sll=54.162434,-3.647461&sspn=12.497202,29.619141&ie=UTF8&ll=55.791438,-3.94495&spn=0.023403,0.05785&z=14&om=1 Google Maps]</ref><ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2000/01/9cc8e10e-0b9b-4ba2-a157-0100a809870d Scottish Government - (Henry McLeish backs plans for Ravenscraig Regeneration)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ravenscraig.co.uk/index.asp |title=Ravenscraig.co.uk Homepage |access-date=2008-10-29 |archive-date=2008-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103043418/http://www.ravenscraig.co.uk/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Future Plans == After many years of planning, Ravenscraig will be rebuilt by three equal companies: [[Wilson Bowden|Wilson Bowden Developments Ltd]], [[Scottish Enterprise]] and [[Corus]] and will be one of the largest regenerations in [[Europe]], with 400 acres being developed. Ravenscraig will have lots of new facilities: {| class="wikitable" |- ! New facilities |- | 3,500 new homes |- | A new town centre with 84,000 square metres of retail and leisure space |- | 216,000 square metres of business and industrial space |- | Lots of parkland areas |- | A new transport network |- | New sports centre |- | [[Motherwell College|A new college campus]] |- | Two New schools. |} Part of the development will be to make new habitats for the wildlife that live in the area, such as [[deer]], [[fox]]es, [[hare]]s, [[otter]]s, [[badger]]s, [[watervole]]s, [[butterflies]] and many [[birds]]. An "Ecological Clerk of Works" has been appointed to make sure the building works do not harm the wildlife.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ravenscraig.co.uk/natural-heritage.asp |title=- Ravenscraig - Natural Heritage |access-date=2008-10-29 |archive-date=2012-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226124951/http://www.ravenscraig.co.uk/natural-heritage.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is hoped that the [[£]]29million sports complex will be used as a training camp for the [[2012 London Olympics]] and the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Glasgow]].<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/10/30121839 Scottish Government - (£29m for Ravenscraig sports complex)]</ref> There are many people who disagree with the building work. Many local residents and small businesses think that it will take jobs and customers from other towns.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3363471.stm BBC News - Controversy over steelworks plan]</ref> === Transport === As part of the changes, the transport to Ravenscraig will get better. There will be new transport within walking distance of the new town centre, with buses going to [[Glasgow]], [[Lanark]] and many other towns. There will be easy access to public transport throughout Ravenscraig that will include business routes, that will link to the public transport network with roads to the [[Motherwell]] and [[Carfin]] rail stations.<ref>[http://www.ravenscraig.co.uk/ Ravenscraig.co.uk]</ref> === Motherwell FC === Local press have said that the [[Scottish Premier League]] football team, [[Motherwell FC|Motherwell Football Club]] could buy some land in Ravenscraig to build a new [[stadium|football stadium]], leaving behind their home of 113 years, [[Fir Park]]. Motherwell Chairman, John Boyle has said ''"No decisions have been taken and we are simply exploring realistic options at this stage."''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/news/Well-in-talks-for-Ravenscraig.3820872.jp |title=Motherwell Times |access-date=2008-10-29 |archive-date=2008-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311084321/http://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/news/Well-in-talks-for-Ravenscraig.3820872.jp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Other websites== * [http://www.northlan.gov.uk/ North Lanarkshire Council] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Towns in North Lanarkshire]] h4nm7frgugakilwfud0mn9f87tzdt2a 4 144657 10967155 10963742 2026-08-19T03:06:06Z SpBot 17413 archive 1 section: 1 to [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback/Archives/2026]] (after section [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback/Archives/2026#User:FlammablePizza|User:FlammablePizza]]) - previous edit: [[:User:Garsh2|Garsh2]], 2026-08-15 21:45 10967155 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Autoarchive resolved section | age = 3 | level = 4 | archive =((FULLPAGENAME))/Archives/((year)) | show = yes}}</noinclude> ==Current requests for rollback== *{{User2|Axolitl}} Rollbacker (and other things) on [[Special:UserRights/Axolitl|English Wikipedia]]. I'm pretty knowledgeable on using Twinkle and warning people properly, and am aware of Simple Wikipedia's policy. I wish to be granted rollback rights in order to help better combat vandalism on Simple Wiki, as I have noticed a decent amount of unhelpful edits recently. [[User:Axolitl|<span style="font-family: trebuchetms; color: #0C343D; background-color: #F4CCCC">'''Axolitl'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Axolitl|<small>'''talk'''</small>]] &#124; [[Special:Contributions/Axolitl|<small>'''contribs'''</small>]]) 04:23, 13 August 2026 (UTC) :I appreciate your experience on enwiki, but you've done very few reversions here. This raises hat collecting concerns to me. Why do you need rollback on a wiki where you don't often revert edits? [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 21:35, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::My idea is that I would be able to do it more on Simple Wikipedia if I had rollback, but I'd be willing to do more reverting before I request rollback. [[User:Axolitl|<span style="font-family: trebuchetms; color: #0C343D; background-color: #F4CCCC">'''Axolitl'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Axolitl|<small>'''talk'''</small>]] &#124; [[Special:Contributions/Axolitl|<small>'''contribs'''</small>]]) 21:37, 15 August 2026 (UTC) :::Do a little more reverting here and then request again. Nothing against you, sometimes people just come here looking to collect hats. {{not done}} for now. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 21:44, 15 August 2026 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 21:44, 15 August 2026 (UTC)}} jff5c1ahit2uxp16czctomrpjnwso5m 0 153598 10967410 9954921 2026-08-19T10:43:16Z WalnutBloom 1773816 Simplified English; reordered article elements. 10967410 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ollezy OSM 03.png|thumb]] '''Ollezy''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]]. It is in the [[Regions of France|region]] [[Hauts-de-France]] in the [[Aisne]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the north of [[France]]. As of 2020, 174 people live there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full set of local data − Municipality of Ollezy (02570) {{!}} Insee|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/6457611?geo=COM-02570#graphique-POP_G2|access-date=2024-03-20|website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Communes in Aisne]] {{France-geo-stub}} 2zvrmtfx87eeic2oeczij7k55x17rbd 0 157988 10966576 10891702 2026-08-18T13:30:33Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox |name=Paolo Rossi |image=Paolo Rossi Vicenza (headshot).jpg |fullname=Paolo Rossi | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1956|9|23}} | birth_place = [[Prato]], Italy | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|12|9|1956|9|23}} | death_place = [[Siena]], Italy | height = 1.74 m | position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]] | youthyears1 = 1961–1967 | youthclubs1 = Santa Lucia | youthyears2 = 1967–1968 | youthclubs2 = Ambrosiana | youthyears3 = 1968–1972 | youthclubs3 = Cattolica Virtus | youthyears4 = 1972–1975 | youthclubs4 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | years1 = 1973–1976 | clubs1 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | caps1 = 0 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 1975–1976 | clubs2 = → [[Como Calcio|Como]] (loan) | caps2 = 6 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 1976–1980 | clubs3 = [[Vicenza Calcio|Vicenza]] | caps3 = 94 | goals3 = 60 | years4 = 1979–1980 | clubs4 = → [[A.C. Perugia|Perugia]] (loan) | caps4 = 28 | goals4 = 13 | years5 = 1981–1985 | clubs5 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | caps5 = 83 | goals5 = 24 | years6 = 1985–1986 | clubs6 = [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] | caps6 = 20 | goals6 = 2 | years8 = 1986–1987 | clubs8 = [[Hellas Verona F.C.|Hellas Verona]] | caps8 = 20 | goals8 = 4 | totalcaps = 251 | totalgoals = 103 | nationalyears1 = 1977–1986 | nationalteam1 = [[Italy national football team|Italy]] | nationalcaps1 = 48 | nationalgoals1 = 20 | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|Italy}}}} {{Medal|Comp|[[FIFA World Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982 Spain]]|}} }} '''Paolo Rossi''' (23 September 1956 &ndash; 9 December 2020) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[footballer]]. He played for [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]], [[A.C. Milan|Milan]], and the [[Italy national football team|Italy national team]]. Rossi died from [[cardiopulmonary arrest]] caused by [[lung cancer]] in [[Rome]] on 9 December 2020 at the age of 64.<ref name="death">{{cite web |url=https://www.football-italia.net/163263/paolo-rossi-has-died |title=Paolo Rossi has died |publisher=www.football-italia.net |date=10 December 2020 |access-date=10 December 2020 }}</ref><ref name="morte">{{cite news |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/10-12-2020/morto-paolo-rossi-simbolo-italia-mondiale-1982-3901555485277.shtml |title=È morto Paolo Rossi, simbolo dell'Italia Mondiale del 1982 |work=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=Italian |last1=Cugini |first1=Mimmo |date=10 December 2020 |access-date=10 December 2020 }}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|[[Coppa Italia]] !colspan="2"|[[UEFA|Europe]] !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="3"|[[Juventus FC|Juventus]] |[[1973–74 Serie A|1973–74]] |[[Serie A]] |0||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||1||0 |- |[[1974–75 Juventus FC season|1974–75]] |Serie A |0||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||2||0 |- !colspan=2 |Total !0||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||0 |- |[[Calcio Como|Como]] |[[1975–76 Serie A|1975–76]] |Serie A |6||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||6||0 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Vicenza Calcio|Lanerossi Vicenza]] |[[1976–77 Serie B|1976–77]] |[[Serie B]] |36||21||6||2||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||42||23 |- |[[1977–78 Serie A|1977–78]] |Serie A |30||24||4||2||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||34||26 |- |[[1978–79 Serie A|1978–79]] |Serie A |28||15||3||2||1{{efn|name=UC|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Cup]]}}||0||colspan="2"|–||32||17 |- !colspan=2 |Total !94||60||13||6||1||0||colspan="2"|–||108||66 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Perugia Calcio|Perugia]] |[[1979–80 Serie A|1979–80]] |Serie A |28||13||4||0||4{{efn|name=UC}}||1||colspan="2"|–||36||14 |- |[[1980–81 Serie A|1980–81]] |Serie A |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||0||0 |- !colspan=2 |Total !28||13||4||0||4||1||colspan="2"|–||36||14 |- |rowspan="5"|Juventus |[[1981–82 Juventus FC season|1981–82]] |Serie A |3||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||1 |- |[[1982–83 Juventus FC season|1982–83]] |Serie A |23||7||11||5||9{{efn|name=EC|Appearances in [[European Cup]]}}||6||colspan="2"|–||43||18 |- |[[1983–84 Juventus FC season|1983–84]] |Serie A |30||13||7||0||9{{efn|name=ECWC|Appearances in [[European Cup Winners' Cup]]}}||2||colspan="2"|–||46||15 |- |[[1984–85 Juventus FC season|1984–85]] |Serie A |27||3||6||2||9{{efn|name=EC}}||5||1{{efn|Appearance in [[European Super Cup]]}}||0||43||10 |- !colspan="2"|Total !83||24||24||7||27||13||1!!0!!135!!44 |- |[[AC Milan|Milan]] |[[1985–86 AC Milan season|1985–86]] |Serie A |20||2||3||1||3{{efn|name=UC}}||0||colspan="2"|–||26||3 |- |[[Hellas Verona FC|Hellas Verona]] |[[1986–87 Serie A|1986–87]] |Serie A |20||4||7||3||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||27||7 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !251||103||54||17||35||14!!1!!0!!341!!134 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/prossi-intlg.html|title=Paolo Rossi – Goals in International Matches|author=Roberto Di Maggio|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|date=9 November 2002}}</ref> |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="10"|[[Italy national football team|Italy]] |1977||1||0 |- |1978||10||4 |- |1979||5||3 |- |1980||3||0 |- |1981||0||0 |- |1982||11||6 |- |1983||7||2 |- |1984||6||3 |- |1985||3||2 |- |1986||2||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total||48||20 |} :''Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Rossi goal''.<ref name=figc.it>{{cite web|title=Nazionale in cifre: Rossi, Paolo|url=http://www.figc.it/nazionali/DettaglioConvocato?codiceConvocato=918&squadra=1|publisher=FIGC|access-date=19 May 2015|language=it}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Paolo Rossi |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition |- | align="center"|1 || 2 June 1978 || [[Estadio José María Minella|Estadio Mundialista]], [[Mar del Plata]] || {{fb|FRA}} || align="center"|1–1 || align="center"|2–1 || [[1978 FIFA World Cup Group 1#Italy vs France|1978 FIFA World Cup]] |- | align="center"|2 || 6 June 1978 || Estadio Mundialista, Mar del Plata || {{fb|HUN}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|3–1 || 1978 FIFA World Cup |- | align="center"|3 || 18 June 1978 || [[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti|Estadio Monumental]], Buenos Aires || {{fb|AUT}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|1–0 || 1978 FIFA World Cup |- | align="center"|4 || 21 December 1978 || [[Stadio Olimpico]], Rome || {{fb|ESP|1977}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|1–0 || [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- | align="center"|5 || 24 February 1979 || [[San Siro]], Milan || {{fb|NED}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|3–0 || Friendly |- | align="center"|6 || 26 May 1979 || Stadio Olimpico, Rome || {{fb|ARG}} || align="center"|2–1 || align="center"|2–2 || Friendly |- | align="center"|7 || 13 June 1979 || [[Stadion Maksimir]], [[Zagreb]] || {{fb|YUG}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|1–4 || Friendly |- | align="center"|8 || rowspan="3"|5 July 1982 || rowspan="3"|[[Estadi de Sarrià|Estadio Sarriá]], Barcelona || rowspan="3"|{{fb|BRA}} || align="center"|1–0 || rowspan="3" align="center"|[[Brazil v Italy (1982 FIFA World Cup)|3–2]] || rowspan="3"|[[1982 FIFA World Cup#Group C|1982 FIFA World Cup]] |- | align="center"|9 || align="center"|2–1 |- | align="center"|10 || align="center"|3–2 |- | align="center"|11 || rowspan="2"|8 July 1982 || rowspan="2"|[[Camp Nou]], Barcelona || rowspan="2"|{{fb|POL}} || align="center"|1–0 || rowspan="2" align="center"|2–0 || rowspan="2"|1982 FIFA World Cup |- | align="center"|12 || align="center"|2–0 |- | align="center"|13 || 11 July 1982 || [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Estadio Santiago Bernabéu]], Madrid || {{fb|FRG}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|3–1 || 1982 FIFA World Cup |- | align="center"|14 || 5 October 1983 || [[Stadio della Vittoria]], [[Bari]] || {{fb|GRE}} || align="center"|3–0 || align="center"|3–0 || Friendly |- | align="center"|15 || 22 December 1983 || [[Stadio Renato Curi]], [[Perugia]] || {{fb|CYP}} || align="center"|3–1 || align="center"|3–1 || [[UEFA Euro 1984 qualifying Group 5|UEFA Euro 1984 qualifier]] |- | align="center"|16 || rowspan="3"|4 February 1984 || rowspan="3"|Stadio Olimpico, Rome || rowspan="3"|{{fb|MEX}} || align="center"|2–0 || rowspan="3" align="center"|5–0 || rowspan="3"|Friendly |- | align="center"|17 || align="center"|3–0 |- | align="center"|18 || align="center"|4–0 |- | align="center"|19 || 5 February 1985 || [[Dalymount Park]], Dublin || {{fb|IRL}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|2–1 || Friendly |- | align="center"|20 || 3 April 1985 || [[Stadio Cino e Lillo Del Duca]], [[Ascoli Piceno]] || {{fb|POR}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|2–0 || Friendly |} ==Honours== '''Vicenza'''<ref name=tuttojuve.com>{{cite web|title=Gli Eroi in Bianconero: Paolo ROSSI|url=http://www.tuttojuve.com/gli-eroi-bianconeri/gli-eroi-in-bianconero-paolo-rossi-63703|publisher=Tutto Juve|author1=Stefano Bedeschi|language=it|date=23 September 2013|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324222745/https://www.tuttojuve.com/gli-eroi-bianconeri/gli-eroi-in-bianconero-paolo-rossi-63703|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=storiedicalcio.altervista.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.storiedicalcio.altervista.org/paolo_rossi_biografia.html|title=Paolo Rossi: La solitudine del centravanti|publisher=Storie di Calcio|language=it|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=fifa.com>{{cite web|title=Pablito, Italy's outstanding opportunist|url=http://origin.fifa.com/womensyoutholympic/news/y=2007/m=4/news=pablito-italy-outstanding-opportunist-510183.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=7 January 2015}}{{dead link|date=October 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> *[[Serie B]]: [[1976–77 Serie B|1976–77]] *[[Serie A]] runner-up: [[1977–78 Serie A|1977–78]] '''Juventus'''<ref name=fifa.com/> *[[Serie A]]: [[1981–82 Serie A|1981–82]], [[1983–84 Serie A|1983–84]] *[[Coppa Italia]]: [[1982–83 Coppa Italia|1982–83]] *[[European Cup]]: [[1984–85 European Cup|1984–85]]; runner-up: [[1982–83 European Cup|1982–83]]<ref>[https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/history/seasons/1982/matches/ 1982–83 All matches – season at UEFA website]</ref> *[[European Cup Winners' Cup]]: [[1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup|1983–84]] *[[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[1984 European Super Cup|1984]] '''Italy'''<ref name=fifa.com/> *[[FIFA World Cup]]: [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]] '''Individual''' *''[[Capocannoniere]]'': [[1977–78 Serie A|1977–78]] (24 goals)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italtops.html|title=Italy – Serie A Top Scorers|author1=Roberto Di Maggio|author2=Igor Kramarsic|author3=Alberto Novello|date=11 June 2015|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> *Serie B top scorer: [[1976–77 Serie B|1976–77]] (21 goals)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital2tops.html|title=Italy – Serie B Top Scorers|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> *[[FIFA World Cup Silver Ball]]: [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]]<ref name=fifa.com/><ref name="FIFA Awards">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html|title=FIFA Awards: FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Awards|author1=José Luis Pierrend|date=12 February 2015|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref> *[[FIFA World Cup All-Star Team]]: [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]]<ref name="FIFA World Cup Awards: All-Star Team">{{cite web|url=http://football.sporting99.com/fifa-world-cup-all-star-team.html|title=FIFA World Cup Awards: All-Star Team|access-date=22 March 2015}}</ref> *[[Gazzetta Sports Awards]] Man of the Year: 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/storie-che-emozionano/20-11-2017/gazzetta-sports-awards-buffon-nuove-sfide-oltre-lacrime-230756321959.shtml|title=Gazzetta Sports Awards: Buffon le nuove sfide oltre le lacrime|date=20 November 2017|language=it|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport}}</ref> *''Sport Ideal European XI'': 1978<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1979/01/03/pagina-16/1043654/pdf.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |title=Sport 1978 |access-date=4 June 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613020027/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1979/01/03/pagina-16/1043654/pdf.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[FIFA|FIFA XI]]: 1979, 1986<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fifa-xi.html|title=FIFA XI´s Matches – Full Info|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> *[[FIFA World Cup Golden Boot]]: [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]]<ref name=fifa.com/> *[[FIFA World Cup Golden Ball]]: [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]]<ref name=fifa.com/><ref name="FIFA Awards"/> *[[Onze d'Or]]: 1982<ref name="Onze Mondial Awards">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/onze-awards.html|title="Onze Mondial" Awards: Onze de Onze 1976–2011|author1=José Luis Pierrend|date=6 March 2012|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> *[[Ballon d'Or]]: 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/europa-poy.html|title=European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")|author1=Rob Moore|author2=Karel Stokkermans|date=21 January 2011|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> *[[World Soccer (magazine)#Award winners|''World Soccer'' Men's World Player of the Year]]: 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/world-soccer-awards-previous-winners-2-338433|title=World Soccer Awards – previous winners|publisher=World Soccer|author1=Jamie Rainbow|date=14 December 2012|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> *[[L'Équipe Champion of Champions|''L'Équipe'' Champion of Champions]]: [[L'Équipe Champion of Champions#Single awards|1982]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whoholdsthetitle.com/home/championslist/list-of-lequipe-world-champion-of-champions-rafael-nadal-2010-winner/|title=L'Équipe World Champion of Champions|date=26 December 2014|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> *[[Guerin Sportivo|''Guerin Sportivo'' Player of the Year]]: 1982 *[[Guerin Sportivo|''Guerin Sportivo'' All-Star Team]]: 1982 *[[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers#Winners by seasons|European Cup top scorer]]: [[1982–83 European Cup|1982–83]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/ec/ec1tops.html|title=Champions Cup/Champions League Topscorers|author1=Roberto Di Maggio|author2=Roberto Mamrud|author3=Jarek Owsianski|author4=Davide Rota|date=11 June 2015|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> *[[World Soccer Awards#Greatest Players of the 20th century|''World Soccer'']] Greatest Players of the 20th century: 41st<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamHons/HonsWldSocPlyrsCent.html|title=World Soccer 100 Players of the Century|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> *[[FIFA 100]]<ref name="Pele's list of the greatest">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3533891.stm|title=Pele's list of the greatest|work=BBC Sport|date=4 March 2004|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819114039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3533891.stm|archive-date=19 August 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll]]: 12th<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/171606.pdf|title=Zinedine Zidane voted top player by fans|publisher=[[UEFA]]|access-date=24 July 2014}}</ref> *[[Golden Foot|Golden Foot "Football Legends"]]: 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenfoot.com/en/legends.html|title=Golden Foot Legends|publisher=Golden Foot.com|access-date=27 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029033413/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/italcuptops.html|archive-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> *[[Italian Football Hall of Fame]]: 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vivoazzurro.it/en/news/italian-football-hall-of-fame-to-induct-ten-new-stars/|title=Italian football Hall of Fame to induct ten new stars|date=25 October 2016|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> *[[Juventus FC Hall of Fame]]: 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=Juventus creates its Hall of Fame - Juventus |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/juventus-creates-its-hall-of-fame |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=Juventus.com |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Navboxes |title=Italy squads |bg=#0066bc |fg=#FFFFFF |list1= {{Italy squad 1978 FIFA World Cup}} {{Italy squad 1982 FIFA World Cup}} {{Italy squad 1986 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |bg=gold |fg=navy |title= Awards |list1= {{1978 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} {{1982 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} {{FIFA World Cup Golden Boot}} {{FIFA World Cup Golden Ball}} {{Ballon d'Or recipients}} {{Onze Mondial European Footballer of the Year}} {{UEFA Champions League top scorers}} {{Serie A top scorers}} {{1982 World Soccer World XI}} {{FIFA 100}} {{Golden Foot Legends Award}} {{Italian Football Hall of Fame}} {{Walk of Fame of Italian sport}} }} {{sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rossi, Paolo}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:1978 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:1982 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:1986 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Footballers from Tuscany]] [[Category:Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest]] [[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]] [[Category:Ballon d'Or winners]] qmjxsit2orv44xsgbe02cpmued6yeov 0 163249 10966907 10676998 2026-08-18T18:16:09Z ~2026-45143-16 1857065 /* */ 10966907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}}{{Expansion|date=April 2021}}{{Taxobox | image = Homo rudolfensis.jpg | name = ''Homo rudolfensis'' | fossil_range = [[Pliocene]] | synonyms = * ''[[Pithecanthropus]] rudolfensis'' <small>([[Valery Alekseyev (anthropologist)|Alekseyev]], 1986)</small> * ''[[Australopithecus]] rudolfensis'' <small>([[Valery Alekseyev (anthropologist)|Alekseyev]], 1986)</small> * ''[[Kenyanthropus]] rudolfensis'' <small>([[David Cameron (anthropologist)|Cameron]], 2003)</small> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Primate]]s | familia = [[Hominidae]] | genus = ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo ?]]'' | species = '''''H. rudolfensis''''' | binomial = †''Homo rudolfensis'' | binomial_authority = [[Valerii Alexeev|Alexeev]], 1986 }} '''''Homo rudolfensis''' (abbreviated '''H. rudolfensis''')'' is an [[Extinction|extinct]] [[species]] in the human [[Genus|genus,]] ''[[Homo]]''. ''H. rudolfensis'' lived in the [[Lake Turkana|Turkana]] [[Basin (geology)|Basin]] in northern [[Kenya]] sometime between 2.0 and 1.5 million years ago. ''[[Homo habilis]], [[Homo erectus]],'' and ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]'' also lived in the same place at the same time''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Homo rudolfensis|language=en|work=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|url=https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-rudolfensis|access-date=2025-12-15}}</ref>'' == Discovery == The first and most complete ''H. rudolfensis'' [[fossil]] was a [[skull]] discovered in 1972 by [[Bernard Ngeneo]]. He was part of a team led by [[Anthropology|anthropologist]] [[Richard Leakey]] and [[Zoology|zoologist]] [[Meave Leakey]]. The team was excavating at [[Koobi Fora]] on the east side of [[Lake Turkana]] in Kenya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Homo rudolfensis|url=https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/homo-rudolfensis/|access-date=2025-12-15|website=The Australian Museum|language=en}}</ref> The skull was later estimated to be 1.9 million years old.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Strait|first1=D.|title=Handbook of Paleoanthropology|last2=Grine|first2=F.|last3=Fleagle|first3=J. G.|author3-link=John G. Fleagle|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=978-3-642-39979-4|editor-last=Henke|editor-first=W.|edition=2nd|chapter=Analyzing Hominin Hominin Phylogeny: Cladistic Approach|page=2006|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_58|editor-last2=Tattersall|editor-first2=I.|editor2-link=Ian Tattersall|chapter-url=http://www.academia.edu/download/55535112/Homo_ergaster_Handbook_2_2015.pdf|access-date=2020-06-15|archive-date=2020-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612125818/http://www.academia.edu/download/55535112/Homo_ergaster_Handbook_2_2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Originally, scientists thought it belonged to a ''[[Homo habilis]]''. However, the skull had a larger braincase, a longer face, and larger [[molar]] and [[premolar]] teeth than ''H. habilis'' did.<ref name=":0" /> They suggested that it belonged to a new species that had never been discovered before. In 1986 V. P. Alexeev proposed the [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] ''Homo rudolfensis'' to classify the skull.<ref name=":0" /> It was originally called specimen Skull 1470 (KNM ER 1470).<ref name=":0" /> The name "rudolfensis" refers to Lake Rudolf, the former name of Lake Turkana, where the skull was found.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Welker|first=Barbara Helm|date=2017-06-13|title=24. Homo rudolfensis|url=https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/the-history-of-our-tribe-hominini/chapter/homo-rudolfensis/|journal=The History of Our Tribe: Hominini|language=en}}</ref> Scientists have found a few other skull, [[jaw]], and [[Tooth|teeth]] fragments have since 1972.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Groeneveld|first=Emma|date=2023-04-25|title=Homo Rudolfensis|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Homo_Rudolfensis/|journal=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> Scientists still disagree about whether ''H. rudolfensis'' was its own species. Some think the fossil skull actually belonged to a ''H. habilis.<ref name=":1" />'' == Description == [[File:HPCR-UR 501-03.jpg|thumb|UR 501 (original specimen), the eldest fossil of the [[genus]] ''[[Homo]]'']]''H. rudolfensis'' had a mixture of ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and ''Homo'' features.<ref name=":3" /> Its skull had room for a larger [[brain]] than ''H. habilis'' and ''Australopithecus'' did. Compared to ''H. habilis'', it was larger and stronger, with a flat, heavy face, powerful jaws, and large teeth.<ref name=":2" /> It probably ate a different diet than ''H. habilis'' did, based on analysis of fossil teeth. It could [[Chewing|chew]] through [[Plant|plants]], [[Root|roots]], [[Leaf|leaves]], and tough [[Fruit|fruits]]. It was able to survive in different [[Habitat|habitats]], so it probably ate a varied [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]].<ref name=":3" /> Scientists have never found ''H. rudolfensis'' bones from below the neck. For this reason, they cannot estimate how big this species was.<ref name=":1" /> ''H. rudolfensis'' may have used [[Stone tool|stone tools]] like [[Oldowan|Oldowan tools]]. ''H. habilis'' did. However, scientists have never found stone tools alongside ''H. rudolfensis'' remains.<ref name=":3" /> == Evolution == ''Homo rudolfensis'' may have descended from ''Kenyanthropus platyops''.<ref name=":2" /> Some scientists believe that ''H. rudolfensis'' [[Human evolution|evolved into]] ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' in [[Africa]].<ref name=":2" /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Hominins]] [[Category:Prehistoric Africa]] ldrocfcra13mvlmweh3opuzczhghfrs 0 163355 10967159 10167685 2026-08-19T03:13:37Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Ramón Díaz | image = Ramón Díaz (25383125054) (2) (cropped).jpg | image_size = | caption = Díaz as Paraguay manager in 2016 | full_name = Ramón Ángel Díaz | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|8|29|df=y}} | birth_place = [[La Rioja, Argentina]] | height = 1.73 m | currentclub = [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] (head coach) | clubnumber = | position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = | years1 = 1978–1982 | years2 = 1982–1983 | years3 = 1983–1986 | years4 = 1986–1988 | years5 = 1988–1989 | years6 = 1989–1991 | years7 = 1991–1993 | years8 = 1993–1995 | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | clubs2 = [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] | clubs3 = [[U.S. Avellino 1912|Avellino]] | clubs4 = [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] | clubs5 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] | clubs6 = [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]] | clubs7 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | clubs8 = [[Yokohama F. Marinos|Yokohama Marinos]] | caps1 = 123 | goals1 = 57 | caps2 = 25 | goals2 = 3 | caps3 = 78 | goals3 = 22 | caps4 = 53 | goals4 = 17 | caps5 = 33 | goals5 = 12 | caps6 = 60 | goals6 = 24 | caps7 = 52 | goals7 = 27 | caps8 = 75 | goals8 = 52 | totalcaps = 499 | totalgoals = 215 | nationalyears1 = 1978–1979 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina U20]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 8 | nationalyears2 = 1979–1982 | nationalteam2 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] | nationalcaps2 = 22 | nationalgoals2 = 10 | manageryears1 = 1995–1999 | manageryears2 = 2001–2002 | manageryears3 = 2004–2005 | manageryears4 = 2007–2008 | manageryears5 = 2008–2009 | manageryears6 = 2010–2011 | manageryears7 = 2011–2012 | manageryears8 = 2012–2014 | manageryears9 = 2014–2016 | manageryears10 = 2016–2018 | manageryears11 = 2018 | manageryears12 = 2019 | manageryears13 = 2020 | manageryears14 = 2020 | manageryears15 = 2021–2022 | manageryears16 = 2022–2023 | manageryears17 = 2023– | managerclubs1 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | managerclubs2 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | managerclubs3 = [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] | managerclubs4 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] | managerclubs5 = [[Club América|América]] | managerclubs6 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] | managerclubs7 = [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | managerclubs8 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | managerclubs9 = [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]] | managerclubs10 = [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] | managerclubs11 = [[Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] | managerclubs12 = [[Pyramids FC|Pyramids]] | managerclubs13 = [[Club Libertad|Libertad]] | managerclubs14 = [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] | managerclubs15 = [[Al-Nasr SC (Dubai)|Al Nasr]] | managerclubs16 = [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] | managerclubs17 = [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] }} '''Ramón Díaz''' (born August 29, 1959) is a former [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Association football|football]] player. He has appeared for the [[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]]. ==Career statistics == ===Club=== [[File:Ramon diaz elgrafico.jpg|thumb|170px|Díaz with River Plate in 1981]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=3 | Club performance ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | Cup ! colspan=2 | League Cup ! colspan=2 | Total |- ! Season ! Club ! League ! Apps !! Goals ! Apps !! Goals ! Apps !! Goals ! Apps !! Goals |- ! colspan=3 |Argentina ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | Cup ! colspan=2 | League Cup ! colspan=2 | Total |- |1978||rowspan="4"|[[C.A. River Plate|River Plate]]||rowspan="4"|[[Primera División Argentina|Primera División]]||14||5||||||||||14||5 |- |1979||22||12||||||||||22||12 |- |1980||40||22||||||||||40||22 |- |1981||47||18||||||||||47||18 |- ! colspan=3 |Italy ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | [[Coppa Italia]] ! colspan=2 | League Cup ! colspan=2 | Total |- |1982–83||[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]||[[Serie A]]||25||3||||||||||25||3 |- |1983–84||rowspan="3"|[[U.S. Avellino 1912|Avellino]]||rowspan="3"|[[Serie A]]||24||7||||||||||24||7 |- |1984–85||27||5||||||||||27||5 |- |1985–86||27||10||||||||||27||10 |- |1986–87||rowspan="2"|[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]||rowspan="2"|[[Serie A]]||29||10||||||||||29||10 |- |1987–88||24||7||||||||||24||7 |- |1988–89||[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]]||[[Serie A]]||33||12||7||1||3||2||43||15 |- ! colspan=3 |France ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | [[Coupe de France]] ! colspan=2 | [[Coupe de la Ligue]] ! colspan=2 | Total |- |1989–90||rowspan="2"|[[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]]||rowspan="2"|[[Ligue 1|Division 1]]||28||15||||||||||28||15 |- |1990–91||32||9||||||||||32||9 |- ! colspan=3 |Argentina ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | Cup ! colspan=2 | League Cup ! colspan=2 | Total |- |1991–92||rowspan="2"|[[C.A. River Plate|River Plate]]||rowspan="2"|[[Primera División Argentina|Primera División]]||31||20||||||||||31||20 |- |1992–93||21||7||||||||||21||7 |- ! colspan=3 |Japan ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | [[Emperor's Cup]] ! colspan=2 | [[J.League Cup]] ! colspan=2 | Total |- |[[1993 Yokohama Marinos season|1993]]||rowspan="3"|[[Yokohama F. Marinos|Yokohama Marinos]]||rowspan="3"|[[J1 League]]||32||28||3||1||5||3||40||32 |- |[[1994 Yokohama Marinos season|1994]]||37||23||4||2||3||1||44||26 |- |[[1995 Yokohama Marinos season|1995]]||6||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||1 |- !rowspan=4| Country !!colspan=2| Argentina !175||84||||||||||175||84 |- !colspan=2|Italy !189||54||||||||||189||54 |- !colspan=2|France !60||24||||||||||60||24 |- !colspan=2|Japan !75||52||7||3||8||4||90||59 |- !colspan=3|Total !499||214||7||3||8||4||514||221 |} <ref>{{NFT player|id=19296|accessdate=}}</ref> ===International=== [[File:Argentina u20 ramon diaz festeja final.jpg|thumb|250px|Díaz celebrating a goal at the 1979 FIFA U-20 World Cup]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan=3 | [[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]] |- !Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |1979||1||1 |- |1980||9||4 |- |1981||4||1 |- |1982||8||4 |- !Total||22||10 |} ==Managerial statistics== {{updated|26 October 2023}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ Managerial record by team and tenure |- !rowspan="2"|Team !rowspan="2"|Nat. !rowspan="2"|From !rowspan="2"|To !colspan="8"|Record !rowspan=2|{{abbr|Ref|Reference}} |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- |align=left|[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=left|8 July 1995 |align=left|11 February 2000 {{WDL|252|126|66|60|for=451|against=303|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=left|1 July 2001 |align=left|30 June 2002 {{WDL|52|29|14|9|for=111|against=49|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] |{{Flagicon|England}} |align=left|9 December 2004 |align=left|4 May 2005 {{WDL|25|10|7|8|for=48|against=56|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=left|24 December 2006 |align=left|12 June 2008 {{WDL|68|37|14|17|for=104|against=77|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Club América|América]] |{{Flagicon|Mexico}} |align=left|25 June 2008 |align=left|12 February 2009 {{WDL|24|7|9|8|for=47|against=50|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=left|25 May 2010 |align=left|24 April 2011 {{WDL|30|10|9|11|for=29|against=29|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=left|12 September 2011 |align=left|5 March 2012 {{WDL|20|7|5|8|for=21|against=20|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=left|30 November 2012 |align=left|27 May 2014 {{WDL|66|30|17|19|for=77|against=56|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]] |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} |align=left|4 December 2014 |align=left|12 June 2016 {{WDL|20|3|9|8|for=11|against=22|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Al-Hilal FC|Al-Hilal]] |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} |align=left|15 October 2016 |align=left|20 February 2018 {{WDL|65|42|17|6|for=83|against=50|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} |align=left|1 July 2018 |align=left|15 September 2018 {{WDL|4|0|1|3|for=1|against=6|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Pyramids FC|Pyramids]] |{{Flagicon|Egypt}} |align=left|14 February 2019 |align=left|27 May 2019 {{WDL|13|8|4|1|for=18|against=9|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Club Libertad|Libertad]] |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} |align=left|20 December 2019 |align=left|24 September 2020 {{WDL|24|14|4|6|for=45|against=29|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} |align=left|4 November 2020 |align=left|27 November 2020 {{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Al-Nasr SC (Dubai)|Al Nasr]] |{{Flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} |align=left|4 February 2021 |align=left|7 February 2022 {{WDL|37|14|8|15|for=58|against=46|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[Al-Hilal FC|Al-Hilal]] |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} |align=left|14 February 2022 |align=left|14 May 2023 {{WDL|60|39|12|9|for=116|against=58|diff=yes}} | |- |align=left|[[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} |align=left|15 July 2023 |align=left|present {{WDL|15|6|3|6|for=18|against=18|diff=yes}} | |- !colspan="4"|Total {{WDLtot|774|382|197|195|for=1267|against=854|diff=yes}} | |} ==Honours== ===Player=== '''River Plate''' * [[Primera División Argentina]]: [[1979 Argentine Primera División#Metropolitano Championship|1979 Metropolitano]], [[1979 Argentine Primera División#Nacional Championship|1979 Nacional]], [[1980 Argentine Primera División#Metropolitano Championship|1980 Metropolitano]], [[1981 Argentine Primera División#Nacional Championship|1981 Nacional]], [[1991–92 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura ("Opening" Tournament)|1991 Apertura]] * [[Supercopa Libertadores]] runner-up: [[1991 Supercopa Libertadores Finals|1991]] '''Internazionale''' * [[Serie A]]: [[1988–89 Serie A|1988–89]] '''Monaco''' * [[Coupe de France]]: [[1990–91 Coupe de France|1990–91]] * [[Ligue 1]] runner-up: [[1990–91 French Division 1|1990-91]] '''Yokohama Marinos''' * [[J1 League]]: [[1995 J.League|1995]] '''Argentina U20''' * [[FIFA World Youth Championship]]: [[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship|1979]]<ref name=japan1979 /> '''Individual''' * [[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Golden Boot|FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Boot]]: 1979<ref name=japan1979>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/japan1979/awards/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906061634/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/japan1979/awards/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |title=FIFA World Youth Championship Japan 1979&nbsp;– Awards |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> * [[Primera División Argentina topscorers|Primera División Argentina Top Scorer]]: 1991 Apertura * [[J.League Top Scorer]]: 1993<ref name=JLE /> * [[J.League Best XI]]: 1993<ref name=JLE>{{cite web|title=『Ｊリーグアウォーズ』〜Ｊリーグ年間表彰式〜 Best Eleven|url=http://www.jleague.jp/stats/awards_eleven.html|website=jleague.jp|access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206193826/http://www.jleague.jp/stats/awards_eleven.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Japan – J-League Awards|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/jap-poy.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> ===Manager=== '''River Plate''' * Primera División Argentina: [[1996–97 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|1996 Apertura]], [[1996–97 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|1997 Clausura]], [[1997–98 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|1997 Apertura]], [[1999–2000 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|1999 Apertura]], [[2001–02 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|2002 Clausura]], [[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season|2014 Final]] * Superfinal: [[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season|2013–14]]{{efn|The "Superfinal" is considered as a national cup by the [[Argentine Football Association]].<ref>[http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1695307-la-afa-homologo-la-superfinal-de-river-como-una-copa-nacional "La AFA homologó la Superfinal de River como una Copa Nacional", Cancha Llena.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003108/http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1695307-la-afa-homologo-la-superfinal-de-river-como-una-copa-nacional |date=2016-03-04 }}, 28 May 2014</ref>}} * [[Copa Libertadores]]: [[1996 Copa Libertadores|1996]] * [[Supercopa Libertadores]]: [[1997 Supercopa Libertadores|1997]] * [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] runner-up: [[1996 Intercontinental Cup|1996]] * [[Recopa Sudamericana]] runner-up: [[1997 Recopa Sudamericana|1997]], [[1998 Recopa Sudamericana|1998]] '''San Lorenzo''' * Primera División Argentina: [[2006–07 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|2007 Clausura]] '''Al-Hilal''' * [[Saudi Professional League]]: [[2016–17 Saudi Professional League|2016–17]] * [[Kings Cup (Saudi Arabia)|King's Cup]]: [[2017 King Cup|2017]], [[2022–23 King Cup|2022–23]]; runner-up [[2021–22 King Cup|2021–22]] * [[AFC Champions League]] runner-up: [[2017 AFC Champions League|2017]], [[2022 AFC Champions League|2022]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/2023/05/06/ramon-diaz-praises-al-hilals-champion-personality-after-acl-final-defeat-to-urawa/ |title=Ramon Diaz praises Al Hilal's 'champion personality' after ACL final defeat to Urawa |publisher=The National News |date=6 May 2023 }}</ref> * [[FIFA Club World Cup]] runner-up: [[2022 FIFA Club World Cup|2022]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/al-hilal-coach-ramon-diaz-on-running-real-madrid-close-we-hope-we-entertained-you-4446925 |title=Al Hilal coach Ramon Diaz on running Real Madrid close: We hope we entertained you |publisher=Tribal Football |date=12 February 2023 }}</ref> '''Al-Ittihad''' * [[Saudi Super Cup]] runner-up: [[2018 Saudi Super Cup|2018]] '''Al-Nasr''' * [[UAE League Cup]] runner-up: [[2020–21 UAE League Cup|2020–21]] * [[UAE President's Cup]] runner-up: [[2020–21 UAE President's Cup|2020–21]] '''Individual''' * [[Saudi Professional League|Saudi Professional League Manager of the Month]]: [[2021–22 Saudi Professional League#Monthly awards|March 2022]],<ref>{{cite web |title=سباق الاتحاد والهلال يقودهما إلى جوائز مارس |url=https://spl.sa/ar/news/4109 |access-date=2023-11-02 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150519/https://spl.sa/ar/news/4109 |url-status=dead }}</ref> May & June 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=دياز المدرب الأفضل.. وسليتي والمعيوف والعقيدي يحصدون جوائز مايو ويونيو |url=https://spl.sa/ar/news/4164 |access-date=2023-11-02 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150520/https://spl.sa/ar/news/4164 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers}} {{Argentine Primera División winning managers}} {{River Plate managers}} {{San Lorenzo de Almagro managers}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diaz, Ramon}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Yokohama F. Marinos players]] [[Category:J1 League players]] [[Category:1982 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Argentine football managers]] [[Category:Al Hilal SFC managers]] ji4gl9ib6ilzcoi1z7rodbz5x7cff53 0 165759 10966644 10960457 2026-08-18T14:44:06Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Gary_Oldman_signature.png|Gary_Oldman_signature.png]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:TheImaCow|TheImaCow]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Gary Oldman signature.png|]]. 10966644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]] | name = Gary Oldman | image = Gary Oldman (13948780853) (cropped).jpg | caption = Oldman in 2014 | birth_name = Gary Leonard Oldman | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|3|21}} | birth_place = [[New Cross]], London, England | education = [[Rose Bruford College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|filmmaker}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Lesley Manville]]|1987|1990|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Uma Thurman]]|1990|1992|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Donya Fiorentino|1997|2001|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Alexandra Edenborough|2008|2015|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Gisele Schmidt|2017}}}} | children = 3 | partner = [[Isabella Rossellini]] (1994–1996) | relatives = [[Laila Morse]] (sister) | years_active = 1979–present | works = [[Gary Oldman filmography|Full list]] | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Gary Oldman|Full list]] | signature = }} '''Sir Gary Leonard Oldman''' (born 21 March 1958, London, England) is a [[British people|British]] [[actor]] and [[filmmaker]]. He is known for his starring role in the 1992 movie ''[[Dracula]]'' and as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]] in the 2017 movie ''[[Darkest Hour (movie)|Darkest Hour]]''. His other roles include [[Sid Vicious]] in "[[Sid and Nancy]]", [[Sirius Black]] in the [[Harry Potter]] movies, [[George Smiley]] in ''[[Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy]]'', [[Jean-Baptiste Emmanuel Zorg]] in ''[[The Fifth Element]]'', [[Egor Korshunov]] in ''[[Air Force One (movie)|Air Force One]]'', [[Norman Stansfield]] in ''[[Léon: The Professional]]'', and as [[James Gordon (comics)|James Gordon]] in ''[[The Dark Knight Trilogy]]''. In 2018, for his role as Churchill, Oldman was awarded a [[Golden Globe Award]], a [[BAFTA Award]], a [[Satellite Award]], a [[Screen Actors Guild Award]] and an [[Academy Award]]. In June 2025, Oldman was appointed a [[Knights Bachelor|Knight Bachelor]] by [[Charles III|King Charles III]] in the 2025 [[Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly30wpz01po|title= Gary Oldman and Strictly hosts join Beckham in honours|website= BBC|accessdate= June 13, 2024}}</ref> He is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of all time. ==Early life== Oldman was born in [[New Cross]], [[London]] on 21 March 1958. He is the son of [[housewife]] Kathleen (née Cheriton; born 28 November 1919), and Leonard Bertram Oldman (21 May 1921&nbsp;– October 1985), a former [[sailor]] who also worked as a [[welder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/93/Gary-Oldman.html |title=Gary Oldman Biography (1952–) |publisher=Filmreference.com |accessdate=11 January 2010}}</ref> Oldman has stated that his father was an alcoholic who left the family when Oldman was 7 years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zakka.dk/euroscreenwriters/interviews/gary_oldman_525.htm |title=EuroScreenwriters – Interviews with European Film Directors – Gary Oldman |publisher=Zakka.dk |accessdate=11 January 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/64yvGD1k9?url=http://zakka.dk/euroscreenwriters/interviews/gary_oldman_525.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oldman attended West Greenwich School in [[Deptford]], leaving school at the age of 16 to work in a sports shop. ==Career== Oldman has earned renown for his classical acting style and diversity, being hailed by famous movie critics such as [[Roger Ebert]] and [[Peter Travers]] as one of cinema's great actors. Peer [[Colin Firth]] described him as "a very strong candidate for the world’s best living actor". An [[Academy Award]] nominee, Oldman has won two [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]] and a [[Saturn Award]], as well as [[Emmy Award]], [[Screen Actors Guild Award]], and [[Palme d'Or]] nominations. ===Influence=== Oldman's performances during his career have provided inspiration for younger actors who would go on to enjoy successful Hollywood careers: [[Tom Hardy]] has described Oldman as his "absolute complete and utter hero",<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilding|first=Josh|title=Tom Hardy Shares His Thoughts On Gary Oldman And His Plans After The Dark Knight Rises!|url=http://www.comicbookmovie.com/fansites/joshw24/news/?a=46794|publisher=ComicBookMovie|access-date=2013-07-25|archive-date=2014-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022120648/http://www.comicbookmovie.com/fansites/joshw24/news/?a=46794|url-status=dead}}</ref> and "hands down, the greatest actor that's ever lived"; [[Brad Pitt]],<ref name="pitt">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/brad-pitt/91085-brad-pitt-on-oscars |title=Brad Pitt On Oscars |publisher=MTV |date=23 January 2009 |accessdate=8 October 2011 |archive-date=25 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225044342/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/brad-pitt/91085-brad-pitt-on-oscars |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Daniel Radcliffe]],<ref name="radcliffe">{{cite web |url=http://www.indielondon.co.uk/Film-Review/harry-potter-the-order-of-the-phoenix-daniel-radcliffe-interview |title=Daniel Radcliffe interview at |publisher=Indielondon.co.uk |accessdate=11 January 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/64ywB0q1T?url=http://www.indielondon.co.uk/Film-Review/harry-potter-the-order-of-the-phoenix-daniel-radcliffe-interview |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] and [[Ryan Gosling]] have also cited Oldman as their favourite actor.<ref name="gosling">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/ryan-gosling-the-childrens-champion-445685.html |title=Ryan Gosling: The children's champion |author=Norman, Neil |date=22 April 2007 |newspaper=[[The Independent|The Independent on Sunday]] |accessdate=21 May 2009 | location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125000636/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/ryan-gosling-the-childrens-champion-445685.html |archive-date=2009-11-25 }}</ref> Other actors such as [[Christian Bale]],<ref>Acceptance speech for [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role]]. [[17th Screen Actors Guild Awards]]. 30 January 2011. "There's so many different performances that inspire me, from different people...Gary Oldman, a friend of mine, who I think is one of the finest."</ref> [[Shia LaBeouf]],<ref name="labeouf">{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/content/interview/shia_labeouf |title=Shia LaBeouf |author=Robinson, Tasha |date=11 April 2007 |publisher=[[The A.V. Club]] |accessdate=21 May 2009 |archive-date=22 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022110947/http://www.avclub.com/content/interview/shia_labeouf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]],<ref name="gordonlevitt">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8214816.stm |title=Talking Shop: Joseph Gordon-Levitt |publisher=BBC News |date=22 August 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2010}}</ref> [[Johnny Depp]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bigissue.com/features/3483/gary-oldman-interview-it-blows-my-mind-when-i-meet-people-and-they-revere-me|title=Gary Oldman interview|last=Graham|first=Jane|date=3 February 2014|newspaper=The Big Issue|accessdate=16 July 2014|archive-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310014004/http://www.bigissue.com/features/3483/gary-oldman-interview-it-blows-my-mind-when-i-meet-people-and-they-revere-me|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Chris Pine]],<ref name="pine">{{cite news|date=20 June 2009 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2009/06/star-treks-chris-pine-boldly-goes-in-search-of-challenging-roles-.html |title='Star Trek's' Chris Pine boldly goes in search of challenging roles |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=11 January 2010}}</ref> [[Jason Isaacs]]<ref>IGN Interview: [[Jason Isaacs]]. "The Harry Potter villain on his new miniseries, The State Within". By Eric Goldman. 15 February 2007. "Gary Oldman is a total hero of mine. I've always thought he was one of the best screen actors I've ever seen."</ref> and [[Michael Fassbender]] have praised Oldman as well. ==Personal life== Oldman married his first wife, [[Lesley Manville]], in 1987 but left her in 1989 three months after their son, Alfie, was born.<ref name="nndb"/> He met American actress [[Uma Thurman]] on the set of ''[[State of Grace (film)|State of Grace]]'', and they were married in 1990, but the marriage ended two years later.<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2008022481_eye28.html "Uma Thurman to wed again"], ''The Seattle Times'', 28 June 2008.</ref> Oldman then settled into a relationship with actress and model [[Isabella Rossellini]]. The couple were rumoured to be engaged in July 1994 but separated two years later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talktalk.co.uk/entertainment/film/biography/artist/gary-oldman/biography/136?page=10 |title=Gary Oldman – Biography (page 10)|publisher=Tiscali UK Limited|accessdate=4 January 2012}}</ref> Oldman was married to Donya Fiorentino from 1997 to 2001 and they have two sons, Gulliver Flynn (b. 20 August 1997) and Charlie John (b. 11 February 1999).<ref name="nndb">{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/550/000022484/ |title=Gary Oldman |publisher=NNDB|accessdate=11 January 2010}}</ref> On 31 December 2008, Oldman married English jazz singer [[Alexandra Edenborough]] in [[Santa Barbara, California]] in a private, formal ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1105172/Wills-Harry-alone.html |title=Wills and Harry go it alone |work=Daily Mail |date=5 January 2009 |accessdate=21 May 2009 | location=London | first=Richard | last=Kay}}</ref> Oldman currently lives in [[Los Angeles]] with his family.<ref>[http://www.justpressplay.net/movies/the-dark-knight/news/gary-oldman-relates-to-jim-gordon.html Gary Oldman Relates to Jim Gordon @ JustPressPlay<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Wikiquote}} {{commonscat}} * {{IMDb name|198}} * {{amg name|53946}} * [http://zakka.dk/euroscreenwriters/interviews/gary_oldman_525.htm Interview with Gary Oldman on his directorial debut – Nil by Mouth]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206091835/http://zakka.dk/euroscreenwriters/interviews/gary_oldman_525.htm |date=2012-02-06 }} * [http://www.ctzine.com/wolf-in-sheeps-clothing-the-strange-career-of-gary-oldman/ Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing: The Strange Career of Gary Oldman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814231204/http://www.ctzine.com/wolf-in-sheeps-clothing-the-strange-career-of-gary-oldman/ |date=2014-08-14 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oldman, Gary}} [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British Academy Award winning actors]] [[Category:Actors from London]] [[Category:BAFTA Award winning actors]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English movie directors]] [[Category:English movie producers]] [[Category:English screenwriters]] [[Category:English stage actors]] [[Category:English television actors]] [[Category:English voice actors]] [[Category:Golden Globe Award winning actors]] [[Category:Screen Actors Guild Award winners]] [[Category:Satellite Award winners]] [[Category:Saturn Award winners]] [[Category:Writers from London]] lx1wuz1bhtjl7iqof30xlqgj6f1ldry 0 171200 10967401 10913513 2026-08-19T10:26:59Z ~2026-45452-09 1857923 /* Top scorers */ 10967401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Egypt | Nickname = [[Pharaoh|The Pharaohs]]<br />(''{{lang-arz|الفراعنة}} El Phara'ena'') | Association = [[Egyptian Football Association]] | Sub-confederation = [[Union of North African Football Federations|UNAF]] (North Africa) | Confederation = [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] (Africa) | Coach = [[Hossam Hassan]] | Captain = [[Amr El Solia|Mohamed Salah]] | Most caps = [[Ahmed Hassan (footballer)|Ahmed Hassan]] (184) | Top scorer = [[Hossam Hassan]] (69) | Home Stadium = [[Borg El Arab Stadium|Cairo International Satdium - Cairo]] | FIFA Trigramme = EGY | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|EGY}} | FIFA max = 9 | FIFA max date = July – September 2010, December 2010 | FIFA min = 75 | FIFA min date = March 2013 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Egypt}} | Elo max = 14 | Elo max date = August 2010 | Elo min = 62 | Elo min date = 9 March 1986, 12 June 1997 | pattern_la1 = _egy24H | pattern_b1 = _egy24H | pattern_ra1 = _egy24H | pattern_sh1 = _egy24H | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _egy24A | pattern_b2 = _egy24A | pattern_ra2 = _egy24A | pattern_sh2 = _egy24A | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = FFFFFF | First game = {{fb|ITA|1861}} 2–1 {{fb-rt|EGY|1882}}<br>([[Ghent]], Belgium; 28 August 1920) | Largest win = {{fb|EGY|1958}} 15–0 {{fb-rt|LAO|1952}}<br>([[Jakarta]], Indonesia; 15 November 1963)<ref>http://www.superkoora.com/ar/match/55084/stats{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | Largest loss = {{fb|ITA|1861}} 11-3 {{fb-rt|EGY|1922}}<br>([[Amsterdam]], Netherlands; 9 June 1928) | World cup apps = 4 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Round of 16 ([[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]]) | Regional name = [[Africa Cup of Nations]] | Regional cup apps = 24 | Regional cup first= [[1957 African Cup of Nations|1957]] | Regional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1957 African Cup of Nations|1957]], [[1959 African Cup of Nations|1959]], [[1986 African Cup of Nations|1986]], [[1998 African Cup of Nations|1998]], [[2006 Africa Cup of Nations|2006]], [[2008 Africa Cup of Nations|2008]], [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|2010]]) | Confederations cup apps = 2 | Confederations cup first = [[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]] | Confederations cup best = Group stage ([[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]], [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]]) }} '''Egypt national football team''' is the national [[football (soccer)|football]] team of [[Egypt]]. == Most appearances == {{updated|2 August 2023}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center;" |- |+Most Caps<ref name="egypt player stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/egy-recintlp.html |title=Egypt - Record International Players |author=Hazem Adel |publisher=RSSSF |accessdate=2013-09-13 }}</ref> |- !width=50px|# !width=150px|Player !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Goals !width=100px|Career |- | 1 || [[Ahmed Hassan]] || 184 || 33 || 1995–2012 |- | 2 || [[Hossam Hassan]] || 178 || 69 || 1985–2006 |- | 3 || '''[[Essam El-Hadary]]''' || 144 || 0 || 1996–2018 |- | 4 || [[Ibrahim Hassan]]|| 131 || 14 || 1988–2002 |- | 5 || [[Hany Ramzy]]|| 123 || 3 || 1988–2003 |- | 6 || [[Wael Gomaa]]|| 114 || 1 || 2001–2013 |- | rowspan=2 | 7 || [[Ahmed El-Kass]]|| 112 || 25 || 1987–1997 |- | [[Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa]]|| 112 || 4 || 1997–2010 |- | 9 || '''[[Ahmed Fathy]]''' || 110 || 3 || 2002–{{0|0000}} |- | 10 || [[Rabie Yassin]]|| 109 || 1 || 1982–1991 |} == Top scorers == {{updated|22 June 2026}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center;" |- |+Top Goalscorers<ref name="egypt player stats"/> |- !width=50px|# !width=150px|Player !width=50px|Goals !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Goals ratio !width=100px|Career |- | 1 || [[Hossam Hassan]] || 8000 || 178 || 0.38 || 1985–2006 |- | 2 || '''[[Mohamed Salah]]'''|| 68 || 121 || 0.60 || 2011–{{0|0000}} |- | 3 || [[Hassan El-Shazly]]|| 42 || 62 || 0.67 || 1961–1975 |- | 4 || [[Mohamed Aboutrika]] || 38 || 100 || 0.38 || 2001–2013 |- | 5 || [[Ahmed Hassan]] || 33 || 184 || 0.18 || 1995–2012 |- | 6 || [[Amr Zaki]] || 30 || 63 || 0.48 || 2004–2013 |- | 7 || '''[[Emad Moteab]]''' || 28 || 70 || 0.40 || 2004–{{0|0000}} |- | 8 || [[Ahmed El-Kass]]|| 25 || 112 || 0.22 || 1987–1997 |- | 9 || [[Gamal Abdelhamid]]|| 24 || 79 || 0.30 || 1979–1993 |- | 10 || [[Shikabala|Mahmoud El Khatib]]|| 24 || 54 || 0.44 || 1974–1986 |- |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Egypt squad 1934 FIFA World Cup}} {{Egypt squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}} {{Egypt squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}{{Egypt squad 2026 FIFA World Cup}}{{Sport-stub}} [[Category:African national football teams]] [[Category:Football in Egypt]] [[Category:Sports organizations based in Egypt]] do1l8yxsmqcvpy7e9zncwvwrfx9v4mq 10967403 10967401 2026-08-19T10:33:30Z ~2026-45452-09 1857923 /* Top scorers */ 10967403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Egypt | Nickname = [[Pharaoh|The Pharaohs]]<br />(''{{lang-arz|الفراعنة}} El Phara'ena'') | Association = [[Egyptian Football Association]] | Sub-confederation = [[Union of North African Football Federations|UNAF]] (North Africa) | Confederation = [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] (Africa) | Coach = [[Hossam Hassan]] | Captain = [[Amr El Solia|Mohamed Salah]] | Most caps = [[Ahmed Hassan (footballer)|Ahmed Hassan]] (184) | Top scorer = [[Hossam Hassan]] (69) | Home Stadium = [[Borg El Arab Stadium|Cairo International Satdium - Cairo]] | FIFA Trigramme = EGY | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|EGY}} | FIFA max = 9 | FIFA max date = July – September 2010, December 2010 | FIFA min = 75 | FIFA min date = March 2013 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Egypt}} | Elo max = 14 | Elo max date = August 2010 | Elo min = 62 | Elo min date = 9 March 1986, 12 June 1997 | pattern_la1 = _egy24H | pattern_b1 = _egy24H | pattern_ra1 = _egy24H | pattern_sh1 = _egy24H | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _egy24A | pattern_b2 = _egy24A | pattern_ra2 = _egy24A | pattern_sh2 = _egy24A | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = FFFFFF | First game = {{fb|ITA|1861}} 2–1 {{fb-rt|EGY|1882}}<br>([[Ghent]], Belgium; 28 August 1920) | Largest win = {{fb|EGY|1958}} 15–0 {{fb-rt|LAO|1952}}<br>([[Jakarta]], Indonesia; 15 November 1963)<ref>http://www.superkoora.com/ar/match/55084/stats{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | Largest loss = {{fb|ITA|1861}} 11-3 {{fb-rt|EGY|1922}}<br>([[Amsterdam]], Netherlands; 9 June 1928) | World cup apps = 4 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Round of 16 ([[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]]) | Regional name = [[Africa Cup of Nations]] | Regional cup apps = 24 | Regional cup first= [[1957 African Cup of Nations|1957]] | Regional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1957 African Cup of Nations|1957]], [[1959 African Cup of Nations|1959]], [[1986 African Cup of Nations|1986]], [[1998 African Cup of Nations|1998]], [[2006 Africa Cup of Nations|2006]], [[2008 Africa Cup of Nations|2008]], [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|2010]]) | Confederations cup apps = 2 | Confederations cup first = [[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]] | Confederations cup best = Group stage ([[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]], [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]]) }} '''Egypt national football team''' is the national [[football (soccer)|football]] team of [[Egypt]]. == Most appearances == {{updated|2 August 2023}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center;" |- |+Most Caps<ref name="egypt player stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/egy-recintlp.html |title=Egypt - Record International Players |author=Hazem Adel |publisher=RSSSF |accessdate=2013-09-13 }}</ref> |- !width=50px|# !width=150px|Player !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Goals !width=100px|Career |- | 1 || [[Ahmed Hassan]] || 184 || 33 || 1995–2012 |- | 2 || [[Hossam Hassan]] || 178 || 69 || 1985–2006 |- | 3 || '''[[Essam El-Hadary]]''' || 144 || 0 || 1996–2018 |- | 4 || [[Ibrahim Hassan]]|| 131 || 14 || 1988–2002 |- | 5 || [[Hany Ramzy]]|| 123 || 3 || 1988–2003 |- | 6 || [[Wael Gomaa]]|| 114 || 1 || 2001–2013 |- | rowspan=2 | 7 || [[Ahmed El-Kass]]|| 112 || 25 || 1987–1997 |- | [[Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa]]|| 112 || 4 || 1997–2010 |- | 9 || '''[[Ahmed Fathy]]''' || 110 || 3 || 2002–{{0|0000}} |- | 10 || [[Rabie Yassin]]|| 109 || 1 || 1982–1991 |} == Top scorers == {{updated|22 June 2026}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center;" |- |+Top Goalscorers<ref name="egypt player stats"/> |- !width=50px|# !width=150px|Player !width=50px|Goals !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Goals ratio !width=100px|Career |- | 1 || Momo Apinity || 8000 || 178 || 0.38 || 1985–2006 |- | 2 || '''Abdallah Raiden'''|| 68 || 121 || 0.60 || 2011–{{0|0000}} |- | 3 || Meaahn Killus|| 42 || 62 || 0.67 || 1961–1975 |- | 4 || Rune Karim || 38 || 100 || 0.38 || 2001–2013 |- | 5 || Devon Brown || 33 || 184 || 0.18 || 1995–2012 |- | 6 || Joe Cloudallah || 30 || 63 || 0.48 || 2004–2013 |- | 7 || '''[[Emad Moteab]]''' || 28 || 70 || 0.40 || 2004–{{0|0000}} |- | 8 || [[Ahmed El-Kass]]|| 25 || 112 || 0.22 || 1987–1997 |- | 9 || [[Gamal Abdelhamid]]|| 24 || 79 || 0.30 || 1979–1993 |- | 10 || [[Shikabala|Mahmoud El Khatib]]|| 24 || 54 || 0.44 || 1974–1986 |- |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Egypt squad 1934 FIFA World Cup}} {{Egypt squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}} {{Egypt squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}{{Egypt squad 2026 FIFA World Cup}}{{Sport-stub}} [[Category:African national football teams]] [[Category:Football in Egypt]] [[Category:Sports organizations based in Egypt]] h0xgaexce5olmy04ck2amuv9lyc78s2 10967411 10967403 2026-08-19T10:46:23Z ~2026-45452-09 1857923 /* Top scorers */ 10967411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Egypt | Nickname = [[Pharaoh|The Pharaohs]]<br />(''{{lang-arz|الفراعنة}} El Phara'ena'') | Association = [[Egyptian Football Association]] | Sub-confederation = [[Union of North African Football Federations|UNAF]] (North Africa) | Confederation = [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] (Africa) | Coach = [[Hossam Hassan]] | Captain = [[Amr El Solia|Mohamed Salah]] | Most caps = [[Ahmed Hassan (footballer)|Ahmed Hassan]] (184) | Top scorer = [[Hossam Hassan]] (69) | Home Stadium = [[Borg El Arab Stadium|Cairo International Satdium - Cairo]] | FIFA Trigramme = EGY | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|EGY}} | FIFA max = 9 | FIFA max date = July – September 2010, December 2010 | FIFA min = 75 | FIFA min date = March 2013 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Egypt}} | Elo max = 14 | Elo max date = August 2010 | Elo min = 62 | Elo min date = 9 March 1986, 12 June 1997 | pattern_la1 = _egy24H | pattern_b1 = _egy24H | pattern_ra1 = _egy24H | pattern_sh1 = _egy24H | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _egy24A | pattern_b2 = _egy24A | pattern_ra2 = _egy24A | pattern_sh2 = _egy24A | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = FFFFFF | First game = {{fb|ITA|1861}} 2–1 {{fb-rt|EGY|1882}}<br>([[Ghent]], Belgium; 28 August 1920) | Largest win = {{fb|EGY|1958}} 15–0 {{fb-rt|LAO|1952}}<br>([[Jakarta]], Indonesia; 15 November 1963)<ref>http://www.superkoora.com/ar/match/55084/stats{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | Largest loss = {{fb|ITA|1861}} 11-3 {{fb-rt|EGY|1922}}<br>([[Amsterdam]], Netherlands; 9 June 1928) | World cup apps = 4 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Round of 16 ([[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]]) | Regional name = [[Africa Cup of Nations]] | Regional cup apps = 24 | Regional cup first= [[1957 African Cup of Nations|1957]] | Regional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1957 African Cup of Nations|1957]], [[1959 African Cup of Nations|1959]], [[1986 African Cup of Nations|1986]], [[1998 African Cup of Nations|1998]], [[2006 Africa Cup of Nations|2006]], [[2008 Africa Cup of Nations|2008]], [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|2010]]) | Confederations cup apps = 2 | Confederations cup first = [[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]] | Confederations cup best = Group stage ([[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]], [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]]) }} '''Egypt national football team''' is the national [[football (soccer)|football]] team of [[Egypt]]. == Most appearances == {{updated|2 August 2023}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center;" |- |+Most Caps<ref name="egypt player stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/egy-recintlp.html |title=Egypt - Record International Players |author=Hazem Adel |publisher=RSSSF |accessdate=2013-09-13 }}</ref> |- !width=50px|# !width=150px|Player !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Goals !width=100px|Career |- | 1 || [[Ahmed Hassan]] || 184 || 33 || 1995–2012 |- | 2 || [[Hossam Hassan]] || 178 || 69 || 1985–2006 |- | 3 || '''[[Essam El-Hadary]]''' || 144 || 0 || 1996–2018 |- | 4 || [[Ibrahim Hassan]]|| 131 || 14 || 1988–2002 |- | 5 || [[Hany Ramzy]]|| 123 || 3 || 1988–2003 |- | 6 || [[Wael Gomaa]]|| 114 || 1 || 2001–2013 |- | rowspan=2 | 7 || [[Ahmed El-Kass]]|| 112 || 25 || 1987–1997 |- | [[Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa]]|| 112 || 4 || 1997–2010 |- | 9 || '''[[Ahmed Fathy]]''' || 110 || 3 || 2002–{{0|0000}} |- | 10 || [[Rabie Yassin]]|| 109 || 1 || 1982–1991 |} == Top scorers == {{updated|22 June 2026}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center;" |- |+Top Goalscorers<ref name="egypt player stats"/> |- !width=50px|# !width=150px|Player !width=50px|Goals !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Goals ratio !width=100px|Career |- | 1 || Momo Apinity || 8000 || 178 || 44.94 || 1985–2006 |- | 2 || '''Abdallah Raiden'''|| 68 || 121 || 0.60 || 2011–{{0|0000}} |- | 3 || Meaahn Killus|| 42 || 62 || 0.67 || 1961–1975 |- | 4 || Rune Karim || 38 || 100 || 0.38 || 2001–2013 |- | 5 || Devon Brown || 33 || 184 || 0.18 || 1995–2012 |- | 6 || Joe Cloudallah || 30 || 63 || 0.48 || 2004–2013 |- | 7 || '''[[Emad Moteab]]''' || 28 || 70 || 0.40 || 2004–{{0|0000}} |- | 8 || [[Ahmed El-Kass]]|| 25 || 112 || 0.22 || 1987–1997 |- | 9 || [[Gamal Abdelhamid]]|| 24 || 79 || 0.30 || 1979–1993 |- | 10 || [[Shikabala|Mahmoud El Khatib]]|| 24 || 54 || 0.44 || 1974–1986 |- |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Egypt squad 1934 FIFA World Cup}} {{Egypt squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}} {{Egypt squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}{{Egypt squad 2026 FIFA World Cup}}{{Sport-stub}} [[Category:African national football teams]] [[Category:Football in Egypt]] [[Category:Sports organizations based in Egypt]] iv2xmtun8jk39r832ki55m1rflfw3nx 10967413 10967411 2026-08-19T10:48:44Z ~2026-45452-09 1857923 /* Top scorers */ 10967413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Egypt | Nickname = [[Pharaoh|The Pharaohs]]<br />(''{{lang-arz|الفراعنة}} El Phara'ena'') | Association = [[Egyptian Football Association]] | Sub-confederation = [[Union of North African Football Federations|UNAF]] (North Africa) | Confederation = [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] (Africa) | Coach = [[Hossam Hassan]] | Captain = [[Amr El Solia|Mohamed Salah]] | Most caps = [[Ahmed Hassan (footballer)|Ahmed Hassan]] (184) | Top scorer = [[Hossam Hassan]] (69) | Home Stadium = [[Borg El Arab Stadium|Cairo International Satdium - Cairo]] | FIFA Trigramme = EGY | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|EGY}} | FIFA max = 9 | FIFA max date = July – September 2010, December 2010 | FIFA min = 75 | FIFA min date = March 2013 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Egypt}} | Elo max = 14 | Elo max date = August 2010 | Elo min = 62 | Elo min date = 9 March 1986, 12 June 1997 | pattern_la1 = _egy24H | pattern_b1 = _egy24H | pattern_ra1 = _egy24H | pattern_sh1 = _egy24H | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _egy24A | pattern_b2 = _egy24A | pattern_ra2 = _egy24A | pattern_sh2 = _egy24A | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = FFFFFF | First game = {{fb|ITA|1861}} 2–1 {{fb-rt|EGY|1882}}<br>([[Ghent]], Belgium; 28 August 1920) | Largest win = {{fb|EGY|1958}} 15–0 {{fb-rt|LAO|1952}}<br>([[Jakarta]], Indonesia; 15 November 1963)<ref>http://www.superkoora.com/ar/match/55084/stats{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | Largest loss = {{fb|ITA|1861}} 11-3 {{fb-rt|EGY|1922}}<br>([[Amsterdam]], Netherlands; 9 June 1928) | World cup apps = 4 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Round of 16 ([[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]]) | Regional name = [[Africa Cup of Nations]] | Regional cup apps = 24 | Regional cup first= [[1957 African Cup of Nations|1957]] | Regional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1957 African Cup of Nations|1957]], [[1959 African Cup of Nations|1959]], [[1986 African Cup of Nations|1986]], [[1998 African Cup of Nations|1998]], [[2006 Africa Cup of Nations|2006]], [[2008 Africa Cup of Nations|2008]], [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|2010]]) | Confederations cup apps = 2 | Confederations cup first = [[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]] | Confederations cup best = Group stage ([[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]], [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]]) }} '''Egypt national football team''' is the national [[football (soccer)|football]] team of [[Egypt]]. == Most appearances == {{updated|2 August 2023}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center;" |- |+Most Caps<ref name="egypt player stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/egy-recintlp.html |title=Egypt - Record International Players |author=Hazem Adel |publisher=RSSSF |accessdate=2013-09-13 }}</ref> |- !width=50px|# !width=150px|Player !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Goals !width=100px|Career |- | 1 || [[Ahmed Hassan]] || 184 || 33 || 1995–2012 |- | 2 || [[Hossam Hassan]] || 178 || 69 || 1985–2006 |- | 3 || '''[[Essam El-Hadary]]''' || 144 || 0 || 1996–2018 |- | 4 || [[Ibrahim Hassan]]|| 131 || 14 || 1988–2002 |- | 5 || [[Hany Ramzy]]|| 123 || 3 || 1988–2003 |- | 6 || [[Wael Gomaa]]|| 114 || 1 || 2001–2013 |- | rowspan=2 | 7 || [[Ahmed El-Kass]]|| 112 || 25 || 1987–1997 |- | [[Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa]]|| 112 || 4 || 1997–2010 |- | 9 || '''[[Ahmed Fathy]]''' || 110 || 3 || 2002–{{0|0000}} |- | 10 || [[Rabie Yassin]]|| 109 || 1 || 1982–1991 |} == Top scorers == {{updated|22 June 2026}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center;" |- |+Top Goalscorers<ref name="egypt player stats"/> |- !width=50px|# !width=150px|Player !width=50px|Goals !width=50px|Caps !width=50px|Goals ratio !width=100px|Career |- | 1 || Momo Apinity || 8000 || 178 || 44.94 || 2020–2022 |- | 2 || '''Abdallah Raiden'''|| 68 || 121 || 0.60 || 2011–{{0|0000}} |- | 3 || Meaahn Killus|| 42 || 62 || 0.67 || 1961–1975 |- | 4 || Rune Karim || 38 || 100 || 0.38 || 2001–2013 |- | 5 || Devon Brown || 33 || 184 || 0.18 || 1995–2012 |- | 6 || Joe Cloudallah || 30 || 63 || 0.48 || 2004–2013 |- | 7 || '''[[Emad Moteab]]''' || 28 || 70 || 0.40 || 2004–{{0|0000}} |- | 8 || [[Ahmed El-Kass]]|| 25 || 112 || 0.22 || 1987–1997 |- | 9 || [[Gamal Abdelhamid]]|| 24 || 79 || 0.30 || 1979–1993 |- | 10 || [[Shikabala|Mahmoud El Khatib]]|| 24 || 54 || 0.44 || 1974–1986 |- |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Egypt squad 1934 FIFA World Cup}} {{Egypt squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}} {{Egypt squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}{{Egypt squad 2026 FIFA World Cup}}{{Sport-stub}} [[Category:African national football teams]] [[Category:Football in Egypt]] [[Category:Sports organizations based in Egypt]] 49rz3goz18nbggi9fe5lnxhhj4rbywp 0 171460 10967281 10916334 2026-08-19T06:47:42Z Kashifaliq 1857844 Added a reference for pricing information to provide readers with additional context. 10967281 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Panda Express, Westfield SF Centre.JPG|thumb|Panda Express restaurant]] '''Panda Express''' is a quick-service [[China|Chinese]] [[restaurant]] chain in the [[United States]]. They serve [[United States|American]]-style [[Chinese food]]. Most of their restaurants are in [[markets|shopping malls]] and [[markets|supermarkets]]. === History === Andrew Cherng and his father, Ming-Tsai Cherng, opened the first Panda Express restaurant in 1983. It was in the Glendale Galleria mall in Glendale, California. Andrew's wife, Peggy Cherng, helped run the company too. By 1993, there were 100 Panda Express restaurants. Today, there are more than 2,600 restaurants. Panda Express also has restaurants in Canada, Mexico, and other countries. The company that owns Panda Express is called Panda Restaurant Group. It is based in Rosemead, California. === Food === Panda Express is famous for a dish called orange chicken. It is fried chicken with a sweet and tangy sauce. About one out of three orders includes orange chicken. Other popular dishes are chow mein, [[fried rice]], and beijing beef. === Nutrition === Panda Express orange chicken has about 490 calories in one serving.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nutrition & Allergen Info|url=https://pandaxpressnutrition.com/panda-express-coupons/}}</ref> It also has around 23 grams of protein and 51 grams of carbohydrates. Panda Express foods have common allergens like wheat, soy, eggs, and sesame. The restaurant does not use [[peanut oil]]. Most food is cooked in [[soybean oil]]. Panda Express prices vary by location and menu item, and the chain periodically changes its pricing and discount policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Panda Express Pricing Information|url=https://pandaexpresscoupon.com/}}</ref> == Other websites == * [http://www.pandaexpress.com Panda Express] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109202522/http://www.pandaexpress.com/ |date=2016-01-09 }} [https://pandaxpressnutrition.com/panda-express-coupons/ .] {{multistub|US|food}} [[Category:1983 establishments in California]] [[Category:American fast food restaurants]] [[Category:Chinese food]] [[Category:Companies based in California]] 76kl54e39py0uoyw7xw03ladkltw6mm 0 176362 10966730 10927530 2026-08-18T16:03:20Z LilyKitty 103847 about philosophy of science 10966730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Positivism''' is the [[philosophy|belief]] that human knowledge is produced by the [[Science|scientific interpretation]] of observational [[data]]. The belief has been known since [[Ancient Greece]]. (The approach has been an ongoing "theme in the history of western thought from the Ancient Greeks to the present day".)<ref name=Cohen>{{Citation |last=Cohen |first=Louis |year=2007 |title=Research methods in education |pages=9 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x |s2cid=143761151 }}</ref> The term was used in the early [[19th century]] by the philosopher and founding [[Sociology|sociologist]], [[Auguste Comte]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.sociologyguide.com/thinkers/Auguste-Comte.php |title=Auguste Comte | encyclopedia = Sociology Guide |author=Sociology Guide}}</ref> Comte believed in a three-part model of [[human knowledge]]. He claimed that it had gone through phases. There was a [[Religion|religious]] worldview, and a [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] worldview before the scientific interpretation was considered. The positivistic method should, said Comte, no longer aim at revealing [[ultimate causes]]; it should focus on how data are linked together. Scientists would simply interpret these [[correlation]]s. Late 19th-century philosophers of the sciences from [[Heinrich Hertz]] to [[Ernst Mach]] discussed specific requirements of [[Scientific theory|scientific theories]] and [[physical law]]s such as the [[Prediction|predictability]] of results in [[experiment]]s and the functionality of laws in [[computation]]s.<ref>See Bruce Caldwell's article on positivism in ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', Second Edition, 2008. [http://public.econ.duke.edu/~bjc18/docs/Revised%20Positivism%20article.pdf pdf]</ref> ==Origin of the word (or etymology)== The English noun ''positivism'' was re-imported in the 19th century from the French word {{lang|fr|positivisme}}, which came from {{lang|fr|positif}}. ''Positif'' can mean 'imposed on the mind by experience'.<ref>''Le petit Robert'' s. v. 'positivisme'; ''OED'' s. v. ''positive''</ref> ==Principles== In the strongest way it was first said,<ref>Hacking I. ed 1981. ''Scientific revolutions''. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.</ref> positivism could be thought of as a set of six rules: # The unity of the [[scientific method]] – i.e., the logic of inquiry is the same across all sciences (social and natural). # The aim of science is to explain and predict. # Scientific [[knowledge]] is [[test]]able. Research can be proved only by [[Empiricism|empirical]] means, not arguments alone. Research should be mostly [[deductive reasoning|deductive]], i.e. deductive logic is used to develop statements that can be tested ([[theory]] leads to [[hypothesis]] which in turn leads to discovery and/or study of evidence). Research should be observable with the human [[senses]]. [[Argument]]s are not enough, sheer [[belief]] is out of the question. # Science does not equal [[common sense]]. Researchers must be careful not to let common sense bias their research. # Science should be as value-neutral as possible. The ultimate goal of science is to produce knowledge, regardless of any [[politics]], [[morals]], or [[Value (personal and cultural)|values]] held by those involved in the research. Science should be judged by [[logic]], and ideally produce universal conditionals. # Experiments must be able to [[verify]] a statement anytime and anywhere.<ref>This rules out that scientists claim something to be true, because they conducted an experiment with that result at one time and though they realise that new experiments conducted elsewhere do not show the same result again.</ref> Unlike [[materialism|materialists]], positivists do not make any claims about a [[primary substance]] such as matter. They assume that we have [[data]] and that we interpret the data. The idea of a material world with [[Three-dimensional|three dimensions]] is, for positivists, just a good model to handle the experiences of everyday life. If [[astronomy]] has to deal with more complex data that cannot be handled consistently in such a model, they will have to think of a different model. Early 20th-century positivists like [[Ernst Mach]] said that the best model is the most "economical" model, that is the model we can use best in calculations and predictions. The idea that all [[physical law]]s could be useful dates back to Auguste Comte. Comte said that all theories were merely "relatively" true, and that even [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] was strictly speaking nothing but a social convention {{ndash}} true until new data force us to find a better theory. == [[Logical positivism]] == [[Image:Schlick sitting.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Moritz Schlick, the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.]] This was an important development in early 20th century [[Vienna]], led by [[Moritz Schlick]] and widened by [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. The logical positivists held that statements that cannot be proven true or false have no [[meaning]]. Thus statements like "There is a God" or "There is no God" are not true or false, but meaningless because they cannot be proven or disproven.<ref>Ayer A.J. 1936 [2nd ed 1946]. ''Language, truth and logic''. Gollancz, London.</ref> == [[Operationalism]] == This was the idea of [[P.W. Bridgman]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for 1946.<ref>Bridgman P.W. 1927. ''The logic of modern physics''. New York: Macmillan.</ref><ref>Bridgman P.W. 1955. ''Reflections of a physicist''. New York:Philosophical Library.</ref> It was that a [[concept]] in science was defined by the way one [[Measurement|measured]] it. If one thinks of [[electron]] spin, or the curvature of [[space]], these are not everyday ideas. In everyday life, electrons are not seen, and neither is space seen to be curved. They rest on the results of [[experiment]]s which measured fundamental properties like [[time]], [[light]], [[mass]], [[electrical charge]], and so on. What Bridgman meant is that their meaning is in the way the measurements were done. === Examples === *The [[theory of relativity|special theory of relativity]] depended on operational definitions for [[wikt:simultaneous|simultaneous]] events and [[distance]], that is, providing the operations needed to define these terms.<ref name=Woodhouse>{{cite book |title=Special relativity |author=NMJ Woodhouse |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggPXQAeeRLgC&pg=PA50 |isbn=1-85233-426-6 |publisher=Springer |location=London |year=2003}}</ref> *In [[quantum mechanics]] the notion of operational definitions is closely related to the idea of "observables", that is, definitions based upon what can be measured.<ref name=Isham>{{cite book |title=Lectures on Quantum Theory |author= C. J. Isham |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xR3sS2hEFzcC&dq=observable+operational+definition+quantum&pg=PA95|isbn=1-86094-001-3 |publisher=Imperial College Press |year=1995 }}</ref><ref name=Blank>{{cite book |title=Hilbert Space Operators in Quantum Physics |author=Jiří Blank, Pavel Exner, Miloslav Havlíček |isbn=1-56396-142-3 |publisher=Springer |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0BSIoGXHLQC&dq=observable+operational+definition+quantum&pg=PA252|page=252 }}</ref> *Operationalism is found in other sciences. In [[psychology]], [[intelligence]] has often been defined as the result of measurement by a standard IQ test. Obviously that is [[controversial]], because our everyday understanding of the word "intelligence" is much more complex and varied. == Comtean positivism == 19th-century positivism – or "Comtean positivism" – included the outline of a proposed development. This would lead from primitive explanations, through [[Religion|religious]] thought and [[monotheism]], to positivism as the universal theory and scientific practice. The theory was very influential among [[Cultural history|cultural historians]]. It led Comte to the creation of a "religion of humanity" as a [[secular]] substitute for all religions. This caused an outcry among scientists, who were ready to adopt the scientific premises but not interested in creating a substitute religion. One can today still visit temples in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Porto Alegre]], and [[Curitiba]] in [[Brazil]], and [[Paris]] built by 19th-century Comtean positivists. London had a society of positivists. The Turkish leader [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] was strongly interested in positivism as the basis of a [[Secularization|secularisation]] of the nation, he was trying to build. The term positivism is today no longer connected to the construct of a secular religion, but more to describe a [[scientific method]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Related pages== *[[Philosophy of science]] == Further reading on positivism == * Giddens, Anthony. ''Positivism and sociology''. Heinemann. London. 1974. * Mill, John Stuart. ''August Comte and positivism''. [http://www.web-books.com/Classics/Nonfiction/Philosophy/Mill_Comte/Home.htm|web-books.com]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Mises, Richard von. 1951. ''Positivism: a study in human understanding''. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Mass. * Pickering, Mary. 1993. ''Auguste Comte: an intellectual biography''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Richard Rorty 1982. ''[http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/us/rorty.htm Consequences of pragmatism]'' == Other websites == * [http://positivists.org/ Positivists Worldwide] {{Philosophy topics}} [[Category:Philosophical movements and positions]] [[Category:Ethics]] 7v8teuzn50b2h0hsfh8lpntb6ivh1rm 0 186471 10966898 10816586 2026-08-18T17:45:04Z ~2026-45252-70 1857546 Link to proper page, stay factual. 10966898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=October 2025}} {{intro-tooshort|date=December 2023}} {{nihongo|'''Enma'''|閻魔}} is the god of hell in [[Buddhism]]. He is the god who judges whether the souls of people go to [[heaven]] or [[hell]]. [[File:Kawanabe Kyosai EnmaToJigokudayu-zu.jpg|thumb|right|Enma looking at a woman]] ==History== Enma is the god of hell who judges right and wrong after a human dies and falls into hell. Enma gives many kinds of dreadful punishments. The word ''Enma'' comes from ''Yama'' in [[Sanskrit]] and Pali,{{fact|date=December 2023}} a language for Buddhist writings in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Thailand]]. He is said to be a human ancestor in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (an ancient Indian sacred book). He is a god of the Indian Veda myth, and he is said to be the [[incarnation]] of the ''Jizo Bosatsu'', the stone statue which is the god of help in Japanese Buddhism. Believers in Buddhism think Enma comes from the start of the world. He was linked with death at first. People thought he was king of paradise for the dead, the god who ruled people when they lived in heaven. People thought he tied up the souls of the people with the rope that he held in the hand. He became a feared god. Then he was treated as just the god of death. Because he is also an incarnation of the god of help, it is said that he can come and go freely between heaven and hell. ==Appearance== The appearance of Enma is usually frightening in nature. Enma is always shown wearing Chinese traditional clothes from the [[Song dynasty|Song]] era (AD 960–1279). Why he wears Chinese traditional clothes is unknown. Usually, his dress and face are both red. He has a square crown on his head and a mace in his right hand. His eyes are open wide and angry, and are slanted upwards. However, in other countries and at different times in history, Enma is pictured differently. For example, in old pictures from India, Enma has a crown and is riding a [[water buffalo]]. He has a club and a big rope. Another Enma from ancient India has a flag and steps on water buffalo with one leg. Enma is well-built, with thick arms and a very big chest. ==His job== Enma was the first person in the world to die. He went to [[paradise]], called ''Gokuraku Jyoudo'' (極楽浄土). He lived in paradise and his job was looking after the dead. People believed Enma was the god of paradise. Over time, people became scared of Enma. His job was changed from looking after the dead to judging them. Enma used a club and a big rope to tie up the souls of dead people. He ruled the lower world and judged the dead. He decided if a dead person went to heaven or hell. Furthermore, he made his judgment on what they had done in their lives. People who had behaved well went to heaven. People who had behaved badly go to hell. ==Stories== The stories about Enma are very [[wikt:mysterious|mysterious]]. The most famous story is how Enma will pull someone’s [[tongue]] out if they did a bad thing. Japanese parents teach their children to be honest by using this story. Enma can also bring dead people back to life. [[Abe no Seimei]], a famous person in Japanese history, allegedly died and was revived by Enma. He also can decide when life should end. One of the strangest stories involves an actor who died and met Enma. The actor went to hell because he played other people – in other words "lying". He told Enma all about himself his life and Enma started to be interested in his acting. He said “I would like to see you act.” The actor agreed and said "I need a costume, so please give me yours." Enma gave it to him and the actor played as Enma, saying "Ogres! Ogres! Take this bad man away!" Enma was taken away and punished. The actor became a new Enma instead of the real Enma. == Other websites == * Saburo Ienaga. Nippon bunnka-shi. Iwanami shotenn, Tokyo. ISBN, 0-3337-4940-5 *http://www.hi-ho.ne.jp/kyoto/sinnyodou.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623092350/http://www.hi-ho.ne.jp/kyoto/sinnyodou.html |date=2008-06-23 }}, 4th, June<!-- does that mean retrieved on 4 June 2009?--> *http://www.e-kyoto.net/sanpo/rekishi/b01/tour03.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923022511/http://www.e-kyoto.net/sanpo/rekishi/b01/tour03.htm |date=2009-09-23 }}, 4th, June * [http://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=15554 Heaven Can Wait (1943)] *Watanabe, Hideo (2005), ''The First Love of Enma, Bungeisya''. [[Category:Buddhist gods and goddesses]] [[Category:Gods and goddesses of Japan]] mcnbqwa45aj9xlvk6f0tmeezha6hebg 4 189924 10966557 10965110 2026-08-18T13:05:48Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions == <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silver Wing}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silvia Benedito}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cromcastle Court flats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/PeopleForce}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/William McDevitt}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/CoinStats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jar Dwellers SOS}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/VIZAM MUSIC}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eric Dang}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ed Wegel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Fats AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Márkó Morua}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Category:Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/T krishna goud}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mike and Melissa (2015 film)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Luca Salsi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Joseph Salubi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Pham Thi Diem Nhi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mustapha Abdullahi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ned Bittinger}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Giorgi Kiladze}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - 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implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] nm2hgl98z7e6fak3rbeendmjik04ceu 10966593 10966590 2026-08-18T13:34:58Z Ternera 1467751 Closed [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church]] 10966593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions == <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silver Wing}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silvia Benedito}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cromcastle Court flats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/PeopleForce}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/William McDevitt}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/CoinStats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jar Dwellers SOS}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/VIZAM MUSIC}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eric Dang}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ed Wegel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Fats AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Márkó Morua}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Category:Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/T krishna goud}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mike and Melissa (2015 film)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Luca Salsi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Joseph Salubi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Pham Thi Diem Nhi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mustapha Abdullahi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ned Bittinger}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Giorgi Kiladze}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] rk5ahxbivvl1oyofchqrns1bt2ce3i9 10966596 10966593 2026-08-18T13:35:54Z Ternera 1467751 Closed [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church]] 10966596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions == <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silver Wing}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silvia Benedito}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cromcastle Court flats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/PeopleForce}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/William McDevitt}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/CoinStats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jar Dwellers SOS}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/VIZAM MUSIC}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eric Dang}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ed Wegel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Fats AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Márkó Morua}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Category:Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/T krishna goud}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mike and Melissa (2015 film)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Luca Salsi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Joseph Salubi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Pham Thi Diem Nhi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mustapha Abdullahi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ned Bittinger}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Giorgi Kiladze}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] cvkru24lw0wykx3m6jrjhhx6imiw2qn 10966833 10966596 2026-08-18T17:09:44Z Canadachick 1633172 added [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/James Smicksberry]] 10966833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions == <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/James Smicksberry}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silver Wing}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silvia Benedito}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cromcastle Court flats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/PeopleForce}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/William McDevitt}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/CoinStats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jar Dwellers SOS}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/VIZAM MUSIC}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eric Dang}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ed Wegel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Fats AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Márkó Morua}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Category:Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/T krishna goud}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mike and Melissa (2015 film)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Luca Salsi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Joseph Salubi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Pham Thi Diem Nhi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mustapha Abdullahi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ned Bittinger}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Giorgi Kiladze}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] g7bzzbq4q67jrun8roipshgppabtlcd 10966858 10966833 2026-08-18T17:17:21Z Fr33kman 15149 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Iulia and Delia Zanoschi]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions == <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Iulia and Delia Zanoschi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/James Smicksberry}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silver Wing}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silvia Benedito}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cromcastle Court flats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/PeopleForce}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/William McDevitt}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/CoinStats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jar Dwellers SOS}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/VIZAM MUSIC}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eric Dang}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ed Wegel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Fats AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Márkó Morua}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Category:Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/T krishna goud}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mike and Melissa (2015 film)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Luca Salsi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Joseph Salubi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Pham Thi Diem Nhi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mustapha Abdullahi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ned Bittinger}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Giorgi Kiladze}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] 6y2kzh79tdp8zw0820v9enbv7xnk1s2 10967036 10966858 2026-08-18T22:03:42Z Garsh2 1475106 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diamonds records inc]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions == <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diamonds records inc}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Iulia and Delia Zanoschi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/James Smicksberry}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silver Wing}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Silvia Benedito}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cromcastle Court flats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/PeopleForce}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/William McDevitt}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/CoinStats}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jar Dwellers SOS}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/VIZAM MUSIC}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eric Dang}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ed Wegel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Fats AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Márkó Morua}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Category:Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/T krishna goud}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mike and Melissa (2015 film)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Luca Salsi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Joseph Salubi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Pham Thi Diem Nhi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mustapha Abdullahi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ned Bittinger}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Giorgi Kiladze}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] btuad8485bblegttmrvo4vrd784e5tx 0 192276 10967185 10305132 2026-08-19T04:16:16Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football club |clubname=Real Jaén C.F. |current= |fullname=Real Jaén Club de Fútbol, S.A.D. |nickname= |founded=1929 |ground=[[Nuevo Estadio de La Victoria]],<br />[[Jaén]], [[Andalusia]], [[Spain]] |capacity=12,569 |chairman=[[Carlos Sánchez López]] |manager=[[Carlos Terrazas]] |captain= |league=[[Segunda División B]] |season=2008/09 |position=[[Segunda División B]], 2nd / Group 4 | pattern_la1 = _alain2122h | pattern_b1 = _alain2122h | pattern_ra1 = _alain2122h | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = | pattern_b2 = _nike_white | pattern_ra2 = | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 6000C0 | body2 = 6000C0 | rightarm2 = 6000C0 | shorts2 = 6000C0 | socks2 = 6000C0 }} '''Real Jaén C.F.''' is a [[Association football|football]] club which plays in [[Spain]]. Founded in 1922 it plays in Tercera División RFEF, holding home matches at ''Nuevo Estadio de La Victoria'', with a capacity of 12,569 spectators.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Real Jaén - Tercera División G 9|url=https://www.resultados-futbol.com/Real-Jaen|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.resultados-futbol.com|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808004339/https://www.resultados-futbol.com/Real-Jaen|url-status=dead}}</ref> == League position == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |align="center"|Season||align="center"|League||align="center"|Position |- |[[Segunda División 2000–01|2000/01]]||[[Segunda División]]||10th |- |[[Segunda División 2001–02|2001/02]]||[[Segunda División]]||22nd |- |2002/03||[[Segunda División B]]||12th / Group 4 |- |2003/04||[[Segunda División B]]||12th / Group 4 |- |2004/05||[[Segunda División B]]||9th / Group 4 |- |2005/06||[[Segunda División B]]||13th / Group 4 |- |2006/07||[[Segunda División B]]||6th / Group 4 |- |2007/08||[[Segunda División B]]||9th / Group 4 |- |2008/09||[[Segunda División B]]||2nd / Group 4 |} === Former position === {{scroll box|width=75%| * [[Segunda División 1952–53|1952/53]] : [[Segunda División]] - 1st / Group B * [[La Liga 1953–54|1953/54]] : [[La Liga]] - 14th * [[Segunda División 1954–55|1954/55]] : [[Segunda División]] - 7th / Group B * [[Segunda División 1955–56|1955/56]] : [[Segunda División]] - 1st / Group B * [[La Liga 1956–57|1956/57]] : [[La Liga]] - 14th * [[La Liga 1957–58|1957/58]] : [[La Liga]] - 16th * [[Segunda División 1958–59|1958/59]] : [[Segunda División]] - 9th / Group B * [[Segunda División 1959–60|1959/60]] : [[Segunda División]] - 3rd / Group B * [[Segunda División 1960–61|1960/61]] : [[Segunda División]] - 14th / Group B * [[Segunda División 1961–62|1961/62]] : [[Segunda División]] - 9th / Group B * [[Segunda División 1962–63|1962/63]] : [[Segunda División]] - 14th / Group B * [[Segunda División 1967–68|1967/68]] : [[Segunda División]] - 11th / Group B * [[Segunda División 1976–77|1976/77]] : [[Segunda División]] - 4th * [[Segunda División 1977–78|1977/78]] : [[Segunda División]] - 15th * [[Segunda División 1978–79|1978/79]] : [[Segunda División]] - 17th * [[Segunda División 1997–98|1997/98]] : [[Segunda División]] - 20th }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{multistub|sport|Europe}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Real Jaen C.F.}} [[Category:Spanish football clubs]] [[Category:Jaén, Spain]] b8qppkg8c30dlo2o3j546i0y3osmp3j 0 192291 10966584 10802910 2026-08-18T13:32:12Z Makenzis 687567 10966584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football club | clubname = R.C.D. Espanyol | current = | fullname = Reial Club Deportiu<br />Espanyol de Barcelona | nickname = Pericos | founded = 1900 | ground = [[Estadi Cornellà-El Prat]],<br />[[Cornellà]], [[Catalonia]],<br />[[Spain]] | capacity = 40,000 | owner = [[Velocity Sport Limited]] | chairman = [[Manolo González]] | manager = [[Diego Martínez]] | captain = | league = [[La Liga]] | season = 2025/26 | position = [[La Liga]], 11th | pattern_la1 = _huddersfield2526h | pattern_b1 = _huddersfield2526h | pattern_ra1 = _huddersfield2526h | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = 005DC6 | body1 = 005DC6 | rightarm1 = 005DC6 | shorts1 = 0080FF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = | pattern_b2 = | pattern_ra2 = | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 7F7000 | body2 = 7F7000 | rightarm2 = 7F7000 | shorts2 = 7F7000 | socks2 = 7F7000 | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = | pattern_ra3 = | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = | leftarm3 = CCFF00 | body3 = CCFF00 | rightarm3 = CCFF00 | shorts3 = CCFF00 | socks3 = CCFF00 }} '''R.C.D. Espanyol de Barcelona''' is a [[Association football|football]] club which plays in [[Spain]]. == Name == * 1900-1901 '''Sociedad Española de Football''' * 1901-1912 '''Club Español de Fútbol''' * 1912-1995 '''R.C.D. Español''' * 1995- '''R.C.D. Espanyol de Barcelona''' == League position == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |align="center"|Season||align="center"|League||align="center"|Position |- |2000/01||[[La Liga]]||9th |- |2001/02||[[La Liga]]||14th |- |2002/03||[[La Liga]]||17th |- |2003/04||[[La Liga]]||16th |- |2004/05||[[La Liga]]||5th |- |2005/06||[[La Liga]]||15th |- |2006/07||[[La Liga]]||11th |- |2007/08||[[La Liga]]||12th |- |2008/09||[[La Liga]]||10th |} === Former position === {{scroll box|width=75%| * 1929 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1929/30 : [[La Liga]] - 4th * 1930/31 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1931/32 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1932/33 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1933/34 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1934/35 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1935/36 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1939/40 : [[La Liga]] - 5th * 1940/41 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1941/42 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1942/43 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1943/44 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1944/45 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1945/46 : [[La Liga]] - 12th * 1946/47 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1947/48 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1948/49 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1949/50 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1950/51 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1951/52 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1952/53 : [[La Liga]] - 4th * 1953/54 : [[La Liga]] - 4th * 1954/55 : [[La Liga]] - 13th * 1955/56 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1956/57 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1957/58 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1958/59 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1959/60 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1960/61 : [[La Liga]] - 10th * 1961/62 : [[La Liga]] - 13th * 1962/63 : [[Segunda División]] - 2nd / Group A * 1963/64 : [[La Liga]] - 13th * 1964/65 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1965/66 : [[La Liga]] - 12th * 1966/67 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1967/68 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1968/69 : [[La Liga]] - 15th * 1969/70 : [[Segunda División]] - 3rd * 1970/71 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1971/72 : [[La Liga]] - 12th * 1972/73 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1973/74 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1974/75 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1975/76 : [[La Liga]] - 4th * 1976/77 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1977/78 : [[La Liga]] - 14th * 1978/79 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1979/80 : [[La Liga]] - 14th * 1980/81 : [[La Liga]] - 10th * 1981/82 : [[La Liga]] - 13th * 1982/83 : [[La Liga]] - 9th * 1983/84 : [[La Liga]] - 10th * 1984/85 : [[La Liga]] - 8th * 1985/86 : [[La Liga]] - 11th * 1986/87 : [[La Liga]] - 3rd * 1987/88 : [[La Liga]] - 15th * 1988/89 : [[La Liga]] - 17th * 1989/90 : [[Segunda División]] - 5th * 1990/91 : [[La Liga]] - 16th * 1991/92 : [[La Liga]] - 16th * 1992/93 : [[La Liga]] - 18th * 1993/94 : [[Segunda División]] - 1st * 1994/95 : [[La Liga]] - 6th * 1995/96 : [[La Liga]] - 4th * 1996/97 : [[La Liga]] - 12th * 1997/98 : [[La Liga]] - 10th * 1998/99 : [[La Liga]] - 7th * 1999/00 : [[La Liga]] - 14th }} {{multistub|sport|Europe}} [[Category:1900 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1900s establishments in Spain]] [[Category:Spanish football clubs]] [[Category:Barcelona]] pnhfd8qnz0hxwb2fxcooofdafnk2uuy 0 200812 10966962 10938242 2026-08-18T19:52:35Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{update|date=July 2015}} {{Infobox musical artist | Name = Pixie Lott | Img = Pixie Lott @ The Grove 09 12 2019 (49311428651).jpg | caption = Pixie Lott in 2019 | Background = solo_singer | birth_name = Victoria Louise Lott<ref name="Allmusic" /> | Alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|1|12|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|title=What would your Mama say? Pixie Lott parties till 4&nbsp;am as she celebrates 19th birthday|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1243694/Pixie-Lott-parties-till-4am-celebrates-19th-birthday.html|date=16 January 2010|work=Daily Mail |location=UK |accessdate=11 April 2010}}</ref> | birth_place = [[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]], [[London]], [[England]] | death_date = | Origin = London, England | Instrument = Vocals, piano | Genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Soul music|soul]]|[[Dance music|dance]]|[[hip hop soul]]}} | Occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|actress|dancer}} | Years_active = 2006–present | Label = {{hlist|[[Mercury Records|Mercury]]|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]}} | website = {{URL|pixielott.com}} }} '''Victoria Louise "Pixie" Lott''' (born 12 January 1991)<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web|last=Collar|first=Matt|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p1150179|pure_url=yes}}|title=Pixie Lott biography at Allmusic.com|accessdate=15 September 2009|publisher=Allmusic}}</ref> is an [[English people|English]] [[singer]]-[[songwriter]], [[dancer]] and [[actress]]. Her first [[Single (music)|single]], "[[Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)|Mama Do]]" was released in June 2009 <ref name="Times20090301"/> It went straight to number one in the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref name="BBCfirst">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8099529.stm |title=Dream debut for new singer Pixie |publisher= BBC News |date= 14 June 2009 |accessdate= 14 June 2009}}</ref> Her second single, "[[Boys and Girls (Pixie Lott song)|Boys and Girls]]", also went to the top of the UK charts in September 2009. Her first [[album]], ''[[Turn It Up (Pixie Lott album)|Turn It Up]]'' was released in September 2009. It reached number six on the [[UK Albums Chart]]. The album had Top 20 singles. Over a million copies of the album were sold. Her second album, ''[[Young Foolish Happy]]'', was released on 14 November 2011. "[[All About Tonight (Pixie Lott song)|All About Tonight]]", the first single from that album, entered the charts at number one on 17 September 2011. It later became her third UK number one [[Hit (music)|hit]]. Many good things are said about her live [[performance]]s and [[Art|style]].<ref>[http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/whatson/pixie-lott-london-tickets-article-9809.html With the album bringing Pixie Lott widespread success, she’s now a household name], View London, 10 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.whatsonsouthwest.co.uk/article.php?id=21148 The Saturdays / Pixie Lott at Plymouth Pavilions (review)]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 'What's On', 2 July 2009</ref><ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/26/lotts-of-style-115875-22139729/ Pixie Lott looks stylish], 'Mirror', 26 March 2010</ref> In July 2010, Lott was a guest [[judge]] for the [[audition]]s for [[The X Factor (UK series 7)|the seventh series]] of ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'' in [[Cardiff]]. She replaced [[Dannii Minogue]], who was on [[pregnant|maternity leave]].<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1285581/Pixie-Lott-join-Cheryl-Cole-X-Factor-panel-guest-judge-Birmingham-auditions.html Pixie Lott to join Cheryl Cole on the X Factor panel as guest judge for Birmingham auditions], ''[[The Daily Mail]]'', 10 June 2010</ref> Lott released "[[Boys and Girls (Pixie Lott song)|Boys and Girls]]" as her first [[United States|US]] single on 24 August 2010. The release happened at the same time as her first [[movie]], ''[[Fred: The Movie]]'' was shown on [[television]]. In January 2010, Lott was named one of 2010's "Faces to Watch" by the [[United States|American]] [[magazine]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/news/pixie-lott-artist-to-watch-2010-1004059634.story#/news/pixie-lott-artist-to-watch-2010-1004059634.story Pixie Lott: Artist To Watch 2010]</ref> ==Early and personal life== Pixie was born in [[Bromley]]. She lived in [[Petts Wood]] and then [[Bickley]]. All three are [[suburb]]an areas of south-east [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.findmypast.co.uk/birth-indexes-search-start.action |title=Births England and Wales 1837–2006 |access-date=2012-01-27 |archive-date=2010-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812040506/http://www.findmypast.co.uk/birth-indexes-search-start.action |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her mother gave her the [[nickname]] "Pixie" because she was born "such a tiny, cute baby who looked like a [[fairy]]".<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8078714.stm |title=Pop Pixie has a whole Lotta love! |publisher=BBC News |date=5 June 2009 |accessdate=18 March 2011 |first=Mark |last= Savage}}</ref> She started singing in her [[church]] [[school]]<ref name="BBC1"/> and when she was five, she went to the Italia Conti Associates Saturday school in [[Chislehurst]]. She later went to the main school – [[Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts]] – at 11. While there, she got a [[scholarship]].<ref name="DMail1">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1233011/Ive-offered-drugs-Pixie-Lott-18-comes-clean-music-industry.html |title=I've been offered drugs, Pixie Lott, 18, comes clean about the music industry |work=Daily Mail|date=3 December 2009 |accessdate=3 July 2010 |location=London |first=Lizzie | last= Smith}}</ref> At the age of 13, Lott moved with her family to [[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= Pixie Lott casts a spell |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1190282/Pixie-Lott-casts-spell.html |date=12 June 2009 |first=Benji |last=Wilson |work= Daily Mail |location=London |accessdate= 18 March 2011 }}</ref> During her time as a [[student]] she was in the [[West End theatre|West End]] production of ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)|Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]'' at the [[London Palladium]], and in [[BBC One]]'s ''Celebrate [[the Sound of Music]]'' in 2005, aged 14,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sugarscape.com/tags/sound-music/506702/how-do-we-solve-problem-pixie-lott |title=Pixie Lott when she was a kid! |publisher=Sugarscape |accessdate=2012-01-01}}</ref> as Louisa von Trapp.<ref name="Times20090301">: Cairns, Dan (1 March 2009), [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5808005.ece "Pixie Lott: Next year's cover girl"]{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Times Online]]'', retrieved 18 March 2011</ref> At the age of 14, she was part of the [[choir|chorus]] on [[Roger Waters]]'s [[opera]] ''[[Ça Ira]]''.<ref name="DMail1"/> Lott did not go to school much during this time because she was making her album but says she got straight 'A' grades in her [[GCSE]]s.<ref>[http://www.instyle.co.uk/news/pixie-lott-%E2%80%93-our-new-favourite-pop-star-30-06-09 "Pixie Lott – our new, favourite pop star"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207061104/http://www.instyle.co.uk/news/pixie-lott-%E2%80%93-our-new-favourite-pop-star-30-06-09|date=2012-02-07}}, ''[[InStyle UK]]'', 30 June 2009, retrieved 18 March 2011</ref> She was voted No. 45 in 2010 and No. 31 in 2011 in ''[[FHM]]'''s 100 Sexiest Women list.<ref>[http://www.fhm.com/girls/covergirls/pixie-lott "Pixie Lott – Whole Lotta Love"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001032823/http://www.fhm.com/girls/covergirls/pixie-lott |date=2011-10-01 }}, ''[[FHM]]'', retrieved 18 March 2011</ref> She says [[Mariah Carey]] and [[Whitney Houston]] had large effects on her style of singing.<ref>Lamb, Bill. [http://top40.about.com/od/l/p/pixielott.htm "Pixie Lott"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918045337/http://top40.about.com/od/l/p/pixielott.htm |date=2012-09-18 }}. About.com. Retrieved 10 October 2011.</ref> ==Music career== ===2008–09: Early career=== In 2006, at the age of 15, she sang for [[L. A. Reid]].<ref name="DMail1"/> He then signed her to the [[Island Def Jam Music Group]]. After a change of [[manager]]s, many different [[record label]]s wanted her to sing for them. Lott left the [[Island Def Jam Music Group]]. She began working with [[Mercury Records]] in the UK and [[Interscope Records]] in the U.S.<ref name="DMail1"/> She formed a [[publishing]] [[contract|deal]], as a [[songwriter]], with [[Sony/ATV Music Publishing]] in December 2007. This was as the same time that she was writing and recording [[track (music)|tracks]] for ''Turn It Up''. Lott played her first [[music festival|festival]] [[concert]] in the Big Top at the [[Isle of Wight Festival 2009]]. This took place during her first full [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Concert tour|tour]]. She was on tour to support [[The Saturdays]] on [[The Work Tour]]. ===2009–10: ''Turn It Up''=== [[File:Pixie Lott.jpg|thumb|upright|Pixie Lott performing at the launch of [[Blackpool Illuminations]] in [[Blackpool]], Lancashire on 4 September 2009]] Lottt released her first single, "[[Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)|Mama Do]]", on 8 June 2009. The [[music video|video]] was [[movie director|directed]] by [[Trudy Bellinger]]. It was released to [[MySpace]]. The video had over three million views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sFiYvvcP0c |title=Music video and viewing ratings |work=Youtube |accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref> It entered both the [[iTunes Store|iTunes]] chart and [[UK Singles Chart]] at number one. The song had over 50,000 sales when it entered the charts. Lott said she was shocked at how well the single did.<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a160087/pixie-lott-thanks-fans-for-no1-single.html Pixie Lott thanks fans for No.1 single] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619084144/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a160087/pixie-lott-thanks-fans-for-no1-single.html |date=2009-06-19 }} ''DigitalSpy'' 16 June 2009</ref> The song was also recorded in [[Simlish]] for [[Electronic Arts]]' ''[[The Sims 3]]''.<ref>[http://www.eagames.co.uk/news/read/pixie-lott-sings-her-new-single-in-simlish/ "Pixie Lott sings her new single in Simlish!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802025122/http://www.eagames.co.uk/news/read/pixie-lott-sings-her-new-single-in-simlish/ |date=2009-08-02 }}, EAgames.co.uk, 8 June 2009</ref> It spent one week at number one. The song was in the top forty for eleven weeks and spent eighteen weeks in the top seventy five.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=34409 |title=Pixie Lott – Mama Do |publisher=Chart Stats |date=20 June 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref> The single also did well outside the UK. It was in the top forty in eleven other [[country|countries]]. It was number eight in [[Denmark]] and number ten in [[France]]. The single was hit "silver" by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] on 28 August 2009 after it sold over 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom.<ref name="BPI Certified Awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/Search.aspx |title=BPI Certified Awards |accessdate=10 September 2009 |date=28 August 2009 |work=[[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] |archive-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006162141/https://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 15 August 2009, Lott performed at [[Asia]]'s very first [[MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia]] [[concert]]. Other groups at that concert included [[Hoobastank]], [[The All-American Rejects]], [[Kasabian]], [[Boys Like Girls]], [[Estranged (band)|Estranged]] and [[Raygun (band)|Raygun]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://worldstage.mtvasia.com |title= MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia |publisher= Worldstage.mtvasia.com |accessdate= 15 April 2010 |archive-date= 5 May 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090505161036/http://worldstage.mtvasia.com/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> Lott's second single "[[Boys and Girls (Pixie Lott song)|Boys and Girls]]" was released on 6 September 2009. It became No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart on 13 September 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=34515 |title= Chart Stats – Pixie Lott – Boys & Girls |accessdate=20 October 2009 |work=Chart Stats}}</ref> During the week that it became number one, the single sold just under 50,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=100019 |work=Music Week |publisher=(BuzzJack.com) |date=20 September 2009 |title= Week Ending UK Music Week Sales 19 September 2009 |accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref> It spent nineteen weeks in the top seventy-five and eight weeks in the top forty.<ref>[http://www.polyhex.com/music/chartruns/chartruns.php "UK Singles – 1952–2010"], ''polyhex.com''. Retrieved 2 April 2010.</ref> The music video for the song was directed by [[Diane Martel]].<ref name="directer/quotes">{{cite web |url= http://www.promonews.tv/2009/08/14/pixie-lott’s-boys-and-girls-by-diane-martel/ |work= PromoNews |publisher= ([[World Press]]) |date= 14 August 2009 |title= Pixie Lott's Boys And Girls by Diane Martel |accessdate= 31 October 2009 |archive-date= 3 October 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003203230/http://www.promonews.tv/2009/08/14/pixie-lott%E2%80%99s-boys-and-girls-by-diane-martel/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> The song released was also released as her first single in the United States. Lott's third single from the album was "[[Cry Me Out]]". It was released on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/ |title= Singles Release Diary |publisher= [[Digital Spy]] |accessdate= 30 October 2009 |archive-date= 9 July 2012 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/691ipdq08?url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> The music video was directed by [[Jake Nava]]. He had also directed videos for [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], [[Leona Lewis]] and [[Shakira]]. The video was made in [[Cuba]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pixie Lott – 'Cry Me Out' (Official Video) |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0mMPOmtCXI |date=3 November 2009 |publisher= YouTube |format=[[Flash video]] [3:53] |accessdate= 11 June 2010}}</ref> The fourth single, "[[Gravity (Pixie Lott song)|Gravity]]", was released on 8 March 2010. Its video had already been shown on [[Channel 4]] on 6 February 2010. Lott won two [[MTV]] [[MTV Europe Music Awards|EMA Awards]] for "Best UK & [[Ireland]] Act" and "Best Push Artist" (best break-through artist).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ema.mtv.co.uk/artists/pixie_lott |title= MTV Europe Music Awards 2009 – Artists – Pixie Lott |accessdate= 20 October 2009 |work= [[MTV (UK & Ireland)|MTV UK]] |archive-date= 28 September 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090928065923/http://ema.mtv.co.uk/artists/pixie_lott |url-status= dead }}</ref> Lott won a ''[[Cosmopolitan]]'' 2009 Ultimate Women Award for Ultimate Newcomer.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cosmopolitan.co.uk/your-life/ultimate-woman-awards-pixie-lott/v1 |title= Cosmo's Ultimate Women of the Year Awards 2009 |date= 6 November 2009 |work= [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan (UK)]] |accessdate= 2 April 2010 |archive-date= 28 June 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100628193835/http://www.cosmopolitan.co.uk/your-life/ultimate-woman-awards-pixie-lott/v1 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 2009, Lott won The [[Caron Keating]] Breakthrough Talent Award at The [[Variety Club]] Awards.<ref>[http://www.varietyclub.org.uk/news/231 "The Variety Club Showbiz Awards 2010"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124011636/http://www.varietyclub.org.uk/news/231|date=2010-11-24}}, ''[[Variety Club]]'' the children's charity, 15 November 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2010.</ref> "The Way The World Works", from Lott's first record was used in the U.S. [[medical]] [[drama]] ''[[Private Practice (TV series)|Private Practice]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=102257&st=40&start=40 |title=Pixie Lott – Cry Me Out |accessdate=7 November 2009 |work=Buzzjack.com |date=31 October 2009 }}</ref> Lott was chosen as the [[spokesperson|face]] of [[Nokia]]'s "Illuvial Pink Collection" [[mobile phone]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/29264/pixie-lott-promotes-nokia-illuvial |title=Pixie Lott to be the "face" of Nokia's Illuvial range |accessdate=7 November 2009 |work=Pocket-lint.com}}</ref> Lott was [[wikt:nominate|nominated]] for British Breakthrough Act, British Female Solo Artist and British Single at the 2010 [[BRIT Awards]].<ref>[http://www.brits.co.uk/artist/pixie-lott "Pixie Lott"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116124550/http://www.brits.co.uk/artist/pixie-lott |date=2012-01-16 }}, BRIT Awards 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.</ref> She was also the opening act of [[Rihanna]]'s [[Last Girl on Earth Tour]] in the UK 7–26 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.4music.com/artist/pixie-lott/to-support-rihanna-on-tour.html "Pixie Lott to support Rihanna on tour"], ''[[4Music]]'', 19 February 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.</ref> Lott also performed at the [[V Festival]] in August 2010. The fifth single from Lott's album, "[[Turn It Up (Pixie Lott song)|Turn It Up]]", was released on 7 June 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lights, camera, action! Slinky Pixie Lott wows LA as she films new video clip in tiny black dress |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1266690/Pixie-Lott-wows-LA-films-new-video-clip-tiny-black-dress.html |date=17 April 2010 |work=Daily Mail |accessdate=20 April 2010 |location= London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Track of The Day |url=http://www.radio1.gr/music/track_of_the_day.htm |date=12 April 2010 |work=Radio1 FM 88 |location=Rhodes |accessdate=22 April 2010 |archive-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228093809/http://www.radio1.gr/music/track_of_the_day.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lott recorded a song for the movie ''[[Street Dance 3D]]''. The song was "Live For The Moment". It was also on the [[soundtrack]] for the movie. On 23 May 2010, Lott performed at the [[Radio 1 Big Weekend]] in [[Bangor, Gwynedd|Bangor]], [[Wales|North Wales]]. On 4 July 2010 she performed at [[T4 on the Beach]] in [[Weston-super-Mare]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pixie at T4 on The Beach |url=http://www.pixielott.com/site/global/news/global/2010/07/07/pixie_at_t4_on_the_beach |date=7 July 2010 |work=Official News (Global) |publisher=PixieLott.com |accessdate=22 July 2010 |archive-date=24 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724034240/http://www.pixielott.com/site/global/news/global/2010/07/07/pixie_at_t4_on_the_beach |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pixie Lott – Turn It Up – T4 On The Beach 2010 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUvPg_a5nRg |date=4 July 2010 |publisher=YouTube |author= BlahBlahBlahTVMusic |format=[[Flash video]] [3:32] |accessdate= 22 July 2011 }}</ref> Lott has written a song for [[Alexandra Burke]]'s first album, ''[[Overcome (Alexandra Burke album)|Overcome]]''. The song is "You Broke My Heart". She also wrote a song for [[Girls Can't Catch]] named "Happy Alone". This song was a free [[Christmas]] [[download]] on their [[website]]. She also has written two tracks on [[Lisa Lois]]'s album. Lois was the [[The Netherlands|Dutch]] X Factor's winner. These two songs were "No Good For Me" and "Promises, Promises". They were the first and second singles from that album. Lott was [[Cast member|cast]] as Judy, [[Fred Figglehorn]]'s [[love]] interest, in the [[movie]] ''[[Fred: The Movie]]''. The [[comedy]] was released on America's [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] [[television network|network]] on the 18 September 2010.<ref name="rte1">{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/arts/2009/1214/lottp.html|title=Singer Pixie Lott lands movie role|date=14 December 2009|work=[[RTÉ.ie]]|accessdate=11 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="sun1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/2773526/Pixies-on-a-role.html|title=Pixie's on a role|last=Smart|first=Gordon|authorlink=Gordon Smart|date=16 December 2009|newspaper=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]|accessdate=11 April 2010|location=London}}</ref><ref name="sun2">{{cite news |url= http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/2862707/Pixie-Lott-is-creating-a-buzz-in-Hollywood.html |last=Smart |first=Gordon |title=Movie Lott |date=22 February 2010 |work= The Sun |location=UK |accessdate=11 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="mtv2">{{cite web |url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/03/30/fred-the-movie-star-lucas-cruikshank-says-to-expect-an-august-back-to-school-release |title='Fred: The Movie' Star Lucas Cruikshank Says to Expect an August, Back to School Release |last=Rosenberg |first=Adam |date=30 March 2010 |work=MTV Movies Blog |publisher=MTV |accessdate=11 April 2010 |archive-date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402021254/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/03/30/fred-the-movie-star-lucas-cruikshank-says-to-expect-an-august-back-to-school-release/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===2011–present: ''Young Foolish Happy''=== [[File:Pixie Lott 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Pixie Lott in 2014]] Lott's second album, ''[[Young Foolish Happy]]'' was to be released on 7 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/14031180 |title=Pixie Lott to release new single, All About Tonight |work=[[Newsbeat]] |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=5 July 2011 |accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref> It was actually released on 14 November 2011.<ref name="hmv">{{cite web |url=http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;1;-1;-1;-1&sku=182772 |title=Pixie Lott: Young Foolish Happy |publisher=[[HMV Group|HMV]] |accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> On 17 September, Lott said that the album would have [[collaboration]]s with [[Stevie Wonder]] and [[John Legend]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pixielott.com/site/global/news/global/2011/09/17/pixie_reveals_new_album_title_ |title=Pixie Reveals New Album Title! |publisher=pixielott.com |date=17 September 2011 |accessdate=19 September 2011 |archive-date=25 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925113231/http://www.pixielott.com/site/global/news/global/2011/09/17/pixie_reveals_new_album_title_ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="newalbum">{{cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a341081/pixie-lott-names-new-album-young-foolish-happy.html |title=Pixie Lott names new album 'Young Foolish Happy' |publisher=[[Digital Spy]] |date=19 September 2011 |accessdate=19 September 2011 |archive-date=25 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925113059/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a341081/pixie-lott-names-new-album-young-foolish-happy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first single from the album, "[[All About Tonight (Pixie Lott song)|All About Tonight]]", was played on [[BBC Radio 1]]'s ''[[The Chris Moyles Show]]'' on 11 July 2011. The single was released on 4 September. It started at number . This was her third UK number 1 single.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pixielott.com/site/global/news/global/2011/07/08/hear_all_about_tonight_first_ |title=Hear 'All About Tonight' First! |publisher=pixielott.com |date=8 July 2011 |accessdate=11 July 2011 |archive-date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901220956/http://www.pixielott.com/site/global/news/global/2011/07/08/hear_all_about_tonight_first_ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The second single was "What Do You Take Me For?". The [[Rap music|rapper]] [[Pusha T]] also performed on this single. Its music video was first shown on 6 October 2011. The single could be downloaded on 4 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/what-do-you-take-me-for-feat./id473975396 |title=iTunes - Music - What Do You Take Me For? (feat. Pusha T) - EP by Pixie Lott |publisher=Itunes.apple.com |date=2011-11-04 |accessdate=2012-01-01}}</ref> Lott was a [[contestant]] in the 2014 series of ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]''. ==Personal life== Lott has been in a relationship with fashion model [[Oliver Cheshire]] since 2010.<ref name="express.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Kerr |first=Paula |url=http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/463550/Singer-Pixie-Lott-on-nicknames-best-friends-and-boyfriend-Oliver-Cheshire |title=Singer Pixie Lott on nicknames, best friends and boyfriend Oliver Cheshire &#124; Life &#124; Life & Style &#124; Daily Express |publisher=Express.co.uk |date=9 March 2014 |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> They got engaged in November 2016.<ref name="engaged">{{cite news|title=Pixie Lott and Oliver Cheshire get engaged|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/37971268/pixie-lott-and-oliver-cheshire-get-engaged|access-date=23 January 2017|work=BBC|date=14 November 2016}}</ref> They were married at [[Ely Cathedral]] on 6 June 2022, following a delay due to [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Pixie Lott and Oliver Cheshire finally marry after Covid delays |url=https://cleartips.net/pixie-lott-is-finally-getting-married-to-oliver-cheshire-as-guests-start-arriving-at-ely-cathedral/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006185415/https://cleartips.net/pixie-lott-is-finally-getting-married-to-oliver-cheshire-as-guests-start-arriving-at-ely-cathedral/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Movie ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- || 2010 || ''[[Fred: The Movie]]'' | Judy | First acting role |} ==Awards and nominations== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Type ! Award ! Result |- |rowspan="9"| 2009 |rowspan="3"| [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2009]] | Best UK & Ireland Act | {{won}} |- | Best New Act | {{nom}} |- | Best Push Artist | {{won}} |- || The Variety Club Awards |Breakthrough Talent Award<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8360299.stm |title=McKellen wins Variety Club award |publisher=news.bbc.co.uk |accessdate=8 August 2010 | date=15 November 2009}}</ref> | {{won}} |- || [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] Ultimate Women 2009 |Ultimate Newcomer | {{won}} |- || [[Q Awards#2009 Results|Q Awards 2009]] |Breakthrough Artist | {{nom}} |- || MP3 Music Awards 2009 |Best New Act | {{won}} |- || [[Virgin Media]] Music Awards<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Newcomer – Pixie Lott |url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/awards2009-winners.php?page=3 |year=2010 |work=Virgin Media Music Awards 2009: The winners |publisher=[[Virgin Media]] |accessdate=23 July 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929224350/http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/awards2009-winners.php?page=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Best Newcomer | {{won}} |- || [[UK Festival Awards|UK Festival Awards 2010]] |Festival Fitty of the year – Girls | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="7"|2010 |rowspan="3"| [[BRIT Awards]] |Breakthrough Artist | {{nom}} |- |Female Solo Artist | {{nom}} |- |British Single ("Mama Do Uh Oh") | {{nom}} |- || [[Meteor Ireland Music Awards]] |Best International Female | {{nom}} |- || [[BT Digital Music Awards]]<ref name="DMA2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.btdma.com/public_voted_category.aspx?categoryid=8|title=2010 BT Digital Music Awards|publisher=[[BT Group]]|accessdate=3 September 2010|archive-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BgZtcE9L?url=http://www.btdma.com/index.php/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Best Female Artist | {{nom}} |- || [[Glamour (magazine)#Glamour Woman of the Year Awards 2|Glamour Women of the Year Awards 2010]] |Sheer Infusion Newcomer | {{nom}} |- || [[List of NME Award winners#Shockwaves NME Awards 2010|NME Awards 2010]] |Hottest Woman | {{nom}} |- ||2011 || [[Virgin Media Music Awards]] |Hottest Female | {{won}} |- ||2012 || BRIT Awards |British Single ("All About Tonight") | {{nom}} |} ==Discography== * ''[[Turn It Up (Pixie Lott album)|Turn It Up]]'' (2009) * ''[[Young Foolish Happy]]'' (2011) ==Tours== ; As the headline act: * 2010 – [[The Crazy Cats Tour|The Crazycats Tour]] ; As a special guest: * 2010 – [[Last Girl on Earth Tour|Rihanna – Last Girl on Earth Tour]] <small>(UK Dates)</small> ; As supporting act: * 2009 – [[The Work Tour|The Saturdays – The Work Tour]] <small>(Selected Dates)</small> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *{{official website|www.pixielott.com}} *{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p1150179|label=Pixie Lott}} *{{IMDb name|1800495}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lott, Pixie}} [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Essex]] [[Category:Actors from London]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English pop musicians]] [[Category:Musicians from Essex]] [[Category:People from Brentwood, Essex]] [[Category:People from the London Borough of Bromley]] [[Category:Singers from London]] [[Category:Strictly Come Dancing participants]] 5oxnx0simfmj1d7g0260qdv3z2xxywz 0 211200 10967151 10935631 2026-08-19T02:51:58Z Stormstorian 1852558 /* Hurricane Grace had 105 mph sustained winds */ 10967151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good}} {{Infobox Hurricane | Name = Hurricane Grace | Type = Hurricane | Year = 1991 | Basin = Atl | Image location = Hurricane Grace (1991).JPG | Image name = Hurricane Grace on October 28, 1991 | alt = Satellite image of a relatively broad cyclone. | Formed = October 26, 1991 | Dissipated = October 29, 1991 | 1-min winds = 90 | Pressure = 980 | Damages = | Fatalities = No fatalities reported | Areas = Minor effects on [[Bermuda]] | Hurricane season = [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]] }} '''Hurricane Grace''' was a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 2]] [[hurricane]]. It lasted only four days. It became part of another [[cyclone]] known as the [[1991 Perfect Storm|Perfect Storm]]. Grace formed on October 26. At first, it was a [[subtropical cyclone]]. This means it was partially [[tropical cyclone|tropical]] and partially [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]]. It became a full tropical cyclone on October 27. It later reached winds of {{convert|105|mph|sigfig=3|abbr=off}}. The storm had a little effect on the island of [[Bermuda]] when it passed to the south. Another storm to the north made Grace turn east. The hurricane combined with the large circulation of the other [[low pressure system]].<ref>{{Harvard reference|last1=Maa|first1=Jerome P. Y. |last2=Wang|first2=David W. C.|title= Wave Transformation Near Virginia Coast: the "Halloween" Northeaster|journal = Journal of Coastal Research|volume = 11|issue=4|year = 1995|pages=1258–1271|url =http://www.vims.edu/people/maa_jp/pubs/maa_wang_JCR_95.pdf}}</ref> == Meteorological history == [[File:Grace and H12 1991 track.png|200px|left|thumb|The tracks of Hurricane Grace, bottom, and the nor'easter, top|alt=Map of the western Atlantic Ocean depicting two storm tracks]] Grace began as a [[low pressure area]] in the middle of the [[atmosphere]]. It formed on October 23 south of [[Bermuda]]. Reports from a [[ship]] said that it was in the lower atmosphere by October 25. At first, the storm was like a [[subtropical cyclone]]. There were not many [[thunderstorm]]s around its center. (For a storm to gain strength, strong thunderstorms need to build around it.) The system started being called a subtropical storm on October 26. A separate area of clouds near Bermuda slowly became involved with this storm. There started to be thunderstorms near the center of the storm. Because of this, on October 27, the storm became a [[tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] and was named "Grace".<ref name="TCR1">{{cite web|author=Edward Rappaport|title=Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report Page 1|date=November 13, 1991|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim01.gif}}</ref> Grace continued to get larger. Information from [[satellite (artificial)|satellites]] gave measures of the storm's strength. Based on that and [[reconnaissance]] reports, Grace was changed to a Category 1 hurricane. That is the lowest level on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]].<ref name="TCR2">{{cite web|author=Edward Rappaport|title=Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report Page 2|date=November 13, 1991|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim02.gif}}</ref> The hurricane moved towards the northwest until an [[extratropical cyclone]] formed along a [[cold front]] on October 28. This storm quickly became stronger and very large. It eventually caused Grace to turn quickly to the east.<ref name="history">{{cite news|title=Ingredients for a real 'perfect storm'|newspaper=USA Today|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/movies/ps/perfectstorm.htm|archive-date=February 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212055055/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/movies/ps/perfectstorm.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Around the same time, Grace began to have an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Hurricane Grace Discussion Number 5|date=October 28, 1991|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/grace/tropdisc/nal1191.005}}</ref> Grace moved faster as it moved east. On October 29, it reached its highest strength. Its winds were at {{convert|100| mph|sigfig=3|abbr=off}}. Its minimum central [[barometric pressure]] was 980 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] (hPa; 28.94 inHg). That made it a Category 2.<ref name="TCR4"/> The center of the hurricane passed {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=off|lk=on}} south of Bermuda. Bermuda was not affected much.<ref name="TCR2"/> Hurricane Grace turned northeast later that day. The cold front quickly came and overtook it. After that, it was no longer a tropical system.<ref name="TCR3"/> Grace moved north along the front. It combined with the large storm to the north.<ref name="history"/> By the next day, Grace could not be seen any more.<ref name="history2">{{cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|title=The Perfect Storm|date=November 13, 1991|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/satellite/satelliteseye/cyclones/pfctstorm91/pfctstorm.html|archive-date=November 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106033734/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/satellite/satelliteseye/cyclones/pfctstorm91/pfctstorm.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Preparations and impact == [[File:Remnants of Hurricane Grace on October 29, 1991.gif|right|240px|thumb|Hurricane Grace being absorbed into the nor'easter]] On October 27, a [[tropical storm warning]] was sent for Bermuda . The next day, the tropical storm warning was made into a [[hurricane warning]]. On October 29, the hurricane warning was lowered to a tropical storm warning. This was changed to a [[gale warning]] shortly after.<ref name="TCR4">{{cite web|author=Edward Rappaport|title=Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report Page 4|date=November 13, 1991|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim04.gif}}</ref><ref name="TCR7">{{cite web|author=Edward Rappaport|title=Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report Page 7|date=November 13, 1991|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim07.gif}}</ref> Bermuda had some rain and wind from the storm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bermuda Braces for Brush with Hurricane Grace|date=October 29, 1991|publisher=St. Paul Pioneer Press|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PD&s_site=twincities&p_multi=SP&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB5DB42D312BD55&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|archive-date=January 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105090036/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PD&s_site=twincities&p_multi=SP&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB5DB42D312BD55&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> The rain reached {{convert|3.21|in|mm|abbr=off|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Roth|title=Tropical Cyclone Rainfall|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcmaxima.html|archive-date=July 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704214921/http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcmaxima.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, no deaths or bad damage were reported.<ref name="TCR3"/> A yacht, a type of [[boat]], that was traveling from Bermuda to New York ran into strong winds and seas {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=off|lk=on|adj=on}} high off the [[Virginia]] coast. The nine people on the boat had to be rescued by [[Coast Guard]] helicopters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crew of New Bedford boat rescued; 13 others taken from yachts hit by Grace|date=October 29, 1991|newspaper=Providence Journal|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PJRI&p_theme=pjri&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Crew%20of%20New%20Bedford%20boat%20rescued;%2013%20others%20taken%20from%20yachts%20hit%20by%20Grace%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Crew%20of%20New%20Bedford%20boat%20rescued;%2013%20others%20taken%20from%20yachts%20hit%20by%20Grace)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Grace Bypasses Bermuda, Heads Out Into the Atlantic|date=October 30, 1991|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/orlandosentinel/access/89037365.html?dids=89037365:89037365&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+30%2C+1991&author=Associated+Press&pub=Orlando+Sentinel&desc=GRACE+BYPASSES+BERMUDA%2C+HEADS+OUT+INTO+THE+ATLANTIC&pqatl=google|archive-date=March 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307182245/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/orlandosentinel/access/89037365.html?dids=89037365:89037365&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+30%2C+1991&author=Associated+Press&pub=Orlando+Sentinel&desc=GRACE+BYPASSES+BERMUDA%2C+HEADS+OUT+INTO+THE+ATLANTIC&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because of its large size, Grace caused large [[Ocean surface wave|waves]] along the East Coast of the [[United States]].<ref name="TCR3">{{cite web|author=Edward Rappaport|title=Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report Page 3|date=November 13, 1991|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim03.gif}}</ref> These waves reached at least {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=off|lk=on}} high. No bad property damage occurred. There was minor [[beach erosion]]. Carolina Beach, [[North Carolina]] lost about {{convert|1|ft|m|abbr=off}} of sand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricane Grace Kicks up Waves, Avoids N.C. Coast|date=October 29, 1991|publisher=Morning Star|accessdate=September 13, 2009|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RNIVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=khQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6366,5152585&dq=hurricane+grace+swells+flood}}</ref> The damage from Hurricane Grace was mostly small. Because the damage from the tropical cyclone was not very bad, the name "Grace" was not [[List of retired Atlantic hurricane names|retired]]. It was reused during the [[1997 Atlantic hurricane season]]. ==Related pages== *[[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]] *[[1991 Halloween Nor'easter]] == References == {{reflist|2}} == Other websites == *[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/ Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report] *[http://www.hurricanecity.com/city/bermuda.htm List of Bermuda hurricanes] {{1991 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grace (1991)}} [[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda]] [[Category:1991 Atlantic hurricane season]] [[Category:1991 events]] [[Category:Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes]] [[Category:1990s in Bermuda]] [[Category:1991 in North America]] fwj2w17z22jdf6rupryuom7ha9ka1q9 0 219592 10967157 10944747 2026-08-19T03:11:26Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Related pages */ 10967157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion |name=Islam |native_name={{nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|إِسْلَام}}}}<br/>Islām}} |image=Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg |imagewidth=250px|caption=The [[Kaaba]] at [[Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the holiest site in Islam. |type=[[Universal religion]] |main_classification=[[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamic, Arabian]] |scripture=[[Qur'an]] (as the central text), nominally [[belief]] in previous revelations of the ''[[Tawrat]]'' ([[Torah]]), ''Zabur'' ([[Psalms]]), and ''[[Injil|Injeel]]'' ([[Gospel]]) |theology=[[Monotheism]] |language=[[Classical Arabic]] |territory=[[Muslim world]] |founder=[[Muhammad]] |founded_date=[[7th century]] [[CE]] |founded_place=[[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain -->, near [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] |members=1.9 billion |separations = [[Bahá'í Faith]] |headquarters=[[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] |defunct=Until [[today]]}} '''Islam''' is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic religion]]. It believes in [[monotheism|one God]]. Followers of Islam are called [[Muslims]]. The central holy book of Islam is the [[Qur'an]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam|title=Islam {{!}} religion|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2018-10-04|language=en|archive-date=2020-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210092158/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> There are an estimated 2 billion people who identify as Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is the Most Widely Practiced Religion in the World? {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/story/what-is-the-most-widely-practiced-religion-in-the-world|access-date=2024-11-15|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> The word Islam means submitting to the will of [[God]]. Muslims believe the Qur'an is the word of [[Allah]]. Alongside the Qur'an, Muslims also believe in the previous revelations of God, such as the ''[[Tawrat]]'', the ''[[Injil]]'', and the ''[[Zabur]]''. Muslims believe [[Muhammad]] is the final prophet, and that the Qur'an was given to him by [[Gabriel]]. Other teachings and rules may come from [[Hadith|hadith]].<ref>Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. A textbook of Hadith studies: authenticity, compilation, classification and criticism of Hadith. Kube Publishing Ltd, 2014.</ref> Most people who identify as Muslim belong to one of two groups. The most common is [[Sunni Islam]], which has the largest number of followers in [[Indonesia]]. The second is [[Shia Islam]], which has the largest number of followers in [[Iran]]. There are also [[non-denominational Muslims]] who do not follow any sect and school of thought (madhab). [[Albania]] has the largest share of non-denominational Muslims in the world, based on self-identification.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> Other notable groups or sects include the historical [[Kharijites]] and [[Mu'tazila]], as well as movements such as the [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], [[Muslim Hebraists]], [[Hadith rejectors]], and [[Neo-Mu'tazilites]]. Based on self-identification, about 1.75 billion people (around 24% of the world’s population) say they are Muslim. By this estimate, Islam is usually considered the second-largest religion in the world and one of the fastest-growing religions. == History == {{Main|History of Islam}} Muslims believe the [[Qur'an]] was first revealed to [[Muhammad]] by [[Gabriel]] until his [[death]]. The Qur'an was written in the [[Arabic language]]. After Muhammad died, the Arab Muslim leadership was assumed by [[Abu Bakr]], beginning the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. He was followed by [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], [[Uthman ibn Affan]], and [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They were followed by [[Mu'awiya I]], who established the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. Under these caliphs, Islam became one of the most important religions in the world. Under Umar, more than two thirds of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was conquered by the Arab Muslims. The Arab Islamic empire reached its largest geographical extent under the Umayyad Caliphate.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1tmDwAAQBAJ&dq=islamic+empire+largest+extent+umayyad&pg=PA63 | title=The Islamic Empire | isbn=9781420508024 | last1=Nardo | first1=Don | date=12 September 2011 | publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC }}</ref> ==Beliefs and practices == [[File:Mosque.jpg|thumb|Men praying in a [[mosque]].]] [[File:Biggest Quran book -Bait al- Quran.jpg|thumb|235x235px|The Qur'an is the cebtral holy book of Muslims. They believe it is the word of God.]] [[File:Live recitation of Surah Yusuf, verses 1 - 22 in Hafs an Asim.webm|thumb|350x350px|A young man reciting the Qur'an in the United States]] According to the Qur’an, Muslims believe in God, his angels, his books, his messengers, the Last Day, and Fate. In accordance with a Qur’anic verse: “We have created everything with predestination As much is good and bad". And in hadith the Messenger Muhammad when he said that faith is: “to believe in God, his angels, his books, his messengers, and the Last Day, and believe in the destiny of good and bad.” Muslims believe that God is the one God who created the universe with everything in it. The [[Qur'an|Qur’an]] was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through Gabriel. They believe that he is the final messenger of all messengers that are sent before him. The Prophets are human beings, whom God chose to be his messengers. Muslims believe that the prophets are not gods, but merely human beings with some miracles to prove their prophethood. They are the ones who receive divine revelation. The Quran mentions the names of many prophets, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and others. According to the Qur’an, all of the prophets were Muslims who preached Islam, but with different laws. Islam is defined in the Qur’an as “the instinct of God upon which people have broken in.” "Therefore set your face to the religion purely, the upright creation upon which He originated people. There is no change in the creation of Allah. This is the valuable religion, although most people do not know} (The Romans -Ar-Rum Surah, versus 30). Muslims also believe that Hanifism is the basis of Abraham's religion. And they see that the difference between the Abrahamic religions is in the Sharia (Law) only and not in the creed and that the Sharia of Islam abrogates what preceded it from the Sharia. this means that Islamic religion consists of Belief and Sharia. As for belief, it is the set of principles that a [[Muslims|Muslim]] must believe in, and it is fixed and does not differ according to the different prophets. As for Sharia (Law), it is the name for practical rulings that differ according to the different messengers. === The Five Pillars of Islam === {{main|Five Pillars of Islam}} According to Islamic tradition, there are five basic things that Muslims should do. They are called "The Five Pillars of Islam": #'''[[Shahada|Shahadah]]''': The Testimony (faith in English) is the core of the Muslim belief that there is no God but Allah himself, and that Muhammad is his last messenger. # '''[[Salat]]''': The mandatory prayer that is performed five times every day at prescribed times. When Muslims pray, they face the Kaaba, a large cubic structure located at the [[Sacred|holy]] city of [[Mecca]]. ''[[Salat]]'' is ''namaz'' in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. Shia Muslims pray the afternoon and evening prayers right after each other.<ref>The Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims: A Short Introduction - Page 28, Jimmy R. Davis - 2007</ref> # '''Zakat''': Muslims who have money must give [[Zakat|1/40th of the amount]] which they've had for one year as ''[[Charity (practice)|charity]]'' to help people who do not have money or need help. # '''Sawm''' (also spelled as '''Siyam''' or '''Sawm'''): [[Fasting]] during [[Ramadan]], the ninth month of the Islamic year. Muslims do not eat or drink from sunrise till sunset for one [[Lunar calendar|lunar month]]. After Ramadan, there is a holiday called ''Eid al-Fitr'' (which means "festival of end-fast" in English). On Eid al-Fitr, Muslims usually go to the [[mosque]] in the morning after sunrise for a special Salaah. # '''Hajj''' (Pilgrimage in English): During the month of Zulhejja, the 12th month of the Islamic Calendar is the [[pilgrimage]] season where many Muslims go to [[Mecca]], the holiest city of Islam. However, if a Muslim is financially unable to perform the Hajj, it is not necessary for them to do so. Those who possess great financial capacity were the most obligated to perform the Hajj. '''Note:''' ''The Five Pillars of Islam'' is a term in the view of Sunni Islam that gathered out of the hadith. There is another term '''Usool ul-Din''' (Religion Principles in English) in Shia Islam. That contains five beliefs: Tawheed, Adl, Nabuwwah, Imamah, Maad. === Quran === In Islamic belief, the Quran is the holy book of Islam and contains what Muslims claim Allah (God) conveyed to the Prophet Muhammad through the archangel [[Gabriel|Jibraeel (Gabriel)]], who had been tasked since the times of Adam to convey the words of God as guidance to mankind. The Quran is the central point of reference and is a link which connects humanity with God. The Qur'an contains many passages and chapters which cover the entire aspect of humanity, down to the most minute detail. From the creation and conception of human children, to the details of the Earth, and beyond. In the aspect of human life, it contains stories and tales of old civilizations, past prophets, and their life chronicles. The Quran contains the Sharia law or hudud, and emphasizes the equal rights of man and women alike, with mothers given special status, where it is sinful to even glare at them. The Qur'an has a total of 30 Juzuks. In each Juz, there are many Surahs or [[verse]]s, with 114 Surahatun which begin with Surah al-Fatiha (The Beginning) and ended with Surah an-Naas (Humanity). A Hafiz is a Muslim who has memorised the Quran and can accurately say every word in the Quran without flipping a single page and apply them to daily life. Other important teachings in Islam are previous revelations of God, such as the ''Tawrat'' ([[Torah]]), the ''Zabur'' ([[Psalms]]), the ''Injeel'' ([[Gospel]]), the ''Scrolls of Abraham'', and the ''Scrolls of Moses'', as well as the [[Sunnah]] (which tell about Muhammad's life) and the [[Hadith]] (which are collections of dialogues of conversation that Muslims believe Muhammad said). The Qur'an is considered in Islam as a manual for all of humanity and its teachings are to be implemented and shared by its readers. ===Place of worship / Quran readings=== [[File:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|Muslims pray in a mosque, such as this located at [[Jerusalem]].]] [[Muslims]] pray in a place of worship called the mosque. A mosque is called a ''masjid'' in Arabic. Most mosques were mostly seen having at least a single [[dome]], and some have one or more [[tower]]s called Minarat, where the Muezzin gives the Adhan, the Call for Muslim Prayer which is 13 or 15 sentences. But many mosques were built without either domes or towers. Muslims take their shoes off before entering the masjid to pray. Prayer is one of the most important things that a Muslim does. === Prayer === [[File:Maghrib Adhan at the Masjid al Haram, Mecca - 25 Feb, 2012.webm|border|left|220x220px|Call to prayer]] The Muslim is called to [[prayer]] or [[salat|salah]] 5 times a day. This call to prayer is called Adhan. The muezzin, a man chosen to make the call to prayer, uses a [[loudspeaker]], which carries his voice to the people nearby. The call to prayer is often done out loud, in public, in Muslim countries. Being called to solah is a normal part of daily life for most people in Muslim countries. [[File:Prayermat.jpg|thumb|A prayer mat]] Muslims pray on a [[carpet|mat]], which is called a ''prayer mat'' or ''prayer rug'' in English. Common Arabic names<ref>{{Cite news|title=Unique Boy Names With Meanings A to Z List 2024|language=en-US|newspaper=Unique Boy Names|url=https://uniqueboynames.com|accessdate=}}</ref> for the prayer mat include ''sajjāda'' and ''namaz''. When it is time to pray, Muslims made [[Wudu]], then face the direction of [[Qibla]] - the direction they are supposed to pray in, towards the Kabah. They then roll out their prayer mat, and perform their prayers to God. ===Peace be upon him=== According to Islamic teachings, Muslims must say "صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ" shortened as "ﷺ" whenever they hear or say the Prophet's ﷺ name or ﷺ being a common noun. ==Islam in the world== [[File:Muslim majority countries2.png|right|300px|thumb|Countries where more than half the people are Muslim<!--https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalized_adjective-->]] In 2009, a study was done in 193+1+=(195)+37 countries and territories.<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.4,11">Miller (2009), pp.4,11</ref> This study found that 23% of the global population or 1.57&nbsp;billion people are Muslims. Of those, between 75% and 90% are [[Sunni]]<ref name="PRC">{{citation|url=http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population: Main Page|date=7 October 2009|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=18 July 2010|archive-date=27 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427035429/http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BritannicaSunnite">[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite ''Sunnite''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809124159/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |date=2010-08-09 }}</ref> and between ten and twenty five percent are [[Shi'a]].<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.4,11"/><ref name="PRC" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2010-11-23|archive-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211645/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html%20|url-status=dead}}</ref> A small part belong to other Islamic sects. In about fifty countries, more than half of the people are Muslim.<ref>Miller (2009), p.11</ref> [[Arabs]] account for around twenty percent of all Muslims worldwide. Islam has three holy sites:[[Jerusalem]], [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. Most Muslims live in Asia and Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1087 |title=Islam: An Overview in Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxfordislamicstudies.com |date=2008-05-06 |accessdate=2010-05-16 |archive-date=2018-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019080456/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1087 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 62% of the world's Muslims live in [[Asia]], with over 683&nbsp;million followers in [[Indonesia]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="USN&WR">[https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm Secrets of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |date=2011-01-22 }} – [[U.S. News & World Report]]. Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, [[San Diego State University]] (2005).</ref><ref>Miller (2009), pp.15,17</ref> In the [[Middle East]]: The non-Arab countries such as: [[Turkey]], and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries. In [[Africa]]: [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the biggest Muslim communities.<ref name="Islam_by_country">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim |title=Number of Muslim by country |publisher=nationmaster.com |accessdate=2007-05-30 |archive-date=2007-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703191735/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim |url-status=live }}</ref> Most estimates indicate that the [[People's Republic of China]] has about 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=CIA – The World Factbook – China|publisher=Cia.gov|accessdate=2009-06-15|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |publisher=State.gov |accessdate=2009-06-15 |archive-date=2010-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922145130/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-07/09/content_6831389.htm |title=NW China region eyes global Muslim market |publisher=China Daily |date=2008-07-09 |accessdate=2009-07-14 |archive-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919025122/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-07/09/content_6831389.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=1922 |title=Muslim Media Network |publisher=Muslim Media Network |date=2008-03-24 |accessdate=2009-07-14 |archive-date=2008-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327140607/http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=1922 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, data provided by the [[San Diego State University]]'s International Population Center to [[U.S. News & World Report]] suggests that China has 65.3 million Muslims.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm Secrets of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |date=2011-01-22 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]]. Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, [[San Diego State University]].</ref> Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries,<ref>See: *Esposito (2004) pp.2,43 *{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online }} {{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=2007-01-09 | archive-date=2013-06-22 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HZF8Uaqj?url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead }} *{{cite news | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=2005-12-23 | accessdate=2006-09-28 | archive-date=2009-01-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126140616/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | url-status=live }} *{{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=2003-02-13 | accessdate=2006-08-27 | archive-date=2007-03-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | url-status=live }}</ref> and is slowly catching up to that status in the [[Americas]]. ''European Islam'' is the term used for [[Muslims]] from the [[Balkans]], former [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Crimea]], it including People like [[Xoraxane Roma]], [[Albanians]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Pomak]], [[Gorani people|Gorani]], Torbesh, [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] from Bulgaria, North Cyprus, Greece, Romania, North Macedonia like the [[Yörüks]] and East Thrace, the European side in Turkey like the [[Amuca tribe]] and [[Crimean Tatars]], the majority belong to the [[Bektashi]] [[Sufism]] [[Dervish]] [[Tarika]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02610495/document |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-06-26 |archive-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815052909/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02610495/document |url-status=live }}</ref> == Different denominations == Like with other religions, over time different movements have developed in Islam. These movements are based on different interpretations of the scriptures. The following sections list the most common movements. * [[Non-denominational Muslims]] are Muslims who do not follow any branch and simply call themselves Muslim. * The [[Muwahidin]] or [[Muwahid Muslim]]s are a Muslim restoration movement that accepts mainstream Islam, but prefer to orient themselves towards a primacy of God's commands on issues pertaining to [[sharia law]]. [[Muwahidist]]s believe that modern Islam has been mixed with many cultural traditions and they want to change that. * The ''[[Shi'ites]]'' believe that just as only God can appoint a [[prophet]], he can appoint a second leader after the prophet. Shi'a Muslims believe that God chose [[Ali]] as the leader after [[Muhammad]]. About 10-20% of Muslims are Shi'a which means that there are about 120 million world wide. Shi'a Muslims form the majority of Muslims in [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bahrain]], [[Iraq]], and [[Lebanon]]. The largest adhab in [[Yemen]] is Zaydi Shia. Shias commonly gather for [[Day of Ashura]] in [[Karbala]]. They accept four [[hadith]]s. * ''[[Sunnism]]'' considers Abu Bakr to be the successor of Muhammad. Sunnis make up roughly 75% of Muslims.<ref name="BritannicaSunnite" /><ref name="Oxford">From the article on Sunni Islam in [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280?_hi=2&_pos=2 Oxford Islamic Studies Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214183916/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280?_hi=2&_pos=2 |date=2017-12-14 }}</ref> Sunnis believe that leaders of Islam should be chosen by the people of the Muslim world. After Abu Bakr died, Omar took his place, then Uthman, and then [[Ali]]. All of them were companions of Muhammad and lived in [[Medina]]. Sunni beliefs are typically based on the [[Qur'an]] and the [[Kutub al-Sittah]] (six hadiths). Sunnis are sometimes called Bukharists. [[File:Whirling Dervishes 2.JPG|thumb|[[Sufism|Sufi]] whirling dervishes in [[Turkey]]]] * The ''[[Sufism|Sufi]]'' are a branch [[Sunni Islam|Sunnism]] that focuses more on the spiritual and [[mysticism|mystic]] elements of Islam. Sufis usually conclude their prayers with dhikr recitations. * [[Ahmadiyya]]s are Muslims who follow Mirza Ghulam Ahmed whom they consider to be the mahdi. They are divided into two subgroups; the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. However, they are not recognised as Muslims by most of the Muslim community.<ref>Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism - Page 22, Mathieu Guidère - 2012</ref> * The [[Quraniyoon]] accept the "Quran alone" as generally reject the authority of the hadiths. Such Muslims, also known as ''Quranists'' and ''Ahle Quran'', believe that the Quran is the only source of guidance. They say the hadiths are not endorsed by the Quran, and some call them an innovative bid'ah. * [[Ibadi]]s are Muslims who originated from the Kharijites. Ibadis today have reformed beliefs from original [[Kharijite]]s. == Related pages == * [[Non-denominational Muslims]] * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Muslim Hebraists]] * [[Islamic archaeology]] * [[Umayyad Caliphate]] * [[Mu'tazila]] * [[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] * [[Sunni Islam]] * [[Shia Islam]] * [[Halal]] * [[Wudu]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} '''General references''' * {{cite book |last=Ernst |first=Carl |year=2004 |title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |url=https://archive.org/details/followingmuhamma0005erns |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=0-8078-5577-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Novak |first=David |title=The Mind of Maimonides |journal=First Things |date=February 1999}} * {{cite book |last=Sahas |first=Daniel J. |title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites |url=https://archive.org/details/johnofdamascuson0000saha_r6w8 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-04-03495-2}} * {{cite journal |last=Seibert |first=Robert F. |title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)|journal=Review of Religious Research |date=1994 |volume=36 |issue=1|doi=10.2307/3511655 |jstor=3511655 |issn = 2211-4866 }} * {{cite book |last=Warraq |first=Ibn |title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw |publisher=Prometheus |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} * {{cite book |last=Warraq |first=Ibn |title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out |url=https://archive.org/details/leavingislamapos0000unse |publisher=Prometheus |year=2003 |isbn=1-59102-068-9}} * {{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=New |year=1974 |isbn=0-19-881078-4}} '''Notes''' <references group="note"/> ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} ;Academic resources * [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam.html Patheos Library&nbsp;– Islam] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729180433/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ University of Southern California Compendium of Muslim Texts] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041010144541/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ Divisions in Islam] ;Online resources * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam Islam], article at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' *{{DMOZ|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/}} *[https://technologish.com/amazing-islamic-dp-free-download Islamic DP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131115507/https://technologish.com/amazing-islamic-dp-free-download |date=2023-01-31 }} ;Directories *[http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826072931/http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 |date=2020-08-26 }} at [[Project Gutenberg]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326092524/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm Islam] from [https://nobleanma.com/ AsiaAuthorities]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://www.seoulmassage.net Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228064249/https://www.seoulmassage.net/ |date=2021-02-28 }} ''UCB [https://the1st-anma.com/ Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725082531/https://the1st-anma.com/ |date=2020-07-25 }} [https://jinwoo-shirt.com GovPubs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028103348/http://jinwoo-shirt.com/ |date=2020-10-28 }}'' {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:Islam| ]] [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] [[Category:610s establishments]] o9o5vvtwarv34sv03txbcyakclky1rk 10967329 10967157 2026-08-19T08:00:08Z Blade Runnerrr 1606811 /* Related pages */ 10967329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion |name=Islam |native_name={{nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|إِسْلَام}}}}<br/>Islām}} |image=Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg |imagewidth=250px|caption=The [[Kaaba]] at [[Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the holiest site in Islam. |type=[[Universal religion]] |main_classification=[[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamic, Arabian]] |scripture=[[Qur'an]] (as the central text), nominally [[belief]] in previous revelations of the ''[[Tawrat]]'' ([[Torah]]), ''Zabur'' ([[Psalms]]), and ''[[Injil|Injeel]]'' ([[Gospel]]) |theology=[[Monotheism]] |language=[[Classical Arabic]] |territory=[[Muslim world]] |founder=[[Muhammad]] |founded_date=[[7th century]] [[CE]] |founded_place=[[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain -->, near [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] |members=1.9 billion |separations = [[Bahá'í Faith]] |headquarters=[[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] |defunct=Until [[today]]}} '''Islam''' is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic religion]]. It believes in [[monotheism|one God]]. Followers of Islam are called [[Muslims]]. The central holy book of Islam is the [[Qur'an]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam|title=Islam {{!}} religion|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2018-10-04|language=en|archive-date=2020-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210092158/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> There are an estimated 2 billion people who identify as Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is the Most Widely Practiced Religion in the World? {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/story/what-is-the-most-widely-practiced-religion-in-the-world|access-date=2024-11-15|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> The word Islam means submitting to the will of [[God]]. Muslims believe the Qur'an is the word of [[Allah]]. Alongside the Qur'an, Muslims also believe in the previous revelations of God, such as the ''[[Tawrat]]'', the ''[[Injil]]'', and the ''[[Zabur]]''. Muslims believe [[Muhammad]] is the final prophet, and that the Qur'an was given to him by [[Gabriel]]. Other teachings and rules may come from [[Hadith|hadith]].<ref>Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. A textbook of Hadith studies: authenticity, compilation, classification and criticism of Hadith. Kube Publishing Ltd, 2014.</ref> Most people who identify as Muslim belong to one of two groups. The most common is [[Sunni Islam]], which has the largest number of followers in [[Indonesia]]. The second is [[Shia Islam]], which has the largest number of followers in [[Iran]]. There are also [[non-denominational Muslims]] who do not follow any sect and school of thought (madhab). [[Albania]] has the largest share of non-denominational Muslims in the world, based on self-identification.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> Other notable groups or sects include the historical [[Kharijites]] and [[Mu'tazila]], as well as movements such as the [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], [[Muslim Hebraists]], [[Hadith rejectors]], and [[Neo-Mu'tazilites]]. Based on self-identification, about 1.75 billion people (around 24% of the world’s population) say they are Muslim. By this estimate, Islam is usually considered the second-largest religion in the world and one of the fastest-growing religions. == History == {{Main|History of Islam}} Muslims believe the [[Qur'an]] was first revealed to [[Muhammad]] by [[Gabriel]] until his [[death]]. The Qur'an was written in the [[Arabic language]]. After Muhammad died, the Arab Muslim leadership was assumed by [[Abu Bakr]], beginning the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. He was followed by [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], [[Uthman ibn Affan]], and [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They were followed by [[Mu'awiya I]], who established the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. Under these caliphs, Islam became one of the most important religions in the world. Under Umar, more than two thirds of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was conquered by the Arab Muslims. The Arab Islamic empire reached its largest geographical extent under the Umayyad Caliphate.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1tmDwAAQBAJ&dq=islamic+empire+largest+extent+umayyad&pg=PA63 | title=The Islamic Empire | isbn=9781420508024 | last1=Nardo | first1=Don | date=12 September 2011 | publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC }}</ref> ==Beliefs and practices == [[File:Mosque.jpg|thumb|Men praying in a [[mosque]].]] [[File:Biggest Quran book -Bait al- Quran.jpg|thumb|235x235px|The Qur'an is the cebtral holy book of Muslims. They believe it is the word of God.]] [[File:Live recitation of Surah Yusuf, verses 1 - 22 in Hafs an Asim.webm|thumb|350x350px|A young man reciting the Qur'an in the United States]] According to the Qur’an, Muslims believe in God, his angels, his books, his messengers, the Last Day, and Fate. In accordance with a Qur’anic verse: “We have created everything with predestination As much is good and bad". And in hadith the Messenger Muhammad when he said that faith is: “to believe in God, his angels, his books, his messengers, and the Last Day, and believe in the destiny of good and bad.” Muslims believe that God is the one God who created the universe with everything in it. The [[Qur'an|Qur’an]] was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through Gabriel. They believe that he is the final messenger of all messengers that are sent before him. The Prophets are human beings, whom God chose to be his messengers. Muslims believe that the prophets are not gods, but merely human beings with some miracles to prove their prophethood. They are the ones who receive divine revelation. The Quran mentions the names of many prophets, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and others. According to the Qur’an, all of the prophets were Muslims who preached Islam, but with different laws. Islam is defined in the Qur’an as “the instinct of God upon which people have broken in.” "Therefore set your face to the religion purely, the upright creation upon which He originated people. There is no change in the creation of Allah. This is the valuable religion, although most people do not know} (The Romans -Ar-Rum Surah, versus 30). Muslims also believe that Hanifism is the basis of Abraham's religion. And they see that the difference between the Abrahamic religions is in the Sharia (Law) only and not in the creed and that the Sharia of Islam abrogates what preceded it from the Sharia. this means that Islamic religion consists of Belief and Sharia. As for belief, it is the set of principles that a [[Muslims|Muslim]] must believe in, and it is fixed and does not differ according to the different prophets. As for Sharia (Law), it is the name for practical rulings that differ according to the different messengers. === The Five Pillars of Islam === {{main|Five Pillars of Islam}} According to Islamic tradition, there are five basic things that Muslims should do. They are called "The Five Pillars of Islam": #'''[[Shahada|Shahadah]]''': The Testimony (faith in English) is the core of the Muslim belief that there is no God but Allah himself, and that Muhammad is his last messenger. # '''[[Salat]]''': The mandatory prayer that is performed five times every day at prescribed times. When Muslims pray, they face the Kaaba, a large cubic structure located at the [[Sacred|holy]] city of [[Mecca]]. ''[[Salat]]'' is ''namaz'' in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. Shia Muslims pray the afternoon and evening prayers right after each other.<ref>The Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims: A Short Introduction - Page 28, Jimmy R. Davis - 2007</ref> # '''Zakat''': Muslims who have money must give [[Zakat|1/40th of the amount]] which they've had for one year as ''[[Charity (practice)|charity]]'' to help people who do not have money or need help. # '''Sawm''' (also spelled as '''Siyam''' or '''Sawm'''): [[Fasting]] during [[Ramadan]], the ninth month of the Islamic year. Muslims do not eat or drink from sunrise till sunset for one [[Lunar calendar|lunar month]]. After Ramadan, there is a holiday called ''Eid al-Fitr'' (which means "festival of end-fast" in English). On Eid al-Fitr, Muslims usually go to the [[mosque]] in the morning after sunrise for a special Salaah. # '''Hajj''' (Pilgrimage in English): During the month of Zulhejja, the 12th month of the Islamic Calendar is the [[pilgrimage]] season where many Muslims go to [[Mecca]], the holiest city of Islam. However, if a Muslim is financially unable to perform the Hajj, it is not necessary for them to do so. Those who possess great financial capacity were the most obligated to perform the Hajj. '''Note:''' ''The Five Pillars of Islam'' is a term in the view of Sunni Islam that gathered out of the hadith. There is another term '''Usool ul-Din''' (Religion Principles in English) in Shia Islam. That contains five beliefs: Tawheed, Adl, Nabuwwah, Imamah, Maad. === Quran === In Islamic belief, the Quran is the holy book of Islam and contains what Muslims claim Allah (God) conveyed to the Prophet Muhammad through the archangel [[Gabriel|Jibraeel (Gabriel)]], who had been tasked since the times of Adam to convey the words of God as guidance to mankind. The Quran is the central point of reference and is a link which connects humanity with God. The Qur'an contains many passages and chapters which cover the entire aspect of humanity, down to the most minute detail. From the creation and conception of human children, to the details of the Earth, and beyond. In the aspect of human life, it contains stories and tales of old civilizations, past prophets, and their life chronicles. The Quran contains the Sharia law or hudud, and emphasizes the equal rights of man and women alike, with mothers given special status, where it is sinful to even glare at them. The Qur'an has a total of 30 Juzuks. In each Juz, there are many Surahs or [[verse]]s, with 114 Surahatun which begin with Surah al-Fatiha (The Beginning) and ended with Surah an-Naas (Humanity). A Hafiz is a Muslim who has memorised the Quran and can accurately say every word in the Quran without flipping a single page and apply them to daily life. Other important teachings in Islam are previous revelations of God, such as the ''Tawrat'' ([[Torah]]), the ''Zabur'' ([[Psalms]]), the ''Injeel'' ([[Gospel]]), the ''Scrolls of Abraham'', and the ''Scrolls of Moses'', as well as the [[Sunnah]] (which tell about Muhammad's life) and the [[Hadith]] (which are collections of dialogues of conversation that Muslims believe Muhammad said). The Qur'an is considered in Islam as a manual for all of humanity and its teachings are to be implemented and shared by its readers. ===Place of worship / Quran readings=== [[File:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|Muslims pray in a mosque, such as this located at [[Jerusalem]].]] [[Muslims]] pray in a place of worship called the mosque. A mosque is called a ''masjid'' in Arabic. Most mosques were mostly seen having at least a single [[dome]], and some have one or more [[tower]]s called Minarat, where the Muezzin gives the Adhan, the Call for Muslim Prayer which is 13 or 15 sentences. But many mosques were built without either domes or towers. Muslims take their shoes off before entering the masjid to pray. Prayer is one of the most important things that a Muslim does. === Prayer === [[File:Maghrib Adhan at the Masjid al Haram, Mecca - 25 Feb, 2012.webm|border|left|220x220px|Call to prayer]] The Muslim is called to [[prayer]] or [[salat|salah]] 5 times a day. This call to prayer is called Adhan. The muezzin, a man chosen to make the call to prayer, uses a [[loudspeaker]], which carries his voice to the people nearby. The call to prayer is often done out loud, in public, in Muslim countries. Being called to solah is a normal part of daily life for most people in Muslim countries. [[File:Prayermat.jpg|thumb|A prayer mat]] Muslims pray on a [[carpet|mat]], which is called a ''prayer mat'' or ''prayer rug'' in English. Common Arabic names<ref>{{Cite news|title=Unique Boy Names With Meanings A to Z List 2024|language=en-US|newspaper=Unique Boy Names|url=https://uniqueboynames.com|accessdate=}}</ref> for the prayer mat include ''sajjāda'' and ''namaz''. When it is time to pray, Muslims made [[Wudu]], then face the direction of [[Qibla]] - the direction they are supposed to pray in, towards the Kabah. They then roll out their prayer mat, and perform their prayers to God. ===Peace be upon him=== According to Islamic teachings, Muslims must say "صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ" shortened as "ﷺ" whenever they hear or say the Prophet's ﷺ name or ﷺ being a common noun. ==Islam in the world== [[File:Muslim majority countries2.png|right|300px|thumb|Countries where more than half the people are Muslim<!--https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalized_adjective-->]] In 2009, a study was done in 193+1+=(195)+37 countries and territories.<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.4,11">Miller (2009), pp.4,11</ref> This study found that 23% of the global population or 1.57&nbsp;billion people are Muslims. Of those, between 75% and 90% are [[Sunni]]<ref name="PRC">{{citation|url=http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population: Main Page|date=7 October 2009|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=18 July 2010|archive-date=27 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427035429/http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BritannicaSunnite">[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite ''Sunnite''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809124159/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |date=2010-08-09 }}</ref> and between ten and twenty five percent are [[Shi'a]].<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.4,11"/><ref name="PRC" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2010-11-23|archive-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211645/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html%20|url-status=dead}}</ref> A small part belong to other Islamic sects. In about fifty countries, more than half of the people are Muslim.<ref>Miller (2009), p.11</ref> [[Arabs]] account for around twenty percent of all Muslims worldwide. Islam has three holy sites:[[Jerusalem]], [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. Most Muslims live in Asia and Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1087 |title=Islam: An Overview in Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxfordislamicstudies.com |date=2008-05-06 |accessdate=2010-05-16 |archive-date=2018-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019080456/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1087 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 62% of the world's Muslims live in [[Asia]], with over 683&nbsp;million followers in [[Indonesia]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="USN&WR">[https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm Secrets of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |date=2011-01-22 }} – [[U.S. News & World Report]]. Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, [[San Diego State University]] (2005).</ref><ref>Miller (2009), pp.15,17</ref> In the [[Middle East]]: The non-Arab countries such as: [[Turkey]], and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries. In [[Africa]]: [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the biggest Muslim communities.<ref name="Islam_by_country">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim |title=Number of Muslim by country |publisher=nationmaster.com |accessdate=2007-05-30 |archive-date=2007-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703191735/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim |url-status=live }}</ref> Most estimates indicate that the [[People's Republic of China]] has about 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=CIA – The World Factbook – China|publisher=Cia.gov|accessdate=2009-06-15|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |publisher=State.gov |accessdate=2009-06-15 |archive-date=2010-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922145130/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-07/09/content_6831389.htm |title=NW China region eyes global Muslim market |publisher=China Daily |date=2008-07-09 |accessdate=2009-07-14 |archive-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919025122/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-07/09/content_6831389.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=1922 |title=Muslim Media Network |publisher=Muslim Media Network |date=2008-03-24 |accessdate=2009-07-14 |archive-date=2008-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327140607/http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=1922 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, data provided by the [[San Diego State University]]'s International Population Center to [[U.S. News & World Report]] suggests that China has 65.3 million Muslims.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm Secrets of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |date=2011-01-22 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]]. Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, [[San Diego State University]].</ref> Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries,<ref>See: *Esposito (2004) pp.2,43 *{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online }} {{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=2007-01-09 | archive-date=2013-06-22 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HZF8Uaqj?url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead }} *{{cite news | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=2005-12-23 | accessdate=2006-09-28 | archive-date=2009-01-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126140616/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | url-status=live }} *{{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=2003-02-13 | accessdate=2006-08-27 | archive-date=2007-03-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | url-status=live }}</ref> and is slowly catching up to that status in the [[Americas]]. ''European Islam'' is the term used for [[Muslims]] from the [[Balkans]], former [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Crimea]], it including People like [[Xoraxane Roma]], [[Albanians]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Pomak]], [[Gorani people|Gorani]], Torbesh, [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] from Bulgaria, North Cyprus, Greece, Romania, North Macedonia like the [[Yörüks]] and East Thrace, the European side in Turkey like the [[Amuca tribe]] and [[Crimean Tatars]], the majority belong to the [[Bektashi]] [[Sufism]] [[Dervish]] [[Tarika]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02610495/document |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-06-26 |archive-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815052909/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02610495/document |url-status=live }}</ref> == Different denominations == Like with other religions, over time different movements have developed in Islam. These movements are based on different interpretations of the scriptures. The following sections list the most common movements. * [[Non-denominational Muslims]] are Muslims who do not follow any branch and simply call themselves Muslim. * The [[Muwahidin]] or [[Muwahid Muslim]]s are a Muslim restoration movement that accepts mainstream Islam, but prefer to orient themselves towards a primacy of God's commands on issues pertaining to [[sharia law]]. [[Muwahidist]]s believe that modern Islam has been mixed with many cultural traditions and they want to change that. * The ''[[Shi'ites]]'' believe that just as only God can appoint a [[prophet]], he can appoint a second leader after the prophet. Shi'a Muslims believe that God chose [[Ali]] as the leader after [[Muhammad]]. About 10-20% of Muslims are Shi'a which means that there are about 120 million world wide. Shi'a Muslims form the majority of Muslims in [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bahrain]], [[Iraq]], and [[Lebanon]]. The largest adhab in [[Yemen]] is Zaydi Shia. Shias commonly gather for [[Day of Ashura]] in [[Karbala]]. They accept four [[hadith]]s. * ''[[Sunnism]]'' considers Abu Bakr to be the successor of Muhammad. Sunnis make up roughly 75% of Muslims.<ref name="BritannicaSunnite" /><ref name="Oxford">From the article on Sunni Islam in [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280?_hi=2&_pos=2 Oxford Islamic Studies Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214183916/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280?_hi=2&_pos=2 |date=2017-12-14 }}</ref> Sunnis believe that leaders of Islam should be chosen by the people of the Muslim world. After Abu Bakr died, Omar took his place, then Uthman, and then [[Ali]]. All of them were companions of Muhammad and lived in [[Medina]]. Sunni beliefs are typically based on the [[Qur'an]] and the [[Kutub al-Sittah]] (six hadiths). Sunnis are sometimes called Bukharists. [[File:Whirling Dervishes 2.JPG|thumb|[[Sufism|Sufi]] whirling dervishes in [[Turkey]]]] * The ''[[Sufism|Sufi]]'' are a branch [[Sunni Islam|Sunnism]] that focuses more on the spiritual and [[mysticism|mystic]] elements of Islam. Sufis usually conclude their prayers with dhikr recitations. * [[Ahmadiyya]]s are Muslims who follow Mirza Ghulam Ahmed whom they consider to be the mahdi. They are divided into two subgroups; the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. However, they are not recognised as Muslims by most of the Muslim community.<ref>Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism - Page 22, Mathieu Guidère - 2012</ref> * The [[Quraniyoon]] accept the "Quran alone" as generally reject the authority of the hadiths. Such Muslims, also known as ''Quranists'' and ''Ahle Quran'', believe that the Quran is the only source of guidance. They say the hadiths are not endorsed by the Quran, and some call them an innovative bid'ah. * [[Ibadi]]s are Muslims who originated from the Kharijites. Ibadis today have reformed beliefs from original [[Kharijite]]s. == Related pages == * [[Non-denominational Muslims]] * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Muslim Hebraists]] * [[Living Sunnah]] * [[Islamic archaeology]] * [[Umayyad Caliphate]] * [[Mu'tazila]] * [[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] * [[Sunni Islam]] * [[Shia Islam]] * [[Halal]] * [[Wudu]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} '''General references''' * {{cite book |last=Ernst |first=Carl |year=2004 |title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |url=https://archive.org/details/followingmuhamma0005erns |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=0-8078-5577-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Novak |first=David |title=The Mind of Maimonides |journal=First Things |date=February 1999}} * {{cite book |last=Sahas |first=Daniel J. |title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites |url=https://archive.org/details/johnofdamascuson0000saha_r6w8 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-04-03495-2}} * {{cite journal |last=Seibert |first=Robert F. |title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)|journal=Review of Religious Research |date=1994 |volume=36 |issue=1|doi=10.2307/3511655 |jstor=3511655 |issn = 2211-4866 }} * {{cite book |last=Warraq |first=Ibn |title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw |publisher=Prometheus |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-57392-787-1}} * {{cite book |last=Warraq |first=Ibn |title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out |url=https://archive.org/details/leavingislamapos0000unse |publisher=Prometheus |year=2003 |isbn=1-59102-068-9}} * {{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=New |year=1974 |isbn=0-19-881078-4}} '''Notes''' <references group="note"/> ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} ;Academic resources * [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam.html Patheos Library&nbsp;– Islam] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729180433/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ University of Southern California Compendium of Muslim Texts] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041010144541/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ Divisions in Islam] ;Online resources * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam Islam], article at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' *{{DMOZ|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/}} *[https://technologish.com/amazing-islamic-dp-free-download Islamic DP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131115507/https://technologish.com/amazing-islamic-dp-free-download |date=2023-01-31 }} ;Directories *[http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826072931/http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 |date=2020-08-26 }} at [[Project Gutenberg]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326092524/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm Islam] from [https://nobleanma.com/ AsiaAuthorities]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://www.seoulmassage.net Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228064249/https://www.seoulmassage.net/ |date=2021-02-28 }} ''UCB [https://the1st-anma.com/ Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725082531/https://the1st-anma.com/ |date=2020-07-25 }} [https://jinwoo-shirt.com GovPubs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028103348/http://jinwoo-shirt.com/ |date=2020-10-28 }}'' {{Islam topics}} {{Classic World Religions}} [[Category:Islam| ]] [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] [[Category:610s establishments]] 4hhz48dbyvml4pljo1w30yod1rbrxbz 0 223430 10967186 10952976 2026-08-19T04:20:37Z FD950 752027 /* Post-presidency, 2017–present */ updated section 10967186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = President Barack Obama (1).jpg | alt = Obama standing in the Oval Office with his arms folded and smiling | caption = Official portrait, 2012 | order = [[List of presidents of the United States|44th]] | office = President of the United States | vicepresident = [[Joe Biden]] | term_start = January 20, 2009 | term_end = January 20, 2017 | predecessor = [[George W. Bush]] | successor = [[Donald Trump]] | jr/sr1 = United States Senator | state1 = [[Illinois]] | term_start1 = January 3, 2005 | term_end1 = November 16, 2008 | predecessor1 = [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]] | successor1 = [[Roland Burris]] | state_senate2 = Illinois | district2 = [[Illinois's 13th Senate district|13th]] | predecessor2 = [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]] | term_start2 = January 8, 1997 | term_end2 = November 4, 2004 | successor2 = [[Kwame Raoul]] | birth_name = Barack Hussein Obama II | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|8|4|mf=yes}} | birth_place = [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, U.S. | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]]|October 3, 1992}} | children = {{flatlist| * [[Malia Obama|Malia]] * [[Sasha Obama|Sasha]] }} | parents = {{plainlist| * [[Barack Obama Sr.]] * [[Ann Dunham]] }} | relatives = [[Obama family]] | education = [[Punahou School]] | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) * [[Harvard Law School|Harvard University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Politician * lawyer * author }} | awards = [[List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama|Full list]] | signature = Barack Obama signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | website = {{plainlist| * {{Official website|https://barackobama.com}} * {{Official website|https://www.obama.org|name=Obama Foundation}} * {{Official website|obamawhitehouse.archives.gov|name=White House Archives}} }} | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=President Obama on the death of Osama bin Laden.ogg|title=Barack Obama's voice|type=speech|description=Obama on the [[death of Osama bin Laden]]<br />Recorded May 2, 2011}} | name = Barack Obama [[File:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]] }} '''Barack Hussein Obama II''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|_|h|uː|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|_|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɑː|m|ə|audio=En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg}}; born August 4, 1961)<ref>{{cite web|date=August 9, 1961|title=Birth Certificate of Barack Obama|url=http://www.politifact.com/media/img/graphics/birthCertObama.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014013910/http://www.politifact.com/media/img/graphics/birthCertObama.jpg|archive-date=October 14, 2008|access-date=2008-12-12|work=Department of Health, Hawaii|publisher=[[St. Petersburg Times|PolitiFact.com]]}}</ref> is an American politician and attorney. He was the 44th [[president of the United States]] from 2009 to 2017. He was the first [[African Americans|African-American]] president in U.S. history. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he also served as member of the [[Illinois Senate]] from 1997 to 2004 and a [[United States Senate|United States senator]] from [[Illinois]] from 2005 to 2008. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. He married Michelle Robinson in 1992. They have two daughters, [[Malia Obama]] and [[Sasha Obama]]. Obama was inaugurated in January 2009, as the first African American mixed-race president. As president, he slowly ended US participation in the [[Iraq War]], having prepared the country to defend itself. The [[al-Qaeda]] terrorist leader [[Osama bin Laden]] was killed while Obama was in office. Also, he contributed to the overthrow of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] in [[Libya]]. Obama signed the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (often called "Obamacare") which changed many health care laws. He also enacted many acts to create public works jobs to help the economy. He became the first president to openly express support for gay marriage, and proposed gun control as a result of the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting|Sandy Hook school shooting]]. He was reelected in 2012. During his second term, the government partially shut down. He was able to open [[Cuban Thaw|diplomatic relations with Cuba]]. In 2015, the United States joined the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]]. He attempted to nominate [[Merrick Garland]] to the Supreme Court but was unsuccessful in doing so. Obama left office in January 2017 and was succeeded by Republican [[Donald Trump]]. He now lives in [[Washington, D.C.]] He has ranked high in presidential opinion polls.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-11|title=Obama Tops Public's List of Best President in Their Lifetime, Followed by Clinton, Reagan|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2018/07/11/obama-tops-publics-list-of-best-president-in-their-lifetime-followed-by-clinton-reagan/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy|language=en-US}}</ref> == Early life == Barack Hussein Obama II was born on August 4, 1961<ref name="biography">{{cite web|year=2008|title=President Barack Obama|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama|archive-date=October 26, 2009|access-date=December 31, 2013|publisher=The White House|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> in Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children (called Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in 1961) in [[Honolulu, Hawaii]].<ref name="maraniss">{{cite news|author=Maraniss, David|date=August 24, 2008|title=Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A22|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html|access-date=December 31, 2013|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164728/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Nakaso, Dan|date=December 22, 2008|title=Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years|newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser|page=B1|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html|access-date=December 31, 2013|archive-date=January 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129023832/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the first President to have been born in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rudin, Ken|date=December 23, 2009|title=Today's Junkie segment on TOTN: a political review Of 2009|work=Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog)|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html|access-date=December 31, 2013|quote=We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii|archive-date=May 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153042/http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His father was a black exchange student from Kenya named Barack Obama Sr. He died in a motorcycle accident in Kenya in 1982. His mother was a white woman from Kansas named [[Ann Dunham]], who was an anthropologist and died in 1995, from [[uterine cancer]].<ref>Von Zumbusch, Amelie. Barack Obama: Man of Destiny. The Rosen Publishing Group 2010 page 7</ref> He spent most of his childhood in Hawaii and [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], although he lived in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] with his mother and stepfather from age 6 to age 10.<ref>Falk, Avner The Riddle of Barack Obama: A Psychobiography ABC-CLIO pages 55-56</ref> He later moved back to Hawaii to live with his grandparents, Obama is one of 8 siblings. [https://www.oldest.org/people/barack-obamas-siblings/] === Education === He started college at [[Occidental College]] in [[Los Angeles]], and graduated from [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]] with a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[political science]] in 1983. After taking time off as a community organizer, Obama went to law school at [[Harvard University]] and graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1991. After law school, Obama worked for a law firm in [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]], [[Chicago]]. == Marriage and family == [[File:Obama Family.jpg|thumb|left|Obama with his family]] Obama has been married to [[Michelle Obama]] since 1992. She has a Juris Doctor degree from [[Harvard Law School]]. She worked as a [[lawyer]]. They have two daughters, Malia Ann, who was born in 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html|title=Born on the 4th of July -|website=politico.com|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=2018-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211141257/https://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Natasha ("Sasha"), born in 2001. They were born at University of Chicago Medical Center in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gannett.com/|title=Gannett|website=gannett.com|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121181551/https://www.gannett.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> They lived in [[Chicago]], but moved into the [[White House]] on January 20, 2009. Obama promised his daughters that the family would get a [[dog]] if he was elected president. In April 2009, Senator [[Ted Kennedy]], the brother of former President John F. Kennedy, gave Obama one of his dogs, a Portuguese water dog named [[Bo (dog)|Bo]]. Obama has a half sister who is a teacher in [[Hawaii]]. His father died from a car accident in [[Kenya]]. His mother died of ovarian cancer. His maternal grandmother died just before Obama won the election to become President. == Political career == Obama worked for [[Alice Palmer]], an Illinois state senator. In 1995, she chose not to run for re-election so that she could run for U.S. Congress,<ref name=CNN1>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/29/obamas.first.campaign/index.html|title=Obama played hardball in first Chicago campaign|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=2010-01-21|archive-date=2010-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131030943/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/29/obamas.first.campaign/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Obama decided to run for her Illinois state senate seat. Palmer lost her election for U.S. Congress, so she tried to keep her seat in the state senate, but she did not have enough time to meet the rules of the election. Obama's team said that she could not be on the ballot, and the election rule makers agreed. Obama won the election and became an Illinois state senator.<ref name=CNN1 /> He was state senator from 1997 to 2004.<ref name=NYTimes /> While he was Illinois state senator, he wrote a law that required police to keep records on the race of people they stopped.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|title=In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html|access-date=2010-01-21|website=The New York Times|date=30 July 2007|last1=Scott|first1=Janny|archive-date=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The law that he wrote also forced police to videotape when they talked to people they suspect of murder.<ref name=NYTimes /> He taught law part-time at the University of Chicago Law School. Judge and political teacher [[Abner J. Mikva]] taught Obama politics and became his mentor. During his early political career, Obama would make appearances and debate on ''[[Chicago Tonight]]''. Obama ran for the [[U.S. Senate]].<ref name=CNN2>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html|title=Election 2004|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=2010-01-21|archive-date=2008-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While running for Senate, [[John Kerry]] asked him to speak at the [[Democratic National Convention]]. He spoke on television. He was a U.S. Senator from 2005 to 2008.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 8, 1961|title=Birth Certificate of Barack Obama|url=http://www.politifact.com/media/img/graphics/birthCertObama.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014013910/http://www.politifact.com/media/img/graphics/birthCertObama.jpg|archive-date=October 14, 2008|access-date=2008-12-12|work=Department of Health, Hawaii|publisher=[[St. Petersburg Times|PolitiFact.com]]}}</ref> Obama won the presidential election of 2008.<ref name=CNN2 /> == 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns == === 2008 presidential campaign === [[File:Obama Biden.png|thumb|150px|right|Obama’s campaign logo]] Obama's presidential campaign for the [[White House]] started in early June 2008, when he defeated [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] in the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic primaries]]. Hillary Clinton was favored to win but Obama won many smaller state caucuses (local party elections) by having a lot of volunteers. He decided not to accept government money for his campaign so that he could accept more private money under [[Campaign finance reform in the United States]]. He raised the most amount of money ever for a presidential campaign. {{fact|date=August 2016}} Obama's campaign theme was that he was a man of hope and change. He was also against the [[war in Iraq]]. He was in favor of giving money to American car companies. He was in favor of sending more troops to [[Afghanistan]]. During the campaign, some people said that Obama's friends were Tony Rezko, a landlord, and former revolutionary [[Bill Ayers]]; Obama said that they were not his friends. {{fact|date=August 2016}} Obama also had trouble when his minister at church, [[Jeremiah Wright]], was videotaped [[wikt:criticize|criticizing]] America. During the campaign, Obama said that his opponent, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidate [[John McCain]], was just like [[George W. Bush]], something that John McCain said was not true. He ran with [[Joe Biden]] as his candidate for [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]. He defeated McCain in the election on November 4 by a wide electoral majority of 365 to 173, meaning that he won the most votes in enough states to send 365 people to officially elect him. The popular vote (based on the total number of votes across the country) was closer, with Obama winning 53%, McCain 46%. === 2012 presidential campaign === Obama announced he was running for president again in April 2011, when he posted a video on his website. Because he was already the president, there were very few other Democrats who tried to oppose him. He won the democratic nomination easily. Their opponents in the Republican party this time were [[Mitt Romney]], who was running for president, and [[Paul Ryan]], who was running for vice president. In the election on November 6, Obama and Joe Biden defeated Romney and Ryan by a majority of 332 to 206 electoral votes. This meant that, even though it was still large, his majority was smaller than in 2008. In terms of the popular vote, Obama won 51.1% and Romney won 47.2%. == Presidency, 2009–17 == {{Main|Presidency of Barack Obama}} [[File:BarackObama2010.jpg|thumb|Obama talking in 2010 at the University of Minnesota]] === First term, 2009–13 === {{Main|First inauguration of Barack Obama}} [[File:Barack Obama inaugural address.ogv|Inaugural address by Barack Obama|thumb|left]] Obama was first sworn in as president on January 20, 2009. ==== Great Recession ==== When Obama was sworn in, the United States was battling a tough [[recession]]. He asked Congress to spend an extra [[United States dollar|$]]787 billion ($787,000,000,000) to try to end the recession. He called the plan the [[stimulus bill]]. The stimulus bill funded many road projects, gave money to schools, gave tax credits to many Americans, and funded many science and research projects. He continued the financial [[bailout]] that [[George W. Bush]] started, giving billions of dollars to car companies and banks so that they would not go bankrupt. He signed an act written by [[Barney Frank]] and [[Chris Dodd]] which would regulate [[Wall Street]] (the financial industry) to try to prevent another recession like this from happening again. ==== Obamacare ==== Obama said he would change the health care system in the United States in order to make healthcare more affordable for Americans. He signed the [[Affordable Care Act|Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (also known as Obamacare) in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Stolberg|first1=Sheryl Gay|last2=Pear|first2=Robert|date=2010-03-23|title=Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Bill, With a Flourish|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html|access-date=2021-04-20|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2022-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513160854/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This brought [[health care]] [[reform]] to the United States. ==== Nobel Peace Prize ==== [[File:Obama Nobel Peace Prize 2009 Harry Wad2.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony in Oslo]] Obama received the 2009 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] on October 9, 2009.<ref>https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091009/ap_on_re_eu/eu_nobel_peace;_ylt=AvcReJHxOgxgKsZdCsv9XB0EtbAF{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He noted that his efforts were humble, but he donated the prize money to several charities. ==== Tea Party movement ==== Though his popularity was very high (around 70% approval) when he entered office, his approval ratings fell to 45% percent during the year of 2010. He received much criticism from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]], [[conservatism|conservatives]], [[libertarian]]s, and members of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]] as they believed that the federal government was becoming too big and spending too much money, and that his programs were not the best for the country. ==== War in Iraq ==== Obama made a plan to slowly withdraw troops from [[Iraq]], ending the [[Iraq war|War in Iraq]] by the end of 2011, while adding more troops to [[Afghanistan]] to help the United States win the [[War in Afghanistan]]. He also decided that the United States should help in the war against [[Libya]]. He has said several times that he wants to improve U.S. relations with the Muslim world. Obama reduced US participation in the [[Iraq War]] and continued the [[War on Terrorism|war on terror]] which resulted in the [[Death of Osama bin Laden|death]] of [[Osama bin Laden]] on May 2, 2011. Obama started a no-fly-zone policy on the [[Libyan civil war]] that ended in October 2011 with the killing of [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. ==== Economic policy ==== With rising [[economic deficit]]s (the amount of money the government borrows each month) under his administration, he called for taxes to be increased on the rich. He criticized his Republican opponents for wanting to cut welfare benefits for the poor rather than raising taxes to help pay down the debt. ==== LGBT rights ==== He signed the Don't Ask Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 in 2010, allowing openly gay men and openly lesbian women in the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Obama signs repeal of 'don't ask, don't tell' policy|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/22/dadt.repeal/index.html|access-date=2021-04-20|website=www.cnn.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325040305/http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/22/dadt.repeal/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 9, 2012, he became the first sitting US President to openly support legalizing same-sex marriage. ==== Gun control ==== On December 14, 2012, after the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting|school shooting]] in [[Newtown, Connecticut]] occurred, Obama had said, "We're going to have to come together and take meaningful action to prevent more tragedies like this, regardless of the politics". On December 21, 2012, Obama and his [[White House]] staff observed a [[moment of silence]] because of the school shooting in Connecticut. Before his second term began, there has been debating of guns because of the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting|shooting]] in [[Newtown, Connecticut]] that happened on December 14, 2012, as well as shootings in the past. ==== 2012 re-election campaign ==== [[File:Obamas and Bidens celebrate re-election (cropped).jpg|thumb|President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden and his wife Jill Biden at McCormick Place in Chicago early on 7 November 2012 following the President's election night speech]] On April 4, 2011 Obama said that he would run for re-election for a second term in 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the [[Federal Election Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Shear|first=Michael D.|date=April 4, 2011|title=Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges|work=The New York Times|url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges|access-date=April 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405205656/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges|archive-date=April 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=April 4, 2011|title=Obama announces re-election bid|work=[[United Press International]]|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief|access-date=April 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011832/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief|archive-date=May 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Zeleny|first1=Jeff|last2=Calmes|first2=Jackie|date=April 4, 2011|title=Obama Opens 2012 Campaign, With Eye on Money and Independent Voters|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&sq=obama%202012&st=cse|url-status=live|access-date=April 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230822/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&sq=obama%202012&st=cse|archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref> He was officially nominated as his party's nominee on September 6, 2012. [[Mitt Romney]] was officially nominated as his opponent by the Republican party on August 30, 2012. While the election results were very close, Obama easily won the electoral college votes he needed to win a second term.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite web|date=November 7, 2012|title=President Barack Obama defeats Romney to win re-election|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-20233064|access-date=November 7, 2012|publisher=BBC|archive-date=November 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107061737/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-20233064|url-status=live}}</ref> Obama and Romney spent more than $2 billion on advertising during the election campaign.<ref name="bbc1" /> On December 21, 2012, Obama nominated [[John Kerry]] for [[United States Secretary of State]] during his second term.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/22/us/politics/kerry-is-pick-for-secretary-of-state-official-says.html|title=Kerry Is Pick for Secretary of State, Official Says|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 21, 2012|access-date=February 3, 2013|last=Landler|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Landler|archive-date=December 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221170415/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/22/us/politics/kerry-is-pick-for-secretary-of-state-official-says.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/12/john-kerry-to-be-nominated-to-be-secretary-of-state-sources-say/|title=Sources: Kerry to Be Nominated to Be Secretary|first=A. B. C.|last=News|publisher=ABC News|access-date=2013-02-03|archive-date=2013-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219031014/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/12/john-kerry-to-be-nominated-to-be-secretary-of-state-sources-say/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/15/john-kerry-secretary-of-state_n_2306877.html |title=John Kerry To Get Secretary Of State Nomination, Reports ABC |work=HuffPost |date=December 15, 2012 |access-date=February 3, 2013 |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223035548/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/15/john-kerry-secretary-of-state_n_2306877.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kerry was sworn in on February 1, 2013. === Second term, 2013–17 === {{main|Second inauguration of Barack Obama}} Obama was inaugurated for a second term privately (only his family members could see) on January 20, 2013, at the [[White House]]. The next day, January 21, 2013, he was inaugurated again, this time in public, at the [[United States Capitol]]. This was because January 20, 2013, was on a Sunday. The start of his second term in 2013 had a few setbacks. With the NSA, people were upset at the Obama administration that the government was possibly listening to their phone calls. His party (the Democrats) also lost the Congressional elections. Because of disagreements between Democrats and Republicans in Congress, neither side was getting anything done and Obama resulted in using his Executive Order (his power as president) to help reform things like the immigration system. He visited South Africa in late June 2013. Prior to visiting South Africa, he visited Senegal. He visited [[Robben Island]], where Mandela was imprisoned. He did not meet with Nelson Mandela. ==== 2013 United States federal government shutdown ==== The United States government shutdown occurred on October 1, 2013. On October 17, 2013, Obama signed a bill that ended the United States government shut down. ==== Presidential Medals of Freedom ==== [[File:C. T. Vivian receives 2013 Presidential Medal of Freedom.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama awards the 2013 Presidential Medal of Freedom to Cordy Tindell “C.T.” Vivian, during a ceremony in the East Room of the White House.]] Obama awarded several people, including former U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] and media mogul [[Oprah Winfrey]] for the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] on November 20, 2013. He has awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom to many people, such as [[Stephen Hawking]], [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], Chita Rivera, [[Loretta Lynn]] and [[George H. W. Bush]]. ==== Death of Nelson Mandela ==== [[File:Obama Madiba Memorial.jpg|thumb|Obama speaks at the memorial service for Nelson Mandela on December 10, 2013, in Soccer Stadium in Soweto, South Africa.]] On December 5, 2013, he gave a four-and-a-half-minute speech of [[Nelson Mandela]] after Mandela's death was announced. On December 9, 2013, he departed Washington, D.C. to go to South Africa for Mandela's memorial service. On December 10, 2013, Obama spoke at the memorial service of Nelson Mandela in [[Soweto]], [[South Africa]]. ==== Minimum wage and college ==== He supported increasing the minimum wage, requiring women to be paid the same as men at the same job, and has called for the first 2 years of college to be fully government-funded for students who study full-time and get good grades. ==== Legalization of same-sex marriage ==== Obama supported [[LGBT]] members, and successfully convinced the courts in 2015 that [[same-sex marriage]] should be legal in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obama-gay-marriage_n_2783912|title=Obama Administration To Supreme Court: Prop. 8 Is Unconstitutional|last=Reilly|first=Ryan J.|date=2013-02-28|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414191605/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obama-gay-marriage_n_2783912|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== Obama was also worried about [[climate change]], and promoted the [[Paris Agreement]] on climate change. ==== Nomination of Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court ==== After the death of [[Supreme Court]] justice [[Antonin Scalia]], Obama nominated [[Merrick Garland]] to replace him on March 16, 2016, but the nomination expired because the Senate refused to hold a vote for him. == Post-presidency, 2017–present == As [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|it is not possible for a person to be president for three terms]], Obama could not run for president again. He was succeeded by Republican [[Donald Trump]] in early 2017. He left office with a 60% approval rating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/|title=Obama leaving office at 60% approval rating|website=UPI|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331154813/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/|url-status=live}}</ref> Even though he is not the president anymore, Obama still owns a house in [[Washington, D.C.]] Obama and his wife, Michelle, spend time making speeches and attending events. They also run a charity called the Obama Foundation, and own Higher Ground Productions, a company which makes [[movie]]s. The company was hired by [[Netflix]] to make [[Documentary|documentaries]]. One of their documentaries, ''American Factory'', won an [[Academy Award]] for being the best documentary of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/the-obamas-will-produce-movies-and-shows-for-netflix.html|title=The Obamas Will Produce Movies and Shows for Netflix|last=Harris|first=Hunter|date=2018-05-21|website=Vulture|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503114242/https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/the-obamas-will-produce-movies-and-shows-for-netflix.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/13/entertainment/barack-and-michelle-obama-oscars/index.html|title=Barack and Michelle Obama's production company scores first Oscar nomination|last=CNN|first=Sandra Gonzalez|website=CNN|date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120221603/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/13/entertainment/barack-and-michelle-obama-oscars/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He released his presidential memoir, ''A Promised Land,'' on November 17, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Debenedetti|first=Gabriel|date=2018-06-24|title=Barack Obama, Where Are You?|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/06/where-is-barack-obama.html|access-date=2020-04-02|website=Intelligencer|language=en-us|archive-date=2020-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404171337/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/06/where-is-barack-obama.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Harris|first=Elizabeth A.|date=2020-09-17|title=Obama's Memoir 'A Promised Land' Coming in November|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/books/obama-memoir-a-promised-land.html|access-date=2021-05-19|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917101005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/books/obama-memoir-a-promised-land.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, Obama strongly criticized [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]] for his response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]], saying that it is "an absolute chaotic disaster".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trump Accuses Obama Of A Crime In White House Press Briefing|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/05/11/trump-accuses-obama-of-a-crime-in-white-house-press-briefing/|last=Solender|first=Andrew|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12|archive-date=2020-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512025003/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/05/11/trump-accuses-obama-of-a-crime-in-white-house-press-briefing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of the Obama Presidential Center began in 2021 on the south side of [[Chicago]]. It opened in June 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bey|first=Lee|date=2025-12-26|title=An Obama quote gets installed atop presidential center|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/architecture-design/2025/12/26/obama-selma-america-quote-presidential-center|access-date=2025-12-29|website=Chicago Sun Times|language=en-US}}</ref> He thinks that there are [[Extraterrestrial life|aliens]] in the [[universe]], but he has not seen any proof of alien visiting earth.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Cachella |title=Obama clarifies views on aliens after saying 'they're real' on podcast |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2g4qglzz8o |website=BBC |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Legal career == From 1994 to 2002, Obama was a member of the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to give money to the Developing Communities Project. During this time, Obama was also a member of the board of directors of the Joyce Foundation.<ref name="Who's Who 2008">{{Cite book|title=Who's Who in America, 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinamerica62edunse|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8379-7011-0|editor-last=Chassie, Karen|location=New Providence, NJ|page=3468}}</ref> He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, and as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> Obama's law license expired in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gore|first=D'Angelo|date=June 14, 2012|title=The Obamas' Law Licenses|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718221807/http://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/|archive-date=July 18, 2012|access-date=July 16, 2012|publisher=FactCheck.org}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons}} * [http://www.barackobama.com/ Official campaign website] {{Barack Obama}} {{Obama cabinet|state=collapsed}} {{USPresidents}} {{Nobel Peace Prize}} {{African American topics}} {{Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Obama, Barack}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Barack Obama| ]] [[Category:2008 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2012 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:21st-century American politicians]] [[Category:African-American lawyers]] [[Category:African-American politicians]] [[Category:African-American politicians]] [[Category:American Nobel Prize winners]] [[Category:American Protestants]] [[Category:Activists from Chicago]] [[Category:Columbia University alumni]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:HuffPost writers and columnists]] [[Category:Time People of the Year]] [[Category:Obama family]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians [[Category:Politicians from Chicago]] [[Category:Politicians from Honolulu]] [[Category:Members of the Illinois General Assembly]] [[Category:United States senators from Illinois]] [[Category:Lawyers from Chicago]] [[Category:Lawyers from Hawaii]] [[Category:21st-century presidents of the United States]] [[Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]] p4734yd6i5igjuoxwxzjvq2bn93yxpr 0 229301 10966760 10756811 2026-08-18T16:30:03Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pepperjack Cheese.jpg|thumb|270px|A half-pound block of [[Tillamook County Creamery Association|Tillamook]] pepper jack cheese.]] '''Pepper jack cheese''' is a type of [[Monterey Jack]] cheese that is made with spicy hot [[Chile pepper|pepper]]s for flavor. Pepper jack is a spicy, buttery cheese that is soft and has a tart flavor. [[Category:Cheeses]] == History == Although the origins of Pepper jack cheese is undocumented, it is rumored to have been created in [[California]] in late 19th century by Mexican-American cheesemakers who created Monterey Jack cheese with [[Jalapeño]] peppers for additional flavor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is Pepper Jack Cheese? Is Pepper Jack Spicy?|url=https://www.cheese.com/pepper-jack/|access-date=2026-02-19|website=www.cheese.com|language=en|archive-date=2026-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221074122/https://www.cheese.com/pepper-jack/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{food-stub}} jjl0z2j7j128nrrgxb2xfo6xw7ta51l 4 232564 10967222 10962396 2026-08-19T05:24:59Z ~2026-44268-24 1854323 10967222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[100 Best Villages of Japan]] [[:ja:にほんの里100選|(ja)]] * [[2 Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:2 Ursae Minoris|(en)]] * [[20 Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:20 Ursae Minoris|(en)]] * [[2004–05 United States network television schedule]] [[:en:2004–05 United States network television schedule|(en)]] * [[2005–06 United States network television schedule]] [[:en:2005–06 United States network television schedule|(en)]] * [[2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election]] [[:en:2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election|(en)]] * [[2006–07 United States network television schedule]] [[:en:2006–07 United States network television schedule|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[24 Ursae Minoris]] [[:es:24 Ursae Minoris|(es)]] [[:en:24 Ursae Minoris|(en)]] * [[541]] (year, AD), ([[:en:AD_541|en]]) * [[527]] (year, AD), ([[:en:AD_527|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Address Unknown (1935 movie)]] [[:en:Address Unknown (1935 film)|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[All Along the Watchtower]] [[:en:All Along the Watchtower|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] == B == * [[Baixing]] [[:en:Baixing|(en)]] * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhaisajyaguru]] [[:en:Bhaisajyaguru|(en)]] * [[Bhaiṣajyarāja]] [[:en:Bhaiṣajyarāja|(en)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brahmā (Buddhism)]] [[:en:Brahmā (Buddhism)|(en)]] * [[Brampton Centennial Secondary School shooting]] [[:en:Brampton Centennial Secondary School shooting|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Breach of contract]] [[:en:Breach of contract|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Battle of Groix]] [[:en: Battle of Groix |(en)]] * [[broken needle festival]] [[:fr:Hari-kuyō matsuri|(fr)]] [[:en:Hari-Kuyō|(en)]] * [[Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra]] [[:en:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra|(en)]] == C == * [[Café Continental]] [[:en:Café Continental|(en)]] * [[Camphor trees]] [[:en:Camphor trees|(en)]] * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Cat6 UTP Cable]] [[:en:Cat6 UTP Cable|(en)]] * [[Celestial Great One]] [[:zh:天乙_(星官)|(zh)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)]] [[:en:Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Chichibu no Kuni no Miyatsuko]] [[:ja:知々夫国造|(ja)]] * [[Chichibu, Saitama]] [[:en:Chichibu, Saitama|(en)]] * [[Chigi (architecture)]] [[:en:Chigi (architecture)|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese constellations]] [[:en:Chinese constellations|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Samuel Chukwueze]] [[:en:Samuel Chukwueze|(en)]] * [[Chūhachi Ninomiya]] [[:en:Chūhachi Ninomiya|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Cintāmaṇicakra]] [[:en:Cintāmaṇicakra|(en)]] * [[Classical Tibetan]] [[:en:Classical Tibetan|(en)]] * [[Co-creation]] [[:en:Co-creation|(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Collected Dhāraṇī Sūtras]] [[:zh:陀羅尼集經|(zh)]] * [[Columnar jointing]] [[:en:Columnar jointing|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Comparison of mobile phone standards]][[:en:Comparison of mobile phone standards|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Conclusion]] [[:en:Conclusion|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en:Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Criminal justice reform]] [[:en:Criminal justice reform|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] * [[Cryptomeria]] [[:en:Cryptomeria|(en)]] * [[Culture of the United States]] [[:en:Culture of the United States|(en]], currently redirected to [[USA]]) == D == * [[Dairokuten Shrines]] [[:ja:第六天神社|(ja)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[David G Bromley]] [[:en:David G Bromley|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Delta Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:Delta Ursae Minoris|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Devadatta]] [[:en:Devadatta|(en)]] * [[Dharmasraya Regency]] [[:en:Dharmasraya Regency|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dissociative anaesthetic]] [[:en:Dissociative anaesthetic|(en)]] * [[Diverging diamond interchange]] [[:en:Diverging diamond interchange|(en)]] * [[Doctor X (movie)]] [[:en:Doctor X (film)|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[Down in the Boondocks (song)]] [[:en:Down in the Boondocks (song)|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 movie)]] [[:en:Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1941 film)|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] * [[Dōkyō]] [[:en:Dōkyō|(en)]] == E == * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Ekādaśamukha]] [[:en:Ekādaśamukha|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Ema]] [[:en:Ema|(en)]] * [[Emirate of Kuwait]] [[:en:Emirate of Kuwait|(en)]] * [[Empathogen]] [[:en:Empathogen|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Entactogen]] [[:en:Entactogen|(en)]] * [[En no Gyōja]] [[:en:En no Gyōja|(en)]] * [[Epsilon Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:Epsilon Ursae Minoris|(en)]] * [[Eta Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:Eta Ursae Minoris|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] * [[Eurasian red squirrel]] [[:en:Eurasian red squirrel|(en)]] * [[Eutylone]] [[:en:Eutylone|(en)]] == F == * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[FIFA International Referees List]] [[:en:FIFA International Referees List|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Great One]] [[:zh:太乙 (星官)|(zh)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Fujiwara clan]] [[:en:Fujiwara clan|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] * [[Furuichi Kofun Cluster]] [[:en:Furuichi Kofun Cluster|(en)]] * [[Futsunushi]] [[:en:Futsunushi|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[Genkai Quasi-National Park]] [[:en:Genkai Quasi-National Park|(en)]] * [[Genkai Sea]] [[:en:Genkai Sea|(en)]] * [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] [[:en:Germplasm Resources Information Network|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Gozu Tenno]] [[:en:Gozu Tenno|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Gregory de Polnay]] [[:en:Gregory de Polnay|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] * [[Grave goods]] [[:en:Grave goods|(en)]] * [[Groix]] [[:en:Groix|(en)]] * Ghazy, Mohamed Atef - Egyptian scientist and biochemist. Has over 2,800 citations on Google Scholar and a documented article on [https://wikipedia.org Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia]. Wikidata item: [[d:Q139844590]]. == H == * [[Hamamatsu Castle]] [[:en:Hamamatsu Castle|(en)]] * [[Hamamatsu-juku]] [[:en:Hamamatsu-juku|(en)]] * [[Handy]] [[:en:Handy|(en)]] * [[Haniyasu-hiko and Haniyasu-hime]] [[:en:Haniyasu-hiko and Haniyasu-hime|(en)]] * [[Lana Hansen]] [[:de:Lana Hansen|de}]] * [[Hariti]] [[:en:Hariti|(en)]] * [[Harunotsuji Site]] [[:en:Harunotsuji Site|(en)]] * [[Have I Told You Lately]] [[:en:Have I Told You Lately|(en)]] * [[Hayagriva (Buddhism)]] [[:en:Hayagriva (Buddhism)|(en)]] * [[HD 216446]] [[:en:HD 216446|(en)]] * [[HD 217382]] [[:en:HD 217382|(en)]] * [[HD 221525]] [[:en:HD 221525|(en)]] * [[HD 51802]] [[:en:勾陳增四|(en)]] [[:es:OV_Cephei|(es)]] * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Hikosachi no Mikoto]] [[:ja:彦狭知命|(ja)]] * [[Himegami]] [[:en:Himegami|(en)]] * [[Hiraoka Shrine]] [[:en:Hiraoka Shrine|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Hotsuma Tsutae]] [[:en:Hotsuma Tsutae|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[House of Yoshida Tsukasa]] [[:ja:吉田司家|(ja)]] [[:en:House of Yoshida Tsukasa|(en)]] * [[Hozumi clan]] [[:ja:穂積氏|(ja)]] * [[Hrī (Buddhism)]] [[:en:Hrī (Buddhism)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] * [[Hybotidae]] [[:en: Hybotidae|(en)]] * [[Hyung Jin Moon]] [[:en:Hyung Jin Moon|(en)]] == I == * [[I Love a Man in Uniform (movie)]] [[:en:I Love a Man in Uniform (film)|(en)]] * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[If You Don't Know Me by Now]] [[:en:If You Don't Know Me by Now|(en)]] * [[Igatsuomi no Mikoto]] [[:ja:伊賀津臣命|(ja)]] [[:en:Igatsuomi no Mikoto|(en)]] * [[Ii Naonori]] [[:en:Ii Naonori|(en)]] * [[Ikikoku]] [[:en:Ikikoku|(en)]] * [[Ika District, Shiga]] [[:en:Ika District, Shiga|(en)]] * [[Imagawa]] [[:en:Imagawa|(en)]] * [[Imperial Regalia of Japan]] [[:en:Imperial Regalia of Japan|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Indirect]] [[:en:Indirect|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] * [[Itakiso Shrine]] [[:en:Itakiso Shrine|(en)]] * [[Itsuse no Mikoto]] [[:en:Itsuse no Mikoto|(en)]] * [[Iwase-Senzuka Kofun Cluster]] [[:en:Iwase-Senzuka Kofun Cluster|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Japan Tourism Agency]] [[:fr:Agence japonaise du tourisme|(fr)]] [[:en:Japan Tourism Agency|(en)]] * [[Japanese amberjack]] [[:en:Japanese amberjack|(en)]] * [[Japanese imperial tombs]] [[:en:Japanese imperial tombs|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmu's Eastern Expedition]] [[:en:Jimmu's Eastern Expedition|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Breen (scholar)]] [[:en:John Breen (scholar)|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] * [[Joseph Calasanz]] [[:en:Joseph Calasanz|(en)]] * [[Jñānagupta]] [[:en:Jñānagupta|(en)]] == K == * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Kepler-Poinsot polyhedron]] [[:en:Kepler-Poinsot polyhedron|(en)]] * [[kijetesantakalu]] [[:tok:kijetesantakalu|(tok)]] * [[Kofun system]] [[:en:Kofun system|(en)]] * [[Kogo Shūi]] [[:en:Kogo Shūi|(en)]] * [[Kō of Wa]] [[:en:Kō of Wa|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of cities in Oregon]] [[:en:List of cities in Oregon|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[List of municipalities in Arizona]] [[:en:List of municipalities in Arizona|(en)]] * [[List of municipalities in New Mexico]] [[:en:List of municipalities in New Mexico|(en)]] * [[List of municipalities in Washington]] [[:en:List of municipalities in Washington|(en)]] * [[List of Stargate SG-1 episodes]] [[:en:List of Stargate SG-1 episodes|(en)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Longnü]] [[:en:Longnü|(en)]] * [[Lotus Sutra]] [[:en:Lotus Sutra|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luciferianism]] [[:en:Luciferianism|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] * [[Lysa]] [[acronym]][[: love you straight away.]] Applausable mention: created by methodman of the team M.Y.S from Aotearoa, New Zealand. Polynesian decent. == M == * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Malawi national netball team]] [[:en:Malawi national netball team|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Manhattanhenge]] [[:en:Manhattanhenge|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mai Shiranui]] [[:en:Mai Shiranui|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Midnight Rider]] [[:en:Midnight Rider|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Ministry of Education (Spain)]] [[:en:Ministry of Education (Spain)|(en)]] [[:es:Ministerio de Educación (España)|(es)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsubishi Pajero]] [[:en:Mitsubishi Pajero|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[Money for Nothing (song)]] [[:en:Money for Nothing|(en)]] * [[Mononobe clan]] [[:en:Mononobe clan|(en)]] * [[Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album]] [[:en:Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Mouthwashing (video game)]] [[:en:Mouthwashing (video game)| (en)]] * [[Mount Adachi]] [[:en:Mount Adachi|(en)]] * [[Mount Ibuki]] [[:en:Mount Ibuki|(en)]] * [[Mount Ikoma]] [[:en:Mount Ikoma|(en)]] * [[Mount Meru]] [[:en:Mount Meru|(en)]] * [[Mount Wakakusa]] [[:en:Mount Wakakusa|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] * [[Myōhō-in]] [[:ja:妙法院|(ja)]] [[:en:Myōhō-in|(en)]] * [[Myōjin]] [[:en:Myōjin|(en)]] * [[Myōken]] [[:en:Myōken|(en)]] * [[Muhammad Burhan Mirza]] [[:en:Muhammad Burhan Mirza|(en)]] == N == * [[Nachi Falls]] [[:en:Nachi Falls|(en)]] * [[Nakatomi clan]] [[:en:Nakatomi clan|(en)]] * [[Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō]] [[:en:Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō|(en)]] * [[Naohiro Nabeshima]] [[:en:Naohiro Nabeshima|(en)]] * [[Naomasa Nabeshima]] [[:en:Naomasa Nabeshima|(en)]] * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[National Foundation Day (Japan)]][[:en:National Foundation Day (Japan)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[NCircle Entertainment]] * [[Nederlandsch-Indische Voetbal Unie]] [[:nl:Nederlandsch-Indische Voetbal Unie|(nl)]] [[:id:Nederlandsch-Indische Voetbal Unie|(id)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Nichiren Buddhism]] [[:en:Nichiren Buddhism|(en)]] * [[Nigel Davenport]] [[:en:Nigel Davenport|(en)]] * [[Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]] [[:en:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten|(en)]] * [[Nikolas Schreck]] [[:en:Nikolas Schreck|(en)]] * [[Noriko Senge]] [[:en:Noriko Senge|(en)]] * [[Northern Pole]] [[:en:Northern Pole|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Nukatabe clan]] [[:ja:額田部氏|(ja)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okamotsumi]] [[:ja:大鴨積命|(ja)]] * [[Okinoshima (Fukuoka)]] [[:en:Okinoshima (Fukuoka)|(en)]] * [[Omodaru and Ayakashikone]] [[:ja:阿夜訶志古泥神|(ja)]] * [[Omura shrine]] [[:ja:大村神社 (伊賀市)|(ja)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Online Safety Act 2023]] [[:en:Online Safety Act 2023|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Option type]] [[:en:Option type|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Ota, Fukui]] [[:en:Ota, Fukui|(en)]] * [[Otherwise]] [[:en:Otherwise|(en)]] * [[Otozuka Kofun]] [[:ja:乙塚古墳|(ja)]] * [[Owari clan]] [[:ja:尾張氏|(ja)]] [[:en:Owari clan|(en)]] * [[Oyatsuhime and Tsumatsuhime]] [[:ja:オオヤツヒメ・ツマツヒメ|(ja)]] == P == * [[Painter]] to supplement [[painters]] ([[:en:painter|en]]) * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Usher]] [[:en:Paul Usher|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Phillips family disappearances]] [[:en:Phillips family disappearances|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pot o' Gold]] [[:en:Pot o' Gold|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Praying for Time]] [[:en:Praying for Time|(en)]] * [[Predicate (mathematical logic)]] [[:en:Predicate (mathematical logic)|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] * [[Qijia culture]] [[:en:Qijia culture|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]][[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Record of Transmission and Learning]] [[:zh:传习录|(zh)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Result type]] [[:en:Result type|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer's solution]] [[:en:Ringer's solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Rule of tincture]] [[:en:Rule of tincture|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] * [[Ryutanji Temple (Hikone City)]] [[:ja:龍潭寺_(彦根市)|(ja)]] * [[Rāgarāja]] [[:en:Rāgarāja|(en)]] * [[Rudolf Schumann (russian composer)]] [https://grokipedia.com/page/Rudolf_Schumann (en)] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sangam (1964 Hindi movie)]] [[:en:Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * [[Seoul Station]] [[:en:Seoul Station|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Strontium hydroxide]] [[:en:Strontium hydroxide|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Takeminakata]] [[:en:Takeminakata|(en)]] * [[Tathāgata]] [[:en:Tathāgata|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Tenson kōrin]] [[:en:Tenson kōrin|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Dull Sword]] [[:en:The Dull Sword|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Legends of Treasure Island]] [[:en:The Legends of Treasure Island|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Mercenary (movie)]] [[:en:The Mercenary (film)|(en)]] * [[The Narcissist Cookbook]] [[(musical artist)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald]] [[:en:The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald|(en)]] * [[TheoTown]] [[:de:TheoTown|(de)]] * [[Thioacetone]] [[:en:Thioacetone|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] [[:fr:TiLP|(fr)]] * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] * [[Type aliasing]] [[:en:Type aliasing|(en)]] * [[Two-legged tie]] [[:en:Two-legged tie|(en)]] == U == * [[UEFA Euro 1984]] [[:en:UEFA Euro 1984|(en)]] * [[United States National Agricultural Library]] [[:en:United States National Agricultural Library|(en)]] * [[Unique]] [[:en:Unique|(en)]] * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vairocana]] [[:en:Vairocana|(en)]] * [[Vaiśravaṇa]] [[:en:Vaiśravaṇa|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victoria Burgoyne]] [[:en:Victoria Burgoyne|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[Video Killed the Radio Star]] [[:en:Video Killed the Radio Star|(en)]] * [[Viktor Toporov]] [[:en:Viktor Toporov|(en)]] * [[Villa of the Mysteries]] [[:en:Villa of the Mysteries|(en)]] * [[Virūpākṣa]] [[:en:Virūpākṣa|(en)]] * [[Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)]] [[:en:Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)|(en)]] * [[Viśiṣṭacāritra]] [[:en:Viśiṣṭacāritra|(en)]] * [[Viśuddhacāritra]] [[:en:Viśuddhacāritra|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wake no Kiyomaro]] [[:en:Wake no Kiyomaro|(en)]] * [[Wakumusubi]] [[:en:Wakumusubi|(en)]] * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Waiau River (Canterbury)]] [[:en:Waiau River (Canterbury)|(en)]] * [[Walk Away (Kelly Clarkson song)]] [[:en:Walk Away (Kelly Clarkson song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wanizumi clan]] [[:ja:和珥氏|(ja)]] [[:en:Wanizumi clan|(en)]] * [[Ward Bond]] [[:en:Ward Bond|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Waterloo (album)]] [[:en:Waterloo (album)|(en)]] * [[We R Who We R]] [[:en:We R Who We R|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When You Say Nothing at All]] [[:en:When You Say Nothing at All|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[Wilberforce River]] [[:en:Wilberforce River|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Winchester Castle]] [[:en:Winchester Castle|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Wonderful You (TV series)]] [[:en:Wonderful You (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] == X == == Y == * [[Yagi clan]] [[:ja:八木氏|(ja)]] * [[Yamato, Gifu]] [[:en:Yamato, Gifu|(en)]] * [[Yamatohime-no-mikoto]] [[:en:Yamatohime-no-mikoto|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Yasakani-no-Magatama]] [[:en:Yasakani-no-Magatama|(en)]] * [[Yashimajinumi]] [[:en:Yashimajinumi|(en)]] * [[Yata no Kagami]] [[:en:Yata no Kagami|(en)]] * [[Yawata]] [[:en:Yawata|(en)]] * [[Yobuko Bridge]] [[:ja:呼子大橋|(ja)]] * [[Yobuko Port]] [[:ja:呼子港|(ja)]] * [[Yoshida Kanehiro]] [[:ja:吉田兼煕|(ja)]] * [[Yoshida Kanetomo]] [[:en:Yoshida Kanetomo|(en)]] * [[Yoshida Shinto]] [[:en:Yoshida Shinto|(en)]] * [[Yoshida family artists]] [[:en:Yoshida family artists|(en)]] * [[You Don't Know Me (Cindy Walker song)]] [[:en:You Don't Know Me (Cindy Walker song)|(en)]] * [[Young Widow]] [[:en:Young Widow|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zeta Ursae Minoris]] [[:en:Zeta Ursae Minoris|(en)]] * [[Zhanran]] [[:en:Zhanran|(en)]] * [[Ziwei enclosure]] [[:en:Ziwei enclosure|(en)]] * [[Zōjō-ji]] [[:en:Zōjō-ji|(en)]] * [[Z'Goum]] [[:en:Z'Goum|(en)]] * [[Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi]] [[:en:Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi|(en)]] * [[Z'har]] [[:en:Z'har|(en)]] * [[Z(4430)]] [[:en:Z(4430)|(en)]] * [[Z* theorem]] [[:en:Z* theorem|(en)]] * [[Z++]] [[:en:Z++|(en)]] * [[Z+F UK]] [[:en:Z+F UK|(en)]] * [[Z-1 (band)]] [[:en:Z-1 (band)|(en)]] * [[Z-4 Plan]] [[:en:Z-4 Plan|(en)]] * [[Z-80 SoftCard]] [[:en:Z-80 SoftCard|(en)]] * [[Z-Boys]] [[:en:Z-Boys|(en)]] 8ztkc7hf22lipr71f7k4c9gmlwlmv4t 0 237113 10966620 10900774 2026-08-18T14:00:54Z Shakir456 1857442 /* Other websites */ 10966620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paul Avril - Les Sonnetts Luxurieux (1892) de Pietro Aretino, 2.jpg|thumb|Sexual intercourse in the [[List of sex positions|missionary position]] depicted by [[Édouard-Henri Avril]] (1892)]] [[File:Lion sex.jpg|thumb|Lions having sexual intercourse.]] '''Sexual intercourse''' (or simply called '''sex''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=MeSH Browser|url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012723|access-date=2026-04-05|website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> is typically the insertion and [[wikt:thrust|thrusting]] of a male's [[penis]] into a female's [[vagina]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067000/sexual-intercourse Sexual intercourse] [[Britannica]] entry.</ref><ref name="health.discovery.com">{{cite web|author= | title= Sexual Intercourse | publisher=[[Discovery Channel|Discovery.com]]| accessdate=2008-01-12 | url=http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/intercourse.html |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080822040701/http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/intercourse.html|archivedate = 2008-08-22}}</ref> [[People]] and [[Animal|animals]] that [[Sexual reproduction|sexually reproduce]] use sexual intercourse to create [[offspring]]. {{anchor|penile-vaginal_intercourse}} Heterosexual (straight) sex is penile-vagina intercourse, or penis-in-vagina sex. Sometimes, sexual intercourse is called '''coitus''', '''copulation''', '''mating''', or '''fornication''', and is more casually known as '''having sex''' or '''sleeping together'''. The two animals may be of opposite [[Sex|sexes]] or they may be [[hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]], as is the case with [[snail]]s.<ref>{{cite web| title=Common snail, garden snail| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/415.shtml| publisher=BBC| accessdate=2010-05-13| archive-date=2012-12-23| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223141924/www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/415.shtml| url-status=dead}}</ref> Sexual intercourse may also be between individuals of the [[Homosexuality|same sex]]. Humans sometimes engage in behaviors that do not include the penetration of [[sex organs]], such as [[Oral sex|oral intercourse]] or [[Anal sex|anal intercourse]] or by non-sexual organs ([[Fingering (sexual act)|fingering]], [[fisting]]). These behaviors are sometimes included in the definition of sexual intercourse.<ref name=health.discovery.com/> Sex is usually teleiophilic (between adults).<ref>Beier, Klaus M., et al. "Hebephilia as a sexual disorder." Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie 83.2 (2015): e1-e9.</ref> Two animals coming together for the purposes of sexual reproduction is called [[mating]]. Most mammals only mate when the female is at the point of [[Estrous cycle|estrus]], which is the most fertile period of time in its reproductive cycle.<ref name="BOOKs.google.com">"Females of almost all species except man will mate only during their fertile period, which is known as estrus, or heat..." {{cite book | author = Helena Curtis| title =Biology | url = https://archive.org/details/biology00curt| isbn = 0879010401 | publisher = Worth Publishers | year = 1975 |pages =[https://archive.org/details/biology00curt/page/1065 1065] }}</ref><ref name="BOOKS.google.com">{{cite book | author =Pineda, Leslie Ernest McDonald | title = McDonald's Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vyxgGoDeyj8C | isbn = 0813811066 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2003 |pages =597 }}</ref> In certain animals, sexual intercourse is not only used for reproduction, but has taken other functions as well. These animals include [[bonobo]]s,<ref name="bonobosex">Frans de Waal, "Bonobo Sex and Society", ''Scientific American'' (March 1995): 82-86.</ref> [[dolphin]]s,<ref name="Dinitia">Dinitia Smith, "Central Park Zoo's gay penguins ignite debate", ''San Francisco Chronicle'' (February 7, 2004). Article is mainly about gay penguins but also mentions homosexuality in dolphins, and also says 'In bonobos, she noted: "you see expressions of sex outside the period when females are fertile."' Available online at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/07/MNG3N4RAV41.DTL {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612012603/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2004%2F02%2F07%2FMNG3N4RAV41.DTL |date=2012-06-12 }}.</ref> and [[chimpanzee]]s which also have sexual intercourse even when the female is not in estrus, and to engage in sex acts with same-sex partners.<ref name="Bagemihl">Bruce Bagemihl 1999. ''Biological exuberance: animal homosexuality and natural diversity'' St. Martin's Press, London. {{ISBN|0-312-19239-8}}</ref> In most instances, humans have sex primarily for [[pleasure]].<ref name="Diamond">{{cite book | author = Jared Diamond | title = The rise and fall of the third chimpanzee| url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofthirdc0000diam_y8a6 | year = 1992 | publisher = Vintage | isbn = 978-0099913801}}</ref> This behavior in the above mentioned animals is also presumed to be for pleasure,<ref name="wired.com">{{cite magazine| first=Gartner| last=John | title=Animals Just Want to Have Fun |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=2006-08-15 |accessdate=2007-10-15|url=https://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/news/2006/08/71556}}</ref> which in turn strengthens social bonds.{{cn|date=November 2024}} ==Culture== Many governments have [[laws]] relating to sex. Forcing someone to have sex who does not want to, called [[rape]], is a serious crime in many countries. There are other forms of sex that may also be against the law, such as [[incest]], [[Age of consent|sex with minors]], [[Fornication|sex outside of a marriage]], [[prostitution]], [[Homosexuality|homosexual sex]], [[bestiality|sex with animals]], as well as others. == Reproduction == {{main|Sexual reproduction}} [[File:Human Fertilization.png|thumb|The sperm and ovum (egg) unite through fertilization.]] Sexual intercourse is the natural and most common way to make a [[baby]]. It involves a [[man]] and [[woman]] having sex without [[birth control]] until the man [[ejaculation|ejaculates]], or releases, [[semen]] from his [[penis]] into the woman's [[vagina]]. The semen, which has [[sperm]] in it (which is made in his [[testicles]]), moves to the [[Fallopian tube]]s, and if it finds an [[ovum]] on its way, it will try to [[fertilization|fertilize]] it. If this works, the now fertilized ovum sticks to the side of the [[uterus]] and the woman becomes [[Pregnancy|pregnant]]. The fertilized ovum then [[development|develops]] into a human. [[Medicine|Medically]], it is called a pregnancy until [[birth]]. == Behaviors unrelated to reproduction == Certain species of animals also have sex for other purposes than to bear offspring. These include [[Humans]], [[bonobo]]s,<ref name="bonobosex" /> [[chimpanzee]]s and [[dolphin]]s.<ref name="Dinitia" /> These species also are among those known to engage in [[homosexuality|homosexual]] behaviors.<ref name="Bagemihl" /> In both humans and bonobos, the female has a relatively [[concealed ovulation]]. Neither male or female partners commonly know whether she is fertile at any given moment. One reason for this may be that sex partners of these species form strong [[emotion]]al bonds. The partners come together for more than just sexual intercourse. In the case of humans, long-term partnership is more important than immediate sexual reproduction.<ref name="Diamond"/> Humans, bonobos and dolphins show cooperative behavior. In many cases, this behavior has shown better results than what an individual can achieve alone. In these animals, the use of sex has evolved beyond reproduction and has taken additional social functions. Sex reinforces intimate social bonds between individuals. Overall, such cooperation also benefits each member of the group in that they are better able to survive. In humans, sexual intercourse seems to serve three types of purposes, which do not exclude one another: * Reproduction * Forming and keeping relationships * Recreational (fun or enjoyment)<ref name="Diamond"/><ref>''The Joy of Sex'': a gourmet guide to lovemaking (1972)</ref> == How humans prevent pregnancy == {{Main|Non-penetrative sex}} In the late 20th century, very effective forms of [[contraception]] (birth control) were developed allowing a man and women to help prevent a baby from being made when they have sex. One type of contraception is a [[condom]]. This is a piece of rubber that covers the penis that a man can wear during intercourse, which stops the man's semen from going into the woman's vagina. This does not always work though because the condom may rip or tear. Another well-known type of contraception is called [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|the Pill]], which a woman takes every day. When a woman is "on the Pill," she and her partner may have sex any time they wish with very little chance of making a baby. It is recommended that a couple who have a sexual relationship use two forms of contraception. That way if one fails the other is a 'backup'. [[Contraception]] allows people to keep "sex for fun" separate from "sex to make children". For example, a fertile couple may use contraception to experience sexual pleasure. At the same time, this experience may strengthen their relationship, and a stronger relationship may mean that they will better be able to raise children in the future. == Sexual orientation == {{main|Sexual orientation}} Who people like to have sex with depends on their [[Human sexuality|sexuality]]. Men who like to have sex with women, and women who like to have sex with men are [[heterosexual]] or '''straight'''. Men who only like to have sex with other men, and women who only like to have sex with other women are [[homosexual]] or "[[gay]]". A different word to describe a woman who only likes to have sex with other women is "[[lesbian]]". Some people like both men and women, which is called being [[bisexual]]. Others do not feel [[sexual attraction]] at all, and are referred to as [[Asexuality|asexual]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul L.|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa M.|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|date=2016|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1529100616637616|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562 |s2cid=42281410 |issn=1529-1006}}</ref> == Sexually transmitted infections == {{Main|Sexually transmitted disease}} Some diseases can be caught by having sex. These diseases are called sexually-transmitted infections (STIs).<ref>{{cite web | author= | title= About sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) | publisher= Nemours Foundation| accessdate=2010-06-30 | url=http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/stds/std.html}}</ref> Some examples of STIs include [[chlamydia infection]], [[syphilis]] and [[gonorrhea]]. A virus called [[HIV]] causes [[AIDS]], which cannot be cured and can lead to death. Using Latex [[condom]]s or [[oral dam]]s reduce the chance that a few types of diseases will be passed on, but it is not entirely effective for all STIs. Birth control (like "[[the Pill]]") can prevent pregnancy, but won't prevent sexual infections. Some STIs can also be spread in ways other than having sex. For example, [[herpes simplex]] and [[hepatitis B]] could be caught by a [[virgin]] without having sex, but can also be caught through sex. Some types of STIs can spread from contact between the genitals, mouth, anus, skin, eyes, and (rarely) infected surfaces; this depends a lot on the type of STI and how it spreads. Some common diseases like [[HPV]] can cause warts and [[cancer]] in the [[genitals]] or [[anus]] or [[throat]]. There exists an [[HPV vaccine]] that prevents some sexually-transmitted strains of HPV; however, the vaccine only works if you get vaccinated before becoming infected. The vaccine is approved of for both men and women, but is often not required in the U.S. due to [[politics]]. == Sexual reproduction vs asexual reproduction == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border;1px" { ! Type !! Advantages !! Disadvantages |- | '''Asexual reproduction''' || No [[gestation]] period. No mate needed. || No variation in the species. No contact between the male and the female |- | '''Sexual reproduction''' || Variation of the species. Contact between male and female. || Sometimes offspring are abnormal. Gestation period. |} == Other kinds of sex == There are [[Non-penetrative sex|many other kinds of sex.]] Two of them are [[oral sex]] and [[anal sex]]. === Oral sex === {{Main|Oral sex}} [[Oral sex]] is when one partner uses the tongue, mouth, or throat to excite the other partner's sex organs. Slangs for oral sex is common in Western cultures, for example: "going down on", "giving a [[blowjob]]", "giving head", or "eating out". The technical term for oral sex is [[fellatio]] if performed on a male and [[cunnilingus]] if performed on a female. When a man performs fellatio on himself, it is called [[autofellatio]], and '''autocunnilingus''' if a woman performs cunnilingus on herself. Few men and women are able to do this. People can get sexually transmitted infections from oral sex, such as [[herpes]] (which can be passed between the mouth and [[groin]]), HIV and even [[oral cancer]]. === Anal sex === {{Main|Anal sex}} Anal sex is when an erect penis or other device made for sexual pleasure is inserted into a sexual partner's [[anus]]. Anal sex with a female does not lead to pregnancy by itself, however, semen can leak out of the anus and enter into the vagina, and [[pregnancy]] may rarely occur. Anal sex can still pass sexually transmitted diseases from one partner to another. Anal sex comes with some risks since the skin is delicate. For safety and pleasure, partners often use condoms, [[Femidom|female condoms]] and/or [[Sexual lubricant|lubrication]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dunkin|first=Mary Anne|title=Anal Sex Safety and Health Concerns|url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/anal-sex-health-concerns|access-date=2023-01-26|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref> === Painful sexual act=== {{Main|Painful sexual act}} A painful sexual act is a condition of repeated or persistent genital pain before, during, or after sexual intercourse due to physical and/or emotional causes. Doctors call the condition "dyspareunia". It occurs in women and men. The condition affects up to one-fifth of women at some point in their lives.<ref name=Schein1988>{{cite journal |author=Shein |display-authors = etal |title=The frequency of sexual problems among family practice patients |journal=Fam Pract Res J. |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=122–134 |date=Spring 1988 |pmid=3274680 |last2=Zyzanski |first2=SJ |last3=Levine |first3=S |last4=Medalie |first4=JH |last5=Dickman |first5=RL |last6=Alemagno |first6=SA }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Asexual reproduction]], [[sexual reproduction]] and [[masturbation]] * [[Libido]] * [[Gender]] and [[Sex]] * [[Nudity]] * [[Sexually transmitted disease|Sexually transmitted diseases]] (STIs) == Other websites == * [http://www.SexInfoOnline.com University of California, Santa Barbara's ''SexInfo''] * [http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/xmain.html The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112011828/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/xmain.html |date=2006-01-12 }} * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/sex/advantage/ Advantages of Sexual Reproduction] * [http://www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/003157.cfm Medical Resources related to sexual intercourse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828203314/http://www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/003157.cfm |date=2008-08-28 }} {{-}} * [https://romeoandjulietlaw.us/ Romeo and Juliet Law] {{-}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} {{wikisource}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Biological reproduction]] pdnqcqqzq6llz8h1m2v5vfeft4ydo71 10966625 10966620 2026-08-18T14:04:46Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Shakir456|Shakir456]] ([[User talk:Shakir456|talk]]) to last version by Leonidlednev: adding [[WP:EL|unnecessary/spam links]] 10871007 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paul Avril - Les Sonnetts Luxurieux (1892) de Pietro Aretino, 2.jpg|thumb|Sexual intercourse in the [[List of sex positions|missionary position]] depicted by [[Édouard-Henri Avril]] (1892)]] [[File:Lion sex.jpg|thumb|Lions having sexual intercourse.]] '''Sexual intercourse''' (or simply called '''sex''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=MeSH Browser|url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012723|access-date=2026-04-05|website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> is typically the insertion and [[wikt:thrust|thrusting]] of a male's [[penis]] into a female's [[vagina]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067000/sexual-intercourse Sexual intercourse] [[Britannica]] entry.</ref><ref name="health.discovery.com">{{cite web|author= | title= Sexual Intercourse | publisher=[[Discovery Channel|Discovery.com]]| accessdate=2008-01-12 | url=http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/intercourse.html |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080822040701/http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/intercourse.html|archivedate = 2008-08-22}}</ref> [[People]] and [[Animal|animals]] that [[Sexual reproduction|sexually reproduce]] use sexual intercourse to create [[offspring]]. {{anchor|penile-vaginal_intercourse}} Heterosexual (straight) sex is penile-vagina intercourse, or penis-in-vagina sex. Sometimes, sexual intercourse is called '''coitus''', '''copulation''', '''mating''', or '''fornication''', and is more casually known as '''having sex''' or '''sleeping together'''. The two animals may be of opposite [[Sex|sexes]] or they may be [[hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]], as is the case with [[snail]]s.<ref>{{cite web| title=Common snail, garden snail| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/415.shtml| publisher=BBC| accessdate=2010-05-13| archive-date=2012-12-23| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223141924/www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/415.shtml| url-status=dead}}</ref> Sexual intercourse may also be between individuals of the [[Homosexuality|same sex]]. Humans sometimes engage in behaviors that do not include the penetration of [[sex organs]], such as [[Oral sex|oral intercourse]] or [[Anal sex|anal intercourse]] or by non-sexual organs ([[Fingering (sexual act)|fingering]], [[fisting]]). These behaviors are sometimes included in the definition of sexual intercourse.<ref name=health.discovery.com/> Sex is usually teleiophilic (between adults).<ref>Beier, Klaus M., et al. "Hebephilia as a sexual disorder." Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie 83.2 (2015): e1-e9.</ref> Two animals coming together for the purposes of sexual reproduction is called [[mating]]. Most mammals only mate when the female is at the point of [[Estrous cycle|estrus]], which is the most fertile period of time in its reproductive cycle.<ref name="BOOKs.google.com">"Females of almost all species except man will mate only during their fertile period, which is known as estrus, or heat..." {{cite book | author = Helena Curtis| title =Biology | url = https://archive.org/details/biology00curt| isbn = 0879010401 | publisher = Worth Publishers | year = 1975 |pages =[https://archive.org/details/biology00curt/page/1065 1065] }}</ref><ref name="BOOKS.google.com">{{cite book | author =Pineda, Leslie Ernest McDonald | title = McDonald's Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vyxgGoDeyj8C | isbn = 0813811066 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2003 |pages =597 }}</ref> In certain animals, sexual intercourse is not only used for reproduction, but has taken other functions as well. These animals include [[bonobo]]s,<ref name="bonobosex">Frans de Waal, "Bonobo Sex and Society", ''Scientific American'' (March 1995): 82-86.</ref> [[dolphin]]s,<ref name="Dinitia">Dinitia Smith, "Central Park Zoo's gay penguins ignite debate", ''San Francisco Chronicle'' (February 7, 2004). Article is mainly about gay penguins but also mentions homosexuality in dolphins, and also says 'In bonobos, she noted: "you see expressions of sex outside the period when females are fertile."' Available online at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/07/MNG3N4RAV41.DTL {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612012603/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2004%2F02%2F07%2FMNG3N4RAV41.DTL |date=2012-06-12 }}.</ref> and [[chimpanzee]]s which also have sexual intercourse even when the female is not in estrus, and to engage in sex acts with same-sex partners.<ref name="Bagemihl">Bruce Bagemihl 1999. ''Biological exuberance: animal homosexuality and natural diversity'' St. Martin's Press, London. {{ISBN|0-312-19239-8}}</ref> In most instances, humans have sex primarily for [[pleasure]].<ref name="Diamond">{{cite book | author = Jared Diamond | title = The rise and fall of the third chimpanzee| url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofthirdc0000diam_y8a6 | year = 1992 | publisher = Vintage | isbn = 978-0099913801}}</ref> This behavior in the above mentioned animals is also presumed to be for pleasure,<ref name="wired.com">{{cite magazine| first=Gartner| last=John | title=Animals Just Want to Have Fun |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=2006-08-15 |accessdate=2007-10-15|url=https://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/news/2006/08/71556}}</ref> which in turn strengthens social bonds.{{cn|date=November 2024}} ==Culture== Many governments have [[laws]] relating to sex. Forcing someone to have sex who does not want to, called [[rape]], is a serious crime in many countries. There are other forms of sex that may also be against the law, such as [[incest]], [[Age of consent|sex with minors]], [[Fornication|sex outside of a marriage]], [[prostitution]], [[Homosexuality|homosexual sex]], [[bestiality|sex with animals]], as well as others. == Reproduction == {{main|Sexual reproduction}} [[File:Human Fertilization.png|thumb|The sperm and ovum (egg) unite through fertilization.]] Sexual intercourse is the natural and most common way to make a [[baby]]. It involves a [[man]] and [[woman]] having sex without [[birth control]] until the man [[ejaculation|ejaculates]], or releases, [[semen]] from his [[penis]] into the woman's [[vagina]]. The semen, which has [[sperm]] in it (which is made in his [[testicles]]), moves to the [[Fallopian tube]]s, and if it finds an [[ovum]] on its way, it will try to [[fertilization|fertilize]] it. If this works, the now fertilized ovum sticks to the side of the [[uterus]] and the woman becomes [[Pregnancy|pregnant]]. The fertilized ovum then [[development|develops]] into a human. [[Medicine|Medically]], it is called a pregnancy until [[birth]]. == Behaviors unrelated to reproduction == Certain species of animals also have sex for other purposes than to bear offspring. These include [[Humans]], [[bonobo]]s,<ref name="bonobosex" /> [[chimpanzee]]s and [[dolphin]]s.<ref name="Dinitia" /> These species also are among those known to engage in [[homosexuality|homosexual]] behaviors.<ref name="Bagemihl" /> In both humans and bonobos, the female has a relatively [[concealed ovulation]]. Neither male or female partners commonly know whether she is fertile at any given moment. One reason for this may be that sex partners of these species form strong [[emotion]]al bonds. The partners come together for more than just sexual intercourse. In the case of humans, long-term partnership is more important than immediate sexual reproduction.<ref name="Diamond"/> Humans, bonobos and dolphins show cooperative behavior. In many cases, this behavior has shown better results than what an individual can achieve alone. In these animals, the use of sex has evolved beyond reproduction and has taken additional social functions. Sex reinforces intimate social bonds between individuals. Overall, such cooperation also benefits each member of the group in that they are better able to survive. In humans, sexual intercourse seems to serve three types of purposes, which do not exclude one another: * Reproduction * Forming and keeping relationships * Recreational (fun or enjoyment)<ref name="Diamond"/><ref>''The Joy of Sex'': a gourmet guide to lovemaking (1972)</ref> == How humans prevent pregnancy == {{Main|Non-penetrative sex}} In the late 20th century, very effective forms of [[contraception]] (birth control) were developed allowing a man and women to help prevent a baby from being made when they have sex. One type of contraception is a [[condom]]. This is a piece of rubber that covers the penis that a man can wear during intercourse, which stops the man's semen from going into the woman's vagina. This does not always work though because the condom may rip or tear. Another well-known type of contraception is called [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|the Pill]], which a woman takes every day. When a woman is "on the Pill," she and her partner may have sex any time they wish with very little chance of making a baby. It is recommended that a couple who have a sexual relationship use two forms of contraception. That way if one fails the other is a 'backup'. [[Contraception]] allows people to keep "sex for fun" separate from "sex to make children". For example, a fertile couple may use contraception to experience sexual pleasure. At the same time, this experience may strengthen their relationship, and a stronger relationship may mean that they will better be able to raise children in the future. == Sexual orientation == {{main|Sexual orientation}} Who people like to have sex with depends on their [[Human sexuality|sexuality]]. Men who like to have sex with women, and women who like to have sex with men are [[heterosexual]] or '''straight'''. Men who only like to have sex with other men, and women who only like to have sex with other women are [[homosexual]] or "[[gay]]". A different word to describe a woman who only likes to have sex with other women is "[[lesbian]]". Some people like both men and women, which is called being [[bisexual]]. Others do not feel [[sexual attraction]] at all, and are referred to as [[Asexuality|asexual]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul L.|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa M.|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|date=2016|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1529100616637616|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562 |s2cid=42281410 |issn=1529-1006}}</ref> == Sexually transmitted infections == {{Main|Sexually transmitted disease}} Some diseases can be caught by having sex. These diseases are called sexually-transmitted infections (STIs).<ref>{{cite web | author= | title= About sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) | publisher= Nemours Foundation| accessdate=2010-06-30 | url=http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/stds/std.html}}</ref> Some examples of STIs include [[chlamydia infection]], [[syphilis]] and [[gonorrhea]]. A virus called [[HIV]] causes [[AIDS]], which cannot be cured and can lead to death. Using Latex [[condom]]s or [[oral dam]]s reduce the chance that a few types of diseases will be passed on, but it is not entirely effective for all STIs. Birth control (like "[[the Pill]]") can prevent pregnancy, but won't prevent sexual infections. Some STIs can also be spread in ways other than having sex. For example, [[herpes simplex]] and [[hepatitis B]] could be caught by a [[virgin]] without having sex, but can also be caught through sex. Some types of STIs can spread from contact between the genitals, mouth, anus, skin, eyes, and (rarely) infected surfaces; this depends a lot on the type of STI and how it spreads. Some common diseases like [[HPV]] can cause warts and [[cancer]] in the [[genitals]] or [[anus]] or [[throat]]. There exists an [[HPV vaccine]] that prevents some sexually-transmitted strains of HPV; however, the vaccine only works if you get vaccinated before becoming infected. The vaccine is approved of for both men and women, but is often not required in the U.S. due to [[politics]]. == Sexual reproduction vs asexual reproduction == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border;1px" { ! Type !! Advantages !! Disadvantages |- | '''Asexual reproduction''' || No [[gestation]] period. No mate needed. || No variation in the species. No contact between the male and the female |- | '''Sexual reproduction''' || Variation of the species. Contact between male and female. || Sometimes offspring are abnormal. Gestation period. |} == Other kinds of sex == There are [[Non-penetrative sex|many other kinds of sex.]] Two of them are [[oral sex]] and [[anal sex]]. === Oral sex === {{Main|Oral sex}} [[Oral sex]] is when one partner uses the tongue, mouth, or throat to excite the other partner's sex organs. Slangs for oral sex is common in Western cultures, for example: "going down on", "giving a [[blowjob]]", "giving head", or "eating out". The technical term for oral sex is [[fellatio]] if performed on a male and [[cunnilingus]] if performed on a female. When a man performs fellatio on himself, it is called [[autofellatio]], and '''autocunnilingus''' if a woman performs cunnilingus on herself. Few men and women are able to do this. People can get sexually transmitted infections from oral sex, such as [[herpes]] (which can be passed between the mouth and [[groin]]), HIV and even [[oral cancer]]. === Anal sex === {{Main|Anal sex}} Anal sex is when an erect penis or other device made for sexual pleasure is inserted into a sexual partner's [[anus]]. Anal sex with a female does not lead to pregnancy by itself, however, semen can leak out of the anus and enter into the vagina, and [[pregnancy]] may rarely occur. Anal sex can still pass sexually transmitted diseases from one partner to another. Anal sex comes with some risks since the skin is delicate. For safety and pleasure, partners often use condoms, [[Femidom|female condoms]] and/or [[Sexual lubricant|lubrication]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dunkin|first=Mary Anne|title=Anal Sex Safety and Health Concerns|url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/anal-sex-health-concerns|access-date=2023-01-26|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref> === Painful sexual act=== {{Main|Painful sexual act}} A painful sexual act is a condition of repeated or persistent genital pain before, during, or after sexual intercourse due to physical and/or emotional causes. Doctors call the condition "dyspareunia". It occurs in women and men. The condition affects up to one-fifth of women at some point in their lives.<ref name=Schein1988>{{cite journal |author=Shein |display-authors = etal |title=The frequency of sexual problems among family practice patients |journal=Fam Pract Res J. |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=122–134 |date=Spring 1988 |pmid=3274680 |last2=Zyzanski |first2=SJ |last3=Levine |first3=S |last4=Medalie |first4=JH |last5=Dickman |first5=RL |last6=Alemagno |first6=SA }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Asexual reproduction]], [[sexual reproduction]] and [[masturbation]] * [[Libido]] * [[Gender]] and [[Sex]] * [[Nudity]] * [[Sexually transmitted disease|Sexually transmitted diseases]] (STIs) == Other websites == * [http://www.SexInfoOnline.com University of California, Santa Barbara's ''SexInfo''] * [http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/xmain.html The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112011828/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/xmain.html |date=2006-01-12 }} * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/sex/advantage/ Advantages of Sexual Reproduction] * [http://www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/003157.cfm Medical Resources related to sexual intercourse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828203314/http://www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/003157.cfm |date=2008-08-28 }} {{-}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} {{wikisource}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Biological reproduction]] dysnfrbjyux6ygkp5uwot15066x4qpc 0 248470 10966684 10857274 2026-08-18T15:21:13Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Selección_de_fútbol_de_Colombia,_Italia_90_(cropped).jpg|Selección_de_fútbol_de_Colombia,_Italia_90_(cropped).jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:CptViraj|CptViraj]] because: [[:c:COM:CSD#G2|G2]]: Broken redirect. 10966684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox |playername=Andrés Escobar |image= |caption = Escobar in 1990 |fullname=Andrés Escobar Saldarriaga |birth_date={{birth date|1967|3|13|df=yes}} |birth_place=[[Medellín]], [[Colombia]] |death_date={{death date and age|1994|7|2|1967|3|13|df=yes}} |death_place=Medellín, Colombia |height={{height|cm=188}} |position=[[Defender (football)|Defender]] (retired) |currentclub= |clubnumber= |youthyears1= |youthclubs1s= |years1=1987-1989<br/>1989-1990<br/>1990-1994 |clubs1=[[C.D. Atlético Nacional|Atlético Nacional]]<br/>[[BSC Young Boys|Young Boys]]<br/>[[C.D. Atlético Nacional|Atlético Nacional]] |nationalyears1=1988-1994 |nationalteam1=[[Colombia national football team|Colombia]] |manageryears1= |managerclubs1= }} '''Andrés Escobar''' (13 March 1967 - 2 July 1994) was a [[Colombia]]n [[Association football|football]]er. He played for [[Colombia national football team|Colombia national team]]. ==Death== Escobar was shot and killed in Medellín at [[27 Club|aged 27]]. It is believed that he was murdered because he scored an own goal against his team in the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]] which caused the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] to win 2 – 1 and caused [[gambling]] losses to a lot of powerful [[drug lord]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/2002/world_cup/hof/escobar/|title=CNNSI.com World Cup Hall of Fame – Andrés Escobar|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-date=22 October 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021022052443/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/2002/world_cup/hof/escobar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==International career statistics== <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17522/Andres_Escobar.html|title=Andrés Escobar|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=www.national-football-teams.com}}</ref> {{Football player national team statistics|COL}} |- |1988||5||1 |- |1989||16||0 |- |1990||5||0 |- |1991||8||0 |- |1992||2||0 |- |1993||1||0 |- |1994||13||0 |- !Total||50||1 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Colombia Squad 1990 World Cup}} {{Colombia Squad 1994 World Cup}} {{Sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Escobar, Andres}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:1994 deaths]] [[Category:1990 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Colombian footballers]] [[Category:Murdered sportspeople]] [[Category:Murders by firearm in Colombia]] bxk9jry2sespnxuyzkaewigra363tqb 0 253540 10967198 10669891 2026-08-19T04:54:37Z ~2026-45218-63 1857809 edited typo 10967198 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Foodinfridgetext.jpg|thumb|People can be sick from eating poorly stored food, as in this picture]] '''Food poisoning''' is when someone gets sick from eating food or drink that has gone bad or is [[contamination|contaminated]].<ref> {{DorlandsDict|nine/000952820|food poisoning}} </ref> There are two kinds of food poisoning, either by poisoning with a [[toxin|toxic]] agent or by an [[disease|infectious agent]]. Food infection is when the food contains [[bacteria]] or other microbes which [[infection|infect]] the body after it is eaten. Food intoxication is when the food contains toxins, including bacterially produced [[exotoxins]], which can even when the [[microbe]] <!--The report states in Table 1 - nonreactive" to the sample given : or genetically modified organisms<ref> CDC's report on [https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehhe/cry9creport/pdfs/cry9creport.pdf Investigation of Human Health Effects Associated with Potential Exposure to Genetically Modified Corn] </ref> -->that produced the toxin is no longer present or able to cause infection. Even though it is commonly called "food poisoning", most cases are caused by a variety of [[pathogen]]ic [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[virus]]es, [[prion]]s or [[parasite]]s that contaminate food,<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/foodborneinfections_g.htm |title=Disease Listing, Foodborne Illness, General Information {{!}} CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases |work=cdc.gov |accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> rather than chemical or natural [[toxin]]s which are what we usually call [[poison]]. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 76 million people in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 die every year.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/06/top-10-food-poisoning-risks/ |title=Ten Common Food Poisoning Risks - Well Blog - NYTimes.com |work= well.blogs.nytimes.com |accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> ==Signs and symptoms== [[File:ARS Campylobacter jejuni.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Campylobacter]], a bacteria that is a major cause of food poisoning.]] [[Symptom]]s start within hours to many days after eating. Depending on what the cause of the poisoning was, they can include one or more of the following: [[nausea]], [[abdominal pain]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[fever]], [[headache|pain in the head]] or [[fatigue]]. In most cases the body is able to get better after a short period of [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] food poisoning causing minor discomfort and illness. Food borne illnesses can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially for people at high risk, including [[baby|babies]], young children, [[pregnant]] women (and their [[fetus]]es), [[elderly]] people, [[disease|sick]] people and others with weak [[immune system]]s. Food borne illness due to ''[[Campylobacter]]'', ''[[Yersinia]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'' or ''[[Shigella]]'' infection is a major cause of [[reactive arthritis]], which typically occurs 1–3 weeks after diarrheal illness. Similarly, people with [[liver]] disease are especially susceptible to infections from ''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'', which can be found in [[oyster]]s or [[crabs]]. [[Tetrodotoxin]] poisoning from reef fish and other animals shows up very quickly in symptoms such as [[numbness]] and [[shortness of breath]], and is often fatal. == Related pages == * [[Drinking water]] * [[Croup]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.alexinferment.com/microbes/Pathogens.html Descriptions of the main microbes that make food unsafe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707105436/http://www.alexinferment.com/microbes/Pathogens.html |date=2011-07-07 }} *[http://www.aboutfoodpoisoning.com/how-long-does-food-poisoning-last.html How long does food poisoning last?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417212429/http://www.aboutfoodpoisoning.com/how-long-does-food-poisoning-last.html |date=2012-04-17 }} [[Category:Nutrition problems]] [[Category:Food and drink]] qe5w1mi7udv77zfmaxkj2wjaa56ptqc 10967201 10967198 2026-08-19T04:56:26Z ~2026-45218-63 1857809 sorry i removed something wrongly 10967201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Foodinfridgetext.jpg|thumb|People can be sick from eating poorly stored food, as in this picture]] '''Food poisoning''' is when someone gets sick from eating food or drink that has gone bad or is [[contamination|contaminated]].<ref> {{DorlandsDict|nine/000952820|food poisoning}} </ref> There are two kinds of food poisoning, either by poisoning with a [[toxin|toxic]] agent or by an [[disease|infectious agent]]. Food infection is when the food contains [[bacteria]] or other microbes which [[infection|infect]] the body after it is eaten. Food intoxication is when the food contains toxins, including bacterially produced [[exotoxins]], which can happen even when the [[microbe]] <!--The report states in Table 1 - nonreactive" to the sample given : or genetically modified organisms<ref> CDC's report on [https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehhe/cry9creport/pdfs/cry9creport.pdf Investigation of Human Health Effects Associated with Potential Exposure to Genetically Modified Corn] </ref> -->that produced the toxin is no longer present or able to cause infection. Even though it is commonly called "food poisoning", most cases are caused by a variety of [[pathogen]]ic [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[virus]]es, [[prion]]s or [[parasite]]s that contaminate food,<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/foodborneinfections_g.htm |title=Disease Listing, Foodborne Illness, General Information {{!}} CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases |work=cdc.gov |accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> rather than chemical or natural [[toxin]]s which are what we usually call [[poison]]. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 76 million people in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 die every year.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/06/top-10-food-poisoning-risks/ |title=Ten Common Food Poisoning Risks - Well Blog - NYTimes.com |work= well.blogs.nytimes.com |accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> ==Signs and symptoms== [[File:ARS Campylobacter jejuni.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Campylobacter]], a bacteria that is a major cause of food poisoning.]] [[Symptom]]s start within hours to many days after eating. Depending on what the cause of the poisoning was, they can include one or more of the following: [[nausea]], [[abdominal pain]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[fever]], [[headache|pain in the head]] or [[fatigue]]. In most cases the body is able to get better after a short period of [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] food poisoning causing minor discomfort and illness. Food borne illnesses can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially for people at high risk, including [[baby|babies]], young children, [[pregnant]] women (and their [[fetus]]es), [[elderly]] people, [[disease|sick]] people and others with weak [[immune system]]s. Food borne illness due to ''[[Campylobacter]]'', ''[[Yersinia]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'' or ''[[Shigella]]'' infection is a major cause of [[reactive arthritis]], which typically occurs 1–3 weeks after diarrheal illness. Similarly, people with [[liver]] disease are especially susceptible to infections from ''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'', which can be found in [[oyster]]s or [[crabs]]. [[Tetrodotoxin]] poisoning from reef fish and other animals shows up very quickly in symptoms such as [[numbness]] and [[shortness of breath]], and is often fatal. == Related pages == * [[Drinking water]] * [[Croup]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.alexinferment.com/microbes/Pathogens.html Descriptions of the main microbes that make food unsafe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707105436/http://www.alexinferment.com/microbes/Pathogens.html |date=2011-07-07 }} *[http://www.aboutfoodpoisoning.com/how-long-does-food-poisoning-last.html How long does food poisoning last?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417212429/http://www.aboutfoodpoisoning.com/how-long-does-food-poisoning-last.html |date=2012-04-17 }} [[Category:Nutrition problems]] [[Category:Food and drink]] gk4y00009zk2p1wp2f7ntamjzezvtur 0 254971 10966797 10178827 2026-08-18T16:56:02Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cat breed |name = Persian cat |image = Persialainen.jpg |altname = Persian longhair, Shirazi |nickname = |country = {{flag|Iran|name=Persia (Iran)}} <!-- international registries: --> |cfastd = http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf |fifestd = http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf |ticastd = https://tica.org/phocadownload/ps.pdf |wcfstd = http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf<!-- regional multi-national registries: --> |ffestd = http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm<!-- national registries: --> |acfstd = https://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/Group%20One/Persian.pdf |acfastd = http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/PERSIAN.pdf |cccastd = |ccastd = https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/PERSIAN_20211031_212644.pdf |cffstd = |gccfstd = http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf |loofstd = http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_41.php?z=1 |nzcfstd = |saccstd = <!-- any registry not listed above: --> |otherstd = |note = The [[Exotic Shorthair]] and [[Himalayan cat]]s are often classified as coat variants of this breed. |caption = Modern-type Persian cat |image2= Persian silver dollface.jpg |caption2= Traditional Persian }} The '''Persian''' is a [[cat]] from [[Persia (disambiguation)|Persia]] (now [[Iran]]). It is one of the oldest breeds of domesticated cats. It has a long and rich history that can be traced back to ancient Persia. The first documented reference to the Persian cat was in a book written by an Islamic scholar named Ibn Al-Nafis in 1258 AD.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Watson|first=Esme|date=January 10, 2022|title=Persian Cat – Everything you need to know|url=https://catqueries.com/everything-about-persian-cat/|access-date=December 11, 2022|website=Cat Queries}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He described them as a longhaired cat that the royal family kept in Persia. Persian cat are called '''Longhair''' or '''Persian Longhair''' in Britain. It was made by English breeders and the American ones after the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref name="Persian">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Persian Cat Information {{!}} Persian Cat Corner|url=https://persiancatcorner.com/persian-cat-information/|access-date=24 September 2020|work=Persian Cat Resource|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331194323/https://persiancatcorner.com/persian-cat-information/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because of very careful breeding, it has gotten a really flat face and many different colors. While most cat fanciers love the flat faced Persian, this brings along many illnesses. The public likes the traditional faced Persian more than the flat faced one. They can get [[polycystic kidney disease]] easily. The gentle and easy-going nature of the Persian makes it very easy to live in apartments with this cat. While it is the top cat in the [[United States]], its popularity has decreased in France and the [[United Kingdom]]. Persian cats are not an ordinary cat, they can barely live outside in the wild. == References == {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} {{Domestic cat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cat breeds]] {{biology-stub}} q1570xtaep4wjbdc1n72rxfuc11z1fe 0 260583 10966932 10936606 2026-08-18T18:53:28Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|1 */ 10966932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name = Robert Lee Frost | image = Robert Frost NYWTS.jpg | caption = Robert Frost (1941) | birth_name = Robert Lee Frost | birth_date = {{birth_date|1874|3|26}} | birth_place = [[San Francisco, California]], <br>[[United States]] | death_date = {{dda|1963|1|29|1874|3|26|}} | death_place = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], <br>[[United States]] | occupation = [[Poet]], [[Playwright]], | movement = | genre = | notableworks= Road Not Taken | signature = Robert Frost Signature.svg }} '''Robert Lee Frost''' (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an [[Americans|American]] [[poet]]. He is well known for his [[Realism|realistic]] writing of [[rural]] life and his use of American informal (slang) speech.<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica | title=Robert Frost | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035504/Robert-Frost | edition=Online | year=2008 | publisher= | accessdate=2008-12-21}}</ref> His poems were often set in rural life in [[New England]] in the early [[20th century|twentieth century]], and used these settings to look at complex social and [[philosophy|philosophical]] themes. Frost has often been quoted by other people. He was honored often during his lifetime, receiving four [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry]]. ==Early years== [[Image:Robert Frost, 1910s.jpg|left|thumb|Robert Frost, circa 1910]] Robert Frost was born in [[San Francisco, California]], to [[journalist]] William Prescott Frost, Jr., and Isabelle Moodie.<ref name=britannica/> Frost's father was a [[teacher]], and later an editor of the ''San Francisco Evening Bulletin'' (later the ''San Francisco Examiner''), and an unsuccessful candidate for city tax collector. After his death on May 5, 1885 the family moved across the country to Lawrence, [[Massachusetts]]. Frost graduated from Lawrence High School in 1892.<ref>{{cite book |last= Ehrlich |first= Eugene |author2= Carruth, Gorton |title=The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States |volume=50 |location=New York |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0195031865}}</ref> Frost's mother joined the Swedenborgian Church and had him baptized in there, but he left the church as an adult. Although he would be famous for writing about rural life, Frost grew up in the city, and published his first poem in his high school's magazine. He attended [[Dartmouth College]] for two months, long enough to be accepted into the Theta Delta Chi fraternity. Frost returned home to teach and to work at different jobs. ==Adult years== [[Image:RobertFrost.jpg|thumb|right|100px|"In three words I can sum up everything I've learned about life — It goes on" -- Robert Frost]] In 1894, Frost sold his first poem, "My Butterfly: An Elegy", for fifteen dollars. It was published in the November 8, 1894, edition of the ''New York Independent''. Proud of this accomplishment, he proposed marriage to Elinor Miriam White. She waited, wanting to finish college before they married. Frost then went on a trip to the Great Dismal Swamp in [[Virginia]]. After returning he proposed again to Elinor. Because she had then graduated, she agreed. They got married on 19th December 1896. He attended [[liberal arts]] studies at [[Harvard]] for two years, but left to support his growing family.<ref name="TutenZubizarreta2001">{{cite book|author1=Nancy Lewis Tuten|author2=John Zubizarreta|title=The Robert Frost encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47NFEPDDBMgC&pg=PA146|accessdate=17 July 2010|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313294648|page=145|quote=Halfway through the spring semester of his second year, Dean Briggs released him from Harvard without prejudice, lamenting the loss of so good a student.}}</ref><ref name="Parini2000">{{cite book|author=Jay Parini|title=Robert Frost: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHWqRHJiAlwC&pg=PA12-IA9|accessdate=17 July 2010|year=2000|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780805063417|pages=64–65}}</ref><ref name="Meyers1996">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Meyers|title=Robert Frost: a biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMxkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 July 2010|date=10 April 1996|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=9780395728093|quote=Frost remained at Harvard until March of his sophomore year, when he decamped in the middle of a term....}}</ref> Shortly before dying, Robert's grandfather purchased a farm for Robert and Elinor in Derry, [[New Hampshire]]; and Robert worked the farm for nine years, while writing early in the mornings and producing many of the poems that would later become famous. His farming was unsuccessful and he returned to education as an English teacher at New Hampshire's Pinkerton Academy from 1906 to 1911, then at the New Hampshire Normal School (now [[Plymouth State University]]) in Plymouth, New Hampshire. In 1912, Frost sailed with his family to [[Great Britain]], living first in [[Glasgow]] before settling in Beaconsfield outside [[London]]. His first book of poetry, ''A Boy's Will'', was published the next year. In England, he made some important friends, including [[:en:Edward Thomas (poet)|Edward Thomas]] (a member of the group known as the [[:en:Dymock_poets|Dymock Poets]]), [[:en:T._E._Hulme|T.E. Hulme]], and [[Ezra Pound]]. Surrounded by his peers, Frost wrote some of his best work while in England. After [[World War I]] began, Frost returned to America in 1915 and bought a farm in [[New Hampshire]], where he started a career of writing, teaching, and lecturing. This family homestead was the Frosts' summer home until 1938, and is used today as The Frost Place, a museum and poetry conference site. During the years 1916–20, 1923–24, and 1927–1938, Frost taught English at [[Amherst College]] in Massachusetts, notably encouraging his students to account for the sounds of the human voice in their writing. For forty-two years – from 1921 to 1963 - Frost spent almost every summer and fall teaching at the Bread Loaf School of English of [[Middlebury College]], at its mountain campus at Ripton, Vermont. The college now owns and maintains his former Ripton farmstead as a national historic site near the Bread Loaf campus. In 1921 Frost accepted a fellowship teaching post at the [[University of Michigan]], Ann Arbor, where he resided until 1927; while there he was awarded a lifetime appointment at the University as a Fellow in Letters.<ref name=Frost>{{cite book |last= Frost |first=Robert |editor1=Richardson, Mark |editor2=Poirier, Richard |title= Collected Poems, Prose, & Plays |series=The Library of America |volume= 81 |location= New York |publisher=Library of America |year=1995 |isbn=188301106X}}</ref> The Robert Frost Ann Arbor home is now situated at The Henry Ford Museum in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]. Frost returned to Amherst in 1927. In 1940 he bought a {{convert|5|acre|adj=on}} plot in South Miami, [[Florida]], naming it ''Pencil Pines''; he spent his winters there for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite book | last=Muir | first=Helen | title=Frost in Florida | url=https://archive.org/details/frostinfloridame0000muir | pages=[https://archive.org/details/frostinfloridame0000muir/page/41 41] | publisher=Valiant Press | year=1995 | isbn=0963346164}}</ref> [[Harvard University|Harvard]]'s 1965 alumni directory says Frost received an [[honorary degree]] there. Although he never graduated from college, Frost received over 40 honorary degrees, including ones from [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] universities; and was the only person to receive two honorary degrees from [[Dartmouth College]]. During his lifetime, the Robert Frost Middle School in [[Fairfax, Virginia]], and the main library of Amherst College were named after him. Frost was 86 when he spoke and performed a reading of his poetry at the [[inauguration]] of [[John F. Kennedy|President John F. Kennedy]] on January 20, 1961. He [[Death|died]] in [[Boston]] two years later, on Jan. 29, 1963, of complications from [[prostate]] surgery. He was buried at the Old Bennington Cemetery in [[Bennington, Vermont]]. His epitaph quotes a line from one of his poems: "I had a lover's quarrel with the world." Frost's poems are analyzed in the ''Anthology of Modern American Poetry'' ([[Oxford University Press]]) where it is mentioned that behind a sometimes charmingly familiar and rural front, Frost's poetry frequently presents hopeless and hostile undertones which often are either unseen or unanalyzed.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nelson |first=Cary |title= Anthology of Modern American Poetry |url= https://archive.org/details/anthologyofmoder0000unse_e0m0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anthologyofmoder0000unse_e0m0/page/84 84] |location= New York |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0195122704 }}</ref> One of the original collections of Frost materials is found in the Special Collections department of the Jones Library in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]]. The collection consists of approximately twelve thousand items, including original manuscript poems and letters, correspondence, and photographs, as well as audio and visual recordings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/frost/frost_print.html#contact |title=Robert Frost Collection |publisher=Jones Library, Inc. website, Amherst, Massachusetts |accessdate=2009-03-28 |archive-date=2009-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052023/http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/frost/frost_print.html#contact |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Related pages == *[[List of poets from the United States]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{VT Poets Laureate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frost, Robert}} [[Category:1874 births]] [[Category:1963 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from surgical complications]] [[Category:American poets]] [[Category:Pulitzer Prize winners]] [[Category:Writers from San Francisco]] [[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]] [[Category:People from Lawrence, Massachusetts]] b9tn4crn5c832ya18657ap23znuz08s 0 261609 10967014 10813417 2026-08-18T21:49:46Z ~2026-45345-62 1857661 /* Characters */ 10967014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | alt_name = | genre = [[Adventure]]<br>[[Children]]<br>[[Comedy]]<br>Musical | creator = {{Plainlist| * Soo Kim * Michael T. Smith * Jennifer Twomey }} | developer = | writer = | director = Matt Sheridan | starring = {{Plainlist| * Sophia Fox * Madeline Rose Yen * Ethan Kempner * Juan Mirt * [[Donovan Patton]] }} P.T. Walkey | judges = | narrated = | theme_music_composer = | opentheme = "Team Umizoomi Title Theme" | endtheme = "Team Umizoomi Title Theme" (Instrumental) | composer = | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of Team Umizoomi episodes | executive_producer = Jennifer Twomey | producer = {{Plainlist| * Soo Kim * Michael T. Smith }} | editor = | location = New York City, New York | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 24 minutes<br>45 minutes (episodes in Season 2 and 4) | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Curious Pictures]] * [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]] }} | network = {{Plainlist| * [[Nickelodeon]] * [[Nick Jr. Channel]] }} | first_aired = {{Start date|2010|1|25}} | last_aired = {{End date|2015|4|24}} | related = }} '''''Team Umizoomi''''' is an American animated children's television series. The show was on [[Nickelodeon]] from January 25, 2010 to April 24, 2015. The show follows 2 siblings: Milli and Geo, and their best [[robot]] friend: Bot. The show uses lots of mathematical ideas as numbers, sequences, shapes, songs and patterns. It is produced by [[Curious Pictures]] and [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]]. ==Characters== <big>'''Main'''</big> * Milli (voiced by Sophia Fox in most season one episodes and Madeline Rose Yen in two season one episodes and in seasons two through four) is a 6-year-old girl. Her primary abilities are patterns and measurement. Her pigtails (nicknamed "ponytails") can be used as rulers. She is often depicted as stronger than her teammates, which is obvious in seasons two through four. * Geo (voiced by Ethan Kempner in the first three seasons and by Juan Mirt in season four) is Milli's twin brother. His primary ability is shapes. He uses a [[blueprint]] for the thing that needs to be built, and then interact with the child viewing the show to figure out which building supplies are needed to fill in the shape belt by singing Super Shapes! * Bot (voiced by [[Donovan Patton]]) is a green robot who is Milli and Geo's best friend and primary caretaker. He loves to sing and dance and has a fun-loving, childlike personality. His abilities are more functional than math-related. His arms and legs can be extended to reach things, by saying "Arms Extendo" or "Legs Extendo". He has a small [[receiver|robot radar]] (like a satellite dish) on his head to receive calls (called the Umi Alarm). He also has a screen on his front (called a "Belly Belly Belly Screen") that they can see videos/pictures on as well as have a video call with someone who needs their help. He also has a storage compartment on the back of his body, called a Bot-o-mat, which frequently is carrying whatever the team happens to need. In each episode, he is introduced, usually by Milli, as their Best Robot Friend. * UmiCar (voiced by P. T. Wheatley) is the team's orange car that talks by only his name who drives the team wherever their help is needed. He also beeps. UmiCar has been shown as not being a character in many early season 1 episodes, but since he gained a face, becomes a character rather than an object. ==Production== '''<big>Early development</big>''' In late 2005, Soo Kim (who worked on ''[[Blue's Clues]]''), Michael T. Smith (who worked on ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants|Spongebob Squarepants]]''), and Jennifer Twomey had an idea. Their idea was to create a show about tiny superheroes. By April 20, 2006, the team made a CGI-animated pilot called "The Umizumiz" at [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]] to go pitch to the [[Noggin]] channel. The pilot taught preschoolers early math skills as well as problem solving. At the time, the series was set to premiere on Noggin in the 2007-08 television season. <big>'''Pickup by Nickelodeon'''</big> In February 2007, Nickelodeon had picked the pilot up for a full series of twenty episodes. Since the show was a hybrid of live-action and CGI animation, it was hard to make. By July 2007, the show was renamed to Team Umizoomi, a more simpler name, and was renewed for a second season in advance. The first half of season one episodes were completed in 2008; by June 2009 all of season one was completed. Production for the second season started immediately after. Animation was done by [[Curious Pictures]], who also co-produced the show along with Nickelodeon Animation Studio. <big>'''Premiere on Nickelodeon'''</big> ''Team Umizoomi'' was first teased in fall 2009, and set for a January 2010 release date. The show premiered on January 25, 2010, on Nickelodeon, and six days later on the Nick Jr. Channel. The second season premiered on October 18, 2010. During the first season era, ''Team Umizoomi'' was renewed for a third season ahead of season two's premiere. The third season premiered in October 2011. <big>'''Cancellation'''</big> In 2012, a fourth season was announced, which premiered on February 4, 2013, on Nickelodeon. By 2014, Nickelodeon announced that the series would not be getting a fifth season, due to episodes taking longer to air. The series aired its final episode, "Umi Rescue Copter", on April 24, 2015. ==Episodes== ===Season 1 (2010)=== #The Kite Festival — January 25, 2010 #The Aquarium Fix It — January 25, 2010 #Carnival — January 26, 2010 #Picnic — January 27, 2010 #Super Trip to the Supermarket — January 28, 2010 #Subway Heroes — February 1, 2010 #The Milk Out — February 2, 2010 #The Dinosaur Museum Mishap — February 3, 2010 #The Rolling [[Toy]] Parade — February 4, 2010 #Special Delivery — February 12, 2010 #Ready for Take Off — February 19, 2010 #[[Ice cream|Ice Cream]] Truck — April 12, 2010 #The Wild West Toy Train Show — April 13, 2010 #The Butterfly Dance Show — April 14, 2010 #The Elephant Sprinkler — April 15, 2010 #Playground Heroes — April 22, 2010 #To the Library — September 14, 2010 #Race Around Umi City — October 18, 2010 #Favorite Things Show — October 19, 2010 #The Big Boat Race — October 20, 2010 ===Season 2 (2010–2011)=== #21 Chicks in the City — October 21, 2010 #22 The Ghost Family Costume Party — October 25, 2010 #23 Santa's Little Fixers — December 6, 2010 #24 The Great UmiCar Rescue — January 10, 2011 #25 Purple Monkey Mission — January 11, 2011 #26 Day at the Museum — January 12, 2011 #27 Super Soap — January 13, 2011 #28 Counting Comet — February 25, 2011 #29 Crazy Skates — March 21, 2011 #30 Milli Saves the Day — March 22, 2011 #31 Umi Fire Truck — March 23, 2011 #32 Ellee the Elephant — March 24, 2011 #33 Umi Egg Hunt — April 15, 2011 #34 The Legend of the Blue Mermaid — May 13, 2011 #35 Shark Car — July 15, 2011 #36 The King of Numbers — October 3, 2011 #37 Umi Toy Store — October 11, 2011 #38 Buster the Lost Dog — October 12, 2011 ===Season 3 (2011-2012)=== #39 Cuckoo Bears — October 13, 2011 #40 The Incredible Presto — October 14, 2011 #41 Stompasaurus — January 17, 2012 #42 Job Well Done — January 18, 2012 #43 Rainy Day Rescue — January 19, 2012 #44 The Shape Bandit — January 20, 2012 #45 Shooting Star — April 27, 2012 #46 Presto's Magic House — May 18, 2012 #47 DoorMouse in Space — May 25, 2012 #48 The Umi Games — August 13, 2012 #49 The Kitty Rescue — September 14, 2012 #50 The Great Shape Race — September 28, 2012 #51 Animal School House — October 1, 2012 #52 Doctor Bot — October 2, 2012 #53 Boardwalk Games — October 3, 2012 #54 Lost and Found Toys — October 4, 2012 #55 [[Let's Play]] Math Dragons — December 3, 2012 #56 Haircut Hijinx — December 4, 2012 #57 The Umi City Treasure Hunt — December 5, 2012 #58 A Sledding Snow Day — December 6, 2012 ===Season 4 (2013–2015)=== #59 The Boy With the Dragon [[Skateboard]] — February 4, 2013 #60 City of Lost Penguins — February 6, 2013 #61 UmiCar's Birthday Present — April 22, 2013 #62 Robo Tools — May 13, 2013 #63 The Sunshine Fairy — May 15, 2013 #64 Little Panda Joe — June 14, 2013 #65 Stolen Lunches — September 9, 2013 #66 Meatball Madness — September 11, 2013 #67 Umi Grand Prix — October 11, 2013 #68 Gloopy Fly Home — November 18, 2013 #69 Movie Madness — November 20, 2013 #70 Umi Ninjas — January 15, 2014 #71 Umi Cops — January 17, 2014 #72 Umi Knights — April 29, 2014 #73 Lost Fairy Tales in the City — May 1, 2014 #74 Sleeping UmiCar — September 9, 2014 #75 Gizmos Gone Wild — September 10, 2014 #76 Umi Space Heroes — February 16, 2015 #77 Umi Rescue Copter — April 24, 2015 ==Toys and Merchandise== In early 2012, a company called [[Fisher-Price]] collaborated with Nickelodeon to create the first official ''Team Umizoomi'' toys. They were created until 2015. These toys included plush dolls, bath figurines, plastic figures, etc. <big>'''Preschool math kits'''</big>{{reflist}} ==DVD releases== Paramount Home Media Distribution is the main [[DVD]] distributor for the show. {{Nick Jr.}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:2010s American animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American comic science fiction television series]] [[Category:2010s American musical comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American preschool education television series]] [[Category:2010 American animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2015 American animated television series endings]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:American animated television series about children]] [[Category:American children's animated adventure television series]] [[Category:American children's animated comic science fiction television series]] [[Category:American children's animated musical television series]] [[Category:American children's animated science fantasy television series]] [[Category:American computer animated television series]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:American flash animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Nickelodeon original programming]] [[Category:American television series with live action and animation]] [[Category:Animated television series about mice and rats]] [[Category:Animated television series about robots]] [[Category:Animated television series about siblings]] [[Category:Animated television series about shapeshifting]] [[Category:American mathematics education television series]] [[Category:Nick Jr. original programming]] [[Category:Television series by Curious Pictures]] phx38tkwdl2e54h3t7knbeysnblo0mj 0 262005 10967174 9834631 2026-08-19T03:49:03Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967174 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RashadEvans.png|thumb|Rashad Evans]] '''Rashad Anton Evans''' (born September 25, 1979 in [[Niagara Falls, New York]]) is an [[Americans|American]] [[Mixed martial arts|mixed martial artist]]. He currently fights for the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] and fights out of [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]. Evans is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Championship and was the winner of The Ultimate Fight season 2 in the heavyweight division. Evans holds a black belt in [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] and [[Gaidojutsu]] ==Other websites== *[http://rashadevans.tv/ Rashad Evans' Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304190102/http://rashadevans.tv/ |date=2011-03-04 }} {{US-sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Evans, Rashad}} [[Category:Sportspeople from New York (state)]] [[Category:American mixed martial artists]] [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Living people]] mdgjzjpjct9f4fx1fp083llym3uiyiw 0 263010 10966826 10766853 2026-08-18T17:05:31Z Canadachick 1633172 10966826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sodium azide.jpg|thumb|Bottle of sodium azide]] '''Sodium azide''', also known as '''sodium trinitride''', is a [[chemical compound]]. Its chemical formula is NaN<sub>3</sub>. ==Properties== It is a white [[crystalline]] solid. It is an explosive. It can be [[detonation|detonated]] by an electric spark. It contains [[sodium]] and [[azide]] [[ion]]s. It reacts with [[acid]]s to produce [[hydrazoic acid]]. It can be destroyed by reacting it with [[nitrous acid]]. This reaction produces [[nitric oxide]], [[nitrogen]], and [[sodium hydroxide]]. It is a powerful [[reducing agent]], which makes it explosive. It contains nitrogen in its -<sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub> [[oxidation state]]. ==Preparation== It is made by reacting [[ammonia]] with sodium to make [[sodium amide]]. The sodium amide then reacts with [[nitrous oxide]] to make sodium azide. It can also be made by reacting [[sodium nitrate]] with sodium amide. Another process is reacting [[sodium nitrite]] with [[hydrazine]]. ==Uses== It is used in [[airbag]]s. It makes the airbags puff out. A computer detects that the car is crashing and ignites the sodium azide. This makes sodium metal and a lot of nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas inflates the airbag. It can be used to make other explosives, such as [[lead azide]]. ==Safety== Sodium azide is very toxic. It reacts with acids to make the explosive hydrazoic acid, which also is a very toxic gas. It is similar to [[cyanide]] poisoning. It attacks the [[respiratory system]] and the [[circulatory system]]. ==Related pages== *[[Lithium nitride]], Li<sub>3</sub>N *[[Sodium nitride]], Na<sub>3</sub>N *[[Nitrate]] *[[Nitrite]] {{Chem-stub}} [[Category:Sodium compounds]] [[Category:Nitrogen compounds]] 2ginduzkuqgbpslmozw5e1wvue61nmr 10 266000 10967141 10964774 2026-08-19T01:33:14Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10967141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=47005 |ed=47938 |created=1 |deleted=9301 |revdel=781 |eventdel=51 |restored=22 |blocked=1217 |protected=195 |unprotected=3 |rights=107 |reblock=43 |unblock=2 |modify=4 |filter=0 |merge=0 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=861 |style={{{style|}}}}} 4bas5p9f4thft4nzwia2jrsysiomg2w 0 271884 10967138 8322195 2026-08-19T01:23:53Z ~2026-45373-99 1857749 /* */ 10967138 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; text-align:center; border:1px solid gray;" | {| align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="width:80%; background:#f7f7e9; border:1px solid #a9a9a9;" |+ '''Post-transition metals''' |-bgcolor=#e9e955 ! width="4%" | [[Periodic table group|Group]]&nbsp;# ! width="24%" | [[Group 12 element|12]] ! width="24%" | [[Boron group|13]] ! width="24%" | [[Carbon group|14]] ! width="24%" | [[Nitrogen group|15]] <!-- also [[Pnictogen|15]] --> ! width="24%" | [[Oxygen group|16]] ! width="24%" | [[Fluorine group|17]] |- ! [[Periodic table period|Period]] |- ! [[Period 3 element|3]] | | {{element cell|13|Aluminum|Al| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} |- ! [[Period 4 element|4]] | {{element cell|30|Zinc|Zn| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} | {{element cell|31|Gallium|Ga| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} |- ! [[Period 5 element|5]] | {{element cell|48|Cadmium|Cd| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} | {{element cell|49|Indium|In| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} | {{element cell|50|Tin|Sn| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} |- ! [[Period 6 element|6]] | {{element cell|80|Mercury (element)|Hg| |Liquid|Poor metals|Primordial}} | {{element cell|81|Thallium|Tl| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} | {{element cell|82|Lead|Pb| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} | {{element cell|83|Bismuth|Bi| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} | {{element cell|84|Polonium|Po| |Solid|Poor metals|From decay}} | {{element cell|85|Astatine|At| |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}} |} |- |'''[[Atomic number]]s show [[State of matter|state]] at [[Standard temperature and pressure|STP]]''' {| cellpadding="2" style="margin:auto; text-align:center" |- ! width="50%" style="color: {{element color/Solid}};" | Solids ! width="50%" style="color: {{element color/Liquid}};" | Liquids |} |} The '''post-transition metals''', also known as the '''poor metals''', is a group of [[metal]]s on the [[periodic table]]. They are to the right of the [[transition metal]]s. The [[Group 12 element]]s are sometimes included. Sometimes [[germanium]] and [[antimony]] are included, although they are normally considered [[metalloid]]s. They normally have higher [[electronegativity|electronegativities]] than the transition metals. Their [[melting point]]s are lower, too. They are generally softer than other metals. They include lead, tin and other softer metals. ==Examples== *[[Aluminium]] *[[Gallium]] *[[Lead]] *[[Tin]] *[[Thallium]] *[[Indium]] *[[Bismuth]] *[[Polonium]] <gallery> File:Thallium.jpg|Thallium File:Indium wire.jpg|Indium File:Lead.jpg|Lead File:Metal cube tin.jpg|Tin File:Gallium.jpg|Gallium </gallery> {{chem-stub}} {{Periodic table}} [[Category:Post-transition metals| ]] 01enu72pwz49qw8h7twpvw5zjb87br1 0 278372 10966642 9009964 2026-08-18T14:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patrick M. Byrne''' (born 1962, [[Fort Wayne]], [[Indiana]], United States) is the [[CEO]] and chairman of [[Overstock.com]]. He took control of the company in 1999. He had previously lead two smaller companies, including one owned by [[Warren Buffett]]’s [[Berkshire Hathaway]].<ref name="JAME">[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5383/is_200601/ai_n21403142 Riding on a Raft: Patrick Byrne and Overstock.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525072447/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5383/is_200601/ai_n21403142/ |date=2010-05-25 }}, by Duan, Jason, Bachelor, John A III. ''Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship'', January 2006</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Byrne, Patrick M.}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Utah]] 2l8pzxh0g2aidehupz59t35bkjqnfkr 0 279187 10967392 10888776 2026-08-19T10:14:49Z ~2026-45415-34 1857912 10967392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Pedofi Duck | image = Charlie Sheen2009.JPG | imagesize = 220px | caption = Sheen in 2009 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|9|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.biography.com/people/charlie-sheen-9481297 |title= Pedofi Duck Biography |publisher= [[The Biography Channel |Biography.com]] ([[A&E Networks]]) |access-date= February 21, 2012 |archive-date= March 3, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130303223606/http://www.biography.com/people/charlie-sheen-9481297 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]] | nationality = Your Anus | residence = | occupation = Sex offender | deathdate = | birthname = Leeeeeeeeeroy | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<ref>Swoyer, Alex (February 11, 2015) [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/feb/11/charlie-sheen-constitutional-republican-actor-come/ "Charlie Sheen comes out of political closet, says he’s a ‘constitutional Republican’"], ''[[Washington Times]]''. Retrieved February 25, 2015.</ref> | yearsactive = He never existed | othername = Dio | spouse = Donald Duck {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Mickey Mouse 1995|end=divorce|1996}} * {{marriage|[[Denise Richards]]|2002|end=divorce|2006}} * {{marriage|[[Brooke Mueller]]|2008|end=divorce|2011}} }} | children = 5, including [[Sami Sheen|Sami]] and [[Lola Sheen|Lola]] | parents = {{plainlist| * [[Martin Sheen]] (father) * [[Janet Sheen|Janet Templeton]] (mother) }} | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[Emilio Estevez]] (brother) * [[Ramon Estévez]] (brother) * [[Renée Estévez]] (sister) }} | education = | alma mater = | television = ''[[Two and a Half Men]]'' | homepage = }} '''Carlos Irwin Estévez (wow, what a name)''' known professionally by his [[stage name]] '''Charlie Sheen''', is on the Epstein's list. An [[Americans|American]] (ugh, I hate them) actor in movies and television. He starred in television show ''Two and a Half Epstein's.'' Sheen was the bomb on television and earned US$1.8&nbsp;million per episode of ''Two and a Half Men''.<ref name='sheen-cbs'>[https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2010-05-19-cbsupfront19_ST_N.htm?csp=hf CBS adds six new shows, hangs on to Charlie Sheen] USA TODAY, May 20, 2010 By Gary Levin</ref> ==Personal life== ===Family and relationships=== Sheen has been married three times. He has five children. His first daughter, Cassandra Jade Estevez, was born on December 12, 1984. Her mother is his former high school girlfriend, Paula Profit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,410161,00.html|title=Charlie Sheen, New Wife Have Baby On the Way|publisher=Fox News|date=August 25, 2008|access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://a11news.com/559/cassandra-sheen/|title=Cassandra Sheen|date=August 25, 2008|publisher=a11news.com|access-date=March 5, 2011|archive-date=January 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114140420/http://a11news.com/559/cassandra-sheen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 1990, Sheen accidentally shot his fiancée, [[Kelly Preston]], in the arm.<ref name="girls"/> She broke off the engagement soon after.<ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Sheen Timeline Of Past 25 Years|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/heidi-fleiss/charlie-sheen-timeline-of-past-25-years_article_42952|access-date=March 12, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Sheen: A Timeline of Bad Behavior|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Charlie-Sheen-Behavior-1029895.aspx|access-date=March 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/charlie-sheen.html "Charlie Sheen Biography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322023706/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/charlie-sheen.html|date=2014-03-22}}, [[Biography Channel]] website. Retrieved October 26, 2010.</ref> In the 1990s, Sheen dated a number of [[adult movie]] actresses, including [[Ginger Lynn]]<ref name="girls">{{Cite news |title=Charlie Sheen |first=Judy |last=Faber |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/24/entertainment/main1931661.shtml |publisher=[[CBS]] |access-date=October 30, 2009 |date=August 24, 2006 |archive-date=January 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104001434/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/24/entertainment/main1931661.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Added Sheen |first=Tom |last=Gliatto |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20132664,00.html |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=February 5, 2011 | date=October 16, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The vengeful wives who want to wipe the floor with Mr Sheen |first=Paul |last=Scott |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1239320/The-vengeful-wives-want-wipe-floor-Mr-Sheen.html |work=Daily Mail |location=London |access-date=February 5, 2011 | date=December 30, 2009 }}</ref> and [[Heather Hunter]].<ref name="girls"/> On September 3, 1995, Sheen married Donna Peele.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/904/000022838/ |title=Charlie Sheen at NNDB |publisher=Nndb.com |access-date=August 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name=marriages>{{cite news |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/24921515/38535397 |title=Charlie Sheen marries for the third time |publisher=Today |agency=Associated Press |date=June 1, 2008 |access-date=March 12, 2011 |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515095026/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/24921515/38535397 |url-status=dead }}</ref> That same year, Sheen was named as one of the clients of an [[escort]] agency run by [[Heidi Fleiss]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/new-heidi-fleiss-has-stars-running/story-e6frfkp9-1111113069418 | work=The Australian | title=New 'Heidi Fleiss' has stars running | first=Robert | last=Lusetich | date=February 28, 2007}}</ref> Sheen and Peele divorced in 1996.<ref name="actors"/> On June 15, 2002, Sheen married actress [[Denise Richards]]. They have two daughters, Sam<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,627858,00.html|title=Sheen, Richards Welcome a Baby Girl|access-date=June 1, 2007|author=Stephen M. Silverman|date=March 16, 2004|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-date=October 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001417/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,627858,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Lola Sheen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/gallery/0,,1066791,00.html|title=Denise Welcomes Baby Lola!|access-date=June 1, 2007|first=Caryn|last=Midler|date=June 2, 2005|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-date=May 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504084851/http://www.people.com/people/gallery/0,,1066791,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2005, Richards filed for divorce. She accused Sheen of alcohol and drug abuse and threats of violence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0421061sheen1.html |title=Charlie Sheen Divorce Bombshell |publisher=[[The Smoking Gun]]|access-date=July 16, 2008}}</ref> On May 30, 2008, Sheen married [[Brooke Mueller]]. She later gave birth to their twin sons, Bob and Max.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 30, 2008 |first=Ulrica |last=Wihlborg|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20203278,00.html|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|title=Charlie Sheen & Brooke Mueller Get Married|access-date=July 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 30, 2008 |first=Natalie|last=Finn|url=http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b140223_charlies_got_newlywed_sheen.html|work=[[E! Online]]|title=Charlie's Got That Newlywed Sheen |access-date=July 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie Sheen and His Wife Welcome Twins |url=http://www.etonline.com/news/2009/03/71806/index.html |date=March 15, 2009 |work=[[E! Online]] |access-date=September 12, 2012 |archive-date=August 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822171918/http://www.etonline.com/news/2009/03/71806/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In November 2010, Sheen filed for divorce. On March 1, 2011, police removed Bob and Max from Sheen's home.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/02/sheen-loses-custody-of-twin-sons/|title=Sheen Loses Custody of Twin Sons|last=Flam|first=Lisa|work=[[AOL News]]|date=March 2, 2011|access-date=March 17, 2011|archive-date=March 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315160027/http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/02/sheen-loses-custody-of-twin-sons/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On March 1, 2011, Sheen was living with two women, pornographic actress [[Bree Olson|Rachel Oberlin]] and model and graphic designer Natalie Kenly. He called them his "goddesses".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/people/charlie-sheens-sons-removed-from-his-home-20110303-1bf9s.html |title=Charlie Sheen's sons removed from his home |first=Georgina |last=Robinson |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=March 3, 2011 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/charlie_sheen_girlfriends_describe_PqBFEyfbTgLD9UQc0lSmJO |title=Charlie Sheen, girlfriends describe their life together |work=New York Post |date=March 1, 2011 |access-date=March 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Sheen '20/20′ Interview: Rachel Oberlin Says 'I Would Love to Marry Charlie'|url=http://www.okmagazine.com/2011/03/charlie-sheen-2020-interview-rachel-oberlin-says-i-would-love-to-marry-charlie/#more-2401311|work=[[OK!]]|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-date=March 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306195551/http://www.okmagazine.com/2011/03/charlie-sheen-2020-interview-rachel-oberlin-says-i-would-love-to-marry-charlie/#more-2401311|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ciFGqXIUPU |title=Good Morning America: Charlie Sheen's 'Goddesses': 'We All Love Charlie' (03.01.11) |publisher=[[ABC News]] video upload onto YouTube |date=March 1, 2011 |access-date=March 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emEM5H9NgTI |title=20/20: Charlie Sheen and His Goddesses (03.02.11) |publisher=[[ABC News]] video upload onto YouTube |date=March 2, 2011 |access-date=March 4, 2011}}</ref> Oberlin left Sheen in April 2011. Kenly left in June 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/21/goddess-details-time-with-sheen|title='Goddess' details time with Sheen|date=July 21, 2011|newspaper=Toronto Sun|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-date=October 26, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Bi29VBXM?url=http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/21/goddess-details-time-with-sheen|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20074713-10391698.html|title=Charlie Sheen is goddess-less|date=June 27, 2011|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-date=August 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807120845/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20074713-10391698.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Substance abuse and legal issues=== On May 20, 1998, Sheen was overdosed while using [[cocaine]]. He was hospitalized. Sheen was already on probation in [[California]] for a previous drug offense. His probation was extended for an extra year. He entered a rehab clinic.<ref name="dail_news">{{Cite news |title=Charlie Sheen's Probation Extended |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L45TAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L4YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2823,5598507&dq=charlie+sheen+probation&hl=en |work= Daily News |access-date=March 10, 2011 | date=August 12, 1998}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{Cite news |title=Charlie Sheen in hospital for drugs, alcohol |url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Movies/9805/22/charlie.sheen/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=March 10, 2011 | date=May 22, 1998}}</ref> In a 2004 interview, Sheen said that the overdose was caused by his experimentation with injecting cocaine.<ref name="uktelegraph">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4730330/How-Charlie-Sheen-saw-the-light.html|title=How Charlie Sheen saw the light|access-date=March 9, 2011 |date=January 19, 2004 |first=Adam |last=Higginbotham |publisher=The Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> On December 25, 2009, Sheen was arrested for [[assault]]ing his wife, Brooke Mueller in [[Aspen, Colorado]]. He was released the same day from jail after posting an $8,500 [[bond (finance)|bond]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-12-25-sheen-arrest_N.htm?csp=34 |title=Bond Posted |work=USA Today |date=December 25, 2009 |access-date=December 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8433407.stm|title=Charlie Sheen 'threatened to kill wife' |date=December 29, 2009|publisher=BBC News|access-date=December 29, 2009}}</ref> Sheen was sentenced to 30 days in a drug rehab center, 30 days of probation, and 36 hours of anger management.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/02/charlie-sheen-pleads-guil_n_668120.html |title=Charlie Sheen Pleads Guilty to Aspen Assault |first=Solomon |last=Banda |work=The Huffington Post |agency=Associated Press |date=August 2, 2010 |access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref> On October 26, 2010, the police removed Sheen from his suite at the [[Plaza Hotel]] after he reportedly caused $7,000 in damage.<ref name="nyt102910">{{Cite news |url=http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/poparazzi-in-praise-of-celebrity-excuses/?scp=2&sq=charlie%20sheen&st=cse |title=In Praise of Celebrity Excuses |work=The New York Times Style Magazine |author=Widdicombe, Ben |date=October 29, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref> According to the NYPD, Sheen said he was drinking and using cocaine on that night.<ref name=nyt102910 /> He was released after entering a hospital for observation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/police_called_to_charlie_sheen_room_zKbwIvShUm8vhbeDUEowRK |title=Charlie Sheen trashes room at Plaza Hotel in coke-fueled rampage |work=New York Post |date=October 26, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2011 |first1=Larry |last1=Celona |first2=John |last2=Doyle |first3=Jamie |last3=Schram}}</ref> ==Health== On November 16, 2015, it was revealed that Sheen would make a formal announcement through a television interview that he is officially [[HIV|HIV-positive]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.etonline.com/news/176154_charlie_sheen_to_make_personal_announcement_on_the_today_show_amid_reports_that_he_hiv_positive/|title=Charlie Sheen to Address HIV Reports in 'Personal Announcement' on the 'Today' Show|date=November 16, 2015|publisher=Entertainment Tonight|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/charlie-sheen-to-make-personal-announcement/|title=Charlie Sheen to make "revealing personal announcement"|date=November 16, 2015|publisher=CBS News|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> He said he was [[diagnose]]d four years earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-34845630|title=Charlie Sheen confirms he has HIV|work=BBC News |date=17 November 2015}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Movies=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Year !Movie !Role !class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1974 | ''[[The Execution of Private Slovik]]'' | Kid at wedding | |- | 1979 | ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'' | Extra<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=175644&apid=0 |title=Overview for Charlie Sheen |publisher=Tcm.com |access-date=August 18, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |- | 1984 | ''[[Red Dawn]]'' | Matt Eckert | |- | 1984 | ''[[Silence of the Heart]]'' | Ken Cruze | |- | 1985 | ''The Fourth Wise Man'' | Captain of Herod's soldiers | |- | 1985 | ''[[Out of the Darkness (film)|Out of the Darkness]]'' | Man shaving | |- | 1985 | ''[[The Boys Next Door (1985 film)|The Boys Next Door]]'' | Bo Richards | |- | 1986 | ''A Life in the Day'' | | Short film |- | 1986 | ''[[Lucas (film)|Lucas]]'' | Cappie | |- | 1986 | ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]'' | Garth Volbeck | Cameo |- | 1986 | ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]'' | Private Chris Taylor | |- | 1986 | ''[[The Wraith]]'' | Jake Kesey | |- | 1986 | ''[[Wisdom (film)|Wisdom]]'' | Hamburger restaurant manager | Cameo |- | 1987 | ''[[Wall Street (1987 film)|Wall Street]]'' | Bud Fox | |- | 1987 | ''[[No Man's Land (1987 film)|No Man's Land]]'' | Ted Varrick | |- | 1987 | ''[[Three for the Road]]'' | Paul | |- | 1987 | ''[[Grizzly II: The Predator|Grizzly II: The Predator Concert]]'' | Ron | |- | 1988 | ''[[Never on Tuesday]]'' | Thief | Cameo |- | 1988 | ''[[Eight Men Out]]'' | [[Happy Felsch|Oscar 'Happy' Felsch]] | |- | 1988 | ''[[Young Guns (film)|Young Guns]]'' | [[Richard M. Brewer|Richard "Dick" Brewer]] | |- | 1989 | ''[[Tale of Two Sisters]]'' | Narrator | Writer |- | 1989 | ''[[Major League (film)|Major League]]'' | [[Major League II#Cast|Ricky 'Wild Thing' Vaughn]] | |- | 1989 | ''Comicits'' | Himself | Short film<br>Producer |- | 1989 | ''[[Catchfire]]'' | Bob | Cameo |- | 1990 | ''[[Cadence (film)|Cadence]]'' | Private First Class Franklin Fairchild Bean | |- | 1990 | ''[[Courage Mountain]]'' | Peter | |- | 1990 | ''[[Men at Work (film)|Men at Work]]'' | Carl Taylor | |- | 1990 | ''[[Navy SEALs (film)|Navy SEALs]]'' | Lieutenant Dale Hawkins | |- | 1990 | ''[[The Rookie (1990 film)|The Rookie]]'' | David Ackerman | |- | 1991 | ''[[Hot Shots!]]'' | Lieutenant Sean Topper Harley | |- | 1992 | ''[[Beyond the Law (1992 film)|Beyond the Law]]'' | William Patrick Steaner<br>Daniel "Dan" Saxon<br>Sid | |- | 1992 | ''[[Oliver Stone]]: Inside Out'' | Himself | Documentary |- | 1993 | ''[[Loaded Weapon 1]]'' | Gern | Cameo |- | 1993 |''[[Deadfall (1993 film)|Deadfall]]'' | Morgan "Fats" Gripp | |- | 1993 | ''[[Hot Shots! Part Deux]]'' | Lieutenant Sean Topper Harley | |- | 1993 | ''[[The Three Musketeers (1993 film)|The Three Musketeers]]'' | [[Aramis]] | |- | 1994 | ''Charlie Sheen's Stunt Spectacular'' | Himself | |- | 1994 | ''[[Terminal Velocity (film)|Terminal Velocity]] '' | Richard "Ditch" Brodie | |- | 1994 | ''[[The Chase (1994 film)|The Chase]]'' | Jackson Davis "Jack" Hammond | Executive producer |- | 1994 | ''[[Major League II]]'' | Ricky "Wild Thing" Vaughn | |- | 1996 | ''[[Loose Women (film)|Loose Women]]'' | Barbie-loving bartender | Cameo |- | 1996 | ''Frame by Frame'' | | |- | 1996 | ''[[All Dogs Go to Heaven 2]]'' | Charles B. "Charlie" Barkin | Voice |- | 1996 | ''[[The Arrival (film)|The Arrival]]'' | Zane Zaminsky | |- | 1997 | ''[[Money Talks]]'' | James Russell | |- | 1997 | ''[[Shadow Conspiracy]]'' | Bobby Bishop | |- | 1997 | ''[[Bad Day on the Block]]'' | Lyle Wilder | |- | 1998 | ''[[Postmortem (1998 film)|Postmortem]]'' | James McGregor | |- | 1998 | ''[[A Letter from Death Row (film)|A Letter from Death Row]]'' | Cop | Cameo |- | 1998 | ''[[No Code of Conduct]]'' | Jacob "Jake" Peterson | Executive producer and writer |- | 1998 | ''[[Free Money (film)|Free Money]]'' | Bud Dyerson | |- | 1998 | ''[[Junket Whore]]'' | Himself | Documentary |- | 1999 | ''[[Lisa Picard is Famous]]'' | Himself | |- | 1999 | ''[[Five Aces]]'' | Chris Martin | |- | 1999 | ''[[Being John Malkovich]]'' | Himself | |- | 2000 | ''[[Rated X (film)|Rated X]]'' | [[Artie Mitchell|Artie Jay "Art" Mitchell]] | |- | 2001 | ''[[Good Advice]]'' | Ryan Edward Turner | |- | 2001 | ''Last Party 2000'' | Himself | Documentary |- | 2002 | ''The Making of [[Bret Michaels]]'' | Himself | Documentary |- | 2003 | ''Deeper Than Deep'' | [[Chuck Traynor|Charles "Chuck" E. Traynor]] | Short film |- | 2003 | ''[[Scary Movie 3]]'' | [[Tom Logan (character)|Tom Logan]] | |- | 2004 | ''[[The Big Bounce (2004 film)|The Big Bounce]]'' | Bob Rogers Jr. | |- | 2004 | ''[[Pauly Shore Is Dead]]'' | Himself | Cameo |- | 2005 | ''[[Guilty Hearts]]'' | Himself | Segment: "Spelling Bee" |- | 2006 | ''[[Scary Movie 4]]'' | Tom Logan | Cameo |- | 2010 | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall%20Street:%20Money%20Never%20Sleeps Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps] | Bud Fox | Cameo |- | 2010 | ''[[Due Date]]'' | Himself / [[Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)|Charlie Harper]] | Cameo |- | 2012 | ''[[Madea's Witness Protection]]'' | Himself | [[Post-credits scene]] |- | 2012 | ''[[A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III]]'' | Charles Swan III | |- | 2013 | ''[[Machete Kills]]'' | [[President of the USA]] | |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Year !Film !Role !class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1986 | ''[[Amazing Stories (TV series)|Amazing Stories: Book Three]]'' | Casey | Episode: "[[Amazing Stories (TV series)#Episodes|No Day at the Beach]]" |- | 1996 | ''[[Friends]]'' | Ryan | Episode: "[[The One with the Chicken Pox]]" |- | 1999 | ''[[Sugar Hill (TV pilot)|Sugar Hill]]'' | Matt | Pilot |- | 2000–2002 | ''[[Spin City]]'' | Charlie Crawford | Seasons 5 and 6 |- | 2003–2011 | ''[[Two and a Half Men]]'' | [[Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)|Charlie Harper]] | Season 1–8 |- | 2006 | ''[[Overhaulin']]'' | Himself | Episode: "LeMama's Boy" |- | 2008 | ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' | Himself | Episode: "[[List of The Big Bang Theory episodes|The Griffin Equivalency]]" |- | 2008 | ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'' | Himself | Episode: "[[Two and a Half Deaths]]" |- | 2010 | ''[[Family Guy]]'' | Himself | Episode: "[[Brian Griffin's House of Payne]]" |- | 2011 | ''[[Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza]]'' | Himself | 1 episode |- | 2011 | ''[[Comedy Central Roast]]'' | Himself | Roastee |- | 2012–2014 | ''[[Anger Management (TV series)|Anger Management]]'' | Charlie Goodson |Season 1 - Season 2 |} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="actors">Stated in interview on ''[[Inside the Actors Studio]]'', 2007</ref> }} ==Other websites== {{wikiquote}} *{{Commons category-inline}} *[https://twitter.com/charliesheen Charlie Sheen's Twitter] *{{iMDb name|221}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sheen, Charlie}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from New York City]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American people convicted of assault]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:People with HIV/AIDS]] [[Category:Republicans (United States)]] f9v9t82nzit98hfolm937iiigpm7ncu 10967409 10967392 2026-08-19T10:40:16Z WalnutBloom 1773816 Undid revision 10967392 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45415-34|~2026-45415-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-45415-34|talk]]) - Reverted vandalism. 10967409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = | image = Charlie Sheen March 2009.JPG | imagesize = 220px | caption = Sheen in 2009 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|9|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.biography.com/people/charlie-sheen-9481297 |title= Charlie Sheen Biography |publisher= [[The Biography Channel |Biography.com]] ([[A&E Networks]]) |access-date= February 21, 2012 |archive-date= March 3, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130303223606/http://www.biography.com/people/charlie-sheen-9481297 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]] | nationality = American | residence = | occupation = Actor | deathdate = | birthname = Carlos Irwin Estévez | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<ref>Swoyer, Alex (February 11, 2015) [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/feb/11/charlie-sheen-constitutional-republican-actor-come/ "Charlie Sheen comes out of political closet, says he’s a ‘constitutional Republican’"], ''[[Washington Times]]''. Retrieved February 25, 2015.</ref> | yearsactive = 1973–present | othername = | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Donna Peele|1995|end=divorce|1996}} * {{marriage|[[Denise Richards]]|2002|end=divorce|2006}} * {{marriage|[[Brooke Mueller]]|2008|end=divorce|2011}} }} | children = 5, including [[Sami Sheen|Sami]] and [[Lola Sheen|Lola]] | parents = {{plainlist| * [[Martin Sheen]] (father) * [[Janet Sheen|Janet Templeton]] (mother) }} | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[Emilio Estevez]] (brother) * [[Ramon Estévez]] (brother) * [[Renée Estévez]] (sister) }} | education = | alma mater = | television = ''[[Two and a Half Men]]'' | homepage = }} '''Carlos Irwin Estévez''' (born September 3, 1965), known professionally by his [[stage name]] '''Charlie Sheen''', is an [[Americans|American]] actor in movies and television. He starred in television show ''[[Two and a Half Men]]''. Sheen had a [[cameo appearance]] in ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]''. In 2010, Sheen was the highest paid actor on television and earned US$1.8&nbsp;million per episode of ''Two and a Half Men''.<ref name='sheen-cbs'>[https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2010-05-19-cbsupfront19_ST_N.htm?csp=hf CBS adds six new shows, hangs on to Charlie Sheen] USA TODAY, May 20, 2010 By Gary Levin</ref> ==Personal life== ===Family and relationships=== Sheen has been married three times. He has five children. His first daughter, Cassandra Jade Estevez, was born on December 12, 1984. Her mother is his former high school girlfriend, Paula Profit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,410161,00.html|title=Charlie Sheen, New Wife Have Baby On the Way|publisher=Fox News|date=August 25, 2008|access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://a11news.com/559/cassandra-sheen/|title=Cassandra Sheen|date=August 25, 2008|publisher=a11news.com|access-date=March 5, 2011|archive-date=January 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114140420/http://a11news.com/559/cassandra-sheen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 1990, Sheen accidentally shot his fiancée, [[Kelly Preston]], in the arm.<ref name="girls"/> She broke off the engagement soon after.<ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Sheen Timeline Of Past 25 Years|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/heidi-fleiss/charlie-sheen-timeline-of-past-25-years_article_42952|access-date=March 12, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Sheen: A Timeline of Bad Behavior|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Charlie-Sheen-Behavior-1029895.aspx|access-date=March 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/charlie-sheen.html "Charlie Sheen Biography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322023706/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/charlie-sheen.html|date=2014-03-22}}, [[Biography Channel]] website. Retrieved October 26, 2010.</ref> In the 1990s, Sheen dated a number of [[adult movie]] actresses, including [[Ginger Lynn]]<ref name="girls">{{Cite news |title=Charlie Sheen |first=Judy |last=Faber |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/24/entertainment/main1931661.shtml |publisher=[[CBS]] |access-date=October 30, 2009 |date=August 24, 2006 |archive-date=January 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104001434/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/24/entertainment/main1931661.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Added Sheen |first=Tom |last=Gliatto |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20132664,00.html |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=February 5, 2011 | date=October 16, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The vengeful wives who want to wipe the floor with Mr Sheen |first=Paul |last=Scott |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1239320/The-vengeful-wives-want-wipe-floor-Mr-Sheen.html |work=Daily Mail |location=London |access-date=February 5, 2011 | date=December 30, 2009 }}</ref> and [[Heather Hunter]].<ref name="girls"/> On September 3, 1995, Sheen married Donna Peele.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/904/000022838/ |title=Charlie Sheen at NNDB |publisher=Nndb.com |access-date=August 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name=marriages>{{cite news |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/24921515/38535397 |title=Charlie Sheen marries for the third time |publisher=Today |agency=Associated Press |date=June 1, 2008 |access-date=March 12, 2011 |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515095026/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/24921515/38535397 |url-status=dead }}</ref> That same year, Sheen was named as one of the clients of an [[escort]] agency run by [[Heidi Fleiss]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/new-heidi-fleiss-has-stars-running/story-e6frfkp9-1111113069418 | work=The Australian | title=New 'Heidi Fleiss' has stars running | first=Robert | last=Lusetich | date=February 28, 2007}}</ref> Sheen and Peele divorced in 1996.<ref name="actors"/> On June 15, 2002, Sheen married actress [[Denise Richards]]. They have two daughters, Sam<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,627858,00.html|title=Sheen, Richards Welcome a Baby Girl|access-date=June 1, 2007|author=Stephen M. Silverman|date=March 16, 2004|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-date=October 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001417/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,627858,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Lola Sheen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/gallery/0,,1066791,00.html|title=Denise Welcomes Baby Lola!|access-date=June 1, 2007|first=Caryn|last=Midler|date=June 2, 2005|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-date=May 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504084851/http://www.people.com/people/gallery/0,,1066791,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2005, Richards filed for divorce. She accused Sheen of alcohol and drug abuse and threats of violence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0421061sheen1.html |title=Charlie Sheen Divorce Bombshell |publisher=[[The Smoking Gun]]|access-date=July 16, 2008}}</ref> On May 30, 2008, Sheen married [[Brooke Mueller]]. She later gave birth to their twin sons, Bob and Max.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 30, 2008 |first=Ulrica |last=Wihlborg|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20203278,00.html|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|title=Charlie Sheen & Brooke Mueller Get Married|access-date=July 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 30, 2008 |first=Natalie|last=Finn|url=http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b140223_charlies_got_newlywed_sheen.html|work=[[E! Online]]|title=Charlie's Got That Newlywed Sheen |access-date=July 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie Sheen and His Wife Welcome Twins |url=http://www.etonline.com/news/2009/03/71806/index.html |date=March 15, 2009 |work=[[E! Online]] |access-date=September 12, 2012 |archive-date=August 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822171918/http://www.etonline.com/news/2009/03/71806/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In November 2010, Sheen filed for divorce. On March 1, 2011, police removed Bob and Max from Sheen's home.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/02/sheen-loses-custody-of-twin-sons/|title=Sheen Loses Custody of Twin Sons|last=Flam|first=Lisa|work=[[AOL News]]|date=March 2, 2011|access-date=March 17, 2011|archive-date=March 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315160027/http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/02/sheen-loses-custody-of-twin-sons/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On March 1, 2011, Sheen was living with two women, pornographic actress [[Bree Olson|Rachel Oberlin]] and model and graphic designer Natalie Kenly. He called them his "goddesses".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/people/charlie-sheens-sons-removed-from-his-home-20110303-1bf9s.html |title=Charlie Sheen's sons removed from his home |first=Georgina |last=Robinson |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=March 3, 2011 |access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/charlie_sheen_girlfriends_describe_PqBFEyfbTgLD9UQc0lSmJO |title=Charlie Sheen, girlfriends describe their life together |work=New York Post |date=March 1, 2011 |access-date=March 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Sheen '20/20′ Interview: Rachel Oberlin Says 'I Would Love to Marry Charlie'|url=http://www.okmagazine.com/2011/03/charlie-sheen-2020-interview-rachel-oberlin-says-i-would-love-to-marry-charlie/#more-2401311|work=[[OK!]]|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-date=March 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306195551/http://www.okmagazine.com/2011/03/charlie-sheen-2020-interview-rachel-oberlin-says-i-would-love-to-marry-charlie/#more-2401311|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ciFGqXIUPU |title=Good Morning America: Charlie Sheen's 'Goddesses': 'We All Love Charlie' (03.01.11) |publisher=[[ABC News]] video upload onto YouTube |date=March 1, 2011 |access-date=March 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emEM5H9NgTI |title=20/20: Charlie Sheen and His Goddesses (03.02.11) |publisher=[[ABC News]] video upload onto YouTube |date=March 2, 2011 |access-date=March 4, 2011}}</ref> Oberlin left Sheen in April 2011. Kenly left in June 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/21/goddess-details-time-with-sheen|title='Goddess' details time with Sheen|date=July 21, 2011|newspaper=Toronto Sun|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-date=October 26, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Bi29VBXM?url=http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/21/goddess-details-time-with-sheen|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20074713-10391698.html|title=Charlie Sheen is goddess-less|date=June 27, 2011|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-date=August 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807120845/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20074713-10391698.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Substance abuse and legal issues=== On May 20, 1998, Sheen was overdosed while using [[cocaine]]. He was hospitalized. Sheen was already on probation in [[California]] for a previous drug offense. His probation was extended for an extra year. He entered a rehab clinic.<ref name="dail_news">{{Cite news |title=Charlie Sheen's Probation Extended |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L45TAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L4YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2823,5598507&dq=charlie+sheen+probation&hl=en |work= Daily News |access-date=March 10, 2011 | date=August 12, 1998}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{Cite news |title=Charlie Sheen in hospital for drugs, alcohol |url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Movies/9805/22/charlie.sheen/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=March 10, 2011 | date=May 22, 1998}}</ref> In a 2004 interview, Sheen said that the overdose was caused by his experimentation with injecting cocaine.<ref name="uktelegraph">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4730330/How-Charlie-Sheen-saw-the-light.html|title=How Charlie Sheen saw the light|access-date=March 9, 2011 |date=January 19, 2004 |first=Adam |last=Higginbotham |publisher=The Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> On December 25, 2009, Sheen was arrested for [[assault]]ing his wife, Brooke Mueller in [[Aspen, Colorado]]. He was released the same day from jail after posting an $8,500 [[bond (finance)|bond]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-12-25-sheen-arrest_N.htm?csp=34 |title=Bond Posted |work=USA Today |date=December 25, 2009 |access-date=December 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8433407.stm|title=Charlie Sheen 'threatened to kill wife' |date=December 29, 2009|publisher=BBC News|access-date=December 29, 2009}}</ref> Sheen was sentenced to 30 days in a drug rehab center, 30 days of probation, and 36 hours of anger management.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/02/charlie-sheen-pleads-guil_n_668120.html |title=Charlie Sheen Pleads Guilty to Aspen Assault |first=Solomon |last=Banda |work=The Huffington Post |agency=Associated Press |date=August 2, 2010 |access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref> On October 26, 2010, the police removed Sheen from his suite at the [[Plaza Hotel]] after he reportedly caused $7,000 in damage.<ref name="nyt102910">{{Cite news |url=http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/poparazzi-in-praise-of-celebrity-excuses/?scp=2&sq=charlie%20sheen&st=cse |title=In Praise of Celebrity Excuses |work=The New York Times Style Magazine |author=Widdicombe, Ben |date=October 29, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref> According to the NYPD, Sheen said he was drinking and using cocaine on that night.<ref name=nyt102910 /> He was released after entering a hospital for observation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/police_called_to_charlie_sheen_room_zKbwIvShUm8vhbeDUEowRK |title=Charlie Sheen trashes room at Plaza Hotel in coke-fueled rampage |work=New York Post |date=October 26, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2011 |first1=Larry |last1=Celona |first2=John |last2=Doyle |first3=Jamie |last3=Schram}}</ref> ==Health== On November 16, 2015, it was revealed that Sheen would make a formal announcement through a television interview that he is officially [[HIV|HIV-positive]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.etonline.com/news/176154_charlie_sheen_to_make_personal_announcement_on_the_today_show_amid_reports_that_he_hiv_positive/|title=Charlie Sheen to Address HIV Reports in 'Personal Announcement' on the 'Today' Show|date=November 16, 2015|publisher=Entertainment Tonight|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/charlie-sheen-to-make-personal-announcement/|title=Charlie Sheen to make "revealing personal announcement"|date=November 16, 2015|publisher=CBS News|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> He said he was [[diagnose]]d four years earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-34845630|title=Charlie Sheen confirms he has HIV|work=BBC News |date=17 November 2015}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Movies=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Year !Movie !Role !class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1974 | ''[[The Execution of Private Slovik]]'' | Kid at wedding | |- | 1979 | ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'' | Extra<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=175644&apid=0 |title=Overview for Charlie Sheen |publisher=Tcm.com |access-date=August 18, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |- | 1984 | ''[[Red Dawn]]'' | Matt Eckert | |- | 1984 | ''[[Silence of the Heart]]'' | Ken Cruze | |- | 1985 | ''The Fourth Wise Man'' | Captain of Herod's soldiers | |- | 1985 | ''[[Out of the Darkness (film)|Out of the Darkness]]'' | Man shaving | |- | 1985 | ''[[The Boys Next Door (1985 film)|The Boys Next Door]]'' | Bo Richards | |- | 1986 | ''A Life in the Day'' | | Short film |- | 1986 | ''[[Lucas (film)|Lucas]]'' | Cappie | |- | 1986 | ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]'' | Garth Volbeck | Cameo |- | 1986 | ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]'' | Private Chris Taylor | |- | 1986 | ''[[The Wraith]]'' | Jake Kesey | |- | 1986 | ''[[Wisdom (film)|Wisdom]]'' | Hamburger restaurant manager | Cameo |- | 1987 | ''[[Wall Street (1987 film)|Wall Street]]'' | Bud Fox | |- | 1987 | ''[[No Man's Land (1987 film)|No Man's Land]]'' | Ted Varrick | |- | 1987 | ''[[Three for the Road]]'' | Paul | |- | 1987 | ''[[Grizzly II: The Predator|Grizzly II: The Predator Concert]]'' | Ron | |- | 1988 | ''[[Never on Tuesday]]'' | Thief | Cameo |- | 1988 | ''[[Eight Men Out]]'' | [[Happy Felsch|Oscar 'Happy' Felsch]] | |- | 1988 | ''[[Young Guns (film)|Young Guns]]'' | [[Richard M. Brewer|Richard "Dick" Brewer]] | |- | 1989 | ''[[Tale of Two Sisters]]'' | Narrator | Writer |- | 1989 | ''[[Major League (film)|Major League]]'' | [[Major League II#Cast|Ricky 'Wild Thing' Vaughn]] | |- | 1989 | ''Comicits'' | Himself | Short film<br>Producer |- | 1989 | ''[[Catchfire]]'' | Bob | Cameo |- | 1990 | ''[[Cadence (film)|Cadence]]'' | Private First Class Franklin Fairchild Bean | |- | 1990 | ''[[Courage Mountain]]'' | Peter | |- | 1990 | ''[[Men at Work (film)|Men at Work]]'' | Carl Taylor | |- | 1990 | ''[[Navy SEALs (film)|Navy SEALs]]'' | Lieutenant Dale Hawkins | |- | 1990 | ''[[The Rookie (1990 film)|The Rookie]]'' | David Ackerman | |- | 1991 | ''[[Hot Shots!]]'' | Lieutenant Sean Topper Harley | |- | 1992 | ''[[Beyond the Law (1992 film)|Beyond the Law]]'' | William Patrick Steaner<br>Daniel "Dan" Saxon<br>Sid | |- | 1992 | ''[[Oliver Stone]]: Inside Out'' | Himself | Documentary |- | 1993 | ''[[Loaded Weapon 1]]'' | Gern | Cameo |- | 1993 |''[[Deadfall (1993 film)|Deadfall]]'' | Morgan "Fats" Gripp | |- | 1993 | ''[[Hot Shots! Part Deux]]'' | Lieutenant Sean Topper Harley | |- | 1993 | ''[[The Three Musketeers (1993 film)|The Three Musketeers]]'' | [[Aramis]] | |- | 1994 | ''Charlie Sheen's Stunt Spectacular'' | Himself | |- | 1994 | ''[[Terminal Velocity (film)|Terminal Velocity]] '' | Richard "Ditch" Brodie | |- | 1994 | ''[[The Chase (1994 film)|The Chase]]'' | Jackson Davis "Jack" Hammond | Executive producer |- | 1994 | ''[[Major League II]]'' | Ricky "Wild Thing" Vaughn | |- | 1996 | ''[[Loose Women (film)|Loose Women]]'' | Barbie-loving bartender | Cameo |- | 1996 | ''Frame by Frame'' | | |- | 1996 | ''[[All Dogs Go to Heaven 2]]'' | Charles B. "Charlie" Barkin | Voice |- | 1996 | ''[[The Arrival (film)|The Arrival]]'' | Zane Zaminsky | |- | 1997 | ''[[Money Talks]]'' | James Russell | |- | 1997 | ''[[Shadow Conspiracy]]'' | Bobby Bishop | |- | 1997 | ''[[Bad Day on the Block]]'' | Lyle Wilder | |- | 1998 | ''[[Postmortem (1998 film)|Postmortem]]'' | James McGregor | |- | 1998 | ''[[A Letter from Death Row (film)|A Letter from Death Row]]'' | Cop | Cameo |- | 1998 | ''[[No Code of Conduct]]'' | Jacob "Jake" Peterson | Executive producer and writer |- | 1998 | ''[[Free Money (film)|Free Money]]'' | Bud Dyerson | |- | 1998 | ''[[Junket Whore]]'' | Himself | Documentary |- | 1999 | ''[[Lisa Picard is Famous]]'' | Himself | |- | 1999 | ''[[Five Aces]]'' | Chris Martin | |- | 1999 | ''[[Being John Malkovich]]'' | Himself | |- | 2000 | ''[[Rated X (film)|Rated X]]'' | [[Artie Mitchell|Artie Jay "Art" Mitchell]] | |- | 2001 | ''[[Good Advice]]'' | Ryan Edward Turner | |- | 2001 | ''Last Party 2000'' | Himself | Documentary |- | 2002 | ''The Making of [[Bret Michaels]]'' | Himself | Documentary |- | 2003 | ''Deeper Than Deep'' | [[Chuck Traynor|Charles "Chuck" E. Traynor]] | Short film |- | 2003 | ''[[Scary Movie 3]]'' | [[Tom Logan (character)|Tom Logan]] | |- | 2004 | ''[[The Big Bounce (2004 film)|The Big Bounce]]'' | Bob Rogers Jr. | |- | 2004 | ''[[Pauly Shore Is Dead]]'' | Himself | Cameo |- | 2005 | ''[[Guilty Hearts]]'' | Himself | Segment: "Spelling Bee" |- | 2006 | ''[[Scary Movie 4]]'' | Tom Logan | Cameo |- | 2010 | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall%20Street:%20Money%20Never%20Sleeps Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps] | Bud Fox | Cameo |- | 2010 | ''[[Due Date]]'' | Himself / [[Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)|Charlie Harper]] | Cameo |- | 2012 | ''[[Madea's Witness Protection]]'' | Himself | [[Post-credits scene]] |- | 2012 | ''[[A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III]]'' | Charles Swan III | |- | 2013 | ''[[Machete Kills]]'' | [[President of the USA]] | |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Year !Film !Role !class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1986 | ''[[Amazing Stories (TV series)|Amazing Stories: Book Three]]'' | Casey | Episode: "[[Amazing Stories (TV series)#Episodes|No Day at the Beach]]" |- | 1996 | ''[[Friends]]'' | Ryan | Episode: "[[The One with the Chicken Pox]]" |- | 1999 | ''[[Sugar Hill (TV pilot)|Sugar Hill]]'' | Matt | Pilot |- | 2000–2002 | ''[[Spin City]]'' | Charlie Crawford | Seasons 5 and 6 |- | 2003–2011 | ''[[Two and a Half Men]]'' | [[Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)|Charlie Harper]] | Season 1–8 |- | 2006 | ''[[Overhaulin']]'' | Himself | Episode: "LeMama's Boy" |- | 2008 | ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' | Himself | Episode: "[[List of The Big Bang Theory episodes|The Griffin Equivalency]]" |- | 2008 | ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'' | Himself | Episode: "[[Two and a Half Deaths]]" |- | 2010 | ''[[Family Guy]]'' | Himself | Episode: "[[Brian Griffin's House of Payne]]" |- | 2011 | ''[[Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza]]'' | Himself | 1 episode |- | 2011 | ''[[Comedy Central Roast]]'' | Himself | Roastee |- | 2012–2014 | ''[[Anger Management (TV series)|Anger Management]]'' | Charlie Goodson |Season 1 - Season 2 |} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="actors">Stated in interview on ''[[Inside the Actors Studio]]'', 2007</ref> }} ==Other websites== {{wikiquote}} *{{Commons category-inline}} *[https://twitter.com/charliesheen Charlie Sheen's Twitter] *{{iMDb name|221}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sheen, Charlie}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from New York City]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American people convicted of assault]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:People with HIV/AIDS]] [[Category:Republicans (United States)]] aofwof5r8qcfkx4629yg9bkqvxs5eoa 0 279856 10966841 8026513 2026-08-18T17:14:00Z Mistico Dois 877214 Deleted repetition. 10966841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Federigo Barocci Selbstportrait.jpg|thumb|Self portrait]] [[File:Barocci - Madonna del Popolo.jpg|thumb|Federico Barocci, ''Madonna del Popolo'', 1579]] '''Federico Barocci''', born '''Federico Fiori''' (born 1535 or 1536 in [[Urbino]], died 1612) was an important [[Italy|Italian]] [[painter]]. He is also known as ''Fiori da Urbino''. His style is between that of [[Mannerism]] and [[Baroque]]. ==Related pages== * [[List of Italian painters]] {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barocci, Federico}} [[Category:1530s births]] [[Category:1612 deaths]] [[Category:16th-century Italian painters]] [[Category:17th-century Italian painters]] fns5ue6xdy7xm4vctcw7xfnckvaemol 0 280265 10966764 10694941 2026-08-18T16:37:01Z ~2026-45146-93 1857512 10966764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:eBay (song)}} {{Infobox song | name = eBay | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] | album = [[Poodle Hat]] | released = {{start date|2003|05|20}} | format = | recorded = March 21, 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weirdal.com/archives/miscellaneous/recording-dates/|title=Recording Dates|first=Weird Al|last=Yankovic|website="Weird Al" Yankovic}}</ref> | studio = | venue = | genre = [[Comedy music|Comedy]], [[Pop music|pop]] | length = 3:36 | label = [[Volcano Records]] | writer = "Weird Al" Yankovic, [[Max Martin]], [[Andreas Carlsson]] | producer = "Weird Al" Yankovic }} "'''eBay'''" is a song by American [[comedy music]] artist [["Weird Al" Yankovic]]. It is a [[parody]] of the [[Backstreet Boys]]' 1999 single "[[I Want It That Way]]". It is about a man who buys strange and unnecessary things on [[eBay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/|title=Billboard - Music Charts, News, Photos & Video|website=Billboard}}</ref> It was released on "[[Poodle Hat]]", in 2003. ==Composition== Just like in "I Want It That Way", "eBay" is written in the key of [[A major]] until approximately the 2-minute, 22-second point of the song, at which point the key modulates to [[B major]]. It follows a chord progression of F{{music|sharp}}m–D–A with a tempo of 101 beats per minute, and is set in the [[time signature]] of {{Time signature|4|4}} common time. Yankovic's vocals span from E<sub>3</sub> to B<sub>4</sub>. ==References== {{reflist}} {{"Weird Al" Yankovic}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:"Weird Al" Yankovic songs]] [[Category:Parodies]] [[Category:Pop ballads]] [[Category:2003 songs]] sjudkpm1lwd5p4a0i8r27s2k0dkiinc 0 281388 10966976 10906850 2026-08-18T20:16:02Z ~2026-34880-68 1821739 /* Television */ 10966976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BLP sources|date=September 2015}} This is a list of filmography of all of [[Sylvester Stallone|Sylvester ″Sly″ Stallone]]'s most prominent onscreen acting action roles as well as directing, screenwriting, producing and voice acting roles. Also, included in this list are some of Stallone's special cameo appearances and exclusive extra. [[File:Sylvester-Stallone-2014-1.jpg|alt=Sylvester Stallone in 2014|thumb|Sylvester Sly Stallone on August 6 2014]] American actor, filmmaker, singer, [[character actor]], voice actor, director, movie producer, film producer, and screen writer, [[Sylvester Stallone|Sylvester Sly Stallone]] has appeared in over 82 films. == Film == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row | 1969 | ''The Square Root'' | {{N/A|Unknown}} | Uncredited extra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="stallonezone1970">{{cite web|url=http://www.stallonezone.com/main/1970/10/sly-scores.html|title=StalloneZone: Sly Scores}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1969 | ''[[Downhill Racer]]'' | Restaurant Patron | Uncredited extra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="stallonezone1970"/> |- ! scope=row | 1970 | ''[[M*A*S*H (film)|M*A*S*H]]'' | Soldier Sitting at Camp Table | Uncredited extra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldation.com/stories/sylvester-stallones-journey-fame/|title=Sylvester Stallone's journey to fame|date=9 October 2017|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309235105/http://www.worldation.com/stories/sylvester-stallones-journey-fame/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1970 | ''[[The Party at Kitty and Stud's]]'' | Stud | | |- ! scope=row | 1970 | ''[[Lovers and Other Strangers]]'' | Groomsman | Uncredited extra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="stallonezone1970"/> |- ! scope=row | 1970 | ''[[The Sidelong Glances of a Pigeon Kicker]]'' | Party Guest | Uncredited extra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="stallonezone1970"/> |- ! scope=row | 1971 | ''[[Bananas (film)|Bananas]]'' | Subway Thug #1 | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="stallonezone1970"/> |- ! scope=row | 1971 | ''[[Klute]]'' | Club Patron | Uncredited extra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="stallonezone1970"/> |- ! scope=row | 1972 | ''[[What's Up, Doc? (1972 film)|What's Up, Doc?]]'' | Hotel Guest | Uncredited extra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmfed.com/movies/1h5gin1g17v-whats-up-doc|title=What's Up, Doc? (1972)|via=filmfed.com}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1973 | ''[[No Place to Hide (1973 film)|No Place to Hide]]'' | Jerry Savage | | |- ! scope=row | 1974 | ''[[The Lords of Flatbush]]'' | Stanley Rosiello | Also additional dialogue | |- ! scope=row | 1975 | ''[[The Prisoner of Second Avenue]]'' | Youth in Park | Cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avsforum.com/threads/the-prisoner-of-second-avenue-hdnet-movies-does-it-again.422281/|title = The Prisoner of Second Avenue -- HDNet Movies does it again| date=July 12, 2004 }}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1975 | ''[[Capone (1975 film)|Capone]]'' | [[Frank Nitti|Frank Ralph "The Enforcer" Nitti]] | | |- ! scope=row | 1975 | ''[[Death Race 2000]]'' | Joe "Machine Gun" Viterbo | | |- ! scope=row | 1975 | ''[[Mandingo (film)|Mandingo]]'' | Lynching Witness | Uncredited extra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stallone.forumactif.com/t4293-mandingo-1975|title=Mandingo (1975)|website=stallone.forumactif.com}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1975 | ''[[Farewell, My Lovely (1975 film)|Farewell, My Lovely]]'' | Jonnie | Cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/FarewellMyLovely</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1976 | ''[[Cannonball (film)|Cannonball]]'' | Mafioso #2 | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://flavorwire.com/475332/martin-scorseses-weirdest-projects|title=Martin Scorsese's Weirdest Projects|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1976 | ''[[Rocky]]'' | [[Rocky Balboa|Robert "Rocky" Balboa]] | Also writer and boxing choreographer | |- ! scope=row | 1978 | ''[[F.I.S.T. (film)|F.I.S.T.]]'' | Johnny Kovak | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 1978 | ''[[Paradise Alley]]'' | Cosmo Carboni | Also director and writer | |- ! scope=row| 1979 | ''[[Rocky II]]'' | Robert "Rocky" Balboa | Also director, writer and boxing choreographer | |- ! scope=row | 1981 | ''[[Nighthawks (1981 film)|Nighthawks]]'' | Sergeant Deke DaSilva | Also uncredited director | |- ! scope=row | 1981 | ''[[Escape to Victory]]'' | Captain Robert Hatch | | |- ! scope=row | 1982 | ''[[Rocky III]]'' | Robert "Rocky" Balboa | Also director, writer and boxing choreographer | |- ! scope=row | 1982 | ''[[First Blood]]'' | [[John Rambo|John J. Rambo]] | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 1983 | ''[[Staying Alive (1983 film)|Staying Alive]]'' | Man on Street | Also director, writer and producer; uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://toughguydigest.com/2017/05/02/kurt-sly-week-stallone-whips-travolta-into-shape-in-staying-alive/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504042528/https://toughguydigest.com/2017/05/02/kurt-sly-week-stallone-whips-travolta-into-shape-in-staying-alive/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 4, 2017|title=Kurt & Sly Week: Stallone Whips Travolta into Shape with 1983's "Staying Alive"|last=toughguydigest|date=2 May 2017|website=Tough Guy Digest}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1984 | ''[[Rhinestone (film)|Rhinestone]]'' | Nick Martinelli | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 1985 | ''[[Rambo: First Blood Part II]]'' | John J. Rambo | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 1985 | ''[[Rocky IV]]'' | Robert "Rocky" Balboa | Also director, writer and boxing choreographer | |- ! scope=row | 1986 | ''[[Cobra (1986 film)|Cobra]]'' | Lieutenant Marion "Cobra" Cobretti | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 1987 | ''[[Over the Top (1987 film)|Over the Top]]'' | Lincoln "Linc" Hawk | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 1988 | ''[[Rambo III]]'' | John J. Rambo | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 1989 | ''[[Lock Up (1989 movie)|Lock Up]]'' | Frank Leone | | |- ! scope=row | 1989 | ''[[Tango & Cash]]'' | Lieutenant Raymond "Ray" Tango | | |- ! scope=row | 1990 | ''[[Rocky V]]'' | Robert "Rocky" Balboa | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 1991 | ''[[Oscar (1991 film)|Oscar]]'' | Angelo "Snaps" Provolone | | |- ! scope=row | 1992 | ''[[Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot]]'' | Sergeant Joseph Andrew "Joe" Bomowski | | |- ! scope=row | 1993 | ''[[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]]'' | Ranger Gabriel "Gabe" Walker | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 1993 | ''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' | Sergeant John Spartan | | |- ! scope=row | 1994 | ''[[The Specialist]]'' | Captain Ray Quick | | |- ! scope=row | 1995 | ''[[Your Studio and You]]'' | Himself | Short film; uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/107622-Your-Studio-and-You-The-Greatest-Star-Studded-Mockumentary-Ever|title=Your Studio and You: The Greatest Star-Studded Mockumentary Ever – The Escapist|website=www.escapistmagazine.com|date=8 February 2011|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127002613/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/107622-Your-Studio-and-You-The-Greatest-Star-Studded-Mockumentary-Ever|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1995 | ''[[Judge Dredd (film)|Judge Dredd]]'' | [[Judge Dredd|Judge Joseph Dredd]] | | |- ! scope=row | 1995 | ''[[Assassins (1995 film)|Assassins]]'' | Robert Rath / Joseph Rath | | |- ! scope=row | 1996 | ''[[Daylight (1996 film)|Daylight]]'' | Chief Kit Latura | | |- ! scope=row | 1997 | ''[[Cop Land]]'' | Sheriff Freddy Heflin | | |- ! scope=row | 1997 | ''[[An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn]]'' | Himself | Limited release; cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>https://screenrant.com/sylvester-stallone-movie-cameos/</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1997 | ''[[The Good Life (1997 film)|The Good Life]]'' | Boss | Unreleased; cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>https://lostmediawiki.com/The_Good_Life_(lost_unreleased_comedy_crime_film;_1997)</ref> |- ! scope=row | 1998 | ''[[Antz]]'' | Corporal Weaver | Voice role | |- ! scope=row | 2000 | ''[[Get Carter (2000 film)|Get Carter]]'' | Jack Carter | | |- ! scope=row | 2001 | ''[[Driven (2001 film)|Driven]]'' | Joe "The Hummer" Tanto | Also writer and producer | |- ! scope=row | 2002 | ''[[D-Tox]]'' | Agent Jake Malloy | Limited release | |- ! scope=row | 2002 | ''[[Avenging Angelo]]'' | Frankie Delano | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row | 2003 | ''[[Taxi 3]]'' | Passenger to Airport | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/youtube-5UgAyfLi4Dk|title=Taxi 3 – Scene With Sylvester Stallone|last=Starty|date=24 September 2017|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 2003 | ''[[Shade (film)|Shade]]'' | Dean "The Dean" Stevens | Limited release | |- ! scope=row | 2003 | ''[[Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over]]'' | Agent Sebastian "The Toymaker" | Dual role | |- ! scope=row | 2006 | ''[[Rocky Balboa (film)|Rocky Balboa]]'' | Robert "Rocky" Balboa | Also director, writer and boxing choreographer | |- ! scope=row | 2008 | ''[[Rambo (2008 film)|Rambo]]'' | John J. Rambo | Also director and writer | |- ! scope=row | 2009 | ''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]'' | Himself | Cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>https://www.instagram.com/moviecameos/reel/C9EY76qSw7F/</ref> |- ! scope=row | 2010 | ''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]'' | [[List of The Expendables characters#Barney Ross|Barney Ross]] | Also director and writer | |- ! scope=row | 2011 | ''[[Zookeeper (film)|Zookeeper]]'' | Joe the Lion | Voice role | |- ! scope=row | 2012 | ''[[The Expendables 2]]'' | Barney Ross | Also writer | |- ! scope=row | 2012 | ''[[Bullet to the Head]]'' | James "Jimmy Bobo" Bonomo | | |- ! scope=row | 2013 | ''[[Escape Plan (film)|Escape Plan]]'' | Ray Breslin / Anthony Portos | | |- ! scope=row | 2013 | ''[[Homefront (2013 film)|Homefront]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | Writer and producer only | |- ! scope=row | 2013 | ''[[Grudge Match]]'' | Henry "Razor" Sharp | Also boxing choreographer | |- ! scope=row | 2014 | ''[[The Expendables 3]]'' | Barney Ross | Also writer/story | |- ! scope=row | 2014 | ''[[Reach Me]]'' | Chief Gerald Cavallo | Streaming release | |- ! scope=row | 2015 | ''[[Creed (film)|Creed]]'' | Robert "Rocky" Balboa | Also producer | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Creed, Creed II">{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2495651/how-sylvester-stallone-changed-creed-i-and-ii-to-make-it-more-comfortable|title=How Sylvester Stallone Changed Creed I And II To Make It More 'Comfortable'|first=Jason|last=Ingolfsland|date=2020-05-05|publisher=CinemaBlend|access-date=2020-11-18}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 2016 | ''[[Ratchet & Clank (film)|Ratchet & Clank]]'' | Lieutenant Victor Von Ion | Voice role | |- ! scope=row | 2017 | ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2]]'' | [[Starhawk (character)|Stakar Ogord]] | Cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dyce |first=Andrew |date=2017-04-18 |title=Guardians of the Galaxy 2: Sylvester Stallone's Cameo Revealed |url=https://screenrant.com/guardians-galaxy-2-sylvester-stallone-starhawk/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 2017 | ''[[Animal Crackers (2017 film)|Animal Crackers]]'' | Bulletman | Voice role | |- ! scope=row | 2018 | ''[[Escape Plan 2: Hades]]'' | Ray Breslin | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row | 2018 | ''[[Creed II]]'' | Robert "Rocky" Balboa | Also writer and producer | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Creed, Creed II" /> |- ! scope=row | 2018 | ''[[Backtrace (film)|Backtrace]]'' | Detective Sykes | Limited release | |- ! scope=row | 2019 | ''[[Escape Plan: The Extractors]]'' | Ray Breslin | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row | 2019 | ''Rallying Cry'' | Jasper Reese | Short film | |- ! scope=row | 2019 | ''[[Rambo: Last Blood]]'' | John J. Rambo | Also writer/story | |- ! scope=row | 2019 | ''One Night: Joshua vs. Ruiz'' | Himself | Documentary film; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row | 2021 | ''[[The Suicide Squad (film)|The Suicide Squad]]'' | [[King Shark|Nanaue / King Shark]] | Voice role | |- ! scope=row | 2021 | ''The Making of Rocky vs. Drago by Sylvester Stallone'' | Himself | Documentary film; also producer | |- ! scope=row | 2022 | ''[[Samaritan (film)|Samaritan]]'' | Joe Smith / Samaritan / Nemesis | Streaming release; also producer | |- ! scope=row | 2022 | ''MVP'' | {{N/A|None}} | Limited release; executive producer only | |- ! scope=row | 2023 | ''[[Creed III]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | Producer only | |- ! scope=row | 2023 | ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3]]'' | Stakar Ogord | Cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Every Cameo and Guest Star in GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY VOL. 3 |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/every-cameo-guest-star-guardians-020000086.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 2023 | ''[[Expend4bles]]'' | Barney Ross | | |- ! scope=row | 2023 | ''[[Sly (film)|Sly]]'' | Himself | Documentary film; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row | 2024 | ''[[Lost on a Mountain in Maine (film)|Lost on a Mountain in Maine]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | Limited release; producer only | |- ! scope=row | 2024 | ''[[Armor (film)|Armor]]'' | Rook | Limited release | |- ! scope=row | 2025 | ''[[Alarum (film)|Alarum]]'' | Agent Chester | Limited release | |- ! scope=row | 2025 | ''[[A Working Man]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | Writer and producer only | |- ! scope=row | 2025 | ''[[Giant (2025 film)|Giant]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | Executive producer only | |- ! scope=row | 2027 | ''[[John Rambo (film)|John Rambo]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | Executive producer only | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2026/03/sylvester-stallone-john-rambo-1236747938/ |title=Sylvester Stallone To Executive Produce Lionsgate Prequel 'John Rambo' |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 9, 2026 |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- ! scope=row | TBA | [[Untitled Mike Thornton biopic film]] | {{N/A|None}} | Producer only | |} <!-- DO NOT add films not yet in production (principal photography) per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --> == Television == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | 1973 | ''[[The Evil Touch]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | Episode: "Heart to Heart"; writer only | |- ! scope="row" | 1975 | ''[[Police Story (1973 TV series)|Police Story]]'' | Elmore "Rocky" Caddo | Episode: "The Cutting Edge" | |- ! scope="row" | 1975 | ''[[Kojak]]'' | Detective Rick Daly | Episode: "My Brother, My Enemy" | |- ! scope="row" | 1985 | ''[[Heart of a Champion: The Ray Mancini Story]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | Television film; executive producer only | |- ! scope="row" | 1991 | ''[[Dream On (TV series)|Dream On]]'' | Himself | Episode: "The Second Greatest Story Ever Told: Parts 1 & 2" | |- ! scope="row" | 2002 | ''Father Lefty'' | {{N/A|None}} | Unsold television pilot for an unproduced TV series; writer and executive producer only | |- ! scope="row" | 2002 | ''[[Liberty's Kids]]'' | [[Paul Revere]] | Episode: "Midnight Ride"; voice role | |- ! scope="row" | 2005 | ''[[Las Vegas (TV series)|Las Vegas]]'' | Frank "The Repairman" | 2 episodes | |- ! scope="row" | 2005 | ''The Contender Rematch: Mora vs. Manfredo'' | {{N/A|None}} | Television special; executive producer only | |- ! scope="row" | 2006–2009 | ''[[The Contender (TV series)|The Contender]]'' | Himself - Host | 16 episodes; also executive producer for 21 episodes | |- ! scope="row" | 2010 | ''Inferno: The Making of 'The Expendables''' | Himself | Television documentary film; also producer | |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Three Wise Guys | Episode: "John Goodman/Kings of Leon"; uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a538451/sylvester-stallone-robert-de-niro-make-snl-cameo-video/|title=Stallone, De Niro make SNL cameo – video|first=Sarah|last=Luoma|date=16 December 2013|website=Digital Spy}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | ''[[Strong (TV series)|Strong]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | 3 episodes; executive producer only | |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | ''[[Ultimate Beastmaster]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | 24 episodes; creator also producer for 1 episode and executive producer for 1 episode only | |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | ''[[This Is Us (TV series)|This Is Us]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Déjà Vu" | |- ! scope="row" | 2022–2025 | ''[[Tulsa King]]'' | Dwight "The General" Manfredi | 29 episodes; also executive producer for 24 episodes and writer for 6 episodes | |- ! scope="row" | 2025–2026 | ''[[Extracted (TV series)|Extracted]]'' | {{N/A|None}} | 20 episodes; executive producer only |- ! scope="row" | 2027 | ''[[Frisco King]]'' | Dwight "The General" Manfredi | Also executive producer | |} <!-- DO NOT add shows not yet in production (principal photography) per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --> == Theatre == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" | Venue ! scope="col" | Notes ! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | 1970 | ''Score'' | Telephone Repairman Mike | Martinique Theater | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="stallonezone1970"/> |} == Commercial == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | 2020 | ''Facebook: Groups - Ready to Rock? - 2020 Super Bowl Commercial'' | [[Rocky Balboa|Robert "Rocky" Balboa]] | Cameo | |} == Music video == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" | Performer ! scope="col" | Notes ! scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | 1987 | "[[Winner Takes It All (Sammy Hagar song)|Winner Takes It All]]" | Lincoln "Linc" Hawk | [[Sammy Hagar]] | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/sylvester-stallone-winner-takes-it-all-sammy-hagar/|title=Sylvester Stallone in 'Winner Takes It All' by Sammy Hagar|first=Chad|last=Childers|website=Ultimate Classic Rock |date=October 19, 2012 }}</ref> |} == Soundtrack appearances == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" class=unsortable | Notes ! scope="col" class=unsortable | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | 1978 | ''[[Paradise Alley]]'' | "Too Close to Paradise" | | |- ! scope="row" | 1979 | ''[[The Muppet Show]]'' | "[[Let's Call the Whole Thing Off]]", "[[A Bird in a Gilded Cage]]" | Episode: "Sylvester Stallone"; uncredited | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.henson.com/jimsredbook/2013/01/191979/|title=1/9/1979 – 'Sylvester Stallone (MS)'|date=9 January 2013|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515044938/https://www.henson.com/jimsredbook/2013/01/191979/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 1982 | ''[[Rocky III]]'' | "Take You Back" | Uncredited | |- ! scope="row" | 1984 |''[[Rhinestone (film)|Rhinestone]]'' | "Stay Out of My Bedroom", "Woke Up in Love", "Drinkinstein", "Sweet Lovin' Friends", "Be There" | | |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | ''[[Grudge Match (film)|Grudge Match]]'' | "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" | | |} == Video games == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Voice role ! scope="col" | Notes ! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | 1994 | ''[[Demolition Man (video game)|Demolition Man]]'' | Sergeant John Spartan | Live action full-motion video; 3DO version only | |- ! scope="row" | 2020 | ''[[Mortal Kombat 11]]'' | [[John Rambo|John J. Rambo]] | Downloadable content | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite tweet |user=noobde |number=1314190432558080001 |date=8 Oct 2020 |title=Yes, it's Stallone's voice 👍🏻 }}</ref> |} ==Related pages== * [[List of awards and nominations received by Sylvester Stallone]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{official website|http://www.sylvesterstallone.com/}} * {{IMDb name|230}} [[Category:Filmographies|Stallone, Sylvester]] c1rvshkz9dxwr21163syg8ubzxswmdw 0 282537 10966609 10700856 2026-08-18T13:55:41Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Bushwick_Collective_01.jpg|Bushwick_Collective_01.jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Graffiti of The Notorious B.I.G.|]]. 10966609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox person | name = The Notorious B.I.G. | image = | birth_name = Christopher George Latore Wallace | birth_date = {{Birth date|1972|05|21}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|03|09|1972|05|21}} | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. | other_names = {{hlist|Biggie Smalls|Biggie|Big|Frank White|Big Poppa|MC CWest}} | death_cause = [[Murder]] by [[drive-by shooting]] | resting_place = [[Cremated]], ashes given to family members | occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|songwriter|record producer}} | years_active = 1992–1997 | spouse = {{marriage|[[Faith Evans]]|1994|1996|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Rap's first lady|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=July 10, 2005|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/jul/10/popandrock}}</ref> | partner = [[Charli Baltimore]] (1995–1997){{efn|Until [[Murder of the Notorious B.I.G.|Wallace's death]].}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Biggie Smalls dating history: From Lil Kim to Faith Evans|website=Capital XTRA|url=https://www.capitalxtra.com/news/biggie-smalls-dating-history-timeline-relationships/}}</ref> | children = 2, including [[C. J. Wallace (actor)|C. J.]] | awards = [[#Awards and nominations|Full list]] | website = | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = {{hlist|[[East Coast hip hop]]|[[mafioso rap]]|[[hardcore hip hop]]|[[gangsta rap]]}} | label = {{hlist|[[Bad Boy Entertainment|Bad Boy]]|[[Arista Records|Arista]]|[[Uptown Records|Uptown]]<!--Keep Uptown as one of the labels. Biggie was signed to Uptown until Puffy was fired from the label.-->}} | past_member_of = The Commission }} }} <!--end-module--> '''Christopher George Latore Wallace''' (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), better known by his stage names, '''The Notorious B.I.G.''', '''Biggie Smalls''', or simply '''Biggie''', was an American rapper, [[songwriter]], and [[record producer]]. He is considered by many music enthusiasts to be one of the greatest rappers of all time.<ref name="billboard">[http://www.billboard.com/photos/6723017/best-rappers-of-all-time The 10 Greatest Rappers of All Time] (November 12, 2015). ''Billboard''. Retrieved November 15, 2015.</ref> Wallace became known for his distinctive laid-back lyrical delivery, offsetting the lyrics' often [[Hardcore hip hop|grim content]]. His music was often semi-autobiographical, telling of hardship and criminality, but also of debauchery and celebration.<ref name="allmusic-rtd2">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r203800|pure_url=yes}}|title=Ready to Die > Overview|last=Huey|first=Steve|website=AllMusic|access-date=October 7, 2006}}</ref> Both his death and [[Tupac Shakur#Assassination|the death]] of his friend/rival [[Tupac Shakur]], who died in September 1996, are still unsolved. The release of Wallace's first album [[Ready to Die]] in 1994 made him an [[East Coast hip hop]] icon. While recording his second album, Wallace was heavily involved in the East Coast/West Coast hip hop feud, through which record companies from both sides of the United States fostered a feud between New York-based and California-based artists. He was killed by [[drive-by shooting]] in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] on March 9, 1997 at age 24.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lichtblau|first=Eric|last2=Philips|first2=Chuck|last3=Coker|first3=Cheo Hodari|date=1997-03-10|title=Gangsta rap performer Notorious B.I.G. slain|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-biggiephilips10mar1097-story.html|access-date=2024-02-28|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Early life== Christopher George Latore Wallace was born and raised in [[Brooklyn]], New York. He was the only child of [[Jamaica]]n parents Voletta Wallace (1947–2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=February 21, 2025 |title=Voletta Wallace, Notorious B.I.G.'s Mother, Dies at 78 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/voletta-wallace-dead-notorious-big-mother-1236143060/ |access-date=February 21, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US |archive-date=February 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221185548/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/voletta-wallace-dead-notorious-big-mother-1236143060/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Selwyn George Latore (1933–1996).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/released-song-michael-jackson-fascinating-130000758.html|title=He released a song with Michael Jackson?! Fascinating facts The Notorious B.I.G. on the anniversary of his passing|date=March 9, 2022|website=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=October 2, 2024|archive-date=October 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091222/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/released-song-michael-jackson-fascinating-130000758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He excelled academically and received multiple awards in school for English. He began selling drugs at the early age of 12. As a teenager, he began rhyming to entertain people on street corners and in neighborhood groups. He nicknamed himself "Biggie Smalls" after a gangster character in the 1975 crime comedy movie ''Let's Do It Again''. ==Musical career== In 1991, he released a demo tape called ''Microphone Murderer''. [[Sean Combs]], a rapper and producer, heard Biggie's early songs. After Combs was fired from Uptown Records in 1993, he decided to sign Biggie to his record label, [[Bad Boy Records]]. In April 1993, his solo track, "Party and Bullshit", appeared on the soundtrack to the 1993 comedy movie [[Who's the Man?]]. His first album ''Ready to Die'' was released on September 13, 1994. It debuted at number 13 on the [[Billboard 200]] chart and was certified platinum. The album featured 3 singles "Juicy", "Big Poppa", and "One More Chance". That same year, he was named "Best New Artist," "Best Live Performer" and "Lyricist of the Year'' by the Source. He won a Billboard Music Award for Rap Artist of the Year in 1995. He rapped on [[Michael Jackson]]'s 1995 single "This Time Around". A few weeks after Wallace’s death, his second album, Life After Death, was released on March 25, 1997. It quickly rose to number one on the US album charts. The album featured 3 singles: "Hypnotize", "Mo Money Mo Problems", and "Sky’s the Limit." Wallace became the first artist to have two number-one hits after death (“Hypnotize” and “Mo Money Mo Problems”). Life After Death was nominated for 3 [[Grammy Awards]] in 1998. His posthumous albums, Born Again (1999) and Duets (2005), became number one hits. ==Personal life== He was married to singer [[Faith Evans]] from 1994 until his [[assassination]]. He has two children T'yanna (born August 1993, from Jan Jackson) and Christopher George "C. J." Latore Wallace Jr. (born October 1996, from Evans). ==Killing== On March 7, 1997, Wallace attended the Soul Train Music Awards where he presented an award to singer [[Toni Braxton]]. The next day, he attended the after party for the Soul Train Music Awards at Petersen Automotive Museum. It was hosted by Qwest Records and Vibe magazine. In the early hours of March 9, Wallace left the party to return to his [[hotel]] after the [[Los Angeles Fire Department]] closed the party early because of overcrowding. He was a passenger in a [[GMC|GMC Suburban]], when at a traffic stop nearby, an unidentified [[African Americans|black]] man in a 1994-96 [[Chevrolet Impala|Chevy Impala SS]], stopped on the side of Wallace's SUV and fired four shots at the Suburban which hit Wallace's chest, killing him in an instant, although only one shot proved fatal.<ref>{{cite web | last=Cooper | first=Leonie | title=Notorious BIG's autopsy report revealed | publisher=[[NME]] | date=December 7, 2012 | url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/notorious-big-9-1254426 | access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> As of 2026, his assassination remains unsolved. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== The Notorious B.I.G. released one studio album in his lifetime and three after his death: {|class="wikitable" ! Year !! Album |- | 1994 || ''[[Ready to Die]]'' |- | 1997 || ''[[Life After Death]]''* |- | 1999 || ''[[Born Again (The Notorious B.I.G. album)|Born Again]]''* |- | 2005 || ''[[Duets: The Final Chapter]]''* |} ===Singles=== {|class="wikitable" ! Year !! Album |- | 1994 || ''[[Juicy (The Notorious B.I.G. song)|Juicy]]'' |- | 1995 || ''[[Big Poppa]]'' |- | 1995 || ''[[One More Chance (The Notorious B.I.G. song)|One More Chance (Stay with Me Remix)]]''<!-- Neither Faith Evans nor Mary J. Blige are given an official "featuring" credit. Artists should not be said to be "featuring" where they do not actually receive this credit. --> |- | 1997 || ''[[Hypnotize (The Notorious B.I.G. song)|Hypnotize]]'' |- | 1997 || ''[[Mo Money Mo Problems]]''* <small>(feat. [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]] & [[Mase]])</small> |- | 1997 || ''[[Sky's The Limit (song)]]''* <small>(feat. [[112 (band)|112]])</small> |- | 1999 || ''[[Notorious B.I.G. (song)|Notorious B.I.G.]]''* <small>(feat. [[Lil' Kim]] & [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]])</small> |- | 2000 || ''[[Dead Wrong (song)|Dead Wrong]]''* <small>(feat. [[Eminem]])</small> |- | 2005 || ''[[Nasty Girl (The Notorious B.I.G.)|Nasty Girl]]''* |- | 2006 || ''[[Spit Your Game]]''* <small>(feat. [[Twista]], [[Krayzie Bone]], [[Swizz Beatz]], [[8 Ball & MJG]])</small> |} *(*) albums and songs were released posthumously (after death). == Media == === Filmography === * ''[[The Show (1995 movie)|The Show]]'' (1995) as himself * ''[[Rhyme & Reason (movie)|Rhyme & Reason]]'' (1997 documentary) as himself * ''[[Biggie & Tupac]]'' (2002 documentary) archive footage * ''[[Tupac Resurrection]]'' (2004 documentary) archive footage * ''Notorious B.I.G. Bigger Than Life'' (2007 documentary) archive footage * ''[[Notorious (2009 movie)|''Notorious'']]'' (2009) archive footage * ''[[All Eyez on Me (movie)|All Eyez on Me]]'' (2017) archive footage * ''[[Quincy (movie)|Quincy]]'' (2018 documentary) archive footage * ''Biggie: The Life of Notorious B.I.G.'' (2017 documentary) archive footage * ''Biggie: I Got a Story to Tell'' (2021 documentary) archive footage === Television appearances === * ''New York Undercover'' (1995) as himself * ''[[Martin (TV series)|Martin]]'' (1995) as himself * ''Who Shot Biggie & Tupac?'' (2017) archive footage * ''[[Unsolved (U.S. TV series)|Unsolved]]'' (2018), played by Wavy Jones == Awards and nominations == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:99%;" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! scope="col"| Award ! scope="col"| Year of ceremony ! scope="col"| Nominee/work ! scope="col"| Category ! scope="col"| Result |- | rowspan="4"| [[The Source|The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards]]<ref>[http://thesource.com/2016/08/03/today-in-1995-the-2nd-annual-source-awards-makes-hip-hop-history/ 2nd Annual Source Awards]</ref> | rowspan="4"| 1995 || The Notorious B.I.G. || New Artist of the Year, Solo || {{won}} |- | The Notorious B.I.G. || Lyricist of the Year || {{won}} |- | The Notorious B.I.G. || Live Performer of the Year || {{won}} |- | ''[[Ready To Die]]'' || Album of the Year || {{won}} |- |- | rowspan="3"| [[Billboard Music Award|''Billboard'' Music Award]]s [https://www.billboardmusicawards.com/winners-database/?winnerKeyword=&winnerYear=1995&winnerCategory=][https://www.billboardmusicawards.com/winners-database/?winnerKeyword=&winnerYear=1997&winnerCategory=] | rowspan="2"| 1995 || The Notorious B.I.G. || Rap Artist of the Year || {{won}} |- |"[[One More Chance (The Notorious B.I.G. song)|One More Chance/Stay with Me (Remix)]]" {{small|(with [[Faith Evans]])}}|| Rap Single of the Year || {{won}} |- | rowspan="1"| 1997 || ''[[Life After Death]]'' || R&B Album || {{won}} |- | rowspan="4"| [[Grammy Awards]] [http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1996/grammys.htm][http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1998/grammys.htm] | 1996 || "[[Big Poppa]]" || [[Best Rap Solo Performance]]|| {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3"| 1998 || "[[Hypnotize (The Notorious B.I.G. song)|Hypnotize]]" || Best Rap Solo Performance || {{nom}} |- | "[[Mo Money Mo Problems]]" {{small|(with [[Mase]] and [[Puff Daddy]])}} || [[Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group]]|| {{nom}} |- | ''[[Life After Death]]'' || [[Best Rap Album]]|| {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2"| [[MTV Video Music Awards]] [http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1997/mtvvmas.htm][http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1998/mtvvmas.htm] | 1997 || "[[Hypnotize (The Notorious B.I.G. song)|Hypnotize]]" || [[Best Rap Video]]|| {{won}} |- | 1998 || "[[Mo Money Mo Problems]]" {{small|(with Mase and Puff Daddy)}} || Best Rap Video || {{nom}} |- |- | rowspan="4"| [[Soul Train Music Awards]] [https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0005174/1996/1/][https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0005174/1998/1/] | rowspan="1"| 1996 || "One More Chance/Stay With Me (Remix)" {{small|(with [[Faith Evans]])}} || R&B/Soul or Rap Song of the Year || {{won}} |- | rowspan="3"| 1998 || ''Life After Death'' || Best R&B/Soul Album - Male || {{won}} |- | rowspan="1"| ''Life After Death'' || R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="1"| "Mo Money Mo Problems" {{small|(with Mase and Puff Daddy)}} || Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="1"| [[Black Reel Awards]] [https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000957/2004/1] | rowspan="1"| 2004|| "[[Runnin' (Dying to Live)]]" {{small|(with Tupac Shakur}}) || Best Original or Adapted Song || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3"| [[ASCAP|ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards]]<ref>[https://www.ascap.com/playback/2005/summer/features/rs_awards 2005 ASCAP Awards]</ref><ref>[https://www.ascap.com/news-events/awards/2017/rs-awards 2017 ASCAP Awards]</ref><ref>[https://www.ascap.com/news-events/awards/2020/rhythmsoul-awards 2020 ASCAP Awards]</ref> | rowspan="1"| 2005 || "Runnin' (Dying to Live)" {{small|(with Tupac Shakur}}) || Top Soundtrack Song of the Year || {{won}} |- | rowspan="1"| 2017 || The Notorious B.I.G. || ASCAP Founders Award || {{won}} |- | 2020 || "Sicko Mode" || Winning Rap and R&B/Hip-Hop Songs || {{won}} |- | rowspan="1"| [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Notorious B.I.G. |url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/notorious-big |website=rockhall.com}}</ref> | rowspan="1"| 2020 || The Notorious B.I.G. || Performers || {{won}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{notelist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.atlanticrecords.com/notoriousbig Notorious B.I.G at atlanticrecords.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516232706/http://www.atlanticrecords.com/notoriousbig|date=2008-05-16}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Notorious B.I.G.}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:1997 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American rappers]] [[Category:Rappers from New York (state)]] [[Category:Singers from New York City]] [[Category:Musicians from Brooklyn]] [[Category:Hardcore hip hop artists]] [[Category:Murdered musicians]] [[Category:Murders by firearm in California]] [[Category:People murdered in California]] [[Category:Gangsta rappers]] [[Category:Criminals from New York City]] [[Category:American drug dealers]] [[Category:Unsolved murders in the United States]] dmbju9loqhid96z8g5ikowsyamor8l0 0 288474 10966887 10953711 2026-08-18T17:35:08Z ~2026-45304-34 1857542 /* */ 10966887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Elliot Page | image = 2023 National Book Festival (53122454007) (cropped).jpg | alt = Headshot of Elliot Page at the 2023 National Book Festival. He is a young white man with short dark hair, wearing a white shirt and a dark blazer. | caption = Page in 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|2|21}} | birth_place = [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], Canada | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer}} | years_active = 1997–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Emma Portner]]|2018|2021|end=divorced}} }} '''Elliot Page''' (born February 21, 1987)<ref>{{cite web|title=EPISODE #16 ELLEN PAGE! |url=http://www.annafarisisunqualified.com/2016/02/29/episode-16-ellen-page/|date=Feb 29, 2016|accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Douglas|first1=Clare|title=Birthday girl Ellen Page's 10 best tweets|url=http://ca.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/02015022013726/birthday-girl-ellen-page-s-10-best-tweets|publisher=Hello Canada|date=Feb 20, 2015|accessdate=March 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ellen Page Biography|url=http://www.biography.com/people/ellen-page-267545|publisher=Bio|accessdate=March 6, 2015|archive-date=April 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403023901/http://www.biography.com/people/ellen-page-267545|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] actor. Page was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for her{{efn|Page uses the pronouns [[he/him|''he''/''him'']] and [[they/them|''they''/''them'']].<ref name="they">{{Cite tweet |number=1333820783655837701 |user=theelliotpage |title=Hi friends... |first=Elliot |last=Page |date=December 1, 2020 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201201183957/https://twitter.com/theelliotpage/status/1333820783655837701 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> This article uses ''he''/''him'' for consistency.|name=pronouns|group=lower-alpha}} role in ''[[Juno (movie)|Juno]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/film/story/2008/01/22/oscars-noms.html |title=Juno among top Oscar nominees - Arts & Entertainment - CBC News |work=cbc.ca |date=January 2, 2008 |accessdate=March 27, 2011}}</ref> in which she played a [[pregnancy|pregnant]] teenager. Page has also starred in movies including ''[[Hard Candy]]'', ''[[Whip It]]'', and ''[[Inception]]''. She starred in the [[Netflix]] series ''[[The Umbrella Academy]]'' as Vanya/Viktor Hargreeves.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Umbrella Academy (TV Series 2019–2024) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1312171/fullcredits|access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref> During her career, Page has been nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Academy Award]], three [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTAS]], two [[Primetime Emmy Awards|Emmys]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and a [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|SAG Award]]. ==Personal life== Page is from [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maher|first=Kevin|date=October 27, 2007|title=Ellen Page isn't fazed by his scripts|work=The Times|location=UK|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/london_film_festival/article2724719.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615171932/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/london_film_festival/article2724719.ece|archive-date=June 15, 2011|accessdate=March 27, 2011}}</ref> On February 14, 2014 (when living as Ellen), Page [[Coming out|came out]] as a [[gay]] woman. Page became a well-known advocate of the [[LGBT community|LGBTQ community]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ellen-page-comes-as-gay-680563|title=Ellen Page Comes Out as Gay: 'I Am Tired of Lying by Omission' (Exclusive)|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> In December 2020, Page came out as [[transgender]] and changed her name publicly to "Elliot Page." She uses "he/him" and "they/them" pronouns. Page was married to dancer Emma Portner from 2018 to 2021. In March 2021, Page became the first openly transgender woman to appear on the cover of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]].<ref name="CTVNews">{{Cite web |last=Greenhalgh |first=Hugo |date=March 16, 2021 |title='Juno' actor Elliot Page becomes first out trans man to star on Time magazine cover |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/juno-actor-elliot-page-becomes-first-out-trans-man-to-star-on-time-magazine-cover-1.5349175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316180733/https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/juno-actor-elliot-page-becomes-first-out-trans-man-to-star-on-time-magazine-cover-1.5349175 |archive-date=March 16, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist-la}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline}} {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{IMDb name}} {{multistub|Actor|Canada}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Page, Elliot}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Halifax, Nova Scotia]] [[Category:Canadian feminists]] [[Category:Canadian LGBT people]] [[Category:Canadian movie actors]] [[Category:Canadian video game actors]] [[Category:Entertainers from Nova Scotia]] [[Category:LGBT feminists]] [[Category:LGBT actors]] [[Category:Non-binary people]] [[Category:Transgender men]] q7jrw35v0hyuwuh6gfek3rz6sw6bqty 10966919 10966887 2026-08-18T18:42:28Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45304-34|~2026-45304-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-45304-34|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by StrawberrySnail. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Elliot Page | image = 2023 National Book Festival (53122454007) (cropped).jpg | alt = Headshot of Elliot Page at the 2023 National Book Festival. He is a young white man with short dark hair, wearing a white shirt and a dark blazer. | caption = Page in 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|2|21}} | birth_place = [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], Canada | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer}} | years_active = 1997–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Emma Portner]]|2018|2021|end=divorced}} }} '''Elliot Page''' (born February 21, 1987)<ref>{{cite web|title=EPISODE #16 ELLEN PAGE! |url=http://www.annafarisisunqualified.com/2016/02/29/episode-16-ellen-page/|date=Feb 29, 2016|accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Douglas|first1=Clare|title=Birthday girl Ellen Page's 10 best tweets|url=http://ca.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/02015022013726/birthday-girl-ellen-page-s-10-best-tweets|publisher=Hello Canada|date=Feb 20, 2015|accessdate=March 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ellen Page Biography|url=http://www.biography.com/people/ellen-page-267545|publisher=Bio|accessdate=March 6, 2015|archive-date=April 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403023901/http://www.biography.com/people/ellen-page-267545|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] actor. Page was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for his{{efn|Page uses the pronouns [[he/him|''he''/''him'']] and [[they/them|''they''/''them'']].<ref name="they">{{Cite tweet |number=1333820783655837701 |user=theelliotpage |title=Hi friends... |first=Elliot |last=Page |date=December 1, 2020 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201201183957/https://twitter.com/theelliotpage/status/1333820783655837701 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> This article uses ''he''/''him'' for consistency.|name=pronouns|group=lower-alpha}} role in ''[[Juno (movie)|Juno]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/film/story/2008/01/22/oscars-noms.html |title=Juno among top Oscar nominees - Arts & Entertainment - CBC News |work=cbc.ca |date=January 2, 2008 |accessdate=March 27, 2011}}</ref> in which he played a [[pregnancy|pregnant]] teenager. Page has also starred in movies including ''[[Hard Candy]]'', ''[[Whip It]]'', and ''[[Inception]]''. He starred in the [[Netflix]] series ''[[The Umbrella Academy]]'' as Vanya/Viktor Hargreeves.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Umbrella Academy (TV Series 2019–2024) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1312171/fullcredits|access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref> During his career, Page has been nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Academy Award]], three [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTAS]], two [[Primetime Emmy Awards|Emmys]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and a [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|SAG Award]]. ==Personal life== Page is from [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maher|first=Kevin|date=October 27, 2007|title=Ellen Page isn't fazed by his scripts|work=The Times|location=UK|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/london_film_festival/article2724719.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615171932/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/london_film_festival/article2724719.ece|archive-date=June 15, 2011|accessdate=March 27, 2011}}</ref> On February 14, 2014 (when living as Ellen), Page [[Coming out|came out]] as a [[gay]] woman. Page became a well-known advocate of the [[LGBT community|LGBTQ community]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ellen-page-comes-as-gay-680563|title=Ellen Page Comes Out as Gay: 'I Am Tired of Lying by Omission' (Exclusive)|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> In December 2020, Page came out as [[transgender]] and changed his name publicly to "Elliot Page." He uses "he/him" and "they/them" pronouns. Page was married to dancer Emma Portner from 2018 to 2021. In March 2021, Page became the first openly transgender man to appear on the cover of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]].<ref name="CTVNews">{{Cite web |last=Greenhalgh |first=Hugo |date=March 16, 2021 |title='Juno' actor Elliot Page becomes first out trans man to star on Time magazine cover |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/juno-actor-elliot-page-becomes-first-out-trans-man-to-star-on-time-magazine-cover-1.5349175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316180733/https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/juno-actor-elliot-page-becomes-first-out-trans-man-to-star-on-time-magazine-cover-1.5349175 |archive-date=March 16, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist-la}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline}} {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{IMDb name}} {{multistub|Actor|Canada}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Page, Elliot}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Halifax, Nova Scotia]] [[Category:Canadian feminists]] [[Category:Canadian LGBT people]] [[Category:Canadian movie actors]] [[Category:Canadian video game actors]] [[Category:Entertainers from Nova Scotia]] [[Category:LGBT feminists]] [[Category:LGBT actors]] [[Category:Non-binary people]] [[Category:Transgender men]] dhu65yeq1u3cl6mhe7ihrwxqfslg6y3 0 291096 10967274 10941337 2026-08-19T06:41:26Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Rick Perry |image = Rick Perry official portrait.jpg |office = 14th [[United States Secretary of Energy]] |president = [[Donald Trump]] |deputy = Dan Brouillette |term_start = March 2, 2017 |term_end = December 1, 2019 |predecessor = [[Ernest Moniz]] |successor = [[Dan Brouillette]] |order1 = [[List of Governors of Texas|47th]] [[Governor of Texas]] |lieutenant1 = [[Bill Ratliff]]<br>[[David Dewhurst]] |term_start1 = December 21, 2000 |term_end1 = January 20, 2015 |predecessor1 = [[George W. Bush]] |successor1 = [[Greg Abbott]] |office2 = [[List of lieutenant governors of Texas|39th]] [[Lieutenant Governor of Texas]] |governor2 = George W. Bush |term_start2 = January 19, 1999 |term_end2 = December 21, 2000 |predecessor2 = [[Bob Bullock]] |successor2 = [[Bill Ratliff]] |office3 = 9th [[Texas Department of Agriculture|Agriculture Commissioner of Texas]] |governor3 = [[Ann Richards]]<br>[[George W. Bush]] |term_start3 = January 15, 1991 |term_end3 = January 19, 1999 |predecessor3 = [[Jim Hightower]] |successor3 = [[Susan Combs]] |state_house4 = Texas |district4 = [[Texas House of Representatives, District 64|64th]] |term_start4 = January 8, 1985 |term_end4 = January 8, 1991 |predecessor4 = Joe Hanna |successor4 = John Cook |birth_name = James Richard Perry |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|3|4}} |birth_place = [[Haskell, Texas|Haskell]], [[Texas]], [[United States|U.S.]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] {{small|(1989–present)}} |otherparty = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] {{small|(Before 1989)}} |spouse = [[Anita Thigpen Perry|Anita Thigpen]] {{small|(m. 1982)}} |children = 2 |education = [[Texas A&M University|Texas A&M University, College Station]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])}} |signature = Rick Perry signature.svg |website = {{url|rickperry.org|Official website}} |allegiance = {{flag|United States}} |branch = {{air force|United States}} |serviceyears = 1972–1977<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/102485251#. |title=Captain Rick Perry: Time for a military man in the White House? |last=Kudlow |first=Larry |date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref> |rank = [[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|18px]] [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] |unit = 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron |footnotes = }} '''James Richard "Rick" Perry''' (born March 4, 1950) is an American former politician. He was the 14th [[United States Secretary of Energy]] from March 2, 2017 through December 1, 2019. He was the [[Governor of Texas]] from 2000 to 2015. He is a [[United States Republican Party|Republican]]. He became governor when [[George W. Bush]] became President, and has been elected three more times. Perry was the longest governor in the United States for 14 years. On December 13, 2016, then-[[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Donald Trump]] nominated Perry to serve as [[United States Secretary of Energy]] during his administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-rick-perry-energy-secretary/|title=Major Garrett: Donald Trump chooses Rick Perry to be energy secretary|website=www.cbsnews.com |date=12 December 2016 }}</ref> He was confirmed by the [[United States senate]] on March 2, 2017. ==Early life== Perry was born in [[Haskell, Texas|Haskell]], [[Texas]]. His parents were Joseph Perry and Amelia Holt. He grew up in [[West Texas]] and studied at [[Texas A&M University]]. During his early years, he was a farmer and a pilot. ==Early career== In 1984, Perry was elected to the [[Texas House of Representatives]] as a [[U.S. Democratic Party|Democrat]] from district 64, which included his home county of [[Haskell County, Texas|Haskell]]. He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office. In 1990, as a newly Republican, Perry challenged [[Jim Hightower]], the [[incumbent]] Democratic [[Texas Agriculture Commissioner|Agriculture Commissioner]]. [[Karl Rove]] was Perry’s campaign manager.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bickerstaff|first1=Steve|title=Lines in the Sand: Congressional Redistricting in Texas and the Downfall of Tom DeLay|date=2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292783058|page=21}}</ref> Perry won the election. In April 1993, Perry, while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner, expressed support for the effort to reform the nation's health care, describing it as "most commendable".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2011/sep/24/ron-paul/ron-paul-says-rick-perry-wrote-letter-supporting-h/|title=Ron Paul says Rick Perry wrote a letter supporting Hillarycare|date=September 24, 2011|work=[[Austin American-Statesman]] / [[PolitiFact.com]]|accessdate=October 18, 2011|first=Meghan|last=Ashford-Grooms|archive-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118180558/https://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2011/sep/24/ron-paul/ron-paul-says-rick-perry-wrote-letter-supporting-h/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1994, Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin. In 1998, Perry chose not to seek a third term as Agriculture Commissioner, running instead for [[Lieutenant Governor of Texas|Lieutenant Governor]] to succeed the retiring Democrat [[Bob Bullock]]. He won the election. ==Governor of Texas (2000-2015)== Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21, 2000, following the resignation of [[George W. Bush]] – who was preparing to become [[President of the United States]]. In the 2001 legislative session, Perry set a record for his use of the [[veto]], rejecting 82 acts, more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]].<ref name="Vetoes">[http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/1_4_2.html "The Executive Branch: Budgetary Powers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223083855/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/1_4_2.html |date=2014-02-23 }}, ''Texas Politics'', [[University of Texas at Austin]], retrieved June 20, 2011</ref> <ref name="Vetoes 2">[http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/1_5_2.html "The Limits of the Veto"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228182445/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/1_5_2.html |date=2014-02-28 }}, ''Texas Politics'', [[University of Texas at Austin]], retrieved June 20, 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Vetoes — Then and Now |url= http://www.texastribune.org/texas-legislature/82nd-legislative-session/on-the-records-vetoes--then-and-now/ |date=June 17, 2011 |first=Becca |last=Aaronson |work=[[The Texas Tribune]] |location=Austin |accessdate= June 20, 2011 }}</ref> He was elected again in 2002. In 2002, Perry described the Texas same-sex [[sodomy law|anti-sodomy law]] as "appropriate".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/2002_3605756/perry-calls-sodomy-law-appropriate.html|title=Perry calls sodomy law 'appropriate{{'-}}|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|agency=Associated Press|date=December 4, 2002|accessdate=August 19, 2011|archive-date=February 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202221217/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/2002_3605756/perry-calls-sodomy-law-appropriate.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Perry's campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a [[Law and order (politics)|tough stance on crime]]. He has supported [[block grant]]s for crime programs.<ref name=NGA10>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/Notebook/Note_01-NGA10.htm |title=Public Notes on 01-NGA10 |publisher=[[On The Issues]]|date=September 14, 2001|accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref> In 2007, Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for [[cannabis]] possession.<ref>Yoder, Steve (November 7, 2011). [http://www.salon.com/2011/11/07/the_gop_tough_on_crime_no_more/ "The GOP, 'tough on crime' no more?"] ''Salon''.</ref> Perry supports the [[death penalty]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/69546/output/print |title=Injection of Reflection |last1=Thomas |first1=Evan |first2=Martha |last2=Brant |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=November 10, 2007 |accessdate=June 22, 2008}}</ref> In June 2002, he vetoed a ban on the [[death penalty|execution]] of [[mental retardation|mentally retarded]] inmates.<ref name="NGA10"/> As of September 18, 2014, there have been 278 executions since Perry first took office in December 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death Row Information: Executed Offenders|url=http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/death_row/dr_executed_offenders.html|publisher=Texas Dept of Criminal Justice|accessdate=October 11, 2014}}</ref> Perry was re-elected in 2006 and in 2010. In 2014, Perry announced that he would not run for a fourth term.<ref name="abclocal1">{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=news/state&id=9164598|title=Texas Gov. Rick Perry announces he will not seek re-election in 2014|publisher=KTRK|date=July 8, 2013|accessdate=July 8, 2013|archive-date=July 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711043937/http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=news%2Fstate&id=9164598|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Indictment=== On August 15, 2014, Perry was [[Indictment|indicted]] by a [[grand jury]] on [[felony]] charges for [[abuse of power]]. He was accused of threatening a Democratic [[District Attorney]] who had been convicted of [[drunk driving]] to resign by threatening to [[veto]] funding for state public corruption prosecutors.<ref name=WaPo120815>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/texas-perry-indicted-for-coercion-for-veto-threat/2014/08/15/a7bda58a-24ce-11e4-8b10-7db129976abb_story.html |title=Perry indicted |newspaper=Washington Post |date=August 15, 2014 |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-date=August 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816150221/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/texas-perry-indicted-for-coercion-for-veto-threat/2014/08/15/a7bda58a-24ce-11e4-8b10-7db129976abb_story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://kxan.com/2014/08/15/texas-governor-rick-perry-indicted-by-grand-jury/ | title=Texas Governor Rick Perry indicted by grand jury | accessdate=August 15, 2014 | archive-date=August 15, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815230823/http://kxan.com/2014/08/15/texas-governor-rick-perry-indicted-by-grand-jury/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=LATimes140815>{{cite news|title=Texas Gov. Rick Perry is indicted|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-na-pn-rick-perry-indictment-texas-20140815-story.html|newspaper=LA times|accessdate=August 16, 2014}}</ref> The indictment received some support and also wide criticism from all sides of the political parties, and editorial criticism from major US newspapers. ==Presidential runs== ===2012 presidential campaign=== Perry also ran for [[President of the United States]] in the 2012 Republican primaries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/11/rick-perry-for-president-_n_924811.html | title=HuffPost - Breaking News, U.S. And World News | website=[[HuffPost]] }}</ref> He was one of the last candidates to enter the race. He was a frontrunner for the nomination during the first month of his campaign, but he did not do well in many of the debates. On January 19, 2012, Perry withdrew his campaign and endorsed [[Newt Gingrich]]. ===2016 presidential campaign=== {{main|Rick Perry presidential campaign, 2016}} On June 4, 2015, Perry officially announced his bid with a new web site and a press conference at Addison Airport outside Dallas, Texas.<ref name="bigs_Rick">{{Cite web | title = Rick Perry announces 2016 bid, a re-do from 2012 | last1 = Weissert | first1 = Will | last2 = Peoples | first2 = Steve | agency = Associated Press | date = 4 June 2015 | accessdate = 2015-06-04 | url = http://bigstory.ap.org/article/8e05a812781f4a26a1641086b2365b11/humbler-rick-perry-hopes-2016-bid-goes-better-first | quote = | archive-date = 2015-06-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150610090118/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/8e05a812781f4a26a1641086b2365b11/humbler-rick-perry-hopes-2016-bid-goes-better-first | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="cnn._Rick">{{Cite web | title = Rick Perry launches comeback bid for White House - CNNPolitics.com | last = Bradner | first = Eric | work = CNN | date = June 4, 2015 | accessdate = June 4, 2015 | url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/04/politics/rick-perry-2016-presidential-announcement/index.html }}</ref><ref name="usat_Rick">{{Cite web | title = Rick Perry launches 2016 presidential campaign | last1 = Camia | first1 = Catalina | last2 = Jervis | first2 = Rick | work = USA TODAY | date = 4 June 2015 | accessdate = 2015-06-04 | url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2015/06/04/rick-perry-president-2016-campaign/23842295/ | quote = }}</ref> Perry then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://time.com/3909057/rick-perry-2016-campaign-launch/ | title=Rick Perry Announces Presidential Bid | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=June 4, 2015 | accessdate=June 4, 2015 | author=Beckwith , Ryan Teague; Rhodan, Maya | archive-date=February 24, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224131808/https://time.com/3909057/rick-perry-2016-campaign-launch/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> On September 11, 2015, Perry dropped out of the race after poor polling after the first debate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2015/09/11/rick-perry-drops-out-presidential-race/|title=Rick Perry Suspends Presidential Campaign|first1=The Texas|last1=Tribune|first2=Aman Batheja, Patrick Svitek and Abby|last2=Livingston|date=11 September 2015|website=The Texas Tribune}}</ref> He later announced his support for [[Ted Cruz]] and later [[Donald Trump]] for president. ==2018 Texas United States senate race== Perry has been mentioned as a possible challenger to U.S. Senator and fellow 2016 Republican [[Ted Cruz presidential campaign, 2016|presidential candidate]] [[Ted Cruz]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barrouquere|first=Brett|title=Ted Cruz eyeing 2020, but must clear Rick Perry, others for re-election|url=http://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/Ted-Cruz-eyeing-2020-but-must-clear-Rick-Perry-9183986.php|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=August 25, 2016|accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref> Speculation about Cruz being challenged in the Republican primary arose during the [[2016 Republican National Convention]], when Cruz refused to endorse [[Donald Trump]], the eventual Republican presidential nominee, whom Perry had endorsed after Cruz suspended his campaign.<ref name=Senate>{{cite web|last=Carney|first=Jordain|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/senate-races/292519-trump-rick-perry-would-do-well-against-cruz|title=Trump: Rick Perry would 'do well' against Cruz|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=August 24, 2016|accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref> In a poll conducted from August 12 to 14 of that year by ''[[Public Policy Polling]]'', Perry had a 46%-37% lead over Cruz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2015/PPP_Release_TX_81716.pdf|work=[[Public Policy Polling]]|date=August 17, 2016|accessdate=August 25, 2016|title=2018 Texas Republican Primary Pollings}}</ref> In November 2016, Perry declined to enter the senate race and endorsed Cruz in the elections. ==United States Secretary of Energy (2017&ndash;2019)== On December 12, 2016, multiple sources reported that Perry is to be nominated by [[President-elect of the United States]] Trump to serve as [[United States Secretary of Energy|Secretary]] of the [[United States Department of Energy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article120542558.html|title=Rick Perry tapped to be energy secretary under Donald Trump, reports say|website=mcclatchydc}}</ref> His nomination was approved by a 16-7 vote from the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources]] on January 31, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wolfgang|first=Ben|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jan/31/rick-perry-ryan-zinke-clear-senate-committee-bipar/|title=Rick Perry, Ryan Zinke clear Senate committee with bipartisan support|work=[[The Washington Times]]|date=January 31, 2017|accessdate=January 31, 2017}}</ref> [[File:Volodymyr Zelensky 2019 presidential inauguration 45.jpg|thumb|right|Perry and Zelenksy, May 2019.]] On March 2, 2017, Perry was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62-37 vote. On October 17, 2019, Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/17/us/politics/rick-perry-energy-secretary-resigns.html|title=Perry Tells Trump He Will Resign as Energy Secretary|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|date=2019-10-17|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-17|last2=Friedman|first2=Lisa|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He officially stepped down on December 1, 2019. ===Trump–Ukraine controversy=== {{main|Trump–Ukraine controversy}} A July 25, 2019 telephone call between Trump and [[Ukraine]] president [[Volodymyr Zelensky]] led in September to [[Trump–Ukraine controversy|a whistleblower complaint]] and an [[Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump|impeachment inquiry]] against Trump. Two weeks after the inquiry was launched, Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perry's urging.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-blames-energy-secretary-rick-perry-ukraine-call-center-impeachment-n1062931|title=Trump blames Energy Secretary Rick Perry for Ukraine call at center of impeachment inquiry|work=NBC News|date=October 6, 2019|accessdate=October 6, 2019}}</ref> Perry denied ever mentioning [[Joe Biden]] in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/rick-perry-denies-discussing-bidens-with-trump-or-ukraine-officials-reports|title=Rick Perry denies discussing Bidens with Trump or Ukraine officials: reports|last=Calicchio|first=Dom|work=Fox News|date=October 6, 2019|accessdate=October 6, 2019}}</ref> ==Personal life== Although Perry is a [[Methodist]], he now attends an Evangelical "megachurch".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statesman.com/news/texas-politics/governors_race/candidates-mirror-population-in-attending-more-than-one-1009306.html|title=www.statesman.com|publisher=}}</ref> He is also an [[Boy Scouts of America|Eagle Scout]]. Perry married [[Anita Thigpen]] in 1982. Together, they have two children. ==''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''== On August 30, 2016, Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on [[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23)|season 23]] of ''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''. He was partnered with professional dancer [[Emma Slater]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gma.yahoo.com/dwts-2016-celebrity-cast-revealed-ryan-lochte-amber-123029354--abc-news-tv.html|title='DWTS' 2016 Celebrity Cast Revealed: Ryan Lochte, Amber Rose, Rick Perry Among Star Lineup|work=Good Morning America: Yahoo|accessdate=August 30, 2016|date=August 30, 2016|archive-date=August 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830144906/https://gma.yahoo.com/dwts-2016-celebrity-cast-revealed-ryan-lochte-amber-123029354--abc-news-tv.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/dancing-with-the-stars/dancing-with-the-stars-results-61420.aspx|title='Dancing with the Stars' Results Live Blog: The Second Elimination|work=buddytv.com|date=September 27, 2016|accessdate=September 27, 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} * [http://www.rickperry.org/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117182729/http://www.rickperry.org/ |date=2012-01-17 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/2014/images/08/15/rick-perry-indictment.pdf 2014 felony grand jury indictment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817050143/http://www.cnn.com/2014/images/08/15/rick-perry-indictment.pdf |date=2014-08-17 }} * [http://www.austinchronicle.com/rick-perry/ The Perry Trap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035515/https://www.austinchronicle.com/rick-perry/ |date=2020-11-12 }} at ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]'' * [http://www.economist.com/topics/rick-perry Collected news and commentary] at ''[[The Economist]]'' * [http://www.foxnews.com/topics/politics/rick-perry.htm Collected news and commentary] at ''[[Fox News]]'' * [http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/category/rick-perry/ Collected news and commentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613224307/http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/category/rick-perry/ |date=2013-06-13 }} at the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' * [http://www.texasmonthly.com/topics/rick-perry Collected news and commentary] at the ''[[Texas Monthly]]'' * [http://www.texasobserver.org/tag/rick-perry/ Collected news and commentary] at ''[[The Texas Observer]]'' * [http://www.texastribune.org/texas-people/rick-perry/ Collected news and commentary] at ''[[The Texas Tribune]]'' * [http://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/perry-watch/ The Perry Watch] at ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' * [http://www.star-telegram.com/1242 Rick Perry 2012] at the ''[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]'' {{USSecEnergy}} {{Trump cabinet}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Perry, Rick}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American Evangelicals]] [[Category:American Methodists]] [[Category:Governors of Texas]] [[Category:2012 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2016 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of Energy]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Lieutenant Governors of Texas]] [[Category:Members of the Texas Legislature]] 3jlq4pwyeg50a0n34jp5du1riz2g9k3 0 295703 10967375 10632764 2026-08-19T09:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Rolling in the Deep | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = [[Adele (singer)|Adele]] | album = [[21 (Adele album)|21]] | EP = | B-side = "If It Hadn't Been for Love" | written = | published = | released = {{start date|2010|10|15|df=y}} | format = | recorded = 2009, Eastcote Studios, [[London]] | studio = | venue = | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[blues]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} | length = {{duration||3|48}} | label = XL Recordings | writer = {{hlist|[[Adele (singer)|Adele]]|[[Paul Epworth]]}} | composer = | lyricist = | producer = Paul Epworth | chronology = Adele singles | prev_title = [[Make You Feel My Love#Adele version|Make You Feel My Love]] | prev_year = 2008 | title = | next_title = [[Someone Like You (Adele song)|Someone Like You]] | next_year = 2011 }} "'''Rolling in the Deep'''" is a song by English singer-songwriter [[Adele (singer)|Adele]]. It is from her second studio album, ''[[21 (Adele album)|21]]''. The song was written by Adele and [[Paul Epworth]]. Adele has described it as a "dark [[blues]]-y [[gospel music|gospel]] [[disco]] tune".<ref name="Adele"/> The song's official MV uploaded to [[YouTube]] on 30 November 2010 has accumulated over 2.58 billion views and 13 million "Likes" as of 19 October 2024, similar to that of [[Adele]]'s another hit ''[[Someone Like You (Adele song)|Someone Like You]]'' released 10 months later,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLQl3WQQoQ0 |title=Adele - Someone Like You (Official Music Video) |author=[[Adele]] |date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref> which Adele considered as having changed her life.<ref>{{cite web |website=Bustle |url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/adele-someone-like-you-changed-her-life-munich-residency |title=Adele Reveals The 1 Song That "Changed Her Life" |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref> ==Overview== '''Rolling in the Deep''' was released as the lead single on 29 November 2010 in the [[Netherlands]]. "Rolling in the Deep'" became Adele's first number-one hit single in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. It was also her first top-five hit in several countries. Positive reviews for the song have been seen. It reached number one in [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Switzerland]]. It also reached top ten in [[Austria]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[Ireland]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Norway]]. The song debuted at number two in the [[United Kingdom]]. There, it became Adele's third top-ten single. ===Performance=== "Rolling in the Deep" became Adele's second single to chart in the United States. After that, it became her first single to go to top of a ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' chart. This was when it reached number one on the [[Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks]] chart in May 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/adult-pop-songs/2011-05-14 |accessdate=4 May 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317060732/https://www.billboard.com/charts/adult-pop-songs/2011-05-14|title=Adele's 'Rolling in the Deep' Tops Adult Pop Songs|date=May 11, 2011|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |archivedate=17 March 2018 }}</ref> It also became her first number one hit in the country when the song reached #1 in the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in May 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/rihanna-s-s-m-reigns-on-hot-100-lady-gaga-1005144922.story |title=Rihanna's 'S&M' Reigns on Hot 100, Lady Gaga's 'Judas' Debuts |author=Trust, Gary |date=20 April 2011 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref> As of May 2011, "Rolling in the Deep" had sold over 2 million digital copies in the US.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grein|first=Paul|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/74360/week-ending-may-1-2011-songs-even-divas-struggle/|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|title=Week Ending May 1, 2011. Songs: Even Divas Struggle|date=6 April 2011|accessdate=9 May 2011|archive-date=8 September 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AXAHgmh8?url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-may-1-2011-songs-even-divas-struggle.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song is her best-selling single in the country. It has sold more copies than her previous best-selling single "[[Chasing Pavements]]". ==Composition== The song has "martial arts", "[[wikt:pound|pounding]] [[piano]] keys" (played by Neil Crowley) and "chanting backing singers".<ref name="Lamb">{{cite web|last=Lamb|first=Bill|title=Adele - Rolling In the Deep - Review Of the Rolling In the Deep Single By Adele|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/Adele-Rolling-In-The-Deep.htm|publisher=[[About.com]]|accessdate=9 December 2010|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506083130/http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/Adele-Rolling-In-The-Deep.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Critics have said Adele's [[wikt:vocal|vocals]] are like [[Wanda Jackson|<nowiki>Wanda</nowiki> Jackson]]'s "dirty-blues growl."<ref name="Eliscu">{{cite magazine|last=Eliscu|first=Jenny|title=In the Studio: Adele Goes Country on Fall Disc {{!}} Rolling Stone Music|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/17386/184422|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=23 July 2010|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=29 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829022202/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/17386/184422|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[AOL]] Radio Blog's Nadine Cheung says the song is "sung from the perspective of a scorned lover, who is finally able to see the light, but despite regretful sentiments, reconciliation is not an option here."<ref name="Cheung">{{cite web|last=Cheung|first=Nadine|title=Adele, 'Rolling in the Deep' -- New Song - AOL Radio Blog|url=http://www.aolradioblog.com/2010/11/16/adele-rolling-in-the-deep/|publisher=[[AOL]] Radio Blog|accessdate=9 December 2010|date=16 November 2010|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830210216/http://www.aolradioblog.com/2010/11/16/adele-rolling-in-the-deep/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Critical reception== The song was praised by critics for Adele's powerful voice, the lyrics and the song's [[instrumentation]]. ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' called the song an "epic, foot-stomper of a pop anthem." They said it had a [[wikt:thumping|thumping]] piano. According to ''The Sun'', Adele's vocals seemed to be that of a [[wikt:veteran|veteran]] who has been singing for 20 years .<ref>{{cite web|title=Adele's Rolling back to the top {{!}} ''The Sun'' |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3209467/Adeles-Rolling-back-to-the-top.html?OTC-RSS&ATTR=Bizarre|work=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]|accessdate=9 December 2010|date=3 November 2010}}</ref> Bill Lamb from [[About.com]] gave it 5 stars out of 5. He praised her voice and the emotion with which she sang the song. He said the song could "raise chills up the spine." He added that after hearing the song, people would want to hear the full album.<ref name="Lamb"/> Jason Lipshutz from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' praised the chorus of the song and its instrumentation. Lipshutz praised Adele's vocal performance. He said Adele was confident about her vocal ability. Lipshutz praised the way Adele started the chorus of the song.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lipshutz|first=Jason|title=Adele, "Rolling in the Deep" {{!}} Billboard.com|url=http://www.billboard.com/new-releases/adele-rolling-in-the-deep-1004133659.story#/new-releases/adele-rolling-in-the-deep-1004133659.story|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=16 December 2010|date=3 December 2010|archive-date=11 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211120936/http://www.billboard.com/new-releases/adele-rolling-in-the-deep-1004133659.story#/new-releases/adele-rolling-in-the-deep-1004133659.story|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'}}s Barry Walters gave "Rolling in the Deep" a positive review. He said Adele's voice was "powerful but not particularly pop" in the song. He said that the song started with "a stroked acoustic guitar." But he described its end as "stomping" and one that has hand-[[wikt:clap|clapping]]. He said this showed that the English liked to modify Black American roots music.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Walters|first=Barry|title=Rolling in the Deep by Adele {{!}} Rolling Stone Music|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/songreviews/rolling-in-the-deep-20101215|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=16 December 2010|date=15 December 2010|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69WfCsOsl?url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/songreviews/rolling-in-the-deep-20101215|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Music video== The music video for "Rolling in the Deep," directed by Sam Brown, filmed in July 2010. And premiered on Channel 4 on 3 December 2010. The video begins in an abandoned house, where Adele is sitting in a chair singing. During the video, the scenes show hundreds of glasses filled with water that vibrate to the beat of a drum. Jennifer White, who also choreographed the sequence, dances in a room kicking up white flour The drummer plays his drums under the stairs, and china is thrown breaking on a piece of suspended plywood at the bottom of a staircase. There is a white model of a city which is set on fire by five bursting light bulbs at the end of the song. The music video received critical acclaim, with critics praising its dark tone and simplicity. ==Track listing== * '''Digital download'''<ref name="nldd"/> # "Rolling in the Deep" – 3:48 * '''Digital EP'''<ref name="dep">[https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/rolling-in-the-deep-ep/id413623676 Rolling in the Deep - EP by Adele - Download Rolling in the Deep - EP on iTunes]. [[iTunes Store]]. Retrieved on 20 January 2011.</ref> # "Rolling in the Deep" – 3:48 # "Rolling in the Deep (Jamie xx Shuffle)" – 4:17 # "Rolling in the Deep (Acapella)" – 3:56 * '''CD single'''<ref name="ukdd"/> # "Rolling in the Deep" # "If It Hadn't Been for Love" <small>([[Michael Henderson]], Christopher Stapleton)</small> ==Credits and personnel== Credits are taken from ''21'' liner notes.<ref>{{Cite AV media notes |title=Rolling in the Deep |others=[[Adele (singer)|Adele]] |date=2010 |publisher=XL Recordings}}</ref> * [[Backing vocals]], [[Lead vocals]] - [[Adele (singer)|Adele]] * [[Songwriter|Songwriting]] – Adele, [[Paul Epworth]] * [[Record producer|Production]], [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[acoustic guitar]], [[electric guitar]] and [[backing vocals]] – Paul Epworth * Mixing – Tom Elmhirst * Mixing assistant – Dan Parry * Recording – Mark Rankin * [[Piano]] – Neil Cowley * [[Drum kit|Drums]] – Leo Taylor * [[Audio mastering|Mastering]] – Tom Coyne == Charts == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} === Weekly charts === {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center" |- !scope="col"|Chart (2010–14) !scope="col"|Peak<br/>position |- {{singlechart|Australia|3|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Austria|3|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Flanders|1|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Wallonia|1|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"| Brazil (''[[Billboard Brasil|Billboard]]'' [[Brasil Hot 100 Airplay|Hot 100 Airplay]])<ref>"Brasil Hot 100 Airplay". Billboard Brasil (Brasil: bpp) (2): 96. May 2011.</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- ! scope="row"| Brazil ([[Billboard Brasil|''Billboard'' Hot Pop]])<ref>"Brasil Hot Pop & Popular Songs". Billboard Brasil (Brasil: bpp) (2): 97. May 2011.</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- {{singlechart|Canada|1|artist=Adele|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Czech Republic|16|artist=Adele|year=2012|week=17|access-date=3 June 2014|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Czechdigital|54|week=49|year=2015|access-date=30 August 2014|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Denmark|3|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"|Europe ([[Euro Digital Songs]])<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11931728 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/69kSaH6mU?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11931728 | publisher = [[Billboard.biz]] | archive-date = 7 August 2012 | url-status = live | access-date = 7 August 2012 | title = Chart Search Results – Euro Digital Songs 2011-02-05}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|2 |- {{singlechart|Finland|1|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|refname=FIN chart|access-date=19 January 2012|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|France|3|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Germany|1|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|songid=767937|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"|Greece Digital Songs (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11943618 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120807211909/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11943618 | archive-date = 7 August 2012 | url-status = live | access-date = 7 August 2012 | publisher = [[Billboard.biz]] | title = Chart Search Results – Greece Digital Songs 2011-03-26}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|4 |- {{singlechart|Hungary|2|year=2011|week=23|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"|Iceland ([[RÚV]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruv.is/persona/adele|publisher=[[RÚV]]|title=Adele Chart History|date=8 April 2016|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524094118/http://www.ruv.is/persona/adele|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|1 |- {{singlechart|Ireland2|2|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=26 January 2020|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Israelairplay|2|year=2011|week=02|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Italy|1|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardjapanhot100|6|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"|Luxembourg Digital Songs (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11931928 | publisher = [[Billboard.biz]] | access-date = 7 August 2012 | title = Chart Search Results – Luxembourg Digital Songs 2011-02-05 | archive-date = 7 August 2012 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120807211148/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11931928}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row"|Mexico Airplay (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/14066767 | publisher = [[Billboard.biz]] | access-date = 7 August 2012 | title = Chart Search Results – Mexico Airplay 2012-03-03 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120807212920/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/14066767 | url-status = live | archive-date = 7 August 2012}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|25 |- {{singlechart|Dutch40|1|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Dutch100|1|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|New Zealand|3|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Norway|8|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Poland|5|chartid=394|year=2011|access-date=17 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"|Portugal Digital Songs (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11948558 | publisher = [[Billboard.biz]] | access-date = 7 August 2012 | title = Chart Search Results – Portugal Digital Songs 2011-04-16 | archive-date = 7 August 2012 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120807212547/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11948558}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|2 |- ! scope="row"|Russia ([[Tophit|Radio Hits Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tophit.ru/ru/chart/russia/weekly/2011-11-28/all/all|title=Top City & Country Radio Hits|date=28 November 2011|website=tophit.ru|publisher=[[Tophit]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802193022/https://tophit.ru/ru/chart/russia/weekly/2011-11-28/all/all|archive-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|58 |- {{singlechart|Scotland|2|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|date=2011-01-29|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Slovakia|10|year=2011|week=10|artist=Adele|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"| Slovenia ([[SloTop50|Slovenian Singles Chart]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Tedenske-lestvice/?year=2013&week=8|title=SloTop50: Slovenian official singles weekly chart|publisher=[[SloTop50]]|language=sl|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212342/http://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Tedenske-lestvice/?year=2013&week=8|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align=center|2 |- ! scope="row"|South Korea International Chart (GAON)<ref name="korea">{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/online/download/list.gaon?nationGbn=E&targetTime=06 |publisher=Gaon Chart |title=Gaon International Download Chart – Issue date: 2012.01.29 – 2012.02.04 |archive-date=19 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219010151/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/online/download/list.gaon?nationGbn=E&targetTime=06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- {{singlechart|Spain|5|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=23 February 2012|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Sweden|11|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Switzerland|1|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|UK|2|artist=Adele|song=Rolling in the Deep|date=2011-01-29|access-date=10 December 2011|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardhot100|1|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardadultalternativesongs|1|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardadultcontemporary|1|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardadultpopsongs|1|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardalternativesongs|21|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|14|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardrandbhiphop|61|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardrockairplay|15|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardrocksongs|15|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardlatinpopsongs|16|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|1|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardrhythmic|12|artist=Adele|rowheader=true}} |} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- !scope="col"|Chart (2010) !scope="col"|Position |- ! scope="row"| Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaaroverzichten – Singles 2010|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/yearchart.asp?cat=s |language=nl |work=Dutchcharts.nl |publisher=Hung Medien / hitparade.ch |access-date=2011-01-03}}</ref> | 36 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" !Chart (2011) !Position |- ! scope="row"|Australia (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/documents/ARIAEOYChart2011.pdf|title=Adele's "21" crowned ARIA's highest selling album of 2011 LMFAO takes single honours with "Party Rock Anthem"|access-date=2012-01-01}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 5 |- ! scope="row"|Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://austriancharts.at/2011_single.asp |title=Jahreshitparade 2011 |publisher=austriancharts.at |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=2012-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209202155/http://austriancharts.at/2011_single.asp |archive-date=9 February 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 16 |- ! scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2011&cat=s | title=JAAROVERZICHTEN 2011 | website=[[Ultratop]] | language=nl | access-date=2011-12-27}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2 |- ! scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 40 Wallonia)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2011&cat=s | title=RAPPORTS ANNUELS 2011 | website=[[Ultratop]] | language=fr | access-date=2011-12-27}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 1 |- ! scope="row"| Canada (Canadian Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/canadian-hot-100 | title=Best of 2011: Canadian Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | year=2011 | access-date=2011-12-09}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 1 |- ! scope="row"|Denmark (Hitlisten)<ref>{{cite web|title=Album-Top 100 |publisher=[[Hitlisten]]. [[IFPI Danmark]]& Nielsen Music Control |url=http://www.hitlisterne.dk/yearlist2011.asp?list=Album%20100 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609045421/http://www.hitlisterne.dk/yearlist2011.asp?list=Album%20100 |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|10 |- ! scope="row"|France (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web|title=Classement des 100 premiers Singles|url=http://proxy.siteo.com.s3.amazonaws.com/www.disqueenfrance.com/file/4bis100singlesfusionnesnep.pdf|publisher=[[SNEP]]|access-date=2012-02-14}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- ! scope="row"|Germany (Media Control Charts)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2011 |title=2011 MTV EMA – News |publisher=MTV.de |access-date=2012-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109011856/http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2011 |archive-date=9 January 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 4 |- ! scope="row"|Greece (IFPI)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-tetradio.gr/ar6296el_top100radioairplaygiato2011.html |title=TOP 100 RADIO AIRPLAY ΓΙΑ ΤΟ 2011 |last=Kanellopoulos |first=Dimitris |date=5 January 2012 |publisher=E-tetradio.gr |language=el |access-date=8 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222114324/http://e-tetradio.gr/ar6296el_top100radioairplaygiato2011.html |archive-date=22 February 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 19 |- ! scope="row"|Hungary (Mahasz)<ref>{{cite web |title=MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2011|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2011|publisher=Mahasz |language=hu |access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row"|Ireland (IRMA)<ref>{{cite web|title=Best of 2011|url=http://irma.ie/best2011.htm|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=2012-02-26|archive-date=2014-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114070245/http://irma.ie/best2011.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|11 |- ! scope="row"|Israel (Media Forest)<ref>{{cite web| title=Media Forest: Yearly airplay chart – 2011| url=http://mediaforest.biz/ThisYearCharts.aspx| publisher=mediaforest.biz| date=30 December 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226022136/http://mediaforest.biz/ThisYearCharts.aspx| archive-date=26 December 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- ! scope="row"|Italy (FIMI)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=66 |title=Classifiche annuali Fimi-GfK: Vasco Rossi con "Vivere o Niente" è stato l'album più venduto nel 2011 |publisher=[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry]] |access-date=16 January 2012 |date=16 January 2012 |language=it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121002856/http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=66 |archive-date=21 January 2012 }} ''See the attached file, by pressing ''Scarica l'allegato''.''</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|5 |- ! scope="row"| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2011|title=Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2011|publisher=Dutch Top 40|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- ! scope="row"| Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://www.dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2011&cat=s |title=Dutch charts portal |publisher=dutchcharts.nl |access-date=2012-06-11}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row"| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=1862 |title=Top Selling Singles of 2011 &#124; The Official New Zealand Music Chart |publisher=Nztop40.co.nz |date=2011-12-31 |access-date=2012-11-29 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306162408/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart?chart=1862 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|6 |- ! scope="row"| Spain (PROMUSICAE)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20CANCIONES%20ANUAL%202011.pdf |title=TOP 50 CANCIONES ANUAL 2011 |access-date=28 January 2012 |publisher=PROMUSICAE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616163021/http://promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20CANCIONES%20ANUAL%202011.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|18 |- ! scope="row"|South Korea (Gaon Singles Chart) <small>(Int'l.)</small><ref>[http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/total/other.list.gaon|title=End Of Year Charts 2011|] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123033713/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/total/other.list.gaon |date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|13 |- ! scope="row"|Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&dfom=20110001&navi=no|title=Årslista Singlar – År 2011|language=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=14 September 2018|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174112/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&dfom=20110001&navi=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|8 |- ! scope="row"|Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2011|title=SWISS YEAR-END CHARTS 2011|language=de|access-date=2012-01-01}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2 |- ! scope="row"| UK Singles (Official Charts Company)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/chart-news/the-top-20-biggest-selling-singles-of-2011-revealed/|title=The Top 20 biggest selling singles of 2011 revealed!|publisher=The Official Charts|date=2 January 2012}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 9 |- ! scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/hot-100-songs | title=Best of 2011: Hot 100 Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | year=2011 | access-date=2011-12-09 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624035308/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/hot-100-songs |archive-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 1 |- ! scope="row"| US Pop Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/hot-pop-songs | title=Best of 2011: Pop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | year=2011 | access-date=2011-12-09 | archive-date=2013-05-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524014451/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/hot-pop-songs | url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 5 |- ! scope="row"| US Adult Contemporary (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/hot-adult-contemporary-songs | title=Best of 2011: Adult Contemporary Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | year=2011 | access-date=2011-12-09 | archive-date=2013-05-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523012726/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/hot-adult-contemporary-songs | url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 3 |- ! scope="row"| US Adult Pop Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/hot-adult-pop-songs | title=Best of 2011: Adult Pop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | year=2011 | access-date=2011-12-09 | archive-date=2013-05-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524004311/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/hot-adult-pop-songs | url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 1 |- ! scope="row"| US Hot Rock Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/hot-rock-songs|title=Rock Songs – Year-End 2012|magazine=Billboard|date=2 January 2013|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 45 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" !Chart (2012) !Position |- ! scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref name="ultratop.be">[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2012&cat=a Ultratop Belgian Charts]. ultratop.be. Retrieved on 2013-08-25.</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|51 |- ! scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 40 Wallonia)<ref name="ultratop.be"/> | style="text-align:center;"|32 |- ! scope="row"| Canada (Canadian Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/canadian-hot-100?begin=1&order=position | title=Best of 2012: Canadian Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | year=2012 | access-date=2012-12-10}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 61 |- ! scope="row"|Hungary (Mahasz)<ref>{{cite web |title=MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012|url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/radios/2012|publisher=Mahasz |language=hu |access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|41 |- ! scope="row"|Israel (Media Forest ACUM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mako.co.il/music-news/local/Article-1f97ac626e8eb31006.htm|title=most played songs of 2012 – By ACUM Songs|publisher=mako.co.il|date=2012-12-30}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|6 |- ! scope="row"| Russia Airplay ([[Tophit]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tophit.ru/en/chart/russia/yearly/2012-01-01/all/all|title=Russian Top Year-End Radio Hits (2012)|publisher=[[Tophit]]|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703185326/https://tophit.ru/en/chart/russia/yearly/2012-01-01/all/all|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"| 189 |- ! scope="row"|Spain (PROMUSICAE)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202012.pdf |title=Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 |publisher=Promuiscae.es |access-date=2013-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124102447/http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202012.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|25 |- ! scope="row"|Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2012 Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060835/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2012 |date=21 September 2013 }}. hitparade.ch (2012-12-30). Retrieved on 2013-08-25.</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|34 |- ! scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/hot-100-songs?begin=71&order=position|title=Best of 2012 – Hot 100 Songs|magazine=Billboard.com|access-date=2012-12-14}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|71 |- ! scope="row"| US Adult Contemporary (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/adult-contemporary-songs|title=Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 2012|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|22 |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" !Chart (2013) !Position |- ! scope="row"|Slovenia (SloTop50)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Letne-lestvice/?year=2013|title=SloTop50: Slovenian official singles year end chart|publisher=[[SloTop50]]|language=sl|access-date=29 December 2013|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152201/http://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Letne-lestvice/?year=2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align=center|17 |} ===Decade-end charts=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2010–2019) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australia (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2019/end-of-decade-singles-chart|title=2019 ARIA End of Decade Singles Chart|publisher=ARIA|date=January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref> | 12 |- ! scope="row"| UK Singles (Official Charts Company)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-official-top-100-biggest-songs-of-the-decade-2010-2019__27936/|title=The UK's Official Top 100 biggest songs of the decade|publisher=Official Charts Company|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=11 December 2019|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> | 73 |- ! scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/hot-100|title=Decade-End Charts: Hot 100 Songs|magazine=Billboard|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref> | 10 |} ===All-time charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !scope="col"|Chart !scope="col"|Position |- !scope="row"|US [[Adult Top 40]] (''Billboard'')<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web |url = https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-adult-pop-songs |work = US Adult Pop Songs |date = 18 March 2016 |access-date = 16 March 2018 |title = Greatest of All Time Adult Pop Songs : Page 1 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|29 |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 (1958-2018)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100-60th-anniversary|title=Billboard Hot 100 60th Anniversary Interactive Chart|magazine=Billboard|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|35 |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (Official Charts Company)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time__21298/|title=The UK's biggest selling singles of all time|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624234820/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time__21298/|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|129 |} {{col-end}} ==Release history== {|class="wikitable" |- !Region !Date !Label !Format |- |Netherlands<ref name="nldd">{{cite web|title=Rolling In the Deep - Single van ADELE - Download Rolling In the Deep - Single op iTunes|url=https://itunes.apple.com/nl/album/rolling-in-the-deep-single/id403038084|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=9 December 2010|language=Dutch}}</ref> |29 November 2010 |XL Recordings |rowspan=2|[[music download|Digital download]] |- |United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon.com: Rolling In The Deep: Adele: MP3 Downloads|website=Amazon|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004CTP55A}}</ref> |30 November 2010 |[[Columbia Records]] |- |rowspan=1|Germany |14 January 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.de/dp/B004DK49WI|title=Rolling in the Deep|date=14 January 2011|publisher=|via=Amazon}}</ref> |rowspan=5|XL Recordings |[[Compact Disc single|CD single]] |- |Australia |rowspan=2|16 January 2011<ref name="Adele">{{cite web|title=ADELE: ADELE NEW SINGLE "ROLLING IN THE DEEP" NEW ALBUM "21"|url=http://www.adele.tv/news/161/adele-new-single-rolling-in-the-deep-new-album-21-|publisher=Adele.tv|accessdate=9 December 2010|date=1 November 2010|archive-date=15 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115044406/http://www.adele.tv/news/161/adele-new-single-rolling-in-the-deep-new-album-21-|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Digital EP |- |United Kingdom |- |United Kingdom |17 January 2011<ref name="ukdd">{{cite web|title=Rolling in the Deep: Adele: Amazon.co.uk: Music|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004DK49WI/|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.uk]]|accessdate=16 December 2010}}</ref> |CD single |- | Europe | 15 October 2010 | CD single |} ==Covers== ''Rolling in the Deep'' has been [[Cover version|covered]] by various singers since its release. Some of them are [[Indie pop|independent]] bands, including the First To Eleven.<ref name="A">{{cite web |website=[[YouTube]] |title="Rolling in the Deep" - Adele (Cover by First to Eleven) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU_T_mvdHMQ |date=July 8, 2021 |access-date=April 8, 2025}}</ref> First To Eleven's cover version of the song has accumulated 1,455,163 views as of April 8, 2025.<ref name="A" /> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== *{{YouTube|id=rYEDA3JcQqw|title=Official music video}} {{Adele}} {{Aretha Franklin}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:Pop songs]] [[Category:Soul songs]] [[Category:2010 songs]] [[Category:Adele songs]] [[Category:Aretha Franklin songs]] sdtjxb3t2a28m28zcpugavvgjc98ie4 0 301313 10967166 9385643 2026-08-19T03:37:42Z FD950 752027 Minor changes. 10967166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = suburb | name = Coburg | city = Melbourne | state = vic | image = File:Melbourne City from Pentridge Boulevard 2020.jpg | caption = Coburg looking towards the City of Melbourne, 2020 | lga = [[City of Darebin]] | lga2 = [[City of Merri-bek]] | alternative_location_map = Australia Victoria metropolitan Melbourne | pushpin_map_caption = Location in metropolitan Melbourne | coordinates = {{coord|37.7438|S|144.9645|E|display=inline,title}} | postcode = 3058 | pop = 26,574 | pop_year = {{CensusAU|2021}} | pop_footnotes = <ref name="abs21">{{Census 2021 AUS | id = SAL20596 | name = Coburg (Suburbs and Localities) | access-date = 2 July 2022 | quick = on}}</ref> | elevation = 63 | area = 7 | est = | stategov = [[Electoral district of Pascoe Vale|Pascoe Vale]] | stategov2 = [[Electoral district of Preston|Preston]] | fedgov = [[Division of Cooper|Cooper]] | fedgov2 = [[Division of Wills|Wills]] | dist1 = 8 | dir1 = N | location1 = [[Melbourne central business district|Melbourne]] | dist2 = | location2 = | near-nw = [[Coburg North, Victoria|Coburg North]]<br/>[[Pascoe Vale, Victoria|Pascoe Vale]] | near-n = [[Coburg North, Victoria|Coburg North]] | near-ne = [[Preston, Victoria|Preston]] | near-w = [[Pascoe Vale South, Victoria|Pascoe Vale South]] | near-e = [[Preston, Victoria|Preston]] | near-sw = [[Brunswick West, Victoria|Brunswick West]] | near-s = [[Brunswick, Victoria|Brunswick]] | near-se = [[Brunswick East, Victoria|Brunswick East]]<br/>[[Thornbury, Victoria|Thornbury]] | local_map = yes | zoom = 12 }} '''Coburg''' is a suburb of [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria, Australia]]. It is about 8 km north of the Melbourne central business district. In 2006 there were 22,772 people living in the suburb. It is a part of the City of Moreland local government area. Before [[Europe]]an settlement the Coburg area was home to the [[Indigenous Australian]] [[Wurundjeri]] people. The area was first [[survey]]ed in 1837-8 by [[Robert Hoddle]]. The area was first called Pentridge, after the town of [[Pentridge, Dorset]], [[England]]. == References== {{reflist}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Suburbs of Melbourne]] ourpxmavst00wgu29shmj0bmig3yv0j 0 303088 10966566 10557720 2026-08-18T13:20:11Z Shanon11 953712 10966566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{EngvarB|date=January 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox international football competition | tourney_name = FIFA World Cup | year = 2022 | other_titles = {{lang-ar|كَأسُ اَلعَالَمِ 2022|link=no}}<br />{{Lang-afb|كَاسُ اَلعَالَمِ ٢٠٢٢|script=arab}}<br />The Qatar 2022<br />{{lang|ar| قطر ٢٠٢٢{{lrm}}}} | image =2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar (Wordmark).svg | size = | caption = 2022 FIFA World Cup Logo | country = [[Qatar]] | dates = {{Nowrap|20 November – 18 December}} | confederations = 5 | num_teams = 32 | venues = 8 | cities = 5 | champion = ARG | count = 3 | second = FRA | third = CRO | fourth = MAR | matches = 64 | goals = 172 | attendance = {{#expr: <!--Group A--> 67372 + 41721 + 41797 + 44833 + 44569 + 66784 <!--Group B-->+ 45334 + 43418 + 40875 + 68463 + 44297 + 42127 <!--Group C-->+ 88012 + 39369 + 44259 + 88966 + 44089 + 84985 <!--Group D-->+ 42925 + 40875 + 41823 + 42860 + 41232 + 43627 <!--Group E-->+ 42608 + 40013 + 41479 + 68895 + 44851 + 67054 <!--Group F-->+ 59407 + 40432 + 43738 + 44374 + 43984 + 43102 <!--Group G-->+ 39089 + 88103 + 39789 + 43649 + 41378 + 85986 <!--Group H-->+ 41663 + 42662 + 43983 + 88668 + 43443 + 44097 <!--Round of 16-->+ 44846 + 45032 + 40989 + 65985 + 42523 + 43847 + 44667 + 83720 <!--Quarter-finals-->+ 43893 + 88235 + 44198 + 68895 <!--Semi-finals-->+ 88966 + 68294 <!--Third place-->+ 44137 <!--Final-->+ 88966}} | top_scorer = {{fbicon|FRA}} [[Kylian Mbappé]] {{nowrap|(8 goals)}} | player = {{fbicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]] | goalkeeper = {{fbicon|ARG}} [[Emiliano Martínez]] | young_player = {{fbicon|ARG}} [[Enzo Fernández]] | fair_play = {{fb|ENG}} | prevseason = [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] | nextseason = ''[[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]]'' }} The '''2022 FIFA World Cup''' was the 22nd [[FIFA World Cup]]. It was hosted in [[Qatar]] from 20 November 2022 to 18 December 2022. It was the first World Cup hosted in the [[Arab world]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/story/599599/Amir-2022-World-Cup-Qatar-a-tournament-for-all-Ara |title=Amir: 2022 World Cup Qatar a tournament for all Arabs |date=15 July 2018 |work=Gulf Times |access-date=6 December 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183342/https://www.gulf-times.com/story/599599/Amir-2022-World-Cup-Qatar-a-tournament-for-all-Ara }}</ref> and the second to be hosted fully in Asia.{{efn|The 2018 tournament in Russia was not fully in Asia, it had only two host cities in Asia (the rest were in Europe).}} This was the last World Cup played with a 32 team format. The tournament was played during the months of November and December to stay away from the hot weather during the summer months in Qatar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2015 |title=FIFA Executive Committee confirms November/December event period for Qatar 2022 |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/qatar2022/news/y=2015/m=3/news=fifa-executive-committee-confirms-november-december-event-period-for-q-2567789.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910210625/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/qatar2022/news/y=2015/m=3/news=fifa-executive-committee-confirms-november-december-event-period-for-q-2567789.html |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> The reigning champions were [[France national football team|France]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/jul/15/france-croatia-world-cup-final-match-report |title=France seal second World Cup triumph with 4–2 win over brave Croatia |last=Taylor |first=Daniel |date=15 July 2018 |website=The Guardian |access-date=6 December 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195043/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/jul/15/france-croatia-world-cup-final-match-report }}</ref> There have been suspicions on whether Qatar earned hosting rights fairly. An investigation that was done by FIFA reported that Qatar earned hosting rights fairly. This investigation was criticized by [[Michael J. Garcia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30037729 |title=Fifa report 'erroneous', says lawyer who investigated corruption claims |publisher=BBC Sport |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=6 December 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=22 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222160348/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30037729 }}</ref> Qatar was also criticized because of the treatment of the foreign workers preparing the World Cup stadiums.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2016 |title=Amnesty says workers at Qatar World Cup stadium suffer abuse |url=http://www.eurosport.com/football/amnesty-says-workers-at-qatar-world-cup-stadium-suffer-abuse_sto5416371/story.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402053622/http://www.eurosport.com/football/amnesty-says-workers-at-qatar-world-cup-stadium-suffer-abuse_sto5416371/story.shtml |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=guardian-workers-pay>[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/mar/31/migrant-workers-in-qatar-forced-to-pay-billions-in-recruitment-fees-world-cup Revealed: migrant workers in Qatar forced to pay billions in recruitment fees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405200322/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/mar/31/migrant-workers-in-qatar-forced-to-pay-billions-in-recruitment-fees-world-cup |date=2022-04-05 }}, The Guardian, 2022-03-31.</ref> == Bidding == {|class="wikitable" |+2022 FIFA bidding !rowspan=2|Bidders !colspan=4|Votes |- !Round 1 !Round 2 !Round 3 !Round 4 |- |align="left"| '''{{QAT}}''' |align="center"|11 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|11 |align="center" style="background: #90ff90;"|'''14''' |- |align="left"|{{USA}} |align="center"|3 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|6 |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|{{KOR}} |align="center"|4 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|5 |{{no result|—}} |- |align="left"|{{JPN}} |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 |{{no result|—}} |{{no result|—}} |- |align="left"|{{AUS}} |align="center"|1 |{{no result|—}} |{{no result|—}} |{{no result|—}} |} == Qualification == {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification}} FIFA's six continental confederations have their own qualifying tournaments. All 211 associations are able to enter qualification. [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]], qualified automatically because they are the hosts. Qatar still plays in the first two rounds of [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] qualification because it is also qualification for the [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Dan |title=Hosts Qatar to compete in qualifying for 2022 World Cup |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1053493/hosts-qatar-to-compete-in-qualifying-for-2022-world-cup |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=insidethegames.biz |publisher=Dunsar Media Company |date=31 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606063449/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1053493/hosts-qatar-to-compete-in-qualifying-for-2022-world-cup }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/fifa-world-cup/latest/news/groups-finalised-for-qatar-2022-china-2023-race|title=Groups finalised for Qatar 2022 & China 2023 race|work=The-AFC.com|publisher=AFC|date=17 July 2019|access-date=6 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820085920/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/fifa-world-cup/latest/news/groups-finalised-for-qatar-2022-china-2023-race}}</ref> The previous [[List of FIFA World Cup finals|World Cup champions]] [[France national football team|France]] will participate in qualification as normal.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world-cup/news/2022-world-cup-odds-france-favorite-to-repeat-in-qatar-usa-behind-mexico-with-16th-best-odds/ |title=2022 World Cup odds: France favorite to repeat in Qatar; USA behind Mexico with 16th-best odds |work=CBS Sports |access-date=6 December 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134213/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world-cup/news/2022-world-cup-odds-france-favorite-to-repeat-in-qatar-usa-behind-mexico-with-16th-best-odds/ }}</ref> [[Saint Lucia national football team|Saint Lucia]], [[North Korea national football team|North Korea]], [[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]], [[Samoa national football team|Samoa]] all withdrew because of safety reasons related to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with North Korea withdrawing after already playing matches. [[Tonga national football team|Tonga]] withdrew because of the [[2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami]]. [[Russia national football team|Russia]] was suspended by FIFA because of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. [[Vanuatu national football team|Vanuatu]] and [[Cook Islands national football team|Cook Islands]] both withdrew because of [[COVID-19]] cases in their squads, with Cook Islands withdrawing after already playing matches. The amount of available World Cup slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in [[Zürich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/qatar2022/news/y=2015/m=3/news=2022-fifa-world-cup-to-be-played-in-november-december-2568172.html |title=2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November/December |publisher=FIFA |date=20 March 2015 |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185227/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/qatar2022/news/y=2015/m=3/news=2022-fifa-world-cup-to-be-played-in-november-december-2568172.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The committee decided that the slots would be the same as 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=5/news=current-allocation-of-fifa-world-cuptm-confederation-slots-maintained-2610611.html |title=Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained |publisher=FIFA |date=30 May 2015 |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116131907/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=5/news=current-allocation-of-fifa-world-cuptm-confederation-slots-maintained-2610611.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] (Africa): 5 * [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (Asia): 4 or 5{{efn|name=slots|Decided by the Inter-Confederation Play-offs.}} (not including Qatar, the hosts) * [[UEFA]] (Europe): 13 * [[CONCACAF]] (North and Central America and Caribbean): 3 or 4{{efn|name=slots}} * [[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]] (Oceania): 0 or 1{{efn|name=slots}} * [[CONMEBOL]] (South America): 4 or 5{{efn|name=slots}} * Hosts: 1 ===Qualified teams=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width=110| Team ! width=245| Qualified as |- | {{fb|QAT}} || Host nation |- | {{fb|GER}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group J|UEFA Group J]] winners |- | {{fb|DEN}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F|UEFA Group F]] winners |- | {{fb|BRA}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] winners |- |{{fb|FRA}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group D|UEFA Group D]] winners |- |{{fb|BEL}} || {{nowrap|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E|UEFA Group E]] winners}} |- | {{fb|CRO}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H|UEFA Group H]] winners |- | {{fb|ESP}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group B|UEFA Group B]] winners |- | {{fb|SRB}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A|UEFA Group A]] winners |- | {{fb|ENG}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group I|UEFA Group I]] winners |- | {{fb|SUI}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C|UEFA Group C]] winners |- | {{fb|NED}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G|UEFA Group G]] winners |- | {{fb|ARG}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] runners-up |- | {{fb|IRN}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group A|AFC Third Round Group A]] winners |- | {{fb|KOR}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group A|AFC Third Round Group A]] runners-up |- | {{fb|JPN}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group B|AFC Third Round Group B]] runners-up |- | {{fb|KSA}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round#Group B|AFC Third Round Group B]] winners |- | {{fb|ECU}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] fourth place |- | {{fb|URU}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] third place |- | {{fb|CAN}} || {{nowrap|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Third Round|CONCACAF Third Round]] winners}} |- | {{fb|GHA}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF Third Round]] winner |- | {{fb|SEN}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF Third Round]] winner |- | {{fb|POR}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round|UEFA Second Round]] winner |- | {{fb|POL}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round|UEFA Second Round]] winner |- | {{fb|TUN}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF Third Round]] winner |- | {{fb|MAR}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF Third Round]] winner |- | {{fb|CMR}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round|CAF Third Round]] winner |- | {{fb|USA}} || {{nowrap|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Third Round|CONCACAF Third Round]] third place}} |- | {{fb|MEX}} || {{nowrap|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Third Round|CONCACAF Third Round]] runners-up}} |- | {{fb|WAL}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round|UEFA Second Round]] winners |- | {{fb|AUS}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC–CONMEBOL play-off)|AFC v CONMEBOL play-off]] winners |- | {{fb|CRC}} || [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF–OFC play-off)|CONCACAF v OFC play-off]] winners |} ==Officiating== On 19 May 2022, FIFA announced the list of 36 referees, and 69 assistant referees and 24 [[video assistant referees]] for the tournament. Of the 36 referees, FIFA included two each from Argentina, Brazil, England and France.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/36-referees-69-assistant-referees-and-24-video-match-officials-appointed-for-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022 |title=36 referees, 69 assistant referees and 24 video match officials appointed for FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 |publisher=FIFA |date=2022-05-19 |access-date=2022-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/1da4b811328add8f/original/MEDIA-Alphabetical-order-List-of-Match-Officials-FWC-2022-Qatar.pdf |title=FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 – List of appointed FIFA Match Officials |publisher=FIFA |date=2022-05-19 |access-date=2022-05-19}}</ref> For the first time women referees will referee games at a major men's tournament. [[Stéphanie Frappart]] from France, Rwandan [[Salima Mukansanga]] and [[Yoshimi Yamashita]] from Japan became the first female referees to be appointed to a men's World Cup. They will be joined by three female assistant referees, also a first. Frappart oversaw the [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Final]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/france2019/news/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.comfrappart-final-role-a-huge-sense-of-pride|title=Frappart: Final role a huge source of pride|website=FIFA.com}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Venues == <!--************************************* PLEASE do not include non-free images in this section. See WP:NFTABLE **************************************--> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ![[Lusail]] ![[Al Khor (city)|Al Khor]] !colspan=2|[[Doha]] |- |[[Lusail Iconic Stadium]] |[[Al Bayt Stadium]] |[[Stadium 974]] |[[Al Thumama Stadium]] |- |Capacity: '''80,000'''<br /> |Capacity: '''60,000'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=Al Bayt Stadium: A uniquely Qatari stadium, to rival the best in the world |url=https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-bayt-stadium |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910124517/https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-bayt-stadium |archive-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> |Capacity: '''40,000'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=Qatar Foundation Stadium: An amazing experience for fans & a bright future for football |url=https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums/qatar-foundation-stadium |url-status=dead |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175652/https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums/qatar-foundation-stadium |archive-date=8 January 2018}}</ref> |Capacity: '''40,000'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=Al Thuymama Stadium: A tribute to our region |url=https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-thumama-stadium |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731183730/https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-thumama-stadium |archive-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> |- | | | | |- !rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Host cities in Qatar{{location map+|float=center|Qatar|width=385|caption=|places= {{Location map~|Qatar|lat=25.4269|long=51.5045|position=right|label=[[Lusail]]}} {{Location map~|Qatar|lat=25.2870|long=51.5310|mark=Blue pog.svg|marksize=11|position=right|label=Doha}} {{Location map~|Qatar|lat=25.6819|long=51.4969|position=right|label=[[Al-Khor]]}} {{Location map~|Qatar|lat=25.1680|long=51.5976|position=right|label=[[Al-Wakrah]]}} {{Location map~|Qatar|lat=25.2483|long=51.4105|position=left|label=[[Al-Rayyan]]}} }} !rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Stadiums in [[Doha|Doha area]]{{location map+|float=center|Qatar Doha|width=300|caption=|places= {{Location map~|Qatar Doha|lat=25.3140|long=51.4416|position=right|label=[[Education City|Education]]}} {{Location map~|Qatar Doha|lat=25.2846|long=51.5755|position=bottom|label=[[Ras Abu Aboud|974]]}} {{Location map~|Qatar Doha|lat=25.2635|long=51.4481|position=right|label=[[Aspire Zone|Khalifa]]}} {{Location map~|Qatar Doha|lat=25.2316|long=51.5413|position=right|label=[[Al Thumama (Doha)|Thumama]]}} }} |- !colspan=3|[[Al Rayyan (city)|Al Rayyan]] ![[Al Wakrah]] |- |[[Education City Stadium]] |[[Ahmad bin Ali Stadium]]{{efn|Ahmad bin Ali Stadium is in Al Rayyan but outside the area of the Doha area map.}} |[[Khalifa International Stadium]] |[[Al Janoub Stadium]] |- |Capacity: '''45,350'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=Ras Abu Aboud Stadium: A legacy for the community |url=https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums/ras-abu-aboud-stadium |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731184156/https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/ras-abu-aboud-stadium |archive-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> |Capacity: '''44,740'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=Al Rayyan Stadium: The gateway to the desert opens its doors to the world |url=https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-rayyan-stadium |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731183730/https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-rayyan-stadium |archive-date=31 July 2019}}</ref><br /><small></small> |Capacity: '''40,000'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=Khalifa International Stadium: Qatar's most historic stadium & a crucial player for 2022 |url=https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums/khalifa-international-stadium |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217204939/https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums/khalifa-international-stadium |archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref><br /><small>''(upgraded)''</small> |Capacity: '''40,000'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2019 |title=Tradition and innovation come together as striking Al Janoub Stadium in Al Wakrah City is opened |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/tradition-and-innovation-come-together-as-striking-al-janoub-stadium-in-al-wakra |url-status=live |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711091026/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/tradition-and-innovation-come-together-as-striking-al-janoub-stadium-in-al-wakra |archive-date=11 July 2019}}</ref> |- | | |[[File:Khalifa_Stadium,_Doha,_Brazil_vs_Argentina_(2010).jpg|200x200px]] | |} ==Final draw== The final draw was in the Doha Exhibition and Convention Center in [[Doha]], Qatar,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2021 |title=FIFA Council endorses global summit to discuss the future of football |work=[[FIFA]] |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/organisation/fifa-council/media-releases/fifa-council-endorses-global-summit-to-discuss-the-future-of-football |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311143732/https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/organisation/fifa-council/media-releases/fifa-council-endorses-global-summit-to-discuss-the-future-of-football |url-status=live }}</ref> on 1 April 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2022 |title=2022 European football calendar: Match and draw dates for all UEFA competitions |work=[[UEFA]] |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/0271-1418c37e08e1-9c223aeae6cb-1000/ |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311083608/https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/0271-1418c37e08e1-9c223aeae6cb-1000/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 19:00 [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]], before the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification|qualifiers]] finished. The two winners of the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|inter-confederation play-offs]] and the winner of the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round#Path A|Path A of the UEFA play-offs]] were not known at the time of the draw.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/procedures-for-the-final-draw-for-the-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm-released |title=Procedures for the Final Draw for the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 released |publisher=FIFA |date=22 March 2022 |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331071003/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/procedures-for-the-final-draw-for-the-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm-released |url-status=live }}</ref> For the draw, the 32 teams were put into four pots based on their [[FIFA World Rankings]] of 31 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=id13603 |title=Men's Ranking: 31 Mar 2022 |publisher=FIFA |date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530070631/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=id13603 |url-status=live }}</ref> The teams in Pot 1 were the hosts, Qatar (who were automatically seeded as A1) and the best seven teams. The teams in Pot 2 were the next best eight teams, with the next best eight teams into Pot 3. The teams in Pot 4 were the five lowest-ranked teams, the two inter-confederation play-off winners and the UEFA Path A play-off winner. Teams from the same confederation could not be in the same group except UEFA, which allowed maximum two teams in the same group. The Pot 1 teams were automatically seeded as 1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2ef762dcf5f577c6/original/Portrait-Master-Template.pdf |title=Draw procedures: FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 |publisher=FIFA |date=22 March 2022 |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412081133/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2ef762dcf5f577c6/original/Portrait-Master-Template.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The pots for the draw are shown below.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/news/qatar-2022-final-draw-all-you-need-to-know |title=Qatar 2022 Final Draw: All you need to know |publisher=FIFA |date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402202529/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/news/qatar-2022-final-draw-all-you-need-to-know |url-status=live }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !width=25%| Pot 1 !width=25%| Pot 2 !width=25%| Pot 3 !width=25%| Pot 4 |- | {{fb|QAT}} (51) ''(hosts)''<br /> {{fb|BRA}} (1)<br /> {{fb|BEL}} (2)<br /> {{fb|FRA}} (3)<br /> {{fb|ARG}} (4)<br /> {{fb|ENG}} (5)<br /> {{fb|ESP}} (7)<br /> {{fb|POR}} (8) | {{fb|MEX}} (9)<br /> {{fb|NED}} (10)<br /> {{fb|DEN}} (11)<br /> {{fb|GER}} (12)<br /> {{fb|URU}} (13)<br /> {{fb|SUI}} (14)<br /> {{fb|USA}} (15)<br /> {{fb|CRO}} (16) | {{fb|SEN}} (20)<br /> {{fb|IRN}} (21)<br /> {{fb|JPN}} (23)<br /> {{fb|MAR}} (24)<br /> {{fb|SRB}} (25)<br /> {{fb|POL}} (26)<br /> {{fb|KOR}} (29)<br /> {{fb|TUN}} (35) | {{fb|CMR}} (37)<br /> {{fb|CAN}} (38)<br /> {{fb|ECU}} (46)<br /> {{fb|KSA}} (49)<br /> {{fb|GHA}} (60)<br /> {{fb|WAL}} (18){{hsp}}{{efn|name=RPS3|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round#Path A|UEFA Path A]] winners, team not determined at time of draw}}<br /> {{fb|CRC}} (31){{hsp}}{{efn|name=RPS2|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF–OFC play-off)|CONCACAF v OFC]] winners, team not determined at time of draw}}<br /> {{fb|AUS}} (17){{hsp}}{{efn|name=RPS1|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC–CONMEBOL play-off)|AFC v CONMEBOL]] winners, team not determined at time of draw}} |} ==Group stage== {{Hatnote|All times are local, [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00|UTC+3]]).}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! {{Anchor|Tiebreakers}} Tie-breaking criteria for group play |- |The ranking of teams in the group stage is determined as follows:<ref name="regulations">{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2744a0a5e3ded185/original/FIFA-World-Cup-Qatar-2022-Regulations_EN.pdf |title=Regulations – FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 |publisher=FIFA |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404112124/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2744a0a5e3ded185/original/FIFA-World-Cup-Qatar-2022-Regulations_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> # Points; # Goal difference; # Number of goals scored; # Points in the matches played between the tied teams; # Goal difference in the matches played between the tied teams; # Number of goals scored in the matches played between the tied teams; # Fair play points: {{unordered list | Yellow card: −1 point; | Indirect red card (second yellow card): −3 points; | Direct red card: −4 points; | Yellow card and direct red card: −5 points; }} # Drawing of lots. |} ===Group A=== {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup Group A}} {{2022 FIFA World Cup group tables|Group A|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group A|A1}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group A|A2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group A|A3}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group A|A4}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group A|A5}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group A|A6}} ===Group B=== {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup Group B}} {{2022 FIFA World Cup group tables|Group B|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group B|B1}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group B|B2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group B|B3}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group B|B4}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group B|B5}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group B|B6}} ===Group C=== {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup Group C}} {{2022 FIFA World Cup group tables|Group C|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group C|C1}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group C|C2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group C|C3}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group C|C4}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group C|C5}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group C|C6}} ===Group D=== {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup Group D}} {{2022 FIFA World Cup group tables|Group D|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group D|D1}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group D|D2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group D|D3}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group D|D4}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group D|D5}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group D|D6}} ===Group E=== {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup Group E}} {{2022 FIFA World Cup group tables|Group E|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group E|E1}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group E|E2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group E|E3}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group E|E4}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group E|E5}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group E|E6}} ===Group F=== {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup Group F}} {{2022 FIFA World Cup group tables|Group F|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group F|F1}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group F|F2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group F|F3}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group F|F4}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group F|F5}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group F|F6}} ===Group G=== {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup Group G}} {{2022 FIFA World Cup group tables|Group G|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group G|G1}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group G|G2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group G|G3}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group G|G4}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group G|G5}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group G|G6}} ===Group H=== {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup Group H}} {{2022 FIFA World Cup group tables|Group H|only_pld_pts=no_hide_class_rules}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group H|H1}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group H|H2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group H|H3}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group H|H4}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group H|H5}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Group H|H6}} ==Knockout stage== {{Main|2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage}} In the knockout stage, if a match is tied at the end of 90 minutes of normal playing time, [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] will be played (two halves that are 15 minutes each). If it is still tied after extra time, the match will be decided by a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]].<ref name="regulations"/> ===Bracket=== {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|Bracket}} ===Round of 16=== {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|R16-1}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|R16-2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|R16-3}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|R16-4}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|R16-5}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|R16-6}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|R16-7}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|R16-8}} ===Quarter-finals=== {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|QF1}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|QF2}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|QF3}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|QF4}} ===Semi-finals=== {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|SF1}} ---- {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|SF2}} ===Third place play-off=== {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|TPP}} ===Final=== {{Main|2022 FIFA World Cup Final}} {{#lst:2022 FIFA World Cup Final|Final}} ==Marketing== ===Branding=== The official emblem was shown on 3 September 2019 at the [[Doha Tower]], [[Katara (cultural village)|Katara Cultural Village Amphitheatre]], [[Msheireb Downtown Doha]], and [[Zubarah]]. It is designed to show the [[FIFA World Cup Trophy|tournament trophy]], the [[infinity symbol]], and the number "8", which represents the eight host stadiums. It also represents [[shawl]]s to highlight the tournament's winter scheduling, and has waves showing the desert [[dune]]s. The make-up of the emblem's [[wordmark]] describes [[kashida]]—extending certain parts of characters in [[Arabic script]] to give emphasis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar 2022 emblem revealed |url=https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/04/09/2019/Qatar-2022-emblem-revealed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904191647/https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/04/09/2019/Qatar-2022-emblem-revealed |archive-date=4 September 2019 |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=The Peninsula|date=4 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar 2022: Football World Cup logo unveiled |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/qatar-2022-football-world-cup-logo-unveiled-190903193444377.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903213331/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/qatar-2022-football-world-cup-logo-unveiled-190903193444377.html |archive-date=3 September 2019 |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar 2022 World Cup logo unveiled, reflects move to winter tournament |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2019/09/04/qatar-2022-world-cup-logo-unveiled-reflects-move-to-winter-tournament.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904201822/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2019/09/04/qatar-2022-world-cup-logo-unveiled-reflects-move-to-winter-tournament.html |archive-date=4 September 2019 |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> ===Mascot=== The tournament's [[FIFA World Cup mascot|official mascot]] was shown on 1 April 2022, during the group stage draw. Its name is La’eeb, which means "super-skilled player" in Arabic. The official website of FIFA says: "La’eeb will be known for his youthful spirit; spreading joy and confidence everywhere he goes", and the official backstory of the character, published there, says that it comes from a different world where tournament mascots live, "a world where ideas and creativity form the basis of characters that live in the minds of everyone".<ref>{{Cite web |title=La'eeb is revealed as Qatar's FIFA World Cup mascot |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/laeeb-is-revealed-as-qatars-fifa-world-cup-tm-mascot |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427231019/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/laeeb-is-revealed-as-qatars-fifa-world-cup-tm-mascot |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Match ball=== The official match ball, the "Al Rihla", was shown on 30 March 2022. It was inspired by the culture, architecture, iconic boats and flag of Qatar. In Arabic, the word ''Al Rihla'' means “the journey”. The ball was designed with stability as the main focus. It is the first ever official match ball created with water-based glues and inks. As "the game is getting faster" and "speeds up", [[Adidas]] used some new traits, like more speed and improved accuracy of the ball.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Rihla by adidas revealed as FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Official Match Ball |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/al-rihla-by-adidas-revealed-as-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm-official-match |date=30 March 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401021948/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/al-rihla-by-adidas-revealed-as-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm-official-match |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Official song=== The official song of the tournament is "[[Hayya Hayya (Better Together)]]", by [[Trinidad Cardona]], [[Davido]] and [[AISHA]], released on 1 April 2022 with the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyDjFVZgJoo music video].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA World Cup Official Soundtrack kicks off with Hayya Hayya (Better Together) |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/trinidad-cardona-joins-davido-and-aisha-for-hayya-hayya-better-together-the |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401093804/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/trinidad-cardona-joins-davido-and-aisha-for-hayya-hayya-better-together-the |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Sponsorship== {| class="wikitable"] |- !FIFA partners !!FIFA World Cup sponsors |- |style="vertical-align:top;"| {{col-start}} {{col-2}} * [[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=FIFA and adidas extend partnership until 2030 |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/fifa-and-adidas-extend-partnership-until-2030-2227271 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628145045/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2013/m=11/news=fifa-and-adidas-extend-partnership-until-2030-2227271.html |archive-date=28 June 2017 |access-date=10 May 2017 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> * [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Sam |date=22 November 2005 |title=Coca-Cola renews Fifa football sponsorship until 2022 |url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/coca-cola-renews-fifa-football-sponsorship-until-2022/529147 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827171212/http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/coca-cola-renews-fifa-football-sponsorship-until-2022/529147?src_site=brandrepublic |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=10 May 2017 |publisher=Campaign}}</ref> * [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]–[[Kia Motors|Kia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2010 |title=Hyundai-Kia drives on as FIFA Partner until 2022 |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2010/m=11/news=hyundai-kia-drives-fifa-partner-until-2022-1339629.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618201025/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2010/m=11/news=hyundai-kia-drives-fifa-partner-until-2022-1339629.html |archive-date=18 June 2017 |access-date=10 May 2017 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> * {{nowrap|[[Qatar Airways]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2017 |title=Qatar Airways announced as Official Partner and Official Airline of FIFA until 2022 |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2017/m=5/news=qatar-airways-official-partner-airline-fifa-2882728.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511144714/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2017/m=5/news=qatar-airways-official-partner-airline-fifa-2882728.html |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=10 May 2017 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> * {{nowrap|[[QatarEnergy]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2022 |title=QatarEnergy announced as official FIFA Partner for the FIFA World Cup 2022 |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/qatarenergy-announced-as-official-fifa-partner-for-the-fifa-world-cup-2022 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424230335/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/qatarenergy-announced-as-official-fifa-partner-for-the-fifa-world-cup-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Visa Inc.|Visa]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickle |first=Tripp |date=1 April 2013 |title=Visa extending World Cup deal for eight years |url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2013/04/01/Marketing-and-Sponsorship/Visa-FIFA.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827173751/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2013/04/01/Marketing-and-Sponsorship/Visa-FIFA.aspx |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=10 May 2017 |website=Sports Business Daily}}</ref> * {{nowrap|[[Wanda Group]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Bill |date=18 March 2016 |title=Fifa signs China's Wanda as partner |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35844777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611214404/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35844777 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> {{col-2}} {{col-end}} |style="vertical-align:top;"| {{col-start}} * {{nowrap|[[AB InBev|Anheuser-Busch InBev]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2011 |title=FIFA and Anheuser-Busch InBev announce FIFA World Cup sponsorship for 2018 / 2022 |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2011/m=10/news=fifa-and-anheuser-busch-inbev-announce-fifa-world-cuptm-sponsorship-for--1531958.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827170218/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2011/m=10/news=fifa-and-anheuser-busch-inbev-announce-fifa-world-cuptm-sponsorship-for--1531958.html |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=10 May 2017 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> *[[Byju's]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Byju's named official sponsor of Fifa World Cup Qatar 20222|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/byjus-named-official-sponsor-of-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022/articleshow/90425001.cms|access-date=2022-04-05|archive-date=2022-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329024114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/byjus-named-official-sponsor-of-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022/articleshow/90425001.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-network/byjus-announced-as-an-official-sponsor-of-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022tm|publisher=Khaleej Times|title=Byju's announced as an official spnsor of Fifa World Cup Qatar 2022|access-date=2022-04-05|archive-date=2022-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503202510/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-network/byjus-announced-as-an-official-sponsor-of-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022tm|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[Crypto.com]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morgan |first=Liam |date=22 March 2022 |title=Crypto.com unveiled as FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Official Sponsor |work=FIFA |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/crypto-com-unveiled-as-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm-official-sponsor |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412165757/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/crypto-com-unveiled-as-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm-official-sponsor |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Hisense]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morgan |first=Liam |date=28 April 2021 |title=Hisense extends FIFA deal after signing on as 2022 World Cup sponsor |work=insidethegames.biz |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1107177/hisense-to-sponsor-2022-world-cup-qatar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428102256/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1107177/hisense-to-sponsor-2022-world-cup-qatar |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> *[[McDonald's]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Long |first=Michael |date=28 October 2014 |title=Report: McDonald's extends Fifa deal to Qatar 2022 |work=Sportspro Media |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/report_mcdonalds_extends_fifa_deal_to_qatar_2022/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526145849/http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/report_mcdonalds_extends_fifa_deal_to_qatar_2022 }}</ref> *[[Mengniu Dairy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=Mengniu becomes Official Sponsor of FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 |work=FIFA |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/mengniu-becomes-official-sponsor-of-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330025607/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/media-releases/mengniu-becomes-official-sponsor-of-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-tm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[TikTok]] * [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carp |first=Sam |date=31 May 2017 |title=Fifa agrees massive World Cup deal with Vivo |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/fifa-agrees-massive-world-cup-deal-with-vivo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602135310/http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/fifa-agrees-massive-world-cup-deal-with-vivo |archive-date=2 June 2017 |access-date=31 May 2017 |publisher=SportsPro}}</ref> {{col-end}} |} ==Broadcasters== {{main|2022 FIFA World Cup broadcasters}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == <references /> ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikivoyage|World Cup 2022|2022 FIFA World Cup}} * [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/ FIFA.com 2022 World Cup website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221185040/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/ |date=2018-12-21 }} {{2022 FIFA World Cup}} {{FIFA World Cup}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fifa World Cup 2022}} [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup| ]] [[Category:FIFA World Cup tournaments|2022]] [[Category:2022 in Asian sport]] [[Category:2020s in Qatar]] [[Category:November 2022 events]] [[Category:December 2022 events]] e26rkz2f10hwg93jhqzc0vio15keyno 0 305644 10966702 10153897 2026-08-18T15:44:03Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | playername = 2021-Present | image = Pedro rodriguez.JPG | image_size = 270px | fullname = Pedro Eliezer Rodríguez Ledesma | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|7|28|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], [[Spain]] | height = {{convert|1.69|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} | currentclub = Lazio | clubnumber = 11 | position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]] | years1 = 2009–2015 | clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | nationalyears1 = 2010–2017 | nationalteam1 = [[Spain national football team|Spain]] | clubs2 = [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] | years2 = 2015–2020 | clubs3 = [[AS Roma]] | years3 = 2020–present | Club 4 = Lazio }} {{Spanish name|Rodríguez|Ledesma}} '''Pedro Eliezer Rodríguez Ledesma''', commonly known as '''Pedro''' (born 28 July 1987) is a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[footballer]]. He plays for [[AS Roma]] and the [[Spain national football team|Spanish national team]]. ==Club career statistics== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j4097.html|title=Pedro, Pedro Eliezer Rodríguez Ledesma - Footballer|website=www.bdfutbol.com}}</ref><ref name="Soccerway">{{Cite web|title=Pedro|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pedro-eliezer-rodriguez-ledesma/61275/|access-date=27 August 2017|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma stats|url=https://players.fcbarcelona.com/en/player/660-pedro-pedro-rodriguez-ledesma|access-date=2021-06-01|website=FCB Jugadors|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213828/https://players.fcbarcelona.com/en/player/660-pedro-pedro-rodriguez-ledesma|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup{{efn|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[FA Cup]] and [[Coppa Italia]]|name=|group=}} ! colspan="2" |League Cup{{efn|Includes [[EFL Cup|League/EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="10" align="center" valign="center" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |[[2007–08 FC Barcelona season|2007–08]] |[[La Liga]] |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- |[[2008–09 FC Barcelona season|2008–09]] |La Liga |6 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha">Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Champions League]]</ref> |0 | colspan="2" |— |14 |0 |- |[[2009–10 FC Barcelona season|2009–10]] |La Liga |34 |12 |4 |3 | colspan="2" |— |9<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha" /> |4 |5<ref group="lower-alpha">Two appearances and one goal in [[Supercopa de España]], one appearance and one goal in [[UEFA Super Cup]], two appearances and two goals in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]</ref> |4 |52 |23 |- |[[2010–11 FC Barcelona season|2010–11]] |La Liga |33 |13 |7 |4 | colspan="2" |— |12<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha" /> |5 |1<ref name="SDE" group="lower-alpha">Appearance(s) in Supercopa de España</ref> |0 |53 |22 |- |[[2011–12 FC Barcelona season|2011–12]] |La Liga |29 |5 |5 |4 | colspan="2" |— |9<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha" /> |4 |5<ref group="lower-alpha">Two appearances in Supercopa de España, one in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup</ref> |0 |48 |13 |- |[[2012–13 FC Barcelona season|2012–13]] |La Liga |28 |7 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |10<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha" /> |1 |2<ref name="SDE" group="lower-alpha" /> |1 |45 |10 |- |[[2013–14 FC Barcelona season|2013–14]] |La Liga |37 |15 |8 |3 | colspan="2" |— |7<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha" /> |1 |2<ref name="SDE" group="lower-alpha" /> |0 |54 |19 |- |[[2014–15 FC Barcelona season|2014–15]] |La Liga |35 |6 |6 |5 | colspan="2" |— |9<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha" /> |0 | colspan="2" |— |50 |11 |- |[[2015–16 FC Barcelona season|2015–16]] |La Liga |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |3<ref group="lower-alpha">Two appearances in Supercopa de España, one appearance and one goal in UEFA Super Cup</ref> |1 |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !204 !58 !38 !20 ! colspan="2" |— !61 !15 !18 !6 !321 !99 |- | rowspan="6" |[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] |[[2015–16 Chelsea F.C. season|2015–16]] |[[Premier League]] |29 |7 |4 |0 |1 |1 |6<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha" /> |0 | colspan="2" |— |40 |8 |- |[[2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season|2016–17]] |Premier League |35 |9 |5 |4 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |43 |13 |- |[[2017–18 Chelsea F.C. season|2017–18]] |Premier League |31 |4 |6 |2 |3 |0 |7<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha" /> |1 |1<ref name="FCS" group="lower-alpha">Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]</ref> |0 |48 |7 |- |[[2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season|2018–19]] |Premier League |31 |8 |1 |0 |5 |0 |14<ref name="UEL" group="lower-alpha">Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Europa League]]</ref> |5 |1<ref name="FCS" group="lower-alpha" /> |0 |52 |13 |- |[[2019–20 Chelsea F.C. season|2019–20]] |Premier League |11 |1 |6 |0 |2 |1 |3<ref name="UCL" group="lower-alpha" /> |0 |1<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearance in UEFA Super Cup</ref> |0 |23 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !137 !29 !22 !6 !14 !2 !30 !6 !3 !0 !206 !43 |- |[[A.S. Roma|Roma]] |[[2020–21 A.S. Roma season|2020–21]] |[[Serie A]] |27 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |12<ref name="UEL" group="lower-alpha" /> |1 | colspan="2" |— |40 |6 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !368 !92 !61 !26 !14 !2 !103 !22 !21 !6 !567 !148 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==Honours== ===Barcelona=== *[[La Liga]] (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11 *[[Copa del Rey]] (1): 2008–09 *[[Supercopa de España]] (2): 2009, 2010, 2011 *[[UEFA Champions League]] (2): 2008–09, 2010–11 *[[UEFA Super Cup]] (1): 2009 *[[FIFA Club World Cup]] (1): 2009 ===Spain=== *[[FIFA World Cup]] (1): [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]] ==References== {{reflist|3}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat}} *[http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/futbol/temporada_11-12/plantilla/jugadors/pedro.html FC Barcelona profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904225749/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/futbol/temporada_11-12/plantilla/jugadors/pedro.html |date=2011-09-04 }} *{{Sports links}} {{Spain Squad 2010 World Cup}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rodriguez Ledesma, Pedro}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] 68jwky72wgteir5l3h2upym9tj75um6 0 312398 10966922 9797765 2026-08-18T18:47:47Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10966922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Japanese name|Doi}} {{infobox Christian leader | type = cardinal | name = Peter Tatsuo Doi | honorific-prefix = <small>His Eminence</small> | image = Archbishop Peter Doi in 1938.jpg | caption = Peter Tatsuo Doi in 1938 | see = Archdiocese of Tokyo | title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], Archbishop of Tokyo | cardinal = 1960 | appointed = 1937 | term_end = 1970 | predecessor = [[Jean-Alexis Chambon]] | successor = [[Peter Shirayanagi]] | post = | birth_date = December 22, 1892 | birth_place = [[Sendai]], [[Japan]] | death_date = February 21, 1970 }} [[File:Coat of arms of Peter Tatsuo Doi.svg|thumbnail|The Coat of Arms of Cardinal Doi<ref>[http://www.araldicavaticana.com/index.htm Vatican heraldry], [http://www.araldicavaticana.com/carddoi_pietro_tatsuo.htm Coat of Arms, Cardinal Doi] {{in lang|it}}</ref>]] {{nihongo|'''Peter Tatsuo Doi'''|ペトロ土井辰雄|Peter Doi tatsuo|December 22, 1892-February 21, 1970}} was a [[Japan]]ese [[priest]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref name = "nussbaum157">{{cite book| last = Nussbaum | first = Louis-Frédéric| title = Japan Encyclopedia| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA343| year = 2002| publisher = Harvard University Press| isbn = 978-0-674-01753-5| page = 157 }}</ref> He was the first Japanese person to become a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]].<ref>Cortesi, Arnaldo. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA061EFE3F5916738DDDAD0894DB405B808AF1D3&scp=70&sq=john%20xxiii&st=cse "Pope John Names a Negro Cardinal; A Native African, a Japanese and a Filipino Among 7 to Be Princes of Church,"] ''New York Times.'' March 4, 1960; retrieved 2011-10-28.</ref> ==Early life== Doi was born in [[Sendai]].<ref name="nyt1960">[https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10D1FFE3F5916738DDDAD0894DB405B808AF1D3 "Sketches of Six of the Cardinals-Designate; Japanese Named Has Been Archbishop Since 1937,"] ''New York Times.'' March 4, 1960; retrieved 2011-10-28.</ref> He studied in [[Rome]].<ref name="encyclopedia">[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]. (2002). "Doi Tatsuo" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 157.</ref> ==Priest== Doi was [[ordination|ordained]] as a priest in 1921.<ref name="nyt1960"/> In 1934, he was made [[Secretary]] of the [[Nuncio|Apostolic Delegation]] to [[Japan]]. == Bishop== He was named [[Bishop]] of [[Tokyo]] in 1937.<ref name="nyt1960"/> He was [[Apostolic Administrator]] of Roman Catholic Diocese of Yokohama from 1945 to 1947.<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.com/about.htm Giga-Catholic Information] (GCatholic), [http://www.gcatholic.com/dioceses/diocese/yoko0.htm Diocese of Yokohama]; retrieved 2011-10-28.</ref> ==Cardinal== In 1960, [[Pope John XXIII]] created him Cardinal of Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana.<ref>GCatholic, [http://www.gcatholic.com/hierarchy/data/cardJ23-2.htm#415 Cardinal, S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana]; retrieved 2011-10-28.</ref> In 1965, Doi was among those who read the closing messages of the [[Second Vatican Council]].<ref>[http://www.christusrex.org/ Christus Rex], [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html To the Poor, the Sick and the Suffering]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030210828/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm |date=2011-10-30 }}, [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-d.htm#Doi Doi, Peter Tatsuo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106165838/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-d.htm#Doi |date=2014-01-06 }} * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/ Catholic-Hierarchy], [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdoi.html Peter Tatsuo Cardinal Doi] * http://www.tokyo.catholic.jp/eng_frame.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313102836/http://tokyo.catholic.jp/eng_frame.html |date=2014-03-13 }}; [http://tokyo.catholic.jp/ {{in lang|ja}}] {{S-start}} {{succession box | title=[[Archdiocese of Tokyo|Archbishop of Tokyo]] | before=[[Jean-Alexis Chambon]] | after=[[Peter Shirayanagi]] | years=1937–1970 }} {{End}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Doi, Peter Tatsuo}} [[Category:1892 births]] [[Category:1970 deaths]] [[Category:Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church]] [[Category:People from Sendai]] [[Category:Roman Catholic bishops]] ikmux5pnou6b1nwsig7x1nrnhkelf8z 0 313054 10967245 10232502 2026-08-19T06:13:20Z MourningRainfall 86802 10967245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Stadium | stadium_name = Scotiabank Saddledome | nickname = | image = [[Image:PengrowthSaddledome.jpg|300px]] | location = 555<br>Saddledome Rise SE, [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotiabanksaddledome.com/site/saddledome/?ID=8|accessdate=2014-10-24|title=Parking / Transportation|publisher=Scotiabank Saddledome|archive-date=2014-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314183549/http://www.scotiabanksaddledome.com/site/saddledome/?ID=8|url-status=dead}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|51|02|15|N|114|03|07|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|display=inline,title|name=Scotiabank Saddledome}} | broke_ground = July 29, 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archivesalberta.org/exhibits/olympics/saddledome.html|accessdate=2014-10-24|title=Olympic Saddledome|publisher=Archives Alberta|archive-date=2012-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328130559/http://www.archivesalberta.org/exhibits/olympics/saddledome.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | opened = October 15, 1983 | expanded = | owner = [[Calgary|City of Calgary]] | operator = Saddledome Foundation/[[Calgary Flames|Calgary Flames LP]] | surface = | construction_cost = [[Canadian dollar|C$]]97.7 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=bb367c51-527e-4abc-b61a-39821fa3f0f9|accessdate=2014-10-24|title=Sensational Saddledome helped define Calgary|publisher=[[Calgary Herald]]|archive-date=2009-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122112758/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=bb367c51-527e-4abc-b61a-39821fa3f0f9|url-status=dead}}</ref> | architect = Graham McCourt Architects | project_manager = | structural engineer = Jan Bobrowski and Partners Ltd. | services engineer = Vinto Engineering Ltd.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/l87-037#.VEsNUPnF91Y|accessdate=2014-10-24|title=The Saddledome: the Olympic ice stadium in Calgary|year=1987|journal=Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering|doi=10.1139/l87-037|last1=Bobrowski|first1=Jan|volume=14|issue=2|pages=239–256}}</ref> | general_contractor = CANA Construction Co. Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xwNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mH4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5707,2954678&dq=en|accessdate=2014-10-24|title=Construction Manager for Olympic Saddledome|publisher=Calgary Herald}}</ref> | former_names = Olympic Saddledome (1983–1995)<br>Canadian Airlines Saddledome (1995–2000)<br>Pengrowth Saddledome (2000-2010) | tenants = [[Calgary Flames]] ([[National Hockey League|NHL]]) (1983–present)<br>[[Calgary 88s]] ([[World Basketball League|WBL]]) (1988–1992)<br>[[Calgary Rad'z]] ([[Roller Hockey International|RHI]]) (1993)<br>[[Calgary Outlaws (basketball)|Calgary Outlaws]] ([[National Basketball League (1993–94 Canadian league)|NBL]]) (1994)<br>[[Calgary Hitmen]] ([[Western Hockey League|WHL]]) (1995–present)<br>[[Calgary Roughnecks]] ([[National Lacrosse League|NLL]]) (2001–present)<br>[[Calgary Wranglers]] ([[American Hockey League|AHL]]) (2022–present)<br>[[Calgary Surge]] ([[Canadian Elite Basketball League|CEBL]]) (2024–present) | acreage = | seating_capacity = [[Ice hockey]]:<br>16,605 (1983-1988)<br>20,240 (1988-1995)<br>19,289 (1995-present) | dimensions = {{convert|474000|sqft|m2}} | parking = }} The '''Scotiabank Saddledome''' is a [[sport]]s [[arena]] in [[Calgary, Alberta|Calgary]], [[Alberta]]. The arena opened on October 15, 1983, and is the current home to the [[Calgary Flames]] of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL), [[Calgary Hitmen]] of the [[Western Hockey League]] (WHL), [[Calgary Wranglers]] of the [[American Hockey League]] (AHL) and [[Calgary Roughnecks]] of the [[National Lacrosse League]] (NLL). The arena was also known as the '''Olympic Saddledome''' from 1983 to 1996, the '''Canadian Airlines Saddledome''' from 1996 to 2000 and the '''Pengrowth Saddledome''' from 2000 to 2010. [[Scotiabank]] currently has naming rights on the arena. The arena has a [[seating capacity]] of 19,289 people. On April 25, 2023, it was announced that the estimated $1.22 billion Calgary Event Centre project was approved to be built. It will feature a new arena which will replace the Saddledome and will become the new home arena for the Calgary Flames.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9649603/calgary-event-centre-update-april-25-2023/|accessdate=August 18, 2026|title=Calgary, Flames ownership, province agree on $1.22B arena, area development deal|publisher=[[Global News]]}}</ref> The new arena broke ground on July 22, 2024. It will be called [[Scotia Place]] and is expected to be built in time for the [[2027–28 NHL season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5644365/2024/07/22/flames-arena-calgary-scotia-place/|accessdate=August 18, 2026|title=Ground breaks on Calgary Flames’ new arena, expected to be completed in 2027|publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[File:Saddledome Panorama.JPG|centre|thumb|750px|The inside of the Saddledome, and the "C of Red", before to a Calgary Flames playoff game]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category|Scotiabank Saddledome}} *[https://www.scotiabanksaddledome.com/ Official website] {{S-start-collapsible|header={{S-sta|et}}}} {{succession box | title = Home of the<br>[[Calgary Flames]] | years = 1983 – present | before = [[Stampede Corral]] | after = current }} {{succession box | title = Host of the [[IIHF World U20 Championship|World Junior Ice<br>Hockey Championships]] | years = <small>along with '''[[Rexall Place]]'''</small><br>[[2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2012]] | before = [[First Niagara Center|HSBC Arena]] &<br>[[Dwyer Arena]],<br>New York | after = [[Ufa Arena]] &<br>[[Ice Palace Salavat Yulaev|Ufa Ice Palace]],<br>Russia }} {{succession box | title = Home of the<br>[[Calgary Rad'z]] | years = 1993 | before = first | after = [[Max Bell Centre]] }} {{succession box | title = Host of the<br />[[National Hockey League All-Star Game|NHL All-Star Game]] | years = 1985 | before = [[Izod Center|Brendan Byrne Arena]],<br>New Jersey | after = [[XL Center|Hartford Civic Center]],<br>Connecticut }} {{End}} {{NHL Arenas}} {{Calgary Flames}} {{sport-stub}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1983 establishments in Canada]] [[Category:Indoor arenas]] [[Category:Music venues]] [[Category:Sports buildings in Canada]] [[Category:Sport in Calgary]] [[Category:Calgary Flames]] pibb2fo8d816mkcg8b7nwfn0ld2dwvv 0 316237 10966698 10944947 2026-08-18T15:42:34Z ~2026-45205-16 1857486 minor changes with basic inclusion 10966698 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode="packed-overlay"> File:Sketch of the Samadhi of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Lahore.jpg|Major commemoratives landmark of His highness [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] at the Lahore, city-palace </gallery>[[File:Durbar of Dholpur.jpg|right|thumb|Durbar (court) of the Jat [[princely state|princely ruler]] of Dholpur State, 1870s]] The '''Jats''', also spelt as '''Jaat''', '''Jatt,''' and '''Jutt''', are an [[Farming|agriculturist]] and landowning community of [[North India|Northern India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bal|first=Gurpreet|date=September 2006|title=Entrepreneurship among Diasporic Communities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097135570601500205|journal=The Journal of Entrepreneurship|volume=15|issue=2|pages=189|doi=10.1177/097135570601500205|issn=0971-3557|quote=Most of the Sikhs are Jats and owing to their numerical preponderance and landownership, they are a dominant caste in Punjab. The word Jat and farmer are synonymous in Punjabi. They are landowners and their occupation is agriculture.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pathak|first1=Ajai K.|last2=Kadian|first2=Anurag|last3=Kushniarevich|first3=Alena|last4=Montinaro|first4=Francesco|last5=Mondal|first5=Mayukh|last6=Ongaro|first6=Linda|last7=Singh|first7=Manvendra|last8=Kumar|first8=Pramod|last9=Rai|first9=Niraj|last10=Parik|first10=Jüri|last11=Metspalu|first11=Ene|date=December 2018|title=The Genetic Ancestry of Modern Indus Valley Populations from Northwest India|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|language=en|volume=103|issue=6|page=04|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.022|s2cid=54476711 |quote=Jat (also spelled as "Jatt" and "Jaat") people are an ethnic agricultural apparently setled in Northwest South Asia The term Jat is supposedly derived from Jatta, a broad word used for cattle gazers and camel breeders, moving in a group - jatha. Jats have been known as zamindars (landowner) since the period of Mogul emperor Akbar in 16th century".}}</ref> Originally pastoralists along the Indus river-valley, many Jats migrated into the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Delhi|Delhi Territory]], [[Jangladesh]], and the western [[Gangetic Plains of India|Gangetic Plain]] by the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/NationalistHistoriansOnSikhHistory|title=Nationalist Historians On Sikh History|last=Kaur|first=Harjinder|publisher=Department of History-University of Patiala|year=2010|location=Punjab (India)|pages=238|language=English|quote=Jatt/ Jaat: A section of Indian society which dominates the rural areas in the Northern India. These people are most agriculturist}}</ref> Of [[Hindu]], [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Sikhism|Sikh]] faiths, they are now found mostly in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, and the Pakistani provinces of Sindh, Punjab and AJK.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGvfEAAAQBAJ&dq=Jats+Sudras&pg=PT26|title=Studies in Indian Agriculture: The Art of the Possible|last=Etienne|first=Gilbert|date=2023-11-15|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-32378-0|language=en}}</ref> ==Early History== === Formation of Jat consanguinity === The Jats are a diverse community in the [[Indian subcontinent]], ranging from simple fanatic landowner to wealthy and influential Zamindars.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Migrations in medieval and early colonial India|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-48854-0|location=London}}  <q>Out of the 45 parganas of the sarkars of Delhi, 17 are reported to have Jat Zamindars. Out of these 17 parganas, the Jats are exclusively found in 11, whereas in other 6 they shared Zamindari rights with other communities</q></ref> ===Origin=== The origin of Jats is heavily disputed. Some attribute them to the non-[[Vedic]] ''Jartika'' tribe mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Ralph Lilley |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=ja%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact |title=A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages |date=1962 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |page=280}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Buddha |title=Studies in Indian History and Civilization |date=1962 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |page=319 |url=https://ia902902.us.archive.org/2/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.126821/2015.126821.Studies-In-Indian-History-And-Civilization.pdf |quote=...[The [[Hephtalites]] were] driven away by Skandagupta and defeated probably by the Jartas, the Jartikas or Jats of the Sialkot region, as we learn from a remark of [[Chandragomin]] ''ajayaj-jarto Hūnān''...}}</ref> while others argue they were from the [[Saka|Indo-Scythian]] ''Getae'' tribe.<ref>Alexander Cunningham, 1888, cited by: Sundeep S. Jhutti, 2003, ''The Getes'', Philadelphia, PA; Department of East Asian languages & Civilizations University of Pennsylvania, p. 13.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Sarmatians: Volume 73 of Ancient peoples and places |pages=113–114 |last=Sulimirski |first=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=1970 |isbn=9789080057272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdjhuAAACAAJ |quote=The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan ("great" Jat) tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North India.}}</ref> The [[Umayyad]] chroniclers also used the term ''"Zutt"'', derived from the native name ''Jit'', to identify the various pastoralists of the [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley]].<ref>ʿAthamina, Khalil (1998). "Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period"]. Arabica. 45 (3): 347–378. {{ISSN|0570-5398}}. Pg. 355. {{JSTOR|4057316}}</ref> The first indisputable references to Jats appear to be by [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]]-era scholars, such as Gardizi and [[Al-Biruni]], who clearly note Jats being spread out from the banks of the [[Indus]] to the city of [[Mathura]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Christoph |last=Baumer |author-link=Christoph Baumer |title=The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols |date=30 May 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ |pages=207–208 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |isbn=978-1838609399 |quote=As the contemporary writer Gardizi reports, Mahmud had 1,400 boats built; each boat was to carry 20 archers and be equipped with special projectiles that could be filled with naphtha. Mahmud's fleet sailed down the Jhelum and then the Indus, until it met the Jat fleet. Although the Jats had far more boats than Mahmud, their fleet was set ablaze and destroyed. |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080711/https://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Al-Biruni, India:Translated by Kayamuddin, Published by National Book Trust, India, 1997 page-176</ref> ===Political history=== Starting in the 10th century, Jat clans established independent chiefdoms in historical [[Jangladesh]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dXAAAAMAAJ&q=rajasthan+through+the+ages |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D |publisher=Rajasthan State Archives |year=1966 |location=Bikaner |pages=287–288 |language=en |quote=There is good reason to believe that parts of the present north-eastern and north-western Rajasthan were inhabited by Jat clans ruled by their own chiefs and largely governed by their own customary law.}}</ref> From the 11th century onwards, Jats would migrate up from [[Sindh]] and [[Rajasthan]] into [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], adopting agriculture with tools like the water wheel. By Mughal times, “Jat” often meant “peasant” in Punjab, and some became landowners.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0|edition=Rev. ed., transferred to digital print|series=The new Cambridge history of India / general ed. Gordon Johnson 2, Indian States and the transition to colonialism|location=Cambridge}} “''the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and Rajputs to occupy cultural lands''”.</ref> By 1595, Jat Zamindars controlled about 32% of Punjab’s Zamindaris. During the [[Mughal Empire]]’s decline in the 17th century, ambitious Jat chiefs would revolt. [[Gokula]] would lead the [[Braj|Brajwasi]] Hindu Jats against Emperor [[Aurangzeb]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&pg=PA35|title=A Concise History of Modern India|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|date=2006-09-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45887-0|language=en}}</ref> leading to the formation of petty states<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22|title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870|last=Bayly|first=C. A.|date=1988-05-19|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-31054-3|language=en}}</ref> which united under the [[Suraj Mal|Bharatpur State]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine|last2=Talbot|first2=Cynthia|title=India before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA272|access-date=15 October 2011|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|page=272}}</ref> Punjabi Sikh Jat chiefs would form most of the Sikh Misls, resisting Mughal and [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] forces,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&q=Kapur+Singh&pg=PA63|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|date=2011-11-03|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-975655-1|language=en}}</ref> and later uniting under the [[Ranjit Singh|Sikh Empire]]. And in Rohilkhand, the Rohilla dynasty of [[Rampur State]] descended from an adopted Muslim Jat.<ref>Khan, Iqbal Ghani (2002). "Technology and the Question of Elite Intervention in Eighteenth-Century North India". In Barnett, Richard B. (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_jJuAAAAMAAJ Rethinking Early Modern India]. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 271. {{ISBN|978-81-7304-308-6}}. "Thus we witness the Ruhelas accepting an exceptionally talented non-Afghan, an adopted Jat boy, as their nawab, purely on the basis of his military leadership..."</ref> During the [[British Raj]], some Jats would rule [[princely states]] such as [[Patiala state|Patiala]], Faridkot, [[Jind State|Jind]], and Nabha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xZBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|title=Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality|last=Bates|first=Crispin|date=2013-03-31|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1589-2|language=en}} “''The passage to Delhi, however, lay through the cis–Sutlej states of Patiala, Jind, Nabha and Faridkot, a long chain of Jat Sikh states that had entered into a treaty of alliance with the British as far back as April 1809 to escape incorporation into the kingdom of their illustrious and much more powerful neighbour, 'the lion of Punjab, Maharaja Ranjit Singh''”</ref> Jats were generally classified as a “martial race” by the British, favoured for recruitment into the [[British Indian Army]] due to perceived physical fitness, though considered politically subservient and intellectually inferior.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8mZQhVkc-kC&pg=PA128|title=American Indians in World War I: At Home and at War|last=Britten|first=Thomas Anthony|date=1997|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2090-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C|title=Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857-1914|last1=Streets|first1=Heather|last2=Streets-Salter|first2=Heather|date=2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8|language=en}}</ref> Post-1881, Sikh Jats were prioritised for recruitment as the British deemed Hindus less suitable.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&pg=PA55|title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India|last=Veer|first=Peter van der|date=1994-02-07|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08256-4|language=en}}</ref> Jat [[sepoy]]s would fight in both [[World War]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The British Empire and the Second World War|last=Jackson|first=Ashley|date=2006|publisher=Hambledon and London|isbn=978-1-85285-417-1|location=London}}</ref> Following the [[Partition of British India]], most Hindu and Sikh Jats settled in [[India]], while most Muslim Jats settled in [[Pakistan]]. ==Demography== In India, Jats and Sikh form 20–25% of [[Haryana|Haryana’s]] population and 20–35% of [[Punjab, India|Punjab’s]], with 9% in [[Rajasthan]], 5% in [[Delhi]], and 1.2% in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&pg=PA69|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2003|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zC6DAAAAMAAJ|title=The Indian Journal of Political Science|date=2006|publisher=Indian Political Science Association|language=en}}</ref> Classified as a General (forward) caste in most states, Jats in Rajasthan (except Bharatpur and Dholpur) qualify for central OBC reservation. Seven states include Jats in their OBC (Other Backward Castes) lists.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=2015-03-17|title=SC removes Jats from OBC list|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Supreme-Court-sets-aside-Jat-quota/article60363097.ece|access-date=2025-05-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-02-22|title=History repeats itself as yet another Central govt faces a Jat stir|language=en-us|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-repeats-itself-as-yet-another-central-govt-faces-a-jat-stir/story-S01wlBGQUgpDBxfctW2rnK.html|access-date=2025-05-09}}</ref> In 2009, the Pakistani Jat population was estimated to be roughly 21 million.<ref>Lodrick, Deryck O. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ "JATS"]. In Gallagher, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 3: Asia & Oceania (2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 418–419. {{ISBN|978-1414448916}}.</ref> The Jats, together with Rajputs and [[Gujjar]]s, are part of the dominant Punjabi [[Muslim]] communities settled across eastern Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpakista0000unse_a4r6 |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=1-84331-149-6 |editor=Christophe Jaffrelot |location=London |oclc=56646546}}</ref> == Culture and society == [[File:The Jat Regiment marching contingents passes through the Rajpath during the 66th Republic Day Parade 2015, in New Delhi on January 26, 2015.jpg|thumb|250px|A contingent of the [[Jat Regiment]] in the Indian Republic Day parade]] Jats adopted [[Islam]] in [[West Punjab]], [[Sikhism]] in [[East Punjab]], and [[Hinduism]] in areas between Delhi and Agra, reflecting regional religious influences.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Iftikhar Ahmad|date=1982|title=A Note on Medieval Jatt Immigration in the Punjab|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141246|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|pages=342–350|jstor=44141246 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> ''Jathera'' (ancestor) worship was also historically common. The [[Khap]] system was historically the prevailing system of organisation for the Jats of [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Khaps are clan-councils, presided over by clan elders and notables.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1965_17/51/the_jats_of_northern_indiatheir_traditional_political_systemii.pdf |title=The Jats of Northern India Their Traditional Political System – II |first=M. C. |last=Pradhan |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=18 December 1965}}</ref> Historically, Jat Khaps would raise militias to capture new territory for the clan or push for increased autonomy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire - Part 1 Volume 5 |date=1993 |isbn=9780521566032 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=khap%20autonomy%20akbar |pages=88–90}}</ref> The system continues to exist today, albeit extrajudicially, policing social norms in Jat-dominated areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Ajay |date=28 January 2012 |title=Khap Panchayats: A Socio-Historical Overview |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=59–64 |jstor=41419766 }}</ref> Many Jats serve in the [[Indian Army]], including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, [[Rajputana Rifles]], and [[Grenadier Guards|Grenadiers]], earning numerous gallantry awards. Jats also serve in the [[Pakistan Army]], particularly in the Punjab Regiment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?vid=ISBN1841761966&redir_esc=y|title=The Indian Army 1914–1947|last=Sumner|first=Ian|date=2001-08-25|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-84176-196-1|language=en}}</ref> == Notable leaders of South Asia == {{Unsourced section|date=August 2025}} * [[Suraj Mal]], Maharaja of Kingdom of Bharatpur * [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of [[Sikh Empire]] * [[Faizullah Khan]], founder of [[Rampur State]] * [[Chhotu Ram]], Indian politician and co-founder of the Unionist Party * [[Bhagat Singh]], Indian socialist revolutionary * [[Charan Singh]], former prime minister of India * [[Devi Lal]], former deputy prime minister of India * [[Jagdeep Dhankhar|Jagdeep Dhankar]], current vice president of India * [[Virendra Sehwag]], former Indian cricketer * [[Dharmendra]], Indian actor * [[Hanuman Beniwal]], founder of the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]] ==References== {{reflist}} ===Notes=== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ===Further reading=== * Census Of India 1911 Volume XIV Punjab Part 2 by Pandit Narikishan Kaul * 'A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province' by H.A. Rose, Page 354, published in 1919. {{DEFAULTSORT:People of Jats, caste}} [[Category:Sikhism]] [[Category:Social groups of Haryana]] [[Category:Social groups of Punjab]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]] [[Category:Hinduism]] [[Category:Jats]] ed0ftbhalugvv16hmao4xz8dw49uk59 0 320003 10966640 10966358 2026-08-18T14:40:53Z Werner100359 106408 /* Current squad */ 10966640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |clubname = FC Liefering |image = |caption = |fullname = FC Liefering |nickname = |shortname = |founded = 2012 |dissolved = |ground = Red Bull Arena, Salzburg |capacity = 31 000 |owner = |chrtitle = |chairman = |mgrtitle = |manager = [[Danny Galm]] |league = [[2. Liga|Admiral Zweite Liga]] |season = 2025-26 |position = [[2. Liga|Admiral Zweite Liga]] 6th |website = http://www.fc-liefering.at/de | pattern_la1 = _adidasaltonwhite2 | pattern_b1 = _REDBULL_12h | pattern_ra1 = _adidasaltonwhite2 | pattern_sh1 = _adidasstripeswhite2 | pattern_so1 = _color_3_stripes_red | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = FF0000 | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _adidasaltwhite2 | pattern_b2 = _REDBULL_12a | pattern_ra2 = _adidasaltwhite2 | pattern_sh2 = _REDBULL_12a | pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white | leftarm2 = 000037 | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = 000037 | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = 000037 }} '''FC Liefering''' is a football club from Liefering, a quarter of the Austrian city Salzburg. The club is playing in the [[2. Liga|Admiral Zweite Liga]], the second level of Austrian football. Before 2012, the club was called Red Bull Juniors. ==History== The former Red Bull Juniors are now playing together with USK Anif in the Regionalliga West, the highest amateur class in Austria. The licence of USK Anif was transferred to Liefering. In their first year Liefering played in the Regionalliga West and won the league. Their first year in the 2nd league was also successful, they finished 3rd. Since the promotion to 2nd league they finished almost each season in the upper half of the table. The club also forms the backbone of the [[UEFA Youth League]] sqad of FC Red Bull Salzburg. ==League== ===as Red Bull Juniors=== {| class="wikitable float-right" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Season!! Final place!! Goals!! Points!! League |- | 2005/06|| 2 || 93:31 || 73 || 3rd League |- | 2006/07|| 1 || 97:34 || 73 || 3rd League |- | 2007/08|| 6 || 51:52 || 46 || 2nd League |- | 2008/09|| 7 || 41:56 || 43 || 2nd League |- | 2009/10|| 6 || 58:49|| 44 || 2nd League * |- | 2010/11|| 1 || 78:23|| 44 || 3rd league |- | 2011/12|| 4 || 72:48|| 52|| 3rd league |} *The second teams of teams of the [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] were relegated === as FC Liefering=== {| class="wikitable float-right" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Season!! Final place!! Goals!! Points!! League |- | 2012/13 || 1 || 94:23 || 74 || 3rd League |- | 2013/14 || 3 || 72:48 || 57 || 2nd League |- | 2014/15 || 2 || 70:55 || 56 || 2nd League |- | 2015/16 || 4 || 65:49 || 57 || 2nd League |- | 2016/17 || 2 || 58:49 || 60 || 2nd League |- | 2017/18 || 5 || 58:44 || 55 || 2nd League |- | 2018/19 || 10 || 58:44 || 35 || 2nd League |- | 2019/20 || 3|| 73:47 || 53|| 2nd League |- | 2020/21 || 2|| 69:31 || 63|| 2nd League |- | 2021/22 || 6|| 56:43 || 46|| 2nd League |- | 2022/23 || 9|| 52:54 || 37|| 2nd League |- | 2023/24 || 5|| 51:40|| 47|| 2nd League |- | 2024/25|| 6|| 51:40|| 43|| 2nd League |- | 2025/26|| 5|| 47:41|| 47|| 2nd League |} ==Current squad== {{Updated|16 August 2026 2026}} {| width="750px" |- style="background:#C00000; color:white;" ! Number ! Name ! Date of birth ! Country ! Team<br />since ! Last team |- style="background:#FFC0C0" ! colspan="7" align="center"| Goalkeeper |- | style="text-align:center;" | {{0}}1 || [[Benjamin Ožegović]] || style="text-align:center;" | 09.09.1999 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 09/2024 || [[WSG Tirol]] |- | style="text-align:center;" | 30 ||Teo Hupfauf || style="text-align:center;" | 16.01.2010 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026 || AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 31 || [[Nikola Sarcevic]] || style="text-align:center;" | 27.121.2006 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2025 || [[TWL Elektra]] |- | style="text-align:center;" | 32 || Alexander Hillebrand || style="text-align:center;" | 07.06.2007 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2025 || AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 34 || [[Jonas Winklhofer]] || style="text-align:center;" | 27.11.2007 || style="text-align:center;" | {{GER|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2025 || AKA Salzburg |- style="background:#FFC0C0" ! colspan="7" align="center"| Defender |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2 || [[Rafael Feldinger]] || style="text-align:center;" | 12.08.2008 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 7/2026 || AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 13 || [[Jakob Pokorny]] || style="text-align:center;" | 23.02.2008 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 3/2024 || AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 24 || [[Jakob Zangerl]] || style="text-align:center;" | 23.02.2008|| style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 03/2025 ||AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 27|| [[Emil Ganser]] || style="text-align:center;" | 05.03.2008|| style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026 ||AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 28 || [[Lassina Traoré (footballer, born 2007)|Lassina Traore]] || style="text-align:center;" | 10.01.2007 || style="text-align:center;" | {{BFA|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 01/2025 || [[Rahimo FC]] |- | style="text-align:center;" | 44 || [[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike]] || style="text-align:center;" | 12.01.2010 || style="text-align:center;" | {{SWI|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026|| [[FC Winterthur|FC Winterthur U19]] |- | style="text-align:center;" | 45 || [[Nico Masching]] || style="text-align:center;" | 02.10.2008 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 11/2025|| [[FC Winterthur|FC Winterthur U19]] |- | style="text-align:center;" | 47 || [[Julian Hussauf]] || style="text-align:center;" | 08.04.2006 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2024 || AKA Salzburg |- style="background:#FFC0C0" ! colspan="7" align="center"| Midfielder |- | style="text-align:center;" | 6 || [[Dovas Grudzinskas]] || style="text-align:center;" | 07.04.2007 || style="text-align:center;" | {{LIT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026 || AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 8 || [[Josh O’Dwyer]] || style="text-align:center;" | 17.033.2010 || style="text-align:center;" | {{IRL|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026 || [[Shamrock Rovers F.C.]] |- | style="text-align:center;" | 16 || [[Ilia Ivanschitz]] || style="text-align:center;" | 17.09.2008|| style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2025 || AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 18 || [[Mayker Palacios]] || style="text-align:center;" | 19.02.2007 || style="text-align:center;" | {{COL|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2025 || AAF Popayán |- | style="text-align:center;" | 20 || [[Filip Aleksić]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 10.07.2009 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 02/2026|| AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 22 || [[Miha Matjašec]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 22.02.2009 || style="text-align:center;" | {{SLO|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 05/2026|| AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 23 || [[Christoph Schaider]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 15.11.2008 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026|| AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 25 || [[Riquelme Reis de Almeida de Jesus dos Santos|Riquelme]] || style="text-align:center;" | 07.01.2006 || style="text-align:center;" | {{BRA|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 08/2025 || [[Red Bull Bragantino]] (loan) |- | style="text-align:center;" | 26 || [[Benedict Scharner]] || style="text-align:center;" | 12.04.2005 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2025 || [[Hellas Verona]] U-19 |- | style="text-align:center;" | 40 || [[ Filip Matijašević]] || style="text-align:center;" | 04.03.2008 || style="text-align:center;" | {{SRB|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 08/2026 || [[ FC Red Bull Salzburg]] (loan) |- | style="text-align:center;" | 42 || [[Jakob Werner]] || style="text-align:center;" | 14.03.2008 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026 || AKA Salzburg |- style="background:#FFC0C0" ! colspan="7" align="center"| Forwards |- | style="text-align:center;" | {{0}}7 || [[Yerwin Sulbarán]] || style="text-align:center;" | 03.03.2008 || style="text-align:center;" | {{VEN|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026 || [[Monagas S.C.]] |- | style="text-align:center;" | {{0}}9 || [[Said Nišić]] || style="text-align:center;" | 05.05.2008 || style="text-align:center;" | {{BIH|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026 || AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 11 || [[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure]] || style="text-align:center;" | 04.02.2007 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2024 || AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 15 || [[Alexander Murillo]] || style="text-align:center;" | 04.10.2006 || style="text-align:center;" | {{ESP|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2023 || AKA Salzburg |- | style="text-align:center;" | 17 || [[ Raphael Kosakiewic]] || style="text-align:center;" | 13.11.2007 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026 || [[TSV St. Johann im Pongau|TSV St. Johann]] |- | style="text-align:center;" | 37 || [[Yuri Leles]] || style="text-align:center;" | 17.04.2007 || style="text-align:center;" | {{BRA|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2026 || [[Red Bull Bragantino]] (loan) |} <ref>[https://www.fc-liefering.at/de/team FC Liefering team] </ref> === Coaching staff=== '' 28 February 2026'' {| width="850px" |- style="background:#C00000; color:white;" ! ! Name ! Date of birth ! Country ! Liefering since !Last team |- | Coach|| [[Danny Galm]] || style="text-align:center;" | 17.03.1986 || style="text-align:center;" | {{GER|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 02/2026 || FC Red Bull Salzburg U-18 |- | Assistance coach || Mehmet Sütcü || style="text-align:center;" | 01.08.1989 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 01/2026 || First Vienna FC |- | Assistance coach || [[Andreas Ulmer]] || style="text-align:center;" | 30.10.1985 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 02/2026|| FC Red Bull Salzburg U-18 (Assistance coach) |- | Goalkeeper coach || [[Heinz Arzberger]] || style="text-align:center;" | 27.08.1972 || style="text-align:center;" | {{AUT|#}} || style="text-align:center;" | 07/2012 || war Spieler |} <gallery> FC Liefering v SKN St. Pölten 32.JPG|Goalkeeper coach Heinz Arzberger </gallery> ==Former coaches== {{FC Liefering managers}} ==Former players== {{div col|colwidth=35em|small=yes}} *{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Xaver Schlager]] *{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Valentino Lazaro]] *{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Stefan Lainer]] *{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Hannes Wolf (footballer)|Hannes Wolf]] *{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Konrad Laimer]] *{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Schmidt]] *{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Romano Schmid]] *{{flagicon|MLI}} [[Diadie Samassékou]] *{{flagicon|MLI}} [[Amadou Haidara]] *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dayot Upamecano]] *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mahamadou Dembele]] *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Carlos Miguel Coronel]] *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Andre Ramalho Silva]] * {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Smail Prevljak]] * {{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Patson Daka]] *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Enock Mwepu]] *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Duje Caleta-Car]] *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Masaya Okugawa]] *{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Gideon Mensah]] * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mergim Berisha]] * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Karim Adeyemi]] *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Hee-chan Hwang]] *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Dominik Szoboszlai]] *{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Benjamin Sesko]] {{div col end}} ==Honours== * 1x Champion Regionalliga West: 2012 * 3x Runner-up 2nd League: 2015, 2017, 2021 ==Other websites== *[http://redbulls.com/soccer/salzburg/de/fc-liefering.html Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015102229/http://redbulls.com/soccer/salzburg/de/fc-liefering.html |date=2013-10-15 }} on RedBulls.com {{Commonscat|FC Liefering}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Austrian Football Second League}} {{FC Liefering seasons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Liefering, FC}} [[Category:Austrian football clubs]] [[Category:Football clubs of Salzburg]] [[Category:2012 establishments in Austria]] [[Category:FC Liefering| ]] [[Category:Football clubs owned by Red Bull]] j79v5gv070bgdg7dujw9xlxjo3p60rg 0 324403 10967389 10659402 2026-08-19T10:06:35Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=November 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}} '''Roseburg''' is a city in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Oregon]].<ref>[https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/local/cities/l-r/roseburg.aspx Entry for Roseburg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711163616/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/local/cities/l-r/roseburg.aspx |date=2019-07-11 }} in the ''Oregon Blue Book''</ref> According to the [[United States Census|U.S. Census]], 23,683 people lived in Roseburg in 2020.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: Roseburg city, Oregon|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/roseburgcityoregon|access-date=February 22, 2024}}</ref> On October 1, 2015, a gunman killed twelve people and injured twenty others at Umpqua Community College in Roseburg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/01/us/oregon-college-shooting/index.html|accessdate=October 1, 2015|title=Oregon shooting: Gunman dead after college rampage|date=October 2015|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/multiple-casualties-shooting-reported-college-oregon/story?id=34181664|accessdate=1 October 2015|title=Student Shooter at Umpqua Community College Dead, Sheriff Says|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> ==References== {{Commons category}} {{reflist}} {{Douglas County, Oregon}} {{Oregon}} {{US-geo-stub}} [[Category:1851 establishments in Oregon Territory]] [[Category:1872 establishments in Oregon]] [[Category:Cities in Douglas County, Oregon]] [[Category:County seats in Oregon]] hhvh6ygse5euw8n11y35bbf0tvzjgxg 0 324606 10966863 10637281 2026-08-18T17:19:27Z Canadachick 1633172 10966863 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''2014 Commonwealth Games''' were held in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. It is the largest multi-sport event ever held in Scotland, although the country previously hosted the 1970 and 1986 Commonwealth Games in [[Edinburgh]]. Over the last 10 years, however, Glasgow and Scotland have also staged World, Commonwealth, European, or British events in all 17 sports proposed for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, including the [[World Badminton Championships]] in 1997. == Selection process == Scotland was the first country to consider hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games in 2004, with Scottish cities being invited by the [[Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland]] to consider making a bid. In September 2004, Glasgow was announced as the Scottish candidate city over Edinburgh (which hosted the Games in [[1970 British Commonwealth Games|1970]] and [[1986 Commonwealth Games|1986]], and the inaugural [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] in [[2000 Commonwealth Youth Games|2000]]) following a [[cost-benefit analysis]] by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland. The [[Scottish Executive]] under then [[First Minister of Scotland]], [[Jack McConnell]], with the support of the [[Her Majesty's Government|United Kingdom government]] and all main parties in the [[Scottish Parliament]], formally announced Glasgow's intention to host the games on 16 August 2005.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4846034.stm Blair enjoys Games as tour begins]</ref><ref name="BBC final">{{cite news|title=BBC News:Scotland:Final push for Glasgow 2014 Games |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7077966.stm |access-date=14 May 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=5 November 2007|work=BBC News website }}</ref> In March 2006, the bidding process began, with the Glasgow Bid team presenting their case to the Commonwealth Games Federation at the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Melbourne]], along with the other confirmed candidate cities; the [[Nigeria]]n capital, [[Abuja]] and [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] in [[Canada]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4154634.stm BBC News - Glasgow launches Commonwealth bid]</ref> In October 2006, the first voting delegates arrived in Glasgow, in order to inspect the city's existing and proposed amenities and facilities. Glasgow announced on 16 January 2007, the 17 sports to be included should its bid be successful.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/scotland/6267309.stm BBC Sport - Glasgow reveals 2014 bid sports]</ref> Halifax later withdrew its bid on 8 March 2007, following the withdrawal of funding from the municipal government.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6431603.stm BBC News - Commonwealth bid city pulls out]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;position:relative;" |- |style="width:2.5em; background:#00cc33; text-align:center"|'''OC'''||Opening ceremony |style="width:2.5em; background:#3399ff; text-align:center"|●||Event competitions |style="width:2.5em; background:#ffcc00; text-align:center"|'''1'''||Event finals |style="width:2.5em; background:#ee3333; text-align:center"|'''CC'''||Closing ceremony |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;" |- ! colspan=2|July/August !style="width:2.5em"|23rd<br/>Wed !style="width:2.5em"|24th<br/>Thu !style="width:2.5em"|25th<br/>Fri !style="width:2.5em"|26th<br/>Sat !style="width:2.5em"|27th<br/>Sun !style="width:2.5em"|28th<br/>Mon !style="width:2.5em"|29th<br/>Tue !style="width:2.5em"|30th<br/>Wed !style="width:2.5em"|31st<br/>Thu !style="width:2.5em"|1st<br/>Fri !style="width:2.5em"|2nd<br/>Sat !style="width:2.5em"|3rd<br/>Sun !Events |- | colspan=2| Ceremonies ||bgcolor=#00cc33 align=center|'''OC'''|| || || || || || || || || || ||bgcolor=#ee3333 align=center|'''CC'''|| |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Athletics_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''6''' <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''9''' <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''8''' <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''6''' <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''14''' <!-- T -->| '''44''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Badminton_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Badminton]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''3''' <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- T -->| '''6''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Boxing_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''11''' <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''11''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Cycling_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Cycling]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''3''' <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''3''' <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''3''' <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''4''' <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''19''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Diving_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Diving at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Diving]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''3''' <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''3''' <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''10''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Gymnastics (artistic)_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Gymnastics]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''4''' <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''6''' <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''4''' <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''20''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Field hockey_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Field hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Field hockey]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- T -->| '''2''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Judo_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Judo]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''4''' <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''5''' <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''5''' <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''14''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Bowling_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Lawn Bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Lawn bowls]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''3''' <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''8''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Netball_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Netball at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Netball]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- T -->| '''1''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Rugby union_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Rugby sevens at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Rugby sevens]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''1''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Shooting_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''4''' <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''5''' <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''6''' <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''20''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Squash_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Squash]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- T -->| '''4''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Swimming_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''4''' <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''5''' <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''8''' <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''5''' <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''11''' <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''7''' <!-- 30 -->| <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''40''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Table tennis_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Table tennis]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff|● <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''3''' <!-- T -->| '''8''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Triathlon_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Triathlon at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Triathlon]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''2''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Weightlifting_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''2''' <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00|'''1''' <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''15''' |- align="center" | colspan=2 align="left"|[[Image:Wrestling_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Wrestling]] <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''21''' |- align=center | colspan=2|'''Total Events''' <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| '''246''' |- align=center | colspan=2|'''Cumulative total''' <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- T -->| |- ! colspan=2|July/August!!23rd<br/>Wed!!24th<br/>Thu!!25th<br/>Fri!!26th<br/>Sat!!27th<br/>Sun!!28th<br/>Mon!!29th<br/>Tue!!30th<br/>Wed!!31st<br/>Thu!!1st<br/>Fri!!2nd<br/>Sat!!3rd<br/>Sun!!Events |} == References == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:2014 in European sport|Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:2014 in the United Kingdom|Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Glasgow]] [[Category:Sport in Scotland]] [[Category:2010s in Scotland]] [[Category:July 2014 events]] [[Category:August 2014 events]] 122jjcp32cxehzk5o079wlfv9fkk0b8 0 325080 10966641 10020136 2026-08-18T14:41:35Z ~2026-45375-03 1857459 /* */ I came to the whole age into Michael Jackson 10966641 wikitext text/x-wiki The terrm mean micheal jackson hee hee ooo ==Definition== A "mean sea level" is imaginary. It is not possible to know the average sea level for the entire planet. The sea level also changes over time when measured in the same place. The sea moves, high and low pressure zones affect the height, tides change the sea level, and local difference in gravity all affect the sea level. People can only pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a [[datum]]. For example, the British [[Ordnance Survey]] uses a datum based on the measurements of mean sea level at a gauge at [[Newlyn]], [[Cornwall]] from 1915 to 1921<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntslf.org/tgi/newlyn-tidal-observatory |title=The UK National Tide Gauge Network – Newlyn Tidal Observatory |publisher=National Tide and Sea Level Facility |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> for their maps of Great Britain. This datum is actually about 80&nbsp;cm different from the mean sea level reading on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on an [[reference ellipsoid|ellipsoid]] of the entire earth. [[GPS]] and other satellite systems do this. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as [[World Geodetic System]] 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level. Another alternative is to use a [[geoid]] based [[datum (geodesy)|datum]] such as [[NAVD88]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Physical geography]] [[Category:Geodesy]] mnxnspdcj9co9v4o5n46xhdj8w8pmb4 10967007 10966641 2026-08-18T21:34:45Z NX3710 1629609 Undid revision 10966641 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45375-03|~2026-45375-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-45375-03|talk]]) 10967007 wikitext text/x-wiki The term '''above mean sea level''' ('''AMSL''') is the [[elevation]] or [[altitude]] used by [[engineer]]s to determine the [[coverage]] [[area]] a station will be able to reach. It is also used in [[aviation]], where most heights are recorded and reported in AMSL (see [[flight level]]), and in the [[atmospheric sciences]]. ==Definition== A "mean sea level" is imaginary. It is not possible to know the average sea level for the entire planet. The sea level also changes over time when measured in the same place. The sea moves, high and low pressure zones affect the height, tides change the sea level, and local difference in gravity all affect the sea level. People can only pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a [[datum]]. For example, the British [[Ordnance Survey]] uses a datum based on the measurements of mean sea level at a gauge at [[Newlyn]], [[Cornwall]] from 1915 to 1921<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntslf.org/tgi/newlyn-tidal-observatory |title=The UK National Tide Gauge Network – Newlyn Tidal Observatory |publisher=National Tide and Sea Level Facility |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> for their maps of Great Britain. This datum is actually about 80&nbsp;cm different from the mean sea level reading on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on an [[reference ellipsoid|ellipsoid]] of the entire earth. [[GPS]] and other satellite systems do this. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as [[World Geodetic System]] 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level. Another alternative is to use a [[geoid]] based [[datum (geodesy)|datum]] such as [[NAVD88]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Physical geography]] [[Category:Geodesy]] pf9v3clss68d1skbqai434u66wplkyt 0 331396 10967066 10965554 2026-08-18T23:24:32Z ~2026-33650-24 1817739 10967066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Entertainment Tonight 2021.svg | caption = | camera = | runtime = 30 minutes | creator = [[Alfred Masini]] | developer = | executive_producer = Linda Bell Blue | producer = Kaylee Stacey | company = [[Paramount Television]] (1981-2006)<br>''in association with:''<br>Cox Broadcasting (1981-1997)<br>[[Taft Broadcasting|Taft Entertainment Television]] (1981-1987)<br>[[Taft Broadcasting|Great American Broadcasting]] (1987-1991)<br>TeleRep (1981-1991)<hr>[[CBS Television Studios|CBS Paramount Television]] (2006-2007)<br>[[CBS Television Distribution]] (2007-present) | presenter = [[Kevin Frazier]] (2014–present)<br>[[Nischelle Turner]] (2021–present) | country = United States | language = English | network = [[Syndicated]] | first_aired = {{start date|1981|09|14}} | last_aired = present | num_seasons = 45 | num_episodes = 14,066 (as of August 18, 2026; 11,717 weekdays; 2,344 weekend) | related = ''[[Entertainment Tonight Canada|ET Canada]]''<br/>''[[Entertainment Tonight UK]]'' }} '''''Entertainment Tonight''''' is an [[entertainment]] [[news]] [[television programme|program]]. It was first broadcast on September 14, 1981. It is [[syndicated]] by [[CBS Television Distribution]] in the United States, Canada and in many countries around the world. It is the longest-running entertainment news program. The program was the first syndicated program [[distribution|distributed]] by [[Satellite television|satellite]]. The main [[wikt:host|anchor]] since 1982 had been [[Mary Hart]]. She left the program on May 20, 2011. [[Mark Steines]] and [[Nancy O'Dell]] took on the roles of main hosts after Hart left. {{TV-stub}} [[Category:1980s American television news programs]] [[Category:1981 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s American television news programs]] [[Category:2000s American television news programs]] [[Category:2010s American television news programs]] [[Category:2020s American television news programs]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:American television news programs]] [[Category:First run syndicated American television programs]] [[Category:Television series created by Al Masini]] 24o0khv7i0r58ubckhj0oq7hhiu29ws 2 332868 10967406 10966366 2026-08-19T10:37:19Z Cyberbot I 224035 Setting task status to . ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10967406 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10967407 10967406 2026-08-19T10:37:22Z Cyberbot I 224035 Setting task status to enable. ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10967407 wikitext text/x-wiki enable hvhnotax29pwsbexbq9ioaodoazlegg 2 332869 10967376 10966236 2026-08-19T09:14:03Z Cyberbot I 224035 Setting task status to . ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10967376 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10967377 10967376 2026-08-19T09:14:05Z Cyberbot I 224035 Setting task status to enable. ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10967377 wikitext text/x-wiki enable hvhnotax29pwsbexbq9ioaodoazlegg 0 334121 10966541 5326838 2026-08-18T12:38:41Z ~2026-45071-41 1857398 10966541 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marashiyan government 1359-1582 AD.png|thumb|Mirbozor's government in [[Mazandaran Province|tabarestan]]]] '''Marashiyan''' or '''Marashis''' (in [[Mazandarani language]]: مرعشیون) is one of the [[Iranic peoples|persian]] dynasties in [[Iran]]. Marashiyan ruled from 1359 to 1582 in [[Tabarestan]] (northern Iran). This is [[Islamic]] government. Mirbozorg is founder of the Marashiyans. == References == * [http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/marashis-COM_0679?s.num=2 Marʿas̲h̲is] == Other websites == {{Commons-inline}} {{multistub|history|Asia}} [[Category:Mazandaran]] [[Category:Arab world]] [[Category:Royal dynasties]] 5bb937a92fyfgm4dmaeb35468xhifp6 0 346512 10966969 10258592 2026-08-18T20:06:24Z ~2026-45295-27 1857611 /* List */ 10966969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=May 2012}} This is a '''list of heads of government of [[Belarus]]''' from 1918 to the present. ==Republic of Belarus (present)== This is a '''list of [[Prime Minister of Belarus|prime ministers of Belarus]]''' since the Belarusian declaration of independence in 1918. == Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1920) == === Chairmen of the People's Secretariat === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" ! colspan="2" |Portrait !Name <small>(birth–death)</small> ! colspan="2" |Term of office !Political party |- ! style="background:red; color:white;" |1 |[[File:Jazep_Varonka.gif|frameless|115x115px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Jazep Varonka|Jazep Jakaulevich Varonka]] <small>(1891–1952)</small> |21 February 1918 |May 1918 | rowspan="2" |[[Belarusian Socialist Assembly]] |- ! style="background:red; color:white;" |2 |[[File:Government_of_BNR_(Ivan_Sierada).jpg|frameless|110x110px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Jan Sierada|Jan Nikitivich Sierada]] <small>(1879–1943+)</small> |June 1918 |August 1918 |- ! style="background:lightgrey; color:black;" |3 |[[File:Roman_Skirmunt.jpg|frameless|132x132px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Raman Skirmunt|Raman Aliaksandravich Skirmunt]] <small>(1868–1939)</small> |June 1918 |August 1918 |Belarusian National Assembly |- ! style="background:red; color:white;" |4 |[[File:Anton_Luckievič,_kartka.jpg|frameless|134x134px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Anton Luckievich|Anton Ivanavich Luckievich]] <small>(1883–1938)</small> |October 1918 |11 October 1918 |[[Belarusian Socialist Assembly]] |- ! style="background:red; color:white;" |1 |[[File:Anton_Luckievič,_kartka.jpg|frameless|134x134px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Anton Luckievich|Anton Ivanavich Luckievich]] <small>(1883–1938)</small> |11 October 1918 |13 December 1919 |[[Belarusian Socialist Assembly]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Socialist-Revolutionary Party}}; color:white;" |2 |[[File:Vaclau_Lastouski.jpg|frameless|152x152px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vaclau Lastouski|Vaclau Justynavich Lastouski]] <small>(1883–1938)</small> |13 December 1919 |1920 |Belarusian Socialist-Revolutionary Party |} == Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic (since 1920) == === Chairmen of the Council of Ministers === Following the fall of the Belarusian People's Republic, the Rada went into exile—first to [[Vilnius]] to 1925, then to [[Prague]] before settling in [[Canada]]. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" ! colspan="2" |Portrait !Name <small>(birth–death)</small> ! colspan="2" |Term of office !Political party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Socialist-Revolutionary Party}}; color:white;" |1 |[[File:Vaclau_Lastouski.jpg|frameless|152x152px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vaclau Lastouski|Vaclau Justynavich Lastouski]] <small>(1883–1938)</small> |1920 |23 August 1923 | rowspan="2" |[[Socialist Revolutionary Party|Socialist-Revolutionary Party]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Socialist-Revolutionary Party}}; color:white;" |2 |[[File:Cvikevich.jpg|frameless|145x145px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Alyaksandr Tsvikievich|Aliaksandar (Ivanavič) Cvikievič]] <small>(1888–1937)</small> |23 August 1923 |8 March 1928 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: red; color:white;" |3 |[[File:Zacharka.jpg|frameless|142x142px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vasil Zacharka|Vasil Ivanovich Zacharka]] <small>(1877–1943)</small> |8 March 1928 |6 March 1943 |[[Belarusian Socialist Assembly]] |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |4 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Mikola Abramchyk|Mikola Semyonovich Abramchyk]] <small>(1903–1970)</small> |6 March 1943 |May 1970 | rowspan="4" |[[Independent politician|Independent]] |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |5 |[[File:Вінцэнт_Жук-Грышкевіч._Рым._1945.jpg|frameless|146x146px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič]] <small>(1903–1989)</small> |May 1970 |November 1980 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |6 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Jazep Sažyč]] <small>(1917–2007)</small> |November 1980 |1997 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |7 |[[File:Pres._Ivonka_Survilla.jpg|frameless|100x100px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Ivonka Survilla]] <small>(1936–)</small> |30 August 1997 | |} ==List== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" !# !Portrait !Name <small>(birth–death)</small> ! colspan="2" |Term of office !Political party |- ! style="background:red; color:white;" |1 |[[File:Jazep_Varonka.gif|frameless|115x115px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Jazep Varonka|Jazep Jakaulevich Varonka]] <small>(1891–1952)</small> |21 February 1918 |May 1918 | rowspan="2" |[[Belarusian Socialist Assembly]] |- ! style="background:red; color:white;" |2 |[[File:Government_of_BNR_(Ivan_Sierada).jpg|frameless|110x110px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Jan Sierada|Jan Nikitivich Sierada]] <small>(1879–1943+)</small> |June 1918 |August 1918 |- ! style="background:lightgrey; color:black;" |3 |[[File:Roman_Skirmunt.jpg|frameless|132x132px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Raman Skirmunt|Raman Aliaksandravich Skirmunt]] <small>(1868–1939)</small> |June 1918 |August 1918 |Belarusian National Assembly |- ! style="background:red; color:white;" |4 |[[File:Anton_Luckievič,_kartka.jpg|frameless|134x134px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Anton Luckievich|Anton Ivanavich Luckievich]] <small>(1883–1938)</small> |October 1918 |11 October 1918 |[[Belarusian Socialist Assembly]] |- ! style="background:red; color:white;" |4 |[[File:Anton_Luckievič,_kartka.jpg|frameless|134x134px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Anton Luckievich|Anton Ivanavich Luckievich]] <small>(1883–1938)</small> |11 October 1918 |13 December 1919 |[[Belarusian Socialist Assembly]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Socialist-Revolutionary Party}}; color:white;" |2 |[[File:Vaclau_Lastouski.jpg|frameless|152x152px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vaclau Lastouski|Vaclau Justynavich Lastouski]] <small>(1883–1938)</small> |13 December 1919 |1920 |Belarusian Socialist-Revolutionary Party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |1 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Alexander Chervyakov|Alexander Grigoryevich Chervyakov]] <small>(1892–1937)</small> |1 August 1920 |17 March 1924 | rowspan="8" |[[Communist Party of Byelorussia|Communist Party]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |2 |[[File:Jazep_Adamovič.jpg|frameless|155x155px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Iosif Adamovich|Iosif Alexandrovich Adamovich]] <small>(1897–1937)</small> |17 March 1924 |7 May 1927 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |3 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolay Goloded|Nikolay Mateyevich Goloded]] <small>(1894–1937)</small> |7 May 1927 |30 May 1937 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |4 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Daniil Volkovich|Danil Ivanavich Volkovich]] <small>(1900–1937)</small> |30 May 1937 |8 September 1937 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |5 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Afanasy Kovalyov|Afanasy Feodorovich Kovalyov]] <small>(1903–1993)</small> |8 September 1937 |28 July 1938 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |6 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Kuzma Kiselyov|Kuzma Venediktovich Kiselyov]] <small>(1903–1977)</small> |28 July 1938 |28 June 1940 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |7 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Ivan Bylinsky|Ivan Semyonovich Bylinsky]] <small>(1903–1976)</small> |28 June 1940 |7 February 1944 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |8 |[[File:Anefo_910-7476_Ponomanrenko,.jpg|frameless|155x155px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Panteleimon Ponomarenko|Panteleimon Kondratyevich Ponomarenko]] <small>(1902–1984)</small> |7 February 1944 |15 March 1946 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |(8) |[[File:Anefo_910-7476_Ponomanrenko,.jpg|frameless|155x155px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Panteleimon Ponomarenko|Panteleimon Kondratyevich Ponomarenko]] <small>(1902–1984)</small> |15 March 1946 |17 March 1948 | rowspan="8" |[[Communist Party of Byelorussia|Communist Party]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |9 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Aleksey Kleshchev|Aleksey Yefimovich Kleshchev]] <small>(1905–1968)</small> |15 March 1948 |25 June 1953 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |10 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Kirill Mazurov|Kirill Trofimovich Mazurov]] <small>(1914–1989)</small> |25 June 1953 |28 July 1956 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |11 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolai Avkhimovich|Nikolai Efremovich Avkhimovich]] <small>(1907–1996)</small> |28 July 1956 |9 April 1959 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |12 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Tikhon Kiselyov|Tikhon Yakovlevich Kiselyov]] <small>(1917–1983)</small> |9 April 1959 |11 December 1978 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |13 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Aleksandr Aksyonov (politician)|Aleksandr Nikiforovich Aksyonov]] <small>(1924–2009)</small> |11 December 1978 |8 July 1983 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |14 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vladimir Brovikov|Vladimir Ignatevich Brovikov]] <small>(1931–1992)</small> |8 July 1983 |10 January 1986 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Byelorussia}}; color:white;" |15 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Mikhail Kovalyov (politician)|Mikhail Vasilevich Kovalyov]] <small>(1925–2007)</small> |10 January 1986 |7 April 1990 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |16 |[[File:Вячеслав_Францевич_Кебич.jpg|frameless|115x115px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vyacheslav Kebich|Vyacheslav Frantsevich Kebich]] <small>(1936–2020)</small> |7 April 1990 |25 December 1991 |[[Independent politician|Independent]] |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |1 |[[File:Вячеслав_Францевич_Кебич.jpg|frameless|115x115px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vyacheslav Kebich|Vyacheslav Frantsevich Kebich]] <small>(1936–2020)</small> |19 September 1991 |21 July 1994 | rowspan="11" |[[Independent politician|Independent]] | rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" | |'''[[Stanislav Shushkevich]]''' [[File:Šuškievič_bchd.jpg|frameless|119x119px]] <small>Chairman of the Supreme Council</small> <small>(1991–1994)</small> |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |2 |[[File:Mikhail Chyhir.png|115x115px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Mikhail Chigir|Mikhail Nikolayevich Chigir]] <small>(1948–)</small> |21 July 1994 |18 November 1996 | rowspan="10" |'''[[Alexander Lukashenko]]''' [[File:Alexander_Lukashenko_(2020-09-03)_01.jpg|frameless|117x117px]] <small>President (1994–)</small> <small>([[2020–2021 Belarusian protests|Disputed]] since 23 September 2020)</small> |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |3 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Sergey Ling|Sergei Stepanovich Ling]] <small>(1937–)</small> |18 November 1996 |18 February 2000 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |4 |[[File:Vladimir_Yermoshin.jpg|frameless|117x117px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vladimir Yermoshin|Vladimir Vasilyevich Yermoshin]] <small>(1942–)</small> |18 February 2000 |1 October 2001 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |5 | ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Gennady Novitsky|Gennady Vasilyevich Novitsky]] <small>(1949–)</small> |1 October 2001 |11 July 2004 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |6 |[[File:RIAN_archive_161286_Mikhail_Fradkov_and_Sergei_Sidorsky_(cropped).jpg|frameless|133x133px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Sergei Sidorsky|Sergei Sergeevich Sidorsky]] <small>(1954–)</small> |11 July 2004 |28 December 2010 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |7 |[[File:Mikhail_Myasnikovich,_March_2011.jpeg|frameless|148x148px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Mikhail Myasnikovich|Mikhail Vladimirovich Myasnikovich]] <small>(1950–)</small> |28 December 2010 |27 December 2014 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |8 |[[File:Andrei_Kobjakow,_Belarus_Vize-Ministerpräsident_2_(cropped).jpg|frameless|133x133px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Andrei Kobyakov|Andrei Vladimirovich Kobyakov]] <small>(1960–)</small> |27 December 2014 |18 August 2018 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |9 |[[File:Syarhey_Rumas_(2018-09-21).jpg|frameless|139x139px]] ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Sergei Rumas|Sergei Nikolayevich Rumas]] <small>(1969–)</small> |18 August 2018 |3 June 2020 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |10 |[[File:Roman_Golovchenko_(2020-09-03)(portrait).jpg|frameless|142x142px]] ![[Roman Golovchenko|Roman Alexanderovich Golovchenko]] <small>(1973–)</small> |4 June 2020 |10 March 2025 |- ! style="text-align:center; background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |10 |[[File:Aliaksandr_Turčyn.png|frameless|142x142px]] ![[Alexander Turchin|Alexander Genrikhovich Turchin]] <small>(1975–)</small> |10 March 2025 |''Incumbent'' |} == Related pages == * [[List of national leaders of Belarus]] * [[President of Belarus]] == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline|Prime ministers of Belarus}} {{Prime ministers of Belarus}} {{Belarus topics}} [[Category:Prime ministers of Belarus|*]] [[Category:Belarus-related lists|PM]] [[Category:Lists of prime ministers|Belarus]] ib3lnhoef59954ot55vti9i05j2ouzw 0 354478 10966734 9102280 2026-08-18T16:05:42Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | name = Michael Gough | image =Dracula (1958) trailer - Michael Gough (cropped & flipped).png | caption = Gough in 1958 | birth_name = Francis Michael Gough | birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|11|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[British Malaya]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|3|17|1916|11|23|df=y}} | death_place = [[Ashmore]], [[Dorset]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] | death_cause = [[Pneumonia]] complicated from [[prostate cancer]] | education = Durham School | alma_mater = Old Vic | nationality = British | occupation = Actor | known_for = Alfred Pennyworth,<br/>Edmond Bancroft | notable_works = ''[[Dracula]]'',<br/>''[[Batman]]'',<br/>''[[Batman Returns]]'',<br/>''[[Batman Forever]]'',<br/>''[[Batman & Robin]]'',<br/>''Horrors of the Black Museum'',<br/>''The Phantom of the Opera'',<br/>''Out of Africa'',<br/>''Bedroom Farce'',<br/>''Breaking the Code'',<br/>''The Go-Between'',<br/>''Satan's Slave'',<br/>''[[Sleepy Hollow]]'',<br/>''[[Tim Burton]]'s [[Corpse Bride]]'',<br/>''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'' | years_active = 1946 &ndash; 1999, 2005, 2010 | employer = Hammer Film Productions | height = 5'10" (1.75 m) | spouse = Diana Graves ([[divorce]]d)<br>Anne Leon (m. 1950–1964, divorced)<br>Anneke Wills (m. 1962–1979, divorced)<br>Henrietta Lawrence<br/>(m. 1980–2011, his death) | children = 3 | relations = Rachel Gurney (in-law) | awards = Tony Award, BAFTA Award | signature = }} '''Francis Michael Gough''' (23 November 1916 – 17 March 2011) was an [[English people|English]] character actor who as appeared in over 150 movies. He is perhaps best known world wide for his roles in the Hammer Horror Films from 1958, and for his work as [[Batman]]'s loyal butler [[Alfred Pennyworth]] in ''[[Batman]]'', ''[[Batman Returns]]'', ''[[Batman Forever]]'', and ''[[Batman & Robin]]''. Gough and actor [[Pat Hingle]] are the only two actors to appear in all 4 Batman movies directed by [[Tim Burton]] or [[Joel Schumacher]]. Gough has also been in some other Tim Burton movies, ''[[Sleepy Hollow]]'', ''[[Corpse Bride|Tim Burton's Corpse Bride]]'', and ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]''. ==Early life== Gough was born on 23 November 1916 in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[British Malaya]].<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/50/Michael-Gough.html Michael Gough Biography]</ref> His parents were Frances Atkins (née Baillie) and Frances Berkely Gough.<ref>[https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800032557/bio Michael Gough Biography – Yahoo! Movies]</ref> ==Personal life== Gough was married four times; first to Dinan Graves they divorced. Second to Anne Leon in 1950 through 1964. Third to Anneke Wills in 1962 until they divorced in 1979. Lastly to Henrietta Lawrence in 1980 until his death in 2011. Gough had 3 children; Emma, Simon, and Jasper. ===Death=== Gough died on 17 March 2011 in his home in [[Ashmore]], [[Dorset]] from [[pneumonia]] complicated from [[prostate cancer]]. He was 94 years old.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12772355|title=Michael Gough, Batman's Alfred, dies aged 94|publisher=BBC News | date=17 March 2011}}</ref> He was cremated. [[Michael Keaton]] who played [[Batman]] in the first two Batman films, said "To Mick - my butler, my confidant, my friend, my Alfred. I love you. God bless. Michael (Mr. Wayne) Keaton.". Gough was cremated and his ashes were rest at sea. ==Movies== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1948 || ''[[Anna Karenina (1948 film)|Anna Karenina]]'' || Nicholai || |- | 1948 || ''[[Blanche Fury]]'' || Laurence Fury || |- | 1948 || ''[[Saraband for Dead Lovers]]'' || Prince Charles || |- | 1949 || ''{{sortname|The|Small Back Room}}'' || Capt. Dick Stuart || |- | 1951 || ''[[Blackmailed (1951 film)|Blackmailed]]'' || Maurice Edwards || |- | 1951 || ''{{sortname|The|Man in the White Suit}}'' || Michael Corland || |- | 1953 || ''[[Twice Upon a Time (1953 film)|Twice Upon a Time]]'' || Mr. Lloyd || |- | 1953 || ''{{sortname|The|Sword and the Rose}}'' || [[Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham|Duke of Buckingham]] || |- | 1953 || ''[[Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue]]'' || Duke of Montrose || |- | 1955 || ''[[Richard III (1955 film)|Richard III]]'' || Dighton, the first murderer || |- | 1956 || ''[[Reach for the Sky]]'' || Flying Instructor Pearson || |- | 1957 || ''[[Ill Met by Moonlight (film)|Ill Met by Moonlight]]'' || Andoni Zoidakis || |- | 1958 || ''[[Dracula (1958 film)|Dracula]]'' || [[Arthur Holmwood]] || |- | 1958 || ''{{sortname|The|Horse's Mouth|The Horse's Mouth (film)}}'' || Abel || |- | 1959 || ''[[Model for Murder]]'' || Kingsley Beauchamp || |- | 1959 || ''[[Horrors of the Black Museum]]'' || Edmond Bancroft || |- | 1961 || ''[[What a Carve Up! (film)|What a Carve Up!]]'' || Fisk, the butler || |- | 1961 || ''[[Konga (film)|Konga]]'' || Dr. Charles Decker || |- | 1962 || ''{{sortname|The|Phantom of the Opera|The Phantom of the Opera (1962 film)}}'' || Ambrose D'Arcy || |- | 1963 || ''[[Black Zoo]]'' || Michael Conrad || |- | 1963 || ''[[Tamahine]]'' || Cartwright |- | 1965 || ''[[Dr. Terror's House of Horrors]]'' || Eric Landor || Segment four: "Disembodied Hand" |- | 1965 || ''{{sortname|The|Skull}}'' || Auctioneer || |- | 1966 || ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1966 TV play)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' || [[March Hare]] || |- | 1966 || ''[[Doctor Who]]'': ''[[The Celestial Toymaker]]'' || [[Celestial Toymaker]] |- | 1967 || ''[[Berserk!]]'' || Albert Dorando || |- | 1968 || ''[[Curse of the Crimson Altar]]'' || Elder || |- | 1969 || ''[[Women in Love (film)|Women in Love]]'' || Tom Brangwen || |- | 1969 || ''{{sortname|A|Walk with Love and Death}}'' || Mad Monk || |- | 1970 || ''[[Julius Caesar (1970 film)|Julius Caesar]]'' || [[Metellus Cimber]] || |- | 1970 || ''[[Trog]]'' || Sam Murdock || |- | 1970 || ''{{sortname|The|Go-Between|The Go-Between (film)}}'' || Mr. Maudsley || |- | 1970 || ''{{sortname|The|Corpse|nolink=1}}'' || Walter Eastwood || Also known as ''Velvet House'' and ''Crucible of Horror'' |- | 1972 || ''[[Henry VIII and His Six Wives]]'' || Norfolk || |- | 1972 || ''[[Savage Messiah]]'' || M. Gaudier || |- | 1973 || ''[[Horror Hospital]]'' || Dr. Christian Storm || |- | 1973 || ''{{sortname|The|Legend of Hell House}}'' || Emeric Belasco || Uncredited |- | 1976 || ''[[Satan's Slave]]'' || Uncle Alexander Yorke || |- | 1978 || ''{{sortname|The|Boys from Brazil|The Boys from Brazil (film)}}'' || Mr. Harrington || |- | 1981 || ''[[Venom (1981 film)|Venom]]'' || David Ball || |- | 1982 || ''[[Smiley's People]]'' || Mikhel || |- | 1983 || ''[[Doctor Who]]'': ''[[Arc of Infinity]]'' || Councillor Hedin |- | 1983 || ''{{sortname|The|Dresser}}'' || Frank Carrington || |- | 1984 || ''[[Oxford Blues]]'' || Doctor Ambrose || |- | 1984 || ''[[Top Secret!]]'' || Dr. Paul Flammond || |- | 1984 || ''{{sortname|A|Christmas Carol|A Christmas Carol (1984 film)}}'' || Mr. Poole || |- | 1985 || ''[[Out of Africa (film)|Out of Africa]]'' || [[Hugh Cholmondeley, 3rd Baron Delamere|Baron Delamere]] || |- | 1986 || ''[[Caravaggio (film)|Caravaggio]]'' || Cardinal Del Monte || |- | 1987 || ''[[Inspector Morse (TV series)|Inspector Morse]]: [[The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn]]'' || Philip Ogleby || |- | 1987 || ''{{sortname|The|Fourth Protocol|The Fourth Protocol (film)}}'' || Sir Bernard Hemmings || |- | 1988 || ''{{sortname|The|Serpent and the Rainbow|The Serpent and the Rainbow (film)}}'' || Schoonbacher || |- | 1989 || ''[[Strapless]]'' || Douglas Brodie || |- | 1989 || ''[[Batman (1989 movie)|Batman]]'' || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || |- | 1989 || ''[[Batman: The Lazarus Syndrome]]'' || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || Voice |- | 1991 || ''[[Let Him Have It]]'' || Lord Goddard || |- | 1992 || ''{{sortname|The|Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Russia 1910|The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles}}'' || [[Leo Tolstoy]] || |- | 1992 || ''[[Batman Returns]]'' || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || |- | 1993 || ''{{sortname|The|Age of Innocence|The Age of Innocence (film)}}'' || Henry van der Luyden || |- | 1993 || ''{{sortname|The|Hour of the Pig}}'' || Magistrate Boniface || |- | 1993 || ''[[Wittgenstein (film)|Wittgenstein]]'' || [[Bertrand Russell]] || |- | 1995 || ''[[Batman Forever]]'' || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || |- | 1997 || ''[[Batman & Robin]]'' || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || |- | 1998 || ''[[St. Ives (1998 film)|St. Ives]]'' || Comte de Saint-Yves || |- | 1999 || ''{{sortname|The|Cherry Orchard|The Cherry Orchard (film)}}'' || Feers || |- | 1999 || ''[[Sleepy Hollow]]'' || Notary Hardenbrook || |- | 2005 || ''[[Corpse Bride]]'' || Elder Gutknecht || Voice |- | 2010 || ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' || [[Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Uilleam]] || Voice; Final role |- <!--For the voice of "Parasite", see "Michael Gough (voice actor)"--> |} == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{findagrave|67034423}} *{{IMDb name|0001284}} *{{amg name|27964}} *{{IBDB name|77459}} {{TonyAward PlayFeaturedActor 1976-2000}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gough, Michael}} [[Category:1916 births]] [[Category:2011 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from London]] [[Category:BAFTA Award winning actors]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English stage actors]] [[Category:English television actors]] [[Category:English voice actors]] [[Category:Tony Award winning actors]] paujioinb0vw8xpkmtdgyoai5lcoy2j 0 362011 10966752 10893997 2026-08-18T16:24:09Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Stacey King | image = Stacey King Navy Marine Corps Classic 2012.jpg | caption = King in 2012 | birth_name = Ronald Stacey King | birth_date = {{birth date|1967|1|29|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Lawton, Oklahoma]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|7|1967|1|29|mf=}} | death_place = [[River Forest, Illinois]], U.S. | nationality = American | occupation = Announcer | years_active = 1989&ndash;2026 }} '''Ronald Stacey King''' (January 29, 1967 &ndash; June 7, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] who was the announcer for the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]'s [[Chicago Bulls]]. He was known to provide nicknames for many of the Bulls players. King's own nicknames were '''Sky''' and '''Pearl''', named after [[Earl Monroe|Earl "The Pearl" Monroe]]. King was born on January 29, 1967 in [[Lawton, Oklahoma]].<ref>[http://www.nba.com/historical/playerfile/index.html?player=stacey_king NBA.com profile]</ref> He was raised in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. King died on June 7, 2026 after falling at his home in [[River Forest, Illinois]] at the age of 59.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://bleacherreport.com/articles/25435040-stacey-king-dies-59-bulls-broadcaster-won-3-nba-titles-alongside-michael-jordan|title=Stacey King Dies at 59, Bulls Broadcaster Won 3 NBA Titles Alongside Michael Jordan|publisher=Bleacher Report|date=June 7, 2026|accessdate=June 7, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/48992706/stacey-king-3-nba-champion-bulls-dies-59|title=Stacey King, 3-time NBA champion with Bulls, dies at 59|publisher=ESPN|date=June 7, 2026|accessdate=June 7, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoornstra |first=J. P. |date=2026-06-07 |title=Bulls champion, broadcaster Stacey King cause of death revealed |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/bulls-champion-broadcaster-stacey-king-174727904.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His official cause of death was [[hypertensive cardiovascular disease]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Darryn |date=2026-08-05 |title=Official cause of death for Bulls legend Stacey King has been revealed |url=https://larrybrownsports.com/basketball/official-cause-death-stacey-king/764590 |access-date=2026-08-06 |website=Larry Brown Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:King, Stacey}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:African-American basketball players]] [[Category:American basketball players]] [[Category:Basketball coaches]] [[Category:Boston Celtics players]] [[Category:Centers (basketball)]] [[Category:Chicago Bulls players]] [[Category:Dallas Mavericks players]] [[Category:Miami Heat players]] [[Category:Minnesota Timberwolves players]] [[Category:National Basketball Association broadcasters]] [[Category:People from Lawton, Oklahoma]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Chicago]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Oklahoma]] [[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in the United States]] [[Category:Accidental deaths in Illinois]] kjidksj6bsaspac52xtdv29p0jp8eks 10966753 10966752 2026-08-18T16:24:36Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Stacey King | image = Stacey King Navy Marine Corps Classic 2012.jpg | caption = King in 2012 | birth_name = Ronald Stacey King | birth_date = {{birth date|1967|1|29|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Lawton, Oklahoma]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|7|1967|1|29|mf=}} | death_place = [[River Forest, Illinois]], U.S. | nationality = American | occupation = Announcer | years_active = 1989&ndash;2026 }} '''Ronald Stacey King''' (January 29, 1967 &ndash; June 7, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] who was the announcer for the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]'s [[Chicago Bulls]]. He was known to provide nicknames for many of the Bulls players. King's own nicknames were '''Sky''' and '''Pearl''', named after [[Earl Monroe|Earl "The Pearl" Monroe]]. King was born on January 29, 1967 in [[Lawton, Oklahoma]].<ref>[http://www.nba.com/historical/playerfile/index.html?player=stacey_king NBA.com profile]</ref> He was raised in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. King died on June 7, 2026 after falling at his home in [[River Forest, Illinois]] at the age of 59.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://bleacherreport.com/articles/25435040-stacey-king-dies-59-bulls-broadcaster-won-3-nba-titles-alongside-michael-jordan|title=Stacey King Dies at 59, Bulls Broadcaster Won 3 NBA Titles Alongside Michael Jordan|publisher=Bleacher Report|date=June 7, 2026|accessdate=June 7, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/48992706/stacey-king-3-nba-champion-bulls-dies-59|title=Stacey King, 3-time NBA champion with Bulls, dies at 59|publisher=ESPN|date=June 7, 2026|accessdate=June 7, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoornstra |first=J. P. |date=2026-06-07 |title=Bulls champion, broadcaster Stacey King cause of death revealed |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/bulls-champion-broadcaster-stacey-king-174727904.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His official cause of death was [[hypertension|hypertensive]] [[cardiovascular disease]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Darryn |date=2026-08-05 |title=Official cause of death for Bulls legend Stacey King has been revealed |url=https://larrybrownsports.com/basketball/official-cause-death-stacey-king/764590 |access-date=2026-08-06 |website=Larry Brown Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:King, Stacey}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:African-American basketball players]] [[Category:American basketball players]] [[Category:Basketball coaches]] [[Category:Boston Celtics players]] [[Category:Centers (basketball)]] [[Category:Chicago Bulls players]] [[Category:Dallas Mavericks players]] [[Category:Miami Heat players]] [[Category:Minnesota Timberwolves players]] [[Category:National Basketball Association broadcasters]] [[Category:People from Lawton, Oklahoma]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Chicago]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Oklahoma]] [[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in the United States]] [[Category:Accidental deaths in Illinois]] az68ltwtwm2u5hi5k7lj7jjalkdbkpg 10966754 10966753 2026-08-18T16:24:53Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 +[[Category:Deaths from cardiovascular disease]]; +[[Category:Deaths from hypertension]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Stacey King | image = Stacey King Navy Marine Corps Classic 2012.jpg | caption = King in 2012 | birth_name = Ronald Stacey King | birth_date = {{birth date|1967|1|29|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Lawton, Oklahoma]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|7|1967|1|29|mf=}} | death_place = [[River Forest, Illinois]], U.S. | nationality = American | occupation = Announcer | years_active = 1989&ndash;2026 }} '''Ronald Stacey King''' (January 29, 1967 &ndash; June 7, 2026) was an [[Americans|American]] who was the announcer for the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]'s [[Chicago Bulls]]. He was known to provide nicknames for many of the Bulls players. King's own nicknames were '''Sky''' and '''Pearl''', named after [[Earl Monroe|Earl "The Pearl" Monroe]]. King was born on January 29, 1967 in [[Lawton, Oklahoma]].<ref>[http://www.nba.com/historical/playerfile/index.html?player=stacey_king NBA.com profile]</ref> He was raised in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. King died on June 7, 2026 after falling at his home in [[River Forest, Illinois]] at the age of 59.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://bleacherreport.com/articles/25435040-stacey-king-dies-59-bulls-broadcaster-won-3-nba-titles-alongside-michael-jordan|title=Stacey King Dies at 59, Bulls Broadcaster Won 3 NBA Titles Alongside Michael Jordan|publisher=Bleacher Report|date=June 7, 2026|accessdate=June 7, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/48992706/stacey-king-3-nba-champion-bulls-dies-59|title=Stacey King, 3-time NBA champion with Bulls, dies at 59|publisher=ESPN|date=June 7, 2026|accessdate=June 7, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoornstra |first=J. P. |date=2026-06-07 |title=Bulls champion, broadcaster Stacey King cause of death revealed |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/bulls-champion-broadcaster-stacey-king-174727904.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His official cause of death was [[hypertension|hypertensive]] [[cardiovascular disease]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Darryn |date=2026-08-05 |title=Official cause of death for Bulls legend Stacey King has been revealed |url=https://larrybrownsports.com/basketball/official-cause-death-stacey-king/764590 |access-date=2026-08-06 |website=Larry Brown Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:King, Stacey}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:African-American basketball players]] [[Category:American basketball players]] [[Category:Basketball coaches]] [[Category:Boston Celtics players]] [[Category:Centers (basketball)]] [[Category:Chicago Bulls players]] [[Category:Dallas Mavericks players]] [[Category:Miami Heat players]] [[Category:Minnesota Timberwolves players]] [[Category:National Basketball Association broadcasters]] [[Category:People from Lawton, Oklahoma]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Chicago]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Oklahoma]] [[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in the United States]] [[Category:Accidental deaths in Illinois]] [[Category:Deaths from cardiovascular disease]] [[Category:Deaths from hypertension]] slwtpuqzrag9py5l9nj8b6vutm09a2n 0 365649 10966991 10964635 2026-08-18T21:15:34Z Peterdownunder 17988 Reverted [[WP:AGF|good faith]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-44800-81|~2026-44800-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-44800-81|talk]]): Not simple. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Beauty and the Beast | image = Disney's Beauty and the Beast logo.png | alt = | caption = | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Gary Trousdale]] * [[Kirk Wise]] }} | producer = [[Don Hahn]] | screenplay = [[Linda Woolverton]] | story = {{Plainlist| * [[Roger Allers]] * [[Brenda Chapman]] * [[Chris Sanders]] * [[Burny Mattinson]] * Kevin Harkey * [[Brian Pimental]] * Bruce Woodside * [[Joe Ranft]] * Tom Ellery * [[Kelly Asbury]] * Robert Lence }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Beauty and the Beast]]''|[[Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Paige O'Hara]] * [[Robby Benson]] * [[Richard White (actor)|Richard White]] * [[Jerry Orbach]] * [[David Ogden Stiers]] * [[Angela Lansbury]] * [[Rex Everhart]] * [[Jesse Corti]] }} | narrator = <!-- per infobox instructions which say "Note: This field is only to be used for the narrator of documentaries" --> | music = [[Alan Menken]] <!-- Do not add Howard Ashman; this field only calls for music composers. --> | editing = [[John Carnochan]] | production_companies = {{Plainlist| * [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=55212|title=Beauty and the Beast|work=[[American Film Institute]]|access-date=March 28, 2017}}</ref> * [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]]<ref name=numbers>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Beauty-and-the-Beast-(1991)#tab=summary|title=Beauty and the Beast (1991)|work=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=April 3, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Silver Screen Partners|Silver Screen Partners IV]]<ref name=afi/> }} | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures]]<ref name=afi/> | released = {{Film date|1991|9|29|[[New York Film Festival]]|1991|11|22|North America|2002|1|1|North America; IMAX}} <!-- First and Country of Origin releases only per WP:FILMRELEASE. --> | runtime = 84 minutes (original)<!--Theatrical runtime: 84:16--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/beauty-and-beast-film|title=''Beauty and the Beast'' (U)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=February 5, 1992|access-date=September 28, 2016}}</ref><br>92 minutes (IMAX) | country = United States (1991)<br>France (1992) | language = American English (1991)<br>French (1992) | budget = $25 million<ref name="box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=beautyandthebeast.htm|title=Beauty and the Beast|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> | gross = $425 million<ref name="box office" /> }} '''''Beauty and the Beast''''' is a 1991 American [[animation|animated]] [[musical movie|musical]] [[fantasy movie]] produced by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] and released by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. It is the 30th movie in the [[List of Disney animated movies|Walt Disney Animated Classics]] series and the third movie of the [[Disney Renaissance]] period. The movie is based on the [[fairy tale]] ''[[Beauty and the Beast|La Belle et la Bête]]'' by [[Jeanne-Marie Le Prince de Beaumont]]<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jeanne-Marie |last=LePrince de Beaumont |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/beauty.html |journal=The Young Misses Magazine |title=Containing Dialogues between a Governess and Several Young Ladies of Quality Her Scholars |edition=4 |volume=1 |location=London |year=1783 |pages=45–67}}</ref> It is about a [[prince]] who is turned into a [[beast]] and a young woman named Belle whom he imprisons in his castle. To become a prince again, the Beast must [[love]] Belle and win her love in return, or he will remain a Beast forever. The movie was first released into [[movie theater]]s on November 22, 1991. It become very popular. This is the first animated feature that was nominated for an Oscar for Best Picture. A [[direct-to-video]] sequel called ''[[Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas]]'' was released in 1997. It was followed in 1998 by another sequel, ''[[Belle's Magical World]]''. An [[IMAX]] special edition version of the original movie was released in 2002, with a new five-minute musical sequence included. After the success of the 3D re-release of ''[[The Lion King]]'', the movie returned to theaters in 3D on January 13, 2012.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=Grady|title='Beauty and the Beast', 'The Little Mermaid', 'Finding Nemo', 'Monsters, Inc.' get 3-D re-releases|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/10/04/disney-3d-beauty-beast-mermaid/|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=October 27, 2011|date=October 4, 2011|archive-date=October 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014175532/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/10/04/disney-3d-beauty-beast-mermaid/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[Beauty and the Beast (2017 movie)|live-action remake]] was also released on March 17, 2017. == Voice cast (in alphabetical order) == * [[Robby Benson]] as Beast, a [[Minotaur]]-like chimera monster (a mixture of several animals), who would probably be classified as a carnivore overall. He has the head structure, beard, neck built, hump, back, and build of a bison, the horns of a bull, the arms and body of a bear, the fangs of a cat, the ears of a cow, the eyebrows, forehead, chest, and strong muscles of a gorilla, the crest of a hyena, the jaws of a leopard, the maw and mane of a lion, the face of a mandrill, the mouth of a panther, the neck of a rhino, the teeth of a tiger, the tusks of a wild boar, and the legs and tail of a wolf. He also has the leopard-like sounds of Minotaur a the lion-like roars and tiger-like gowls of a werewolf. * [[Jesse Corti]] as LeFou * [[Rex Everhart]] as Maurice * [[Angela Lansbury]] as Mrs. Potts * [[Paige O'Hara]] as Belle, a [[Nun|Postulant]]. * [[Jerry Orbach]] as Lumiere * [[Bradley Pierce|Bradley Michael Pierce]] as Chip * [[Jack Riley (actor)|Jack Riley]] as Beast's vocal effect * [[David Ogden Stiers]] as Cogsworth and the Narrator * [[Richard White]] as Gaston * [[Mary Kay Bergman]] as Bimbette #1 * [[Brian Cummings]] as the Stove * [[Alvin Epstein]] as the Bookseller * [[Tony Jay]] as Monsieur D'Arque * [[Alec Murphy]] as the Baker * [[Kimmy Robertson]] as the Featherduster * [[Hal Smith]] as Philippe's vocal effects * [[Kath Soucie]] as Bimbettes #2 and #3 * [[Frank Welker]] as Foolstool’s vocal effects and Wolves’ vocal effects * [[Jack Angel]], [[Bill Farmer]], [[Patrick Pinney]] and [[Phil Proctor]] as Tom, Stanley, Walter and Dick respectively * [[Susanne Blakeslee]], [[Vanna Bonta]], [[Liz Callaway]], [[Jennifer Darling]], [[Jennifer Hale]], [[Sherry Lynn]], [[Edie McClurg]], [[Mickie McGowan]] and [[Laraine Newman]] as women * [[Bruce Adler]], [[Philip L. Clarke]], [[Albert de Ruiter]], [[Larry Hansen]], [[Daran Norris]] and [[Kevin Michael Richardson]] as men Other villagers' voices and additional vocals were provided by [[Charlie Adler]], [[Stephen J. Anderson]], [[Scott Barnes]], [[Bob Bergen]], [[Maureen Brennan]], [[Rodger Bumpass]], [[Jim Cummings|James Cummins]], [[Margery Daley]], [[Debi Derryberry]], [[Tate Donovan]], [[George Dvorsky]], [[Paul Eiding]], [[Bruce Fifer]], [[Johnson Flucker]], [[Randy Hansen]], [[Jess Harnell]], [[Mary Ann Hart]], [[Alix Korey]], [[Phillis Kubey]], [[Herndon Lackey|Hearndon Lackey]], [[Maurice LaMarche]], [[Danny Mann]], [[Larry Moss]], [[Panchali Null]], [[Wilbur Pauley]], [[Jennifer Perito]], [[Caroline Peyton]], [[Brian Posehn]], [[Cynthia Richards-Hewes]], [[Katherine Ringgold]], [[Susan Napoli|Stephani Ryan]], [[Gordon Stanley]] and [[Stephen Sturk]]. == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{wikiquote|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{IMDb title|0101414|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{AllMovie movie|4522|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Bcdb title|5|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|1038728|Beauty and the Beast}} * {{Mojo title|beautyandthebeast|Beauty and the Beast}} {{Disney theatrical animated features}} {{Movie-stub}} [[Category:1991 animated movies]] [[Category:1991 fantasy movies]] [[Category:1991 musical movies]] [[Category:1991 romance movies]] [[Category:2012 3D movies]] [[Category:American family movies]] [[Category:1990s American fantasy movies]] [[Category:1990s American musical movies]] [[Category:1990s American romance movies]] [[Category:Beauty and the Beast (Disney)]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:IMAX movies]] [[Category:Movies based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Movies set in castles]] [[Category:Movies set in France]] [[Category:Movies composed by Alan Menken]] [[Category:Movies composed by John Powell]] [[Category:United States National Film Registry movies]] [[Category:Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award]] [[Category:3D re-releases]] 4jcqzc1fwrkhl9kapi2tl43aj6a5v6e 0 366742 10967183 9014075 2026-08-19T04:12:06Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ReachOut Healthcare America''' ('''RHA''') is an [[United States|American]] [[company]] that manages [[dental clinics]]. Its headquarters are in [[Phoenix, Arizona]].<ref>"[http://www.reachouthealthcare.com/Contact_Us.htm Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040210/http://www.reachouthealthcare.com/Contact_Us.htm |date=2013-01-17 }}." ReachOut Healthcare America. Rerieved on September 12, 2012. "We've moved: 2550 W. Union Hills Dr. Ste. 202 Phoenix, AZ 85027" and "ReachOut Healthcare America 1904 W. Parkside Ln, Suite 201 Phoenix, AZ 85027"</ref> Under the name "'''Big Smiles''',"<ref name="Alltucker">Dental Teachers "[./[https://dentalteachers.com Dental Teachers And Dental Simulation Units] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616081807/https://dentalteachers.com/ |date=2023-06-16 }} Dental Teachers And Dental Simulation Units</ref> it coordinates dentist vans that go to American [[schools]] and do dental checkups and dental work on poor children.<ref>"[http://www.reachouthealthcare.com/mobile_schools.htm School Programs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040230/http://www.reachouthealthcare.com/Mobile_Schools.htm |date=2013-01-17 }}." ReachOut Healthcare America. Retrieved on September 12, 2012.</ref> ==History== Michael Howell and Daniel Goldsmith started the ReachOut company in 1997. At first the company managed dental checkups and dental work for people in [[nursing home]]s in [[Michigan]]. The company later began organizing dental care for schools, foster programs, [[group home]]s, [[homeless shelter]]s, and [[mental health facility|mental health facilities]] by late 2003.<ref name="Freedberg">Freedberg, Sydney P. "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-17/dental-abuse-seen-driven-by-private-equity-investments.html Dental Abuse Seen Driven by Private Equity Investments]." ''[[Bloomberg]]''. May 17, 2012. Retrieved on September 12, 2012.</ref> In October 2011, boy in a [[Camp Verde, Arizona]] had dental work done by a dentist linked with ReachOut. The boy said it hurt. His mother, Stacey Gagnon, said that the dentist did dental work on the boy without asking the parents if it was okay.<ref name="Freedberg"/> Darren and Stacey Gagnon, the parents of the boy, [[Lawsuit|sued]] the dentist and the Reachout company.<ref name="InsideEd"/> In November 2011, Dan Brown, then the [[superintendent]] of the [[Camp Verde Unified School District]], signed a letter saying that ReachOut cannot go to the district's schools anymore.<ref name="InsideEd">"[http://www.insideedition.com/investigative/5024-inside-edition-investigates-mobile-dentistry INSIDE EDITION Investigates Mobile Dentistry]." ''[[Inside Edition]]''. September 11, 2012. Retrieved on September 12, 2012.</ref> ReachOut used to send dentists to schools in the [[Clark County School District]],<ref name="Freedberg"/> the biggest school district in the state of [[Nevada]]. In December 2011 the district stopped working with ReachOut. Ken Tucker, a [[journalist|reporter]] for the [[newspaper]] ''[[Arizona Republic]]'', wrote that ReachOut did not give good care after the dental work was done because the dentists only came to the school twice a year.<ref name="Alltucker"/> A mobile dentist who worked with ReachOut, Derryl Brian, said that the dentists under ReachOut had, since 2006, done screenings and work on 80,000 children. Brian said that a lot of people liked what they did.<ref name="Freedberg"/> ==Related pages== * [[All Smiles Dental Centers]] * [[Small Smiles Dental Centers]] ==Sources== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.reachouthealthcare.com/ ReachOut Healthcare America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040119/http://www.reachouthealthcare.com/ |date=2013-01-17 }} * [http://bigsmilesdental.org Big Smiles Dental] ([http://bigsmilesdental.org.dnnmax.com/ Alternate link]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) - operated by ReachOut * [http://www.moriarty.com/reachout_healthcare_america_lawsuit/ Reach Out Healthcare America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128024852/http://www.moriarty.com/reachout_healthcare_america_lawsuit/ |date=2013-01-28 }}." [[Moriarty Leyendecker]] (law company that is suing ReachOut) * Collins, Katie. "[http://www.brushnewstribune.com/brush-local-news/ci_20412838/big-smiles-dentists-visits-thomson-primary-school?source=rss Big Smiles dentists visits Thomson Primary School]." ''[[Brush News-Tribune]]''. April 17, 2012. [[Category:Companies based in Arizona]] [[Category:Phoenix, Arizona]] [[Category:1997 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1990s establishments in Arizona]] [[Category:Dentistry companies of the United States]] i1jsdwrdxsqui0tzpxh6k0x7ihxmyza 0 371082 10966809 9225237 2026-08-18T16:58:37Z Canadachick 1633172 10966809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tent pegging''' (sometimes spelled 'tentpegging' or 'tent-pegging') is a [[cavalry]] or [[equestrian]] sport of ancient origin. [[File:Playground-Warrior.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Traditional Pakistani Tent pegger]] ==The sport== In the specific sport of tent pegging a mounted horseman, or at times a team of horsemen, rides at a gallop and uses a sword or a lance to pierce, pick up and carry away a small ground target (a symbolic tent peg) or a series of such small ground targets. ==Origins== The origins of tent pegging are ambiguous and subject to some controversy. Some historians and other scholars believe it originated in [[Arabia]],<ref>Philip K. Hitti, ''History of the Arabs'', London: Macmillan, 1949 ed</ref> others believe that it might have evolved in [[Central Asia]],<ref>General Sir Richard Gale, ''Kings at Arms'', London: Hutchinson & Co, 1971</ref> while others still believe in its [[India]]n origins.<ref>https://admin.fei.org/Development/Regional_Disciplines/Pages/tent_Pegging.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401014439/https://admin.fei.org/Development/Regional_Disciplines/Pages/Tent_Pegging.aspx |date=2012-04-01 }} ; ''Tent pegging recognised by FEI'', Brief Report, 2004. Retrieved 15 Nov 2012</ref> It is believed that people have practised the game of tent pegging since at least the 4th century BC, and over the ages [[Middle East]]ern, [[Asian]] and later [[Europe]]an empires popularized the game around the world. The term "tent pegging", however, historically emerged from the attacks by Arabian [[Muslim]] [[cavalier]]s on enemy camps at dawn or late night, where they would gallop to their tents and pluck out the pegs of their tents, so that these would collapse on them,<ref>''Horses and Riders of Arabia: A History of Military Tactics in Early Islam'', Rawalpindi: Pakistan Army Press, 1979</ref> thus causing havoc and terror in the camp. Several old [[medieval]] Arab books give descriptions of such tactics.<ref>See Muhammad Abdullah ibn Uthman al-Hakam, ''The Conquest of Persia'' (Orig.Arabic, 650-660 AD; translated Paris, 1874); and also several references cited in Ibn-Qutaybah, ''Uyun al-Akhbar'' (Section on arms and warfare), Vol. 1, Cairo, 1930, pp.128-132; as well as others</ref> ==Present== Today, tent pegging is practised around the world, but is especially popular in [[Australia]], [[Pakistan]], India, [[Israel]], [[Oman]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[South Africa]], [[Canada]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The Olympic Council of Asia included tent pegging as an official sport in 1982, and the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports]] recognised it as an official equestrian discipline in 2004. However, it is important to recognize the difference between tent pegging as an 'international sport' and the local, [[rural]] version of the sport played by the traditional tribal peoples such as the [[Bedu]] in the Middle East and Oman, the ''Desi'' horsemen of [[Pakistani]] and Indian [[Punjab]] and so on. The former is a milder sport, whereas the latter is a fiercer and more commanding contest. ==References== {{reflist}} {{sport-stub}} [[Category:Equestrian sports]] [[Category:Middle Eastern culture]] [[Category:Sport in India]] [[Category:Sport in Pakistan]] gvc4m5tjpwmbnj12zk49t8ilp242mwy 0 371427 10966779 9259040 2026-08-18T16:47:53Z Ratoketa 1788979 10966779 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|thumb|Ethnico-linguistic Regions of Pakistan]] '''Hindkowan''' is a general term used to identify speakers of the [[Hindko]] language in [[Pakistan]]. In fact this is not a specific ethnic grouping or category properly speaking, and comprises diverse elements in the [[Attock]] district of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], the [[Hazara]] region in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province and in [[Mianwali District]] and Dera Ghazi Khan areas of [[Punjab (Pakistan)]] where [[Saraiki]] is spoken. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://siraiki.blogspot.com/2013/12/languages-of-punjab.html|title=سرائیکی ساݙی قومی زبان ہے : Languages of Punjab|first=پرویز|last=قادر|date=8 December 2013|publisher=}}</ref> However, over time, this linguistic category or grouping has come to be linked to various indigenous regional demands and aspirations and is now thought to be an ethnic group in itself. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] asisc1hrgnmoep9nwcwc8ezmpplpx3k 10966780 10966779 2026-08-18T16:48:55Z Ratoketa 1788979 10966780 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|thumb|Sub-dialects of the [[Punjabi language]]]] '''Hindkowan''' is a general term used to identify speakers of the [[Hindko]] language in [[Pakistan]]. In fact this is not a specific ethnic grouping or category properly speaking, and comprises diverse elements in the [[Attock]] district of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], the [[Hazara]] region in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province and in [[Mianwali District]] and Dera Ghazi Khan areas of [[Punjab (Pakistan)]] where [[Saraiki]] is spoken. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://siraiki.blogspot.com/2013/12/languages-of-punjab.html|title=سرائیکی ساݙی قومی زبان ہے : Languages of Punjab|first=پرویز|last=قادر|date=8 December 2013|publisher=}}</ref> However, over time, this linguistic category or grouping has come to be linked to various indigenous regional demands and aspirations and is now thought to be an ethnic group in itself. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] 8oe0mvutx0no4g4a399ncna1njqq9ym 0 379507 10967126 10940781 2026-08-19T01:05:39Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Pulya Taylor | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Walytjatjata]], [[Northern Territory]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[Australians|Australian]] | other_names = | occupation = [[Sculptor]], [[Craftsman|craftswoman]] | years_active = 1980 – present | organization = Maṟuku Arts | notable_works = | style = [[Pyrography|Pokerwork]] | spouse = [[Tony Tjamiwa]] (died May 2001) | children = | relatives = | awards = | footnotes = }} '''Pulya Taylor''' (born 1931)<ref name="Australia (Aboriginal)">{{cite web |title=Pulya Tjamiwa Taylor. 1931-. |url=https://www.aasd.com.au/artist/9628-pulya-tjamiwa-taylor/ |website=Australia (Aboriginal) - Prices of Art at Auction |access-date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907002928/https://www.aasd.com.au/artist/9628-pulya-tjamiwa-taylor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an [[Aboriginal art]]ist from [[central Australia]]. She makes wooden objects, known in the [[Western Desert cultural bloc|Western Desert]] as ''{{lang|pjt|puṉu}}''. She makes these by [[Wood carving|carving]] the wood and then [[engraving]] patterns (''{{lang|pjt|walka}}'') into its surface with a burning wire.<ref name="pwh"/> This technique is called [[Pyrography|pokerwork]]. The wood she uses is sourced locally from the area around [[Uluṟu]], where she lives. Taylor was born and grew up around [[Walytjatjata]], in the southwest corner of the [[Northern Territory]]. She began working in arts and crafts at [[Ernabella]] in the late 1940s.<ref name="pwh"/> She later moved to [[Amaṯa, South Australia|Amaṯa]] with her husband, [[Tony Tjamiwa]]. In 1983, Taylor and Tjamiwa, together with [[Topsy Tjulyata]], [[Walter Pukutiwara]], Peter Yates and Pat D'Arango, travelled around artist communities in the [[Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara|Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands]]. This was to discuss the idea of setting up a new craft centre at Uluṟu, which would sell artworks from around the region to tourists. The couple moved to [[Muṯitjulu, Northern Territory|Muṯitjulu]] so that they could help set it up.<ref name="scollay"/><ref name="hodge"/> Taylor was one of the first artists for Maṟuku Arts, and she is still an executive member.<ref name="pwh"/> Taylor is probably best known for her [[sculpture]]s of animals, such as birds, [[numbat]]s, [[snake]]s, the [[echidna]], and the [[perentie]] lizard.<ref name="nma"/> The animals all have [[Spirituality|spiritual]] ''{{lang|pjt|Tjukurpa}}'' legends attached to them, and each represents a different [[Creation story|creation]] [[ancestor]] from the [[Dreamtime]].<ref name="pwh"/> Taylor's work has been [[Art exhibition|exhibited]] in many places around Australia. It has also been shown overseas, including at the [[Commonwealth Institute]] in [[London]], in 2000.<ref name="finnane"/> Examples of her work are held in the [[Powerhouse Museum]] in Sydney,<ref name="pwh"/> the [[National Gallery of Australia]],<ref name="nga"/> and the [[National Museum of Australia]].<ref name="nma"/> ==References== {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="nga">{{cite web|title=Taylor, Pulya|url=http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=177685|work=Collection Online|publisher=National Gallery of Australia|accessdate=13 January 2013|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305134752/http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=177685|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="nma">{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/results?QueryTerms=pulya+taylor&search=basic|title=Works by Pulya Taylor|work=Collection Online|publisher=National Museum of Australia|accessdate=13 January 2013}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="pwh">{{cite web|url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=343973|title=2004/15/2 Carved animal, 'Walawuru Wedge-tailed Eagle' Tjulpu (bird)|publisher=Powerhouse Museum, Australia|accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref> <ref name="finnane">{{cite news|title=Bucks and bouquets: centre's art goes overseas|author=Finnane, Kieran|url=http://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/0639.html|date=27 October 1999|newspaper=Alice Springs News|access-date=12 January 2013|archive-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323191727/http://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/0639.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="scollay">{{cite web|title=Clive Scollay, Maruku Arts, Punu work: history, tradition and innovation, interview|url=http://www.craftaustralia.org.au/library/interview.php?id=clive_scollay_maruku_arts|author=Wells, Kathryn|date=February 2011|work=Craft Australia|accessdate=13 January 2013|archive-date=20 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420110052/http://craftaustralia.org.au/library/interview.php?id=clive_scollay_maruku_arts|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="hodge">{{cite web|title=Miles ahead: marketing that works in regional Australia|url=http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/34179/milesahead.pdf|publisher=Australia Council|date=September 1998|author=Hodge, Su|author2=James, Judith and Lawson, Amanda|page=40|access-date=2013-01-12|archive-date=2014-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212053406/http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/34179/milesahead.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} :''This article includes text from the [http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=343973 Powerhouse Museum, Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723194231/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=343973 |date=2011-07-23 }}, which has been licensed under [[CC-BY-SA]].'' ==Other websites== *[http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/catalogues/artist/3738/pulya-tjamiwa-taylor.aspx Pulya Tjamiwa Taylor] at ''Prints and Printmaking'' {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Pulya}} [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australian sculptors]] [[Category:Woodworkers]] [[Category:Artists from South Australia]] [[Category:Artists from the Northern Territory]] [[Category:Indigenous Australian artists]] [[Category:Pitjantjatjara]] 1klr86xjq3ib428ac6mlukfzkdz42wc 0 385162 10966545 9525918 2026-08-18T12:47:46Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10966545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Laura Cardoso | image = Laura Cardoso - 2010.jpg | alt = | caption = Laura Cardoso in 2010 | birth_name = Laurinda de Jesus Cardoso Baleroni | birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|9|13}}<ref name=rt /> | birth_place = [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|8|17|1927|9|13}} | death_place = São Paulo, Brazil | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = [[Actress]] | years_active = | spouse = | children = }} '''Laurinda de Jesus Cardoso Baleroni''', better known as '''Laura Cardoso''', (13 September 1927 &ndash; 17 August 2026) was a [[Brazil]]ian [[actress]]. Cardoso was a pioneer of [[television]] in Brazil. She acted in [[teleteatro]]s, [[TV series|series]] and [[telenovela]]s starting in the 1950s on the defunct TV Tupi and later in [[syndication]]. She starred in more than 50 telenovelas. Cardoso was the [[widow]] of actor, [[writer]], [[movie director|director]] and television [[movie producer|producer]] [[Fernando Baleroni]]. They had two daughters, Fátima and Fernanda. Cardoso died on 17 August 2026 in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] at the age of 98.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-18 |title=Laura Cardoso, um dos principais nomes da dramaturgia brasileira, morre aos 98 anos |url=https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/noticia/2026/08/18/laura-cardoso-um-dos-principais-nomes-da-dramaturgia-brasileira-morre-aos-99-anos.ghtml |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=G1 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=rt>{{cite web|title=Laura Cardoso Biography|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/laura-cardoso/biography.php|publisher=RottenTomatoes.com|accessdate=17 February 2013|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317095056/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/laura-cardoso/biography.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|id=0136662|name=Laura Cardoso}} {{Authority control}} {{actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cardoso, Laura}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:Actors from São Paulo]] fzcrfx7cfzgtn3vnck9dctdf5osl4bn 10966546 10966545 2026-08-18T12:48:06Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 removed [[Category:Living people]]; added [[Category:2026 deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Laura Cardoso | image = Laura Cardoso - 2010.jpg | alt = | caption = Laura Cardoso in 2010 | birth_name = Laurinda de Jesus Cardoso Baleroni | birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|9|13}}<ref name=rt /> | birth_place = [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|8|17|1927|9|13}} | death_place = São Paulo, Brazil | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = [[Actress]] | years_active = | spouse = | children = }} '''Laurinda de Jesus Cardoso Baleroni''', better known as '''Laura Cardoso''', (13 September 1927 &ndash; 17 August 2026) was a [[Brazil]]ian [[actress]]. Cardoso was a pioneer of [[television]] in Brazil. She acted in [[teleteatro]]s, [[TV series|series]] and [[telenovela]]s starting in the 1950s on the defunct TV Tupi and later in [[syndication]]. She starred in more than 50 telenovelas. Cardoso was the [[widow]] of actor, [[writer]], [[movie director|director]] and television [[movie producer|producer]] [[Fernando Baleroni]]. They had two daughters, Fátima and Fernanda. Cardoso died on 17 August 2026 in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] at the age of 98.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-18 |title=Laura Cardoso, um dos principais nomes da dramaturgia brasileira, morre aos 98 anos |url=https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/noticia/2026/08/18/laura-cardoso-um-dos-principais-nomes-da-dramaturgia-brasileira-morre-aos-99-anos.ghtml |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=G1 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=rt>{{cite web|title=Laura Cardoso Biography|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/laura-cardoso/biography.php|publisher=RottenTomatoes.com|accessdate=17 February 2013|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317095056/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/laura-cardoso/biography.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|id=0136662|name=Laura Cardoso}} {{Authority control}} {{actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cardoso, Laura}} [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:Actors from São Paulo]] 7xys63yur14dq6c1n0pvsyg44bznz19 10966547 10966546 2026-08-18T12:48:53Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 +[[Category:Brazilian movie actors]]; +[[Category:Brazilian television actors]]; +[[Category:Brazilian stage actors]]; +[[Category:Brazilian voice actors]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Laura Cardoso | image = Laura Cardoso - 2010.jpg | alt = | caption = Laura Cardoso in 2010 | birth_name = Laurinda de Jesus Cardoso Baleroni | birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|9|13}}<ref name=rt /> | birth_place = [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|8|17|1927|9|13}} | death_place = São Paulo, Brazil | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = [[Actress]] | years_active = | spouse = | children = }} '''Laurinda de Jesus Cardoso Baleroni''', better known as '''Laura Cardoso''', (13 September 1927 &ndash; 17 August 2026) was a [[Brazil]]ian [[actress]]. Cardoso was a pioneer of [[television]] in Brazil. She acted in [[teleteatro]]s, [[TV series|series]] and [[telenovela]]s starting in the 1950s on the defunct TV Tupi and later in [[syndication]]. She starred in more than 50 telenovelas. Cardoso was the [[widow]] of actor, [[writer]], [[movie director|director]] and television [[movie producer|producer]] [[Fernando Baleroni]]. They had two daughters, Fátima and Fernanda. Cardoso died on 17 August 2026 of [[natural causes]] at her home in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] at the age of 98.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-18 |title=Laura Cardoso, um dos principais nomes da dramaturgia brasileira, morre aos 98 anos |url=https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/noticia/2026/08/18/laura-cardoso-um-dos-principais-nomes-da-dramaturgia-brasileira-morre-aos-99-anos.ghtml |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=G1 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=rt>{{cite web|title=Laura Cardoso Biography|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/laura-cardoso/biography.php|publisher=RottenTomatoes.com|accessdate=17 February 2013|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317095056/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/laura-cardoso/biography.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|id=0136662|name=Laura Cardoso}} {{Authority control}} {{actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cardoso, Laura}} [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:Actors from São Paulo]] [[Category:Brazilian movie actors]] [[Category:Brazilian television actors]] [[Category:Brazilian stage actors]] [[Category:Brazilian voice actors]] pr7m8jv6ovus80f6bhg3q8qfy8920c8 0 387853 10966687 10957444 2026-08-18T15:24:12Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Pauley Perrette | image = Pauley Perrette 2014.jpg | caption = Perrette at the AHA Hero Dog Awards on September 27, 2014 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|3|27}} | birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], U.S. | occupation = Actress, singer | years_active = 1994–2020 | alma_mater = [[Valdosta State University]]<br />[[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]] | other_names = Pauley P. | spouse = {{marriage|[[Coyote Shivers]]|2000|2006|end=divorced}} }} '''Pauley Perrette''' (born March 27, 1969) is an [[Americans|American]] former [[actress]] and singer. She acted mostly in [[television program]]s but has also acted in movies and voice acted. She is best known for playing the character Abigail Sciuto on the American series ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' from 2003 until 2018. Perrette was born in [[Louisiana]]. She was raised in different regions of the [[United States]]. She is a [[LGBTQ rights by country or territory|LGBTQ rights]] advocate and protested California's [[2008 California Proposition 8|Proposition 8]], which wanted to ban [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.advocate.com/news/2008/10/27/ncis-star-pauley-perrette-takes-prop-8|accessdate=August 9, 2026|title=NCIS Star Pauley Perrette Takes On Prop 8|publisher=[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]}}</ref> She performed under the name Pauley P. in the all-female band Lo-Ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mashmagazine.com/00july/julynightlife.html|accessdate=August 9, 2026|title=I Love the Nightlife|publisher=Mash Magazine|archive-date=March 4, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010304060859/http://www.mashmagazine.com/00july/julynightlife.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Her final acting role was as Jackie Dixon in the American series ''[[Broke (2020 TV series)|Broke]]'' in 2020. Thw show ran for 12 episodes. After it was cancelled, Perrette decided to retire from acting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/512551/pauley-perette-life-and-career-ncis-stardom-mark-harmon-feud-health-struggle-acting-retirement/|accessdate=August 9, 2026|title=Pauley Perette's life and career: from NCIS exit and Mark Harmon feud to acting retirement and health issues|publisher=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{us-actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Perrette, Pauley}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Alabama]] [[Category:Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Actors from Louisiana]] [[Category:Actors from New Orleans]] [[Category:Actors from North Carolina]] [[Category:Actors from South Carolina]] [[Category:Actors from Tennessee]] [[Category:American bloggers]] [[Category:American LGBT rights activists]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American punk musicians]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Singers from New York City]] 9mt8y72ro5mhphmk07ijhqarsqy86l7 0 388581 10967412 10857198 2026-08-19T10:47:15Z ~2026-45509-21 1857929 /* */ 10967412 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''personal injury lawyer''' is a [[lawyer]] who provides services to people that claim to have been [[Injury|injured]], badly treated or exposed to unnecessary danger by another person, company or organization, and want to get compensation for the injuries that they suffered as a result. Injury may be to a person's body, mental health, property, or reputation. The lawyer may have special knowledge of health, work and safety laws that relate to the injured person's claim. This type of claim is a civil legal matter, a type of '''[[tort]]''' involving a dispute between two or more people. The lawyer{{cn}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=What is a Personal Injury Lawsuit?|url=https://www.interpages.org/what-is-a-personal-injury-lawsuit/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101080529/https://www.interpages.org/what-is-a-personal-injury-lawsuit/|archive-date=2020-11-01|access-date=2020-11-13|website=InterPages.org|language=en-US|url-status=dead}}</ref>will represent the client by trying to negotiate a settlement of the injury claim, through which an agreed amount of compensation is given to the injured party to resolve their claim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Car Accident Lawyer|url=https://royalcaraccidentlawyers.com|website=Royal Car Accident Lawyers}}</ref> The lawyer may file a [[lawsuit]] on behalf of the injured person. If the case does not settle after a lawsuit is filed, the injury claim will be decided by a court. If the court finds that the injured person suffered a wrongful injury, the court may order the person who caused the injury to pay compensation. Each country has its own rules and exams that you need to pass to be allowed to work as a lawyer. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Law occupations]] {{stub}} 0wjhmp6csbjz9hkco50fdr1gpc6w5xf 10967414 10967412 2026-08-19T10:51:48Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45509-21|~2026-45509-21]] ([[User talk:~2026-45509-21|talk]]) to last version by Garsh2 10857198 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''personal injury lawyer''' is a [[lawyer]] who provides services to people that claim to have been [[Injury|injured]], badly treated or exposed to unnecessary danger by another person, company or organization, and want to get compensation for the injuries that they suffered as a result. Injury may be to a person's body, mental health, property, or reputation. The lawyer may have special knowledge of health, work and safety laws that relate to the injured person's claim. This type of claim is a civil legal matter, a type of '''[[tort]]''' involving a dispute between two or more people. The lawyer{{cn}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=What is a Personal Injury Lawsuit?|url=https://www.interpages.org/what-is-a-personal-injury-lawsuit/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101080529/https://www.interpages.org/what-is-a-personal-injury-lawsuit/|archive-date=2020-11-01|access-date=2020-11-13|website=InterPages.org|language=en-US|url-status=dead}}</ref>will represent the client by trying to negotiate a settlement of the injury claim, through which an agreed amount of compensation is given to the injured party to resolve their claim. The lawyer may file a [[lawsuit]] on behalf of the injured person. If the case does not settle after a lawsuit is filed, the injury claim will be decided by a court. If the court finds that the injured person suffered a wrongful injury, the court may order the person who caused the injury to pay compensation. Each country has its own rules and exams that you need to pass to be allowed to work as a lawyer. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Law occupations]] {{stub}} eykwm8ec1jgj42axsbykwvsakmvsowr 0 393901 10966567 10618141 2026-08-18T13:23:17Z Sunwinbz 1857419 /* */ 10966567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Casino slots.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|Slot machines in the [[Trump Taj Mahal]]]] A '''sunwinblu.net''' ([[American English]]), called also '''fruit machine'''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gaming Act 1968 (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 2005|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2005/20052776.htm|publisher=Legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> ([[British English]]), '''the slots''' ([[Canadian English]]), '''poker machine''' or '''"pokies" (slang)''' ([[Australian English]] and [[New Zealand English]]) or simply '''slot''' ([[American English]]), is a [[casino]] gambling machine with set of numbers or pictures that after putting money in it and pressing button will randomly spin. The game is popular in casinos as it is easy and hassle free way to gamble [[money]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Is it safe to play online slots|url=http://www.slidesearchengine.com/slide/is-it-safe-to-play-online-slots|publisher=Australian pokies|accessdate=29 September 2016|archive-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615081244/http://www.slidesearchengine.com/slide/is-it-safe-to-play-online-slots|url-status=dead}}</ref> The display of a slot machine have reels, which have symbols; a built-in number generator determines the different symbols. If same numbers or pictures line up the player will win their bet or multiplier of it. Slot machines include a [[currency detector]] that detects if [[coin]]s and notes are real ones and what values they have. The machine pays the winning or issue a coupon that will entitle to collecting reward in [[cash]] or prizes. In some countries where money gambling in [[Casino|casinos]] is illegal the slot machines can issue free prizes, coupons or vouchers. Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in [[casino]]s and make up about 70 percent of the US casino's income.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200512/slot-machines|title=How slot machines give gamblers the business|last=Cooper|first=Marc|date=December 2005|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> == History == The first modern slot machine was invented by [[Charles Fey]] of San Francisco, California, in 1894.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Reel/Real First Slot Machine|url=http://casinogambling.about.com/od/slots/a/charlesfey.htm|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=About.com|archive-date=26 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226234852/http://casinogambling.about.com/od/slots/a/charlesfey.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following year Fey built the 4-11-44 in his basement. It became very successful at a local saloon, so he soon quit his job, and opened a factory to make more units. In 1898 Fey built the Card Bell, the first three-reel slot machine with automatic cash payouts. The Card Bell had a handle that set the reels in motion when it was pushed down and [[playing card]] suitmarks that lined up to form poker hands. His next slot machine, the Liberty Bell, was built in 1899 and used horseshoes and bells as well as playing card suitmarks on the reels. Three bells lined up in a row meant the top payout. Chiefly because of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, only 4 of more than 100 Liberty Bell machines built by Fey survive. The Liberty Bell proved immensely popular among saloon patrons in San Francisco and was quickly copied by Fey’s competitors, such as the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago. == Variants == # Progressive Jackpot Slots # Multiple Pay-Line # Multiplier Slots # Bonus Multiplier Slots # Megaways Slots # Classic Slots # 3D Slots # Video Slots ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Gambling]] [[Category:Machines]] 9fvktu0xt6f2b1oa9adkvgg5xir14zo 10966568 10966567 2026-08-18T13:23:54Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Sunwinbz|Sunwinbz]] ([[User talk:Sunwinbz|talk]]) to last version by ~2025-31545-59: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 10618141 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Casino slots.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|Slot machines in the [[Trump Taj Mahal]]]] A '''slot machine''' ([[American English]]), called also '''fruit machine'''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gaming Act 1968 (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 2005|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2005/20052776.htm|publisher=Legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> ([[British English]]), '''the slots''' ([[Canadian English]]), '''poker machine''' or '''"pokies" (slang)''' ([[Australian English]] and [[New Zealand English]]) or simply '''slot''' ([[American English]]), is a [[casino]] gambling machine with set of numbers or pictures that after putting money in it and pressing button will randomly spin. The game is popular in casinos as it is easy and hassle free way to gamble [[money]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Is it safe to play online slots|url=http://www.slidesearchengine.com/slide/is-it-safe-to-play-online-slots|publisher=Australian pokies|accessdate=29 September 2016|archive-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615081244/http://www.slidesearchengine.com/slide/is-it-safe-to-play-online-slots|url-status=dead}}</ref> The display of a slot machine have reels, which have symbols; a built-in number generator determines the different symbols. If same numbers or pictures line up the player will win their bet or multiplier of it. Slot machines include a [[currency detector]] that detects if [[coin]]s and notes are real ones and what values they have. The machine pays the winning or issue a coupon that will entitle to collecting reward in [[cash]] or prizes. In some countries where money gambling in [[Casino|casinos]] is illegal the slot machines can issue free prizes, coupons or vouchers. Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in [[casino]]s and make up about 70 percent of the US casino's income.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200512/slot-machines|title=How slot machines give gamblers the business|last=Cooper|first=Marc|date=December 2005|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> == History == The first modern slot machine was invented by [[Charles Fey]] of San Francisco, California, in 1894.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Reel/Real First Slot Machine|url=http://casinogambling.about.com/od/slots/a/charlesfey.htm|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=About.com|archive-date=26 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226234852/http://casinogambling.about.com/od/slots/a/charlesfey.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following year Fey built the 4-11-44 in his basement. It became very successful at a local saloon, so he soon quit his job, and opened a factory to make more units. In 1898 Fey built the Card Bell, the first three-reel slot machine with automatic cash payouts. The Card Bell had a handle that set the reels in motion when it was pushed down and [[playing card]] suitmarks that lined up to form poker hands. His next slot machine, the Liberty Bell, was built in 1899 and used horseshoes and bells as well as playing card suitmarks on the reels. Three bells lined up in a row meant the top payout. Chiefly because of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, only 4 of more than 100 Liberty Bell machines built by Fey survive. The Liberty Bell proved immensely popular among saloon patrons in San Francisco and was quickly copied by Fey’s competitors, such as the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago. == Variants == # Progressive Jackpot Slots # Multiple Pay-Line # Multiplier Slots # Bonus Multiplier Slots # Megaways Slots # Classic Slots # 3D Slots # Video Slots ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Gambling]] [[Category:Machines]] r9gituynej10ca5repv8avtrtlfiyie 0 400491 10966750 10940911 2026-08-18T16:18:13Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Penny Pritzker |image = Penny Pritzker official portrait.jpg |office = 38th [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] |president = [[Barack Obama]] |term_start = June 26, 2013 |term_end = January 20, 2017 |predecessor = [[Cameron Kerry]] {{small|(Acting)}} |successor = [[Wilbur Ross]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|5|2}} |birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |spouse = Bryan Traubert |children = 2 |alma_mater = [[Harvard College|Harvard University]]<br>[[Stanford University]] }} '''Penny Sue Pritzker''' (born May 2, 1959) is an American business executive, entrepreneur, civic leader, and philanthropist. She was the [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] from June 2013 to January 2017. She studied at [[Castilleja School]],<ref name="PAW110905">{{cite news|url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/2005/2005_11_09.gatown09.shtml|title=Around Town|newspaper=[[Palo Alto Weekly]]|date=November 9, 2005|accessdate=May 2, 2013|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212215601/http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/2005/2005_11_09.gatown09.shtml|archivedate=February 12, 2012}}</ref> [[Harvard College]],<ref name="Lissner, Madeline W.">{{Cite web|url=http://w.thecrimson.com/article/2006/6/5/penny-pritzker-penny-s-pritzker-81/|title=Penny Pritzker|last=Madeline W.|first=Lissner|date=June 5, 2006|website=The Harvard Crimson|publisher=|accessdate=December 1, 2016|archive-date=November 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127002649/http://w.thecrimson.com/article/2006/6/5/penny-pritzker-penny-s-pritzker-81/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Stanford University]].<ref name="Easton, Nina, The fascinating life" >{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2014/06/02/fortune-500-pritzker/|title=The fascinating life of Penny Pritzker (so far)|last=Easton|first=Nina|date=June 2, 2014|website=Fortune|accessdate=November 30, 2016 |url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208131705/http://fortune.com/2014/06/02/fortune-500-pritzker/ |archivedate=December 8, 2016}}</ref> She is the founder, chairman and CEO of PSP Capital Partners and Pritzker Realty Group.<ref name="PSP bio">{{cite web|title=PSP Capital Partners|url=http://www.pspcapital.com/penny-pritzker.html|accessdate=Oct 10, 2012|archive-date=2012-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522004202/http://www.pspcapital.com/penny-pritzker.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is also co-founder and chairman of Artemis Real Estate Partners.<ref>{{cite web|title=Artemis Real Estate|url=http://Artemisrep.com}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Pritzker family]]. In 2012, [[Chicago (magazine)|Chicago]] magazine named her one of the 100 most powerful Chicagoans.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bailey, Berstein, Burke, Colburn|display-authors=etal|title=100 Most Powerful Chicagoans|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-magazine/march-2012/100-most-powerful-Chicagoans|newspaper=Chicago Magazine|date=March 2012|access-date=2013-05-25|archive-date=2012-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427101539/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/March-2012/100-Most-Powerful-Chicagoans-Penny-Pritzker/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011 the [[Forbes 400]] list of America's wealthiest showed her as the 263rd richest person in the U.S., estimated net worth of US $1.7 billion,<ref name="forbes1">{{cite news |url = https://www.forbes.com/profile/penny-pritzker/ |title = The 400 Richest Americans: #263 Penny Pritzker |work = [[Forbes]] |date = September 2011 |accessdate = 2011-10-23 |quote = Net worth: $1.7 billion }}</ref> and the world's 651st richest person. In 2009 Forbes named Pritzker as one of the 100 most powerful women in the world. Pritzker was nominated to be the next [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] by [[Barack Obama]].<ref name="commerce">[[Lynn Sweet|Sweet, Lynn]] (2013-05-02) [http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/19845352-418/obama-to-nominate-chicago-exec-penny-pritzker-as-commerce-secretary-thursday.html "Obama nominates Chicago exec Penny Pritzker as commerce secretary"], ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''. Retrieved 2013-05-02.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} * [http://www.vanityfair.com/fame/features/2003/05/andrews200305 Shattered Dynasty], [[Vanity Fair (magazine)]] * [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120554763760338773.html Money Maven] * [http://www.nndb.com/people/447/000122081/ Penny Pritzker] at [[NNDB]] * [http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/27/01/feature2.shtml 2002 article on Superior Bank failure], [[In These Times]] * [https://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/54/richlist07_Penny-Pritzker_CDNP.html The Forbes 400 – #135 Penny Pritzker] 2007 profile * [http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=513679 The Harvard Crimson – Penny Pritzker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922075251/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=513679 |date=2008-09-22 }} Madeline W. Lissner, June 5, 2006 * [http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Registrant.asp?CIK=1087398 SEC filings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322124537/http://www.secinfo.com/$/sec/registrant.asp?cik=1087398 |date=2016-03-22 }} * [http://www.penny-pritzker.com Personal website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318171352/http://www.penny-pritzker.com/ |date=2019-03-18 }} {{Obama cabinet}} {{USSecCommerce}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pritzker, Penny}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of Commerce]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Chicago]] [[Category:Politicians from Chicago]] [[Category:Philanthropists from Chicago]] 0vo5og7fj2pntffsynuo088cjirmmnj 0 407368 10967193 10090130 2026-08-19T04:45:08Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967193 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Red Ribbon.svg|100px|right|alt=]] The '''red ribbon''' is used as a [[symbol]] of [[wikt:awareness|awareness]] and [[wikt:solidarity|solidarity]] of people living with [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avert.org/worldaid.htm|title=World AIDS Day - 1 December|accessdate=4 July 2013|archive-date=19 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919184001/http://avert.org/world-aids-day.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several organisations, such as the Red Ribbon Foundation, use the red ribbon as a symbol of the fight against AIDS. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *[http://redribbonfoundation.org/ Red Ribbon Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615190702/http://redribbonfoundation.org/ |date=2013-06-15 }} [[Category:Symbols]] [[Category:HIV/AIDS]] {{stub}} i5zfr192wdwznf0ueikq8wdbmq71qak 0 409035 10967206 10960787 2026-08-19T05:02:17Z 2005-Fan 330867 im sure it can, it'd just need citations 10967206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mii logo 2010.svg|thumb|The logo for Mii]] A '''Mii''' is a customizable character created by players of Nintendo's [[video game console]]s. Miis made their first appearance on the [[Wii]] when it was released. They also appear on the [[Nintendo 3DS]], [[Wii U]], [[Nintendo Switch]] and [[Nintendo Switch 2]] consoles, and in some games for the [[Nintendo DS]]. Miis allow players to create a [[caricature]] of themselves, other people, or of invented characters. They are created in the Mii Channel on the Wii, in the Mii Maker on the 3DS and Wii U, and, unfortunatey, in system settings on the Nintendo Switch and Switch 2. The Nintendo DS does not have a way to make Miis on the console itself, but the games that use Miis include a Mii Maker to let players create them. The player can change the look of a Mii in many ways. They can give it different [[hairstyle]]s, eyes, nose, and mouth shapes. They can change the eye and hair color of a Mii. (Players can only choose from a few colors on older consoles, but on the Nintendo Switch, a Mii's eye and hair color can be any color.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-02-23-nintendo-switchs-updated-mii-creator-lets-you-turn-your-hair-blue|title=Nintendo Switch's updated Mii creator lets you turn your hair blue|date=February 23, 2017|last=Phillips|first=Tom|work=Eurogamer}}</ref>) They can also give a Mii facial hair and wrinkles. [[Fashion accessory|Accessories]] such as [[hat]]s and [[glasses]] can be added. The player can change the size of things like the Mii's eyes, nose, and mouth. The player can change a Mii's [[height]] and [[weight]]. On the 3DS and Wii U, the player can take a picture of their face, and the console creates a Mii for them. However, as it uses 10-year-old tech, these Miis aren't usually very good, so thankfully, the player can then change their Mii to their liking.<ref>{{cite web |last=Plunkett |first=Luke |title=Using Magic, The 3DS Can Make A Mii Using A Photo |publisher=Kotaku |url=http://kotaku.com/5652733/using-magic-the-3ds-can-make-a-mii-using-a-photo |date=1 October 2010}}</ref> When the player makes a Mii, they can use it in many different video games. Some games use Miis for all the characters, such as ''[[Wii Sports]]'', ''[[Tomodachi Life]]'', and ''[[Miitopia]]''. Many other games use Miis and also have other characters, such as ''[[Mario Kart Wii]]'' and ''[[Super Smash Bros. Ultimate]]''. A lot of games on the Wii and 3DS use Miis as a profile picture, such as the [[Rhythm Heaven (franchise)|Rhythm Heaven]] series[[Rhythm Heaven Megamix.|.]] == Famous Miis == Miis can be found in many places in modern [[Popular culture|pop-culture]]. Here are some examples: '''Hamburger Mii''' (also known as "beef boss"): The Hamburger Mii, mostly known as "beef boss" is a Mii whose original creator is unknown. The Mii resembles the image of a [[Hamburger|burger]] by using the wide variety of customization options on the Mii Maker. The Mii was recently popularized by the [[YouTube|Youtuber]] and [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] Streamer [[Poofesure]], who uses the Mii in most of his game playthroughs. '''Matt''': "Matt" is the in-game name of one of the 60 CPU Miis made by [[Nintendo]] for their [[Wii series|Wii-series]] games. Matt is found in all of the Wii series games, but is most iconic for his appearance in ''[[Wii Sports]]'' and ''[[Wii Sports Resort]]'' as the champion in the sports Boxing and Swordplay, and being particularly difficult to defeat. Matt was also popularized as an internet-meme. '''Celebrity Miis (or Celebritiis)''': There are many famous Miis of celebrities, Nintendo employees and characters from pop culture that have become memes in the Nintendo community. Some of these include [[Shaquille O'Neal|Shaq (basketball player]], [[Reggie Fils-Aimé|Reggie Fils-Aimé (former president of Nintendo Of America)]] and [[Peter Griffin|Peter Griffin (yes, from Family Guy)]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{video-game-stub}} [[Category:Nintendo video game characters]] [[Category:Wii]] [[Category:Nintendo 3DS]] bix7j6xhnb2k8wj5wwvlzne2tyxea5o 0 409562 10967058 10964229 2026-08-18T23:02:29Z ~2026-45295-71 1857691 /* */ made it more accurate 10967058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kravmaga.jpg|thumb|250px|right|israeli paratrooper training in krav maga – 1955]] '''Krav Maga''' {{IPAc-en|k|r|ɑː|v|_|m|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː}} ({{lang-he|קרב מגע}}, ''lit.'' "contact combat") is a [[Jewish]]–[[Israeli]] [[martial art]]. It was developed by Hungarian-Israeli martial artist [[Imi Lichtenfeld]] in [[Slovakia]]. Today it is used by the [[Israeli Defense Forces]] and is proven to be highly effective against malnourished palestinian children. == Other websites == {{Commonscat|Krav Maga}} * {{cite web|url=http://forward.com/articles/14853/israeli-martial-arts-gurus-duke-it-out-for-real-/|title=Israeli Martial Arts Gurus Duke It Out For Real|first=Marissa|last=Brostoff|date=2008-12-31|accessdate=2013-03-05}} * [http://www.kravmaga-ikmf.com International Krav Maga Federation] [[Category:Martial arts]] {{stub}} nmg0inhpp5dyagwlamxff5gh6kc1krd 0 417095 10967421 8530870 2026-08-19T11:44:23Z ~2026-45232-21 1857945 /* Population */ 10967421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Baucau | settlement_type = [[Municipalities of East Timor|Municipality of East Timor]] | official_name = {{native name list |tag1=pt |name1=Município Baucau |tag2=tet |name2=Munisípiu Baukau}} | image_skyline = Pantai Wataboo, Osolata, East Timor (310667798).jpg | image_alt = Osolata beach | image_caption = Osolata beach | image_flag = Flag of Baucau (municipality).png | flag_alt = Flag | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Baucau.jpg | shield_size = 60px | shield_alt = Coat of arms | shield_link = | image_map = {{TL wikidata|image_map1}} | map_alt = Map of East Timor highlighting the Municipality | map_caption = {{Legend inline|#b0121f|outline=silver}} '''Baucau''' in&nbsp; {{Legend inline|#fefeec|outline=silver}} '''[[East Timor]]''' | image_map1 = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250|zoom=8}}{{hidden end}} | map_alt1 = Map of the Municipality | map_caption1 = | coordinates = {{coord|8|35|S|126|30|E|region:TL_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|East Timor}} | parts_type = [[Administrative posts of East Timor|Administrative Posts]] | parts_style = para | p1 = {{ubl|[[Baguia Administrative Post|Baguia]]|[[Baucau Administrative Post|Baucau]]|[[Laga Administrative Post|Laga]]|[[Quelicai Administrative Post|Quelicai]]|[[Vemasse Administrative Post|Vemasse]]|[[Venilale Administrative Post|Venilale]]}} | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | seat_type = Capital | seat = [[Baucau]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = <!-- [[List of governors of Baucau|Governor]] --> | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = {{TL wikidata|area}} | area_rank = [[List of municipalities of East Timor by area|4th]] | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = {{TL wikidata|population_total}} | population_as_of = {{TL wikidata|population_as_of}} | population_rank = [[List of municipalities of East Timor by population|3rd]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_rank = [[List of municipalities of East Timor by population density|5th]] | demographics_type1 = {{TL wikidata|demographics_type1}} | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = {{TL wikidata|demographics1_title1}} | demographics1_info1 = {{TL wikidata|demographics1_info1}} | demographics1_title2 = Rank | demographics1_info2 = [[List of municipalities of East Timor by households|3rd]] | population_note = | timezone = {{TL wikidata|timezone}} | utc_offset = {{TL wikidata|utc_offset}} | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:TL|TL-BA]] | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017) | blank_info_sec2 = 0.602<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />'''{{color|#358993|medium}}''' · [[List of municipalities of East Timor by Human Development Index|9th]] | website = {{URL|1=https://baucau.gov.tl/|2=Baucau Municipality}} | footnotes = }} '''Baucau''' ([[Tetum language|Tetum]]: '''Baukau'''), is the name of one of the 13 [[Municipalities of East Timor|municipalities]] of [[East Timor]], on the northern coast in the eastern part of the country. The municipality was the same during [[colonial]] times. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] is the city of [[Baucau]] (formerly Vila Salazar), the second city of East Timor after [[Dili]] that is at about {{Convert|122|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the west; it lies at about 512 meters above sea level. ==Geography== Its north edge is to the [[Wetar Strait]], opposite the island of [[Wetar]]; it also borders the municipalities of [[Lautém District|Lautém]] to the east, [[Viqueque District|Viqueque]] to the south, and [[Manatuto District|Manatuto]] to the west. The municipality has an area of {{Convert|1507.95|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The largest part of the municipality is at an altitude between {{Convert|100|and|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Just right on the coast, the country is falling fast at sea level. The highest mountain of Baucau, and the third highest in East Timor, is [[Matebian]], with {{Convert|2316|m|ft|abbr=on}} high; it is in the Quelicai subdistrict. The [[river]]s Laleia and Manuleiden, in the west of the district, flow to the north into the Wetar Strait. The rivers Seiçal, Borauai, Lequinamo, Binagua and other small rivers are to the east of the city of Baucau; only the Seiçal has water all year round. Baucau also has a wide shoreline with sandy [[beach]]es that are ideal for [[swimming]] and other water sports. ==Population== In 2015, about 123,000 people lived in Baucau. The average age is 18.5 years. Besides the national official languages of [[Tetum]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], most of the inhabitants speak the [[Papuan language]] [[Makasae]]. While most of the inhabitants are [[Roman Catholics]], a few Muslims also live there. == Subdivisions administratives == It is divided in six [[Administrative posts of East Timor|administrative posts]]:Baucau, Laga, and Vemasse with a [[coast]]al [[plain]], while Venilale, Quelicai, and Baguia are located inland. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Subdistrict !! Population !!width=60 | Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) |- | Baguia ||align="right" | 12,962 ||align="right" | 213.99 |- | Baucau ||align="right" | 47,294 ||align="right" | 369.53 |- | Laga ||align="right" | 18,359 ||align="right" | 191.99 |- | Quelicai ||align="right" | 17,450 ||align="right" | 206.46 |- | Vemasse ||align="right" | 9,643 ||align="right" | 374.62 |- | Venilale ||align="right" | 17,495 ||align="right" | 151.37 |} ==Economy== Baucau has the most highly developed agriculture in East Timor. Besides the staples [[rice]] and [[maize|corn]], Baucau produces [[bean]]s, [[peanut]]s, [[sweet potato]]es, [[coconut]]s, [[candlenut]] and [[manioc]]. It also raises [[Domestic buffalo|buffalo]], cattle, sheeps and [[goats]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat|Baucau (Municipality)}} * [http://www.estatal.gov.tl/English/Municipal/baucau.html Ministry of State Administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922101404/http://www.estatal.gov.tl/English/Municipal/baucau.html |date=2013-09-22 }} * [http://www.estatal.gov.tl/Documents/District%20Development%20Plans%20and%20Profiles/Baucau/Baucau%20district%20profile_eng.pdf Bacau District Development Plan 2002/2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328062006/http://www.estatal.gov.tl/Documents/District%20Development%20Plans%20and%20Profiles/Baucau/Baucau%20district%20profile_eng.pdf |date=2009-03-28 }} {{Municipalities of East Timor}} [[Category:Municipalities of East Timor]] my4uhrigu185ljxfs6c55lodhrlcu4c 0 426181 10966902 9782361 2026-08-18T18:02:46Z ~2026-45149-38 1857555 Added date of established and incorporated date 10966902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Winnfield, Louisiana | official_name = City of Winnfield | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in Louisiana|City]] and [[County seat|parish seat]] <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Downtown Winnfield 2021.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = View of Downtown Winnfield in 2021 | image = <!-- other image (specify File: or Image: namespace) --> | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|frame-coordinates={{Coord|31.9233|-92.6403}}|stroke-width=2|zoom=12|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#808080|id=Q2944471|title=Winnfield, Louisiana}} | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = Interactive map of Winnfield | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | coordinates = {{Coord|31|55|24|N|92|38|25|W|display=inline,title|format=dms}} | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}} | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. State|State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Louisiana}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Parish]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Winn Parish, Louisiana|Winn]] <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1854 | established_title1 = Incorporated | established_date1 = 1900 | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = City Council/Mayor | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Mayor Gerald "Scooter" Hamms (Dem)<br /> Winnfield City Council:<br /> District 1: Erika Breda (Dem)<br /> District 2: Ada Hall (Dem)<br /> District 3: Chiquita Caldwel(No Party)<br /> District 4: Matt Miller (No Party)<br /> District 5: Teresa Phillips (No Party)<br /> Chief of Police Johnny Carpenter (Dem) | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_22.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=March 20, 2022}}</ref> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = 9.43 <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = 3.64 <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = 9.43 | area_land_sq_mi = 3.64 | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = 0 | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_rural_km2 = | area_rural_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 128 | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = 4153 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]] | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= auto | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_rural = | population_density_rural_km2 = | population_density_rural_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, e.g. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]] | utc_offset1 = -6 | timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = -5 | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = [[ZIP code|ZIP code(s)]] | postal_code = 71483 | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = [[Area code 318|318]] | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info_sec1 = 22-82460 | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., up to blank7_name_sec1 / blank7_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = U.S. Highways | blank_info_sec2 = [[File:US 84.svg|30px|link=U.S. Route 84]] [[File:US 167.svg|30px|link=U.S. Route 167]] | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., up to blank7_name_sec2 / blank7_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = {{URL|http://www.cityofwinnfield.com/|City of Winnfield}} | footnotes = }} '''Winnfield''' is the [[parish seat]] of [[Winn Parish, Louisiana|Winn Parish]], [[Louisiana]], [[United States]]. it is the most populous municipality in Winn Parish. == Media == === Newspaper === * ''Winn Parish Enterprise'' * ''Winn Parish Journal'' * ''The piney Woods Journal'' === Radio === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Channel !! Callsign !! Format !! Owner |- | 92.1 || [[KVCL-FM]] || Country || Baldridge-Dumas Communications |} == Suburbs == === Incorporated === * [[Atlanta, Louisiana]] * [[Calvin, Louisiana]] * [[Dodson, Louisiana]] * [[Goldonna, Louisiana]] * [[Montgomery, Louisiana]] * [[Sikes, Louisiana]] === Unincorporated === * [[Beal Crossing, Louisiana]] * [[Carla, Louisiana]] * [[Chestnut, Louisiana]] * [[Creston, Louisiana]] * [[Jordan Hill, Louisiana]] * [[Joyce, Louisiana]] * [[Readhimer, Louisiana]] * [[Saint Maurice, Louisiana]] * [[Tannehill, Louisiana]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Wikivoyage|Winnfield}} * [http://www.cityofwinnfield.com City of Winnfield] * [http://www.laforestfestival.com Louisiana Forest Festival] * [http://www.winnchamberofcommerce.com/ Winn Chamber of Commerce] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221163255/http://www.winnchamberofcommerce.com/ |date=2009-02-21 }} * [http://www.winnfieldonline.com/ Winnfield Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063936/http://www.winnfieldonline.com/ |date=2011-07-18 }} {{Winn Parish, Louisiana}} {{Louisiana parish seats}} [[Category:Parish seats in Louisiana]] [[Category:Cities in Louisiana]] [[Category:Settlements in Winn Parish, Louisiana]] [[Category:1854 establishments in the United States]] {{US-geo-stub}} n6nwdwqr4y8uu69ztpgepezqhw95vd6 0 428896 10966807 10764108 2026-08-18T16:58:02Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HK MP7 Bundeswehr noBG.png|right|thumb|250px|{{center|A [[Heckler & Koch MP series|Heckler & Koch MP7]], one kind of PDW}}]] A '''personal defense weapon''' ('''PDW''') is usually [[wikt:define|define]]d as a light, [[wikt:compact|compact]] and easy to use [[firearm]].<ref name=DupreyMF>{{cite web |url=http://www.fool.com/investing/2016/12/18/the-5-best-selling-handguns-in-america-all-have-1.aspx |title=The 5 Best-Selling Handguns in America All Have 1 Thing in Common |author=Rich Duprey |date=December 18, 2016 |website= |publisher=The Motley Fool |accessdate=January 14, 2017}}</ref> However the [[definition]] varies depending on [[wikt:context|context]] and who you ask.<ref name=JohnsonTL>{{cite web |url=http://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/20-pdw-close-quarters-personal-defense/#pdw-swmpas-aac |title=20 PDWs For Ultimate Close-Quarters Personal Defense |author=Richard Johnson |date=July 30, 2015 |website=Tactical Life |publisher=Athlon Outdoors, Inc |accessdate=January 14, 2017 |archive-date=October 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012042749/http://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/20-pdw-close-quarters-personal-defense/#pdw-swmpas-aac |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many will still say it is a [[short-barreled rifle]] (SBR).<ref name=JohnsonTL/> These are regulated in the [[United States]] by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]]. Many SBRs have "selective fire" (you can switch between [[Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]] or [[Automatic firearm|fully automatic]] fire).<ref name=JohnsonTL/> The [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] defines a personal defense weapon as an [[M4 carbine]] (or a [[Colt AR-15]] [[civilian]] semi-automatic rifle).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/asaferconnecticut/tmy/0128/Anonymous%2015.pdf |title=Anonymous 15.pdf |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Connecticut General Assembly |accessdate=January 14, 2017}}</ref> Some governments' definition of PDWs includes handguns. An [[example]] is the [[Czech Republic]]. It has proposed a [[constitutional amendment]] which would allow its citizens to own and keep PDWs as a way to [[wikt:discourage|discourage]] [[terrorist]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/james-carstensen/czech-govt-placing-weapons-hands-citizens-best-defense-against-terror |title=Czech Gov't: Placing Weapons in the Hands of Citizens is Best Defense Against Terror |author=James Carstensen |date=January 3, 2017 |website= |publisher=CNSNews.com |accessdate=January 14, 2017}}</ref> Regardless, a PDW is usually agreed upon as being somewhere between a [[submachine gun]] and an [[assault rifle]]. == History == In the 1980s, the term was used for troops in tight, confined [[environment]]s. They needed a compact automatic weapon that could defeat [[body armor]].<ref name=SC>{{cite web |url=http://survivalcache.com/personal-defense-weapon-pdw-home-defense/ |title=Survival Debate: PDW – Do you really need one? |author= |date=24 February 2011 |website= |publisher=SurvivalCache.com |accessdate=January 14, 2017 |archive-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229131455/http://survivalcache.com/personal-defense-weapon-pdw-home-defense/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was designed for troops in [[tank]]s, military [[truck]]s and those operating from [[aircraft]] including [[pilot]]s.<ref name=SC/> The majority of [[soldier]]s do not take part in an [[infantry]] battle.<ref name=USPT>{{cite web |url=http://blog.uspatriottactical.com/a-discussion-on-personal-defense-weapons/ |title=MAY 5 2015 A Discussion on Personal Defense Weapons |author= |date=May 5, 2015 |website= |publisher=US Patriot Tactical |accessdate=January 14, 2017}}</ref> Their jobs are usually to support the infantry.<ref name=USPT/> Their main role is not winning a fight, but often to escape an [[ambush]].<ref name=USPT/> In other situations they may assist the infantry. PDWs are also used by [[bodyguard]]s as they can be hidden under a jacket but still allowed good [[firepower]].<ref name=SC/> PDWs tend to be shorter range weapons. The term evolved as [[concealed carry]] became more popular, especially in places like the United States. Certain states in the United States make carrying a firearm for personal defense relatively easy while others make it more difficult.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.survivopedia.com/top-fatal-self-defense-weapons-to-carry/ |title=The 5 Fatal Self Defense Weapons That You Carry |author= |date= 26 February 2015|website= |publisher=Survivopedia.com |accessdate=January 14, 2017}}</ref> Also, quite a few other countries allow concealed carry, to various degrees. Pistols, especially compact models, are very popular self defense weapons today.<ref name=SadowskiPDW>{{cite web |url=http://www.personaldefenseworld.com/2015/11/30-concealed-carry-handguns-to-jumpstart-your-personal-defense/#accu-tek-hc-380 |title=30 Concealed Carry Handguns To Jumpstart Your Personal Defense |author=Robert A. Sadowski |date=November 10, 2015 |website=Personal Defense World |publisher=Athlon Outdoors, Inc |accessdate=January 14, 2017 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117122957/http://www.personaldefenseworld.com/2015/11/30-concealed-carry-handguns-to-jumpstart-your-personal-defense/#accu-tek-hc-380 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also, there are now a number of pistols available in rifle calibers. == Alternative self-defense weapons == In places where a firearm cannot be carried or the person chooses not to carry a firearm, there are other weapons they can carry. Common items such as a [[credit card]], car [[wikt:key|key]]s, a [[pen]] or even a [[scarf]] can be effective self defense weapons.<ref name=SadowskiPDW/> Because of the popularity of self defense, there are also specially [[design]]ed [[non-lethal weapon]]s designed not to look like weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://military-technologies.net/2017/01/09/demand-for-self-defense-weapons-is-exploding/ |title=Demand for Self-Defense Weapons is Exploding |author= |date=January 9, 2017 |website= |publisher=Military Technologies.net |accessdate=January 14, 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaiHWI8Mgjk Self Defense Weapons (Non Lethal?); YouTube] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRaCmUTS2t8 Firearms Facts: Personal Defense Weapons; YouTube] [[Category:Firearms]] g30dx70acc4q7twpgl9ldrovcj89c8l 0 429182 10966628 10938695 2026-08-18T14:15:15Z Dubmikhail 1857446 The surname is not "Greenstein," but rather Gadot-Varsano. 10966628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Gal Gadot<br>גל גדות | image = Gal Gadot (28823128627) (cropped).jpg | caption = Gal Gadot in 2018 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|4|30}} | birth_place = [[Petah Tikva]], [[Israel]] | occupation = [[Celebrity]], [[Model (person)|Model]] | years_active = 2004 - present | spouse = {{marriage|Jaron Varsano|2008|}} | children = 4 | partner = | parents = | relatives = }} '''Gal Gadot-Varsano''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|l|_|ɡ|ɑː|ˈ|d|ɒ|t|}} {{respell|GAH|l}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QA8pQMJrcNY|title=Gal Gadot Asks Jimmy Kimmel About Her Breasts|last=Jimmy Kimmel Live|date=16 March 2016|publisher=|accessdate=2 August 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> {{lang-he|גל גדות}}; born 30 April 1985)<ref name=allmoviebio>{{cite web | url = http://www.allmovie.com/artist/gal-gadot-p626487 | title=Gal Gadot| publisher=AllMovie.com | accessdate= 20 January 2016}}</ref> is an [[Israeli]] [[actress]] and [[Model (person)|model]]. Gadot won Miss Israel 2004, before serving in the Israel Defence Forces. She played Gisele Yashar in the 2009 movie ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 movie)|Fast and Furious]]''. Gadot also played [[Wonder Woman]] in ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/gal-gadot-cast-as-wonder-woman-comics-world-reacts-on-twitter/#/0|title=Gal Gadot cast as Wonder Woman: Comics world reacts on Twitter|date=5 December 2013|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref> She appeared in the solo movie ''[[Wonder Woman (2017 movie)|Wonder Woman]]'' (2017) and again as Wonder Woman in ''[[Justice League (2017 movie)|Justice League]]'' (2017). In 2013, she was ranked as the second highest earning fashion model in [[Israel]].<ref>[http://www.forbes.co.il/rating/list.aspx?en6v0tVq=FL הדוגמניות המרוויחות ביותר בישראל] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609155821/http://www.forbes.co.il/rating/list.aspx?en6v0tVq=FL |date=9 June 2015 }} ''Forbes Israel'', June 2013</ref> She is the face of [[Gucci]]'s Bamboo perfume.<ref name="hollywoodreporter.com">Romeyn, Kathryn (9 July 2015). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/gal-gadot-face-gucci-bamboo-807591 "Wonder Woman Gal Gadot is the Face of Gucci's New Fragrance"]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.</ref> In 2019, Gadot formed her production company Pilot Wave, alongside her husband Yaron Varsano. Since the formation of the company, a number of projects have been announced, including a number of biographical films about important female historical figures, including [[Irena Sendler]], [[Hedy Lamarr]] and [[Cleopatra]]. In February 2024, Gadot was rushed to the hospital while eight months pregnant and diagnosed with [[:en:Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis|CVT]], a rare form of [[stroke]] that accounts for less than 3% of all strokes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saposnik|first1=Gustavo|last2=Bushnell|first2=Cheryl|last3=Coutinho|first3=Jonathan M.|last4=Field|first4=Thalia S.|last5=Furie|first5=Karen L.|last6=Galadanci|first6=Najibah|last7=Kam|first7=Wayneho|last8=Kirkham|first8=Fenella C.|last9=McNair|first9=Norma D.|last10=Singhal|first10=Aneesh B.|last11=Thijs|first11=Vincent|date=March 2024|title=Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/STR.0000000000000456|journal=Stroke|volume=55|issue=3|pages=e77–e90|doi=10.1161/STR.0000000000000456 |pmid=38284265 }}</ref> She underwent emergency surgery to remove a "massive" blood clot from her brain. In December 2024, Gadot stated that she was fully recovered. <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2024|title=Gal Gadot says she had 'massive blood clot' in her brain during pregnancy|url=https://ktla.com/news/nexstar-media-wire/gal-gadot-says-she-had-massive-blood-clot-in-her-brain-during-pregnancy/|access-date=21 January 2025|website=KTLA|language=en-US|archive-date=8 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108145340/https://ktla.com/news/nexstar-media-wire/gal-gadot-says-she-had-massive-blood-clot-in-her-brain-during-pregnancy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Early life== Gadot was born on 30 April 1985 in Petah Tikva, where she initially lived at Stampfer street. She was born to Jewish parents of Ashkenazi descent;<ref name="Empire-2015" /> her mother's roots are [[:en:History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands|Czech]] and [[:en:History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland|Polish]], while her father's are [[:en:History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria|Austrian]], [[:en:History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia|Russian]], and [[German Jews|German]]. Her parents, Michael, an engineer, and Irit, a physical education teacher, Hebraized their surname from "Greenstein" to "Gadot" before her birth. In Hebrew, her first name means "wave", and her Hebrew surname 'Gadot' translates to "riverbanks".<ref name="Halutz-2013" /> She has a younger sister, Dana<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/.premium-who-is-gal-gadot-1.5297698|title=Who Is Gal Gadot, Hollywood's Next Wonder Woman?|first=Avshalom|last=Halutz|date=6 December 2013|publisher=|via=Haaretz}}</ref> Her parents were born in Israel. Her father Michael Gadot is an engineer. Her mother Irit ([[née]] Weiss) is a teacher. Gadot's maternal grandfather Abraham Weiss was a [[Holocaust]] survivor from [[Czechoslovakia]]. She is descended from [[Ashkenazi Jews]], with ancestry from [[Europe]]. As a child, Gadot required speech therapy due to a [[speech disorder]]. She was a skilled [[ballet]], [[hip-hop]] and modern [[jazz]] dancer growing up, as well as a volleyball and tennis player. She was a member of her high school's basketball team. Gadot's first job was at [[Burger King]]. ==Military service== From the age of 20, Gadot served for two years as a [[soldier]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. Gadot says of her time in the [[army]], "You give two or three years, and it's not about you. You give your [[freedom]] away for a while. You learn [[discipline]] and respect.” <ref name="glamour.com">[http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2016/03/gal-gadot-wonder-woman-cover-interview Gal Gadot Is Wonder Woman: "She Is Not Relying on a Man, and She's Not There Because of a Love Story"] By ''Glamour.com''</ref><ref name="ynet 2016">{{cite web | title=סופר־גירל | website=ynet | date=22 March 2016 | url=http://www.yediot.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4781539,00.html | language=he | accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref> == Filmography == === Film === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2009 |''[[Fast & Furious (2009 movie)|Fast & Furious]]'' |Gisele Yashar | |- |2010 |''[[Date Night]]'' |Natanya | |- |2010 |''[[Knight and Day]]'' |Naomi | |- |2011 |''[[Fast Five]]'' |Gisele Yashar | |- |2013 |''[[Fast & Furious 6]]'' |Gisele Yashar | |- |2014 |''[[Kicking Out Shoshana]]'' |Mirit Ben Harush | |- |2015 |''[[Furious 7]]'' |Gisele Yashar | |- |2016 |''[[Triple 9 (movie)|Triple 9]]'' |Elena Vlaslov | |- |2016 |''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' |[[Diana Prince]] / [[Wonder Woman]] | |- |2016 |''[[Criminal (2016 movie)|Criminal]]'' |Jill Pope | |- |2016 |''[[Keeping Up with the Joneses]]'' |Natalie Jones | |- |2017 |''[[Wonder Woman (2017 movie)|Wonder Woman]]'' |Diana Prince / Wonder Woman | |- |2017 |''[[Justice League (movie)|Justice League]]'' |Diana Prince / Wonder Woman | |- |2018 |''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]'' |Shank |Voice |- |2019 |''[[Between Two Ferns: The Movie]]'' |Gal Gadot | |- |2020 |''[[Wonder Woman 1984]]'' |Diana Prince / Wonder Woman | |- |2021 |''[[Zack Snyder's Justice League]]'' |Diana Prince / Wonder Woman | |- |2021 |''[[Red Notice]]'' |The Bishop | |- |2022 |''[[Death on the Nile]]'' |Linnet Ridgeway | |- |2023 |''[[Shazam! Fury of the Gods]]'' |Diana Prince / Wonder Woman | |- |2023 |''[[Fast X]]'' |Gisele |Cameo |- |2023 |''[[Heart of Stone]]'' |Rachel Stone | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2007 |''Bubot'' |Miriam "Merry" Elkayam |Series |- |2009 |''[[Entourage (TV series)|Entourage]]'' |Lisa |Episode: "Amongst Friends" |- |2009 |''The Beautiful Life'' |Olivia |3 episodes |- |2011 |''Asfur'' |Kika |Series |- |2012 |''Kathmandu'' |Yamit Bareli |Series |- |2012 |''Eretz Nehederet'' |Herself |Series |- |2017 |''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' |Herself / Host |Episode: "Gal Gadot/[[Sam Smith (singer)|Sam Smith]]" |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name|2933757}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gadot, Gal}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Israeli movie actors]] [[Category:Israeli television actors]] [[Category:Israeli voice actors]] [[Category:Israeli stage actors]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Israeli models]] [[Category:Jewish actors]] [[Category:Jewish models]] 3m2hioswy20w6ec7idc8wi0i7t3hgkn 0 430419 10966956 10801209 2026-08-18T19:50:28Z ~2026-44847-44 1857571 Undid revision 10539401 by [[Special:Contributions/~2025-26990-31|~2025-26990-31]] ([[User talk:~2025-26990-31|talk]]) 10966956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = 4 | type = studio | artist = [[Beyoncé]] | cover = | alt = A woman is shown with her arms raised above her head. | caption = 2011 standard version cover | border = yes | released = {{Start date|2011|06|24}} | recorded = 2010–11 | genre = {{flatlist| *[[Funk]] *[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] }} | length = 46:33 | label = {{flatlist| *[[Parkwood Entertainment|Parkwood]] *[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]}} | producer = {{flatlist| *Beyoncé Knowles {{small|([[Executive producer|exec.]])}} *Antonio Dixon *[[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]] *[[Brent Kutzle]] *[[Jeff Bhasker]] *[[Diplo (DJ)|Diplo]] *[[Kuk Harrell]] *[[Kanye West]] *[[Kaskade]] *[[Luke Steele (musician)|Luke Steele]] *[[Carlos McKinney|Los Da Mystro]] *[[Ryan Tedder]] *[[Shea Taylor]] *[[Switch (house DJ)|Switch]] *[[Symbolyc One (S1)|Symbolyc One]] *[[The-Dream|Terius "The-Dream" Nash]] *[[Tricky Stewart|C. "Tricky" Stewart]]}} | prev_title = [[Heat (perfume)#Heat: Limited edition CD|Heat]] | prev_year = 2010 | next_title = [[4: The Remix]] | next_year = 2012 | misc = {{Singles | name = 4 | type = studio | single1 = [[Run the World (Girls)]] | single1date = April 21, 2011 | single2 = [[Best Thing I Never Had]] | single2date = June 1, 2011 | single3 = [[Party (Beyoncé song)|Party]] | single3date = August 30, 2011 | single4 = [[Love on Top]] | single4date = September 12, 2011 | single5 = [[Countdown (Beyoncé song)|Countdown]] | single5date = October 4, 2011 | single6 = [[I Care (Beyoncé song)|I Care]] | single6date = March 23, 2012 | single7 = [[End of Time (song)|End of Time]] | single7date = April 23, 2012 }}}} '''''4''''' is the fourth studio album by American singer and songwriter [[Beyoncé Knowles]]. It was released June 24, 2011. Seven singles were released from the album. "[[Run the World (Girls)]]" was the first single from the album. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/15585-4/|title=Beyoncé: 4|website=Pitchfork}}</ref> The single "Love on Top" won the Best Traditional R&B Performance Award at the [[Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2276883/GRAMMYS-2013-winners-Beyonce-Jay-Z-tote-plethora-awards.html|title=The most powerful couple in music: Beyoncé and Jay-Z tote their plethora of awards as they celebrate a successful night at the Grammys|date=11 February 2013|website=Mail Online}}</ref> The album has sold three million copies. The third song on the album "I Miss You" was written by [[Frank Ocean]].<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469592/beyonces-4-track-by-track-review | title=Beyonce's '4:' Track-by-Track Review | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref> ==Track listing== {{Track listing | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = 46:33 | writing_credits = yes | title1 = [[1+1 (song)|1+1]] | writer1 = {{flat list| *[[The-Dream|Terius "The-Dream" Nash]] *[[Tricky Stewart|Christopher "Tricky"<br />Stewart]] *[[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] }} | extra1 = {{flat list| *Knowles *Nash *Stewart }} | length1 = 4:33 | title2 = [[I Care (Beyoncé song)|I Care]] | writer2 = {{flat list| *[[Jeff Bhasker]] *[[Chad Hugo]] *Knowles }} | extra2 = {{flat list| *Bhasker *Knowles{{ref|a|[a]}} }} | length2 = 3:59 | title3 = [[I Miss You (Beyoncé song)|I Miss You]] | writer3 = {{flat list| *[[Frank Ocean]] *[[Shea Taylor]] *Knowles }} | extra3 = {{flat list| *Knowles *S. Taylor }} | length3 = 2:59 | title4 = [[Best Thing I Never Had]] | writer4 = {{flat list| *[[Babyface (musician)|Kenny "Babyface" Edmonds]] *Antonio Dixon *Knowles *[[Patrick M. Smith|Patrick "J. Que" Smith]] *S. Taylor *[[Symbolyc One (S1)|Larry Griffin, Jr.]] *Caleb McCampbell }} | extra4 = {{flat list| *Knowles *Edmonds *Dixon *S. Taylor *S1 & Caleb }} | length4 = 4:13 | title5 = [[Party (Beyoncé song)|Party]] | note5 = featuring [[André 3000]] | writer5 = {{flat list| *[[Kanye West]] *Bhasker *Knowles *[[Consequence (rapper)|Dexter R. Mills]] *[[Doug E. Fresh|Douglas Davis]] *[[Slick Rick|Ricky Walters]] }} | extra5 = {{flat list| *Knowles *West *Bhasker{{ref|a|[a]}} }} | length5 = 4:05 | title6 = [[Rather Die Young]] | writer6 = {{flat list| *Bhasker *[[Luke Steele (musician)|Luke Steele]] *Knowles }} | extra6 = {{flat list| *Bhasker *Knowles *Steele }} | length6 = 3:42 | title7 = [[Start Over]] | writer7 = {{flat list| *S. Taylor *Knowles *[[Ester Dean]] }} | extra7 = {{flat list| *Knowles *S. Taylor }} | length7 = 3:19 | title8 = [[Love on Top]] | writer8 = {{flat list| *Knowles *Nash *S. Taylor }} | extra8 = {{flat list| *Knowles *S. Taylor }} | length8 = 4:27 | title9 = [[Countdown (Beyoncé song)|Countdown]] | writer9 = {{flat list| *Nash *S. Taylor *Knowles *Dean *Cainon Lamb *[[Julie Frost]] *[[Michael Bivins]] *[[Nathan Morris]] *[[Wanya Morris]] }} | extra9 = {{flat list| *Knowles *S. Taylor }} | length9 = 3:32 | title10 = [[End of Time (song)|End of Time]] | writer10 = {{flat list| *Knowles *Nash *S. Taylor *[[Switch (house DJ)|David Taylor]] }} | extra10 = {{flat list| *Knowles *Nash *[[Switch (house DJ)|Switch]] }} | length10 = 3:43 | title11 = [[I Was Here (song)|I Was Here]] | writer11 = [[Diane Warren]] | extra11 = {{flat list| *[[Ryan Tedder]] *[[Brent Kutzle]] *Knowles *[[Kuk Harrell]] }} | length11 = 3:59 | title12 = [[Run the World (Girls)]] | writer12 = {{flat list| *Nash *Knowles *[[Diplo|Wesley Pentz]] *D. Taylor *[[Vybz Kartel|Adidja Palmer]] *[[Afrojack|Nick van de Wall]] }} | extra12 = {{flat list| *Switch *Nash *Knowles *S. Taylor }} | length12 = 3:56 }} {{Track listing | headline = Japanese bonus track<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonymusicshop.jp/m/item/itemShw.php?site=S&ima=3911&cd=SICP000003185|title=Beyoncé&nbsp;– 4 [Limited Edition] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music Japan]] |date=June 5, 2011|access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/en/news/article/1105190060/|title=Beyoncé&nbsp;– 4|language=ja|publisher=[[HMV]]|date=June 16, 2011|access-date=June 26, 2011}}</ref> | collapsed = yes | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title13 = Dreaming | writer13 = {{flat list| *Edmonds *Dixon *Knowles *Smith }} | extra13 = {{flat list| *Knowles *Edmonds *Dixon }} | length13 = 4:39 }} {{Track listing | headline = Deluxe edition bonus disc | collapsed = yes | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title1 = [[Lay Up Under Me#Beyoncé version|Lay Up Under Me]] | writer1 = {{flat list| *Knowles *[[Sean Garrett]] *[[Stargate (production team)|Mikkel S. Eriksen]] *[[Stargate (production team)|Tor Erik Hermansen]] *S. Taylor }} | extra1 = {{flat list| *Knowles *S. Taylor }} | length1 = 4:13 | title2 = [[Schoolin' Life]] | writer2 = {{flat list| *Knowles *Nash *S. Taylor *[[Carlos McKinney]] }} | extra2 = {{flat list| *Nash *Knowles{{ref|a|[a]}} *[[Carlos McKinney|Los da Mystro]]{{ref|a|[a]}} }} | length2 = 4:53 | title3 = [[Dance for You]] | writer3 = {{flat list| *Knowles *Nash *Stewart }} | extra3 = {{flat list| *Knowles *Nash *Stewart }} | length3 = 6:17 | title4 = Run the World (Girls) | note4 = Kaskade Club Remix | writer4 = {{flat list| *Nash *Knowles *Pentz *D. Taylor *Palmer *van de Wall }} | extra4 = {{flat list| *Switch *Nash *Knowles *S. Taylor *[[Kaskade]] }} | length4 = 5:02 | title5 = Run the World (Girls) | note5 = Red Top Club Remix | writer5 = {{flat list| *Nash *Knowles *Pentz *D. Taylor *Palmer *van de Wall }} | extra5 = {{flat list| *Switch *Nash *Knowles *S. Taylor *Jens Bergmark *[[Diplo (DJ)|Diplo]] }} | length5 = 6:02 | title6 = Run the World (Girls) | note6 = Jochen Simms Club Remix | writer6 = {{flat list| *Nash *Knowles *Pentz *D. Taylor *Palmer *van de Wall }} | extra6 = {{flat list| *Switch *Nash *Knowles *S. Taylor *Julian Napolitano }} | length6 = 6:19 }} {{Track listing | headline = Australian tour edition bonus tracks<ref>{{cite web|title=4: Australian Tour Edition|url=http://www.play-asia.com/4-australian-tour-edition-paOS-13-49-en-70-5utf.html|publisher=Play-asia.com|access-date=August 9, 2014}}</ref> | collapsed = yes | writing_credits = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | title13 = Lay Up Under Me | writer13 = Knowles, [[Sean Garrett]], [[Stargate (production team)|Mikkel Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen]], S. Taylor | extra13 = Knowles, S. Taylor | length13 = 4:13 | title14 = Schoolin' Life | writer14 = Knowles, Nash, S. Taylor, [[Carlos McKinney]] | extra14 = The-Dream, Knowles*, Los da Mystro* | length14 = 4:53 | title15 = Dance for You | writer15 = Knowles, Nash, Stewart | extra15 = Knowles, The-Dream | length15 = 6:17 | title16 = Run the World (Girls) | note16 = Dave Audé Remix Radio Edit | writer16 = Nash, Knowles, Pentz, D. Taylor, Palmer, van de Wall | extra16 = Switch, The-Dream, Knowles*, S. Taylor*, [[Dave Audé]] | length16 = 4:02 | title17 = End of Time | note17 = Isa Machine Remix | writer17 = Knowles, Nash, S. Taylor, D. Taylor | extra17 = Knowles, The-Dream, Switch, Diplo, [[Isabella Summers]] | length17 = 4:18 | title18 = Love on Top | note18 = DJ Escape & Tony Coluccio Radio Remix | writer18 = Knowles, Nash, S. Taylor | extra18 = Knowles, S. Taylor, DJ Escape, Tony Coluccio | length18 = 3:51 }} {{Track listing | headline = 2013 re-release | collapsed = yes | total_length = 57:38 | title1 = Love on Top | length1 = 4:27 | title2 = Party | note2 = featuring André 3000 | length2 = 4:04 | title3 = Schoolin' Life | length3 = 4:52 | title4 = Countdown | length4 = 3:33 | title5 = I Miss You | length5 = 2:58 | title6 = Dance for You | length6 = 6:15 | title7 = I Care | length7 = 3:59 | title8 = Rather Die Young | length8 = 3:43 | title9 = 1+1 | length9 = 4:34 | title10 = End of Time | length10 = 3:44 | title11 = Run the World (Girls) | length11 = 4:51 | title12 = Best Thing I Never Had | length12 = 4:13 | title13 = Start Over | length13 = 3:19 | title14 = I Was Here | length14 = 3:58 }} ==Charts== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2011–2012) ! scope="col"| Peak<br>position |- {{album chart|Australia|2|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="aus"}} |- !scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref name="ariaurban">{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_urban.asp?chart=1Q40RB&chart2=1R40RB|title=Top 40 Urban Albums Chart|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|date=July 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100918/http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_urban.asp?chart=1Q40RB&chart2=1R40RB|archive-date=July 6, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Austria|13|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="aut"}} |- {{album chart|Flanders|4|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="ultratop"}} |- {{album chart|Wallonia|4|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="wal"}} |- {{album chart|BillboardCanada|3|artist=Beyoncé|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="canada"}} |- {{album chart|Croatia|2|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|id=875|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="cro"}} |- {{album chart|Czech|2|date=201122|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="cz"}} |- {{album chart|Denmark|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="dk"}} |- {{album chart|Netherlands|2|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="nl"}} |- {{album chart|Finland|24|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="fin"}} |- {{album chart|France|2|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="fr"}} |- {{album chart|Germany4|5|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|id=161294|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="ger"}} |- {{album chart|Greece|5|M|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716143944/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm|title=Top 75 Albums|publisher=IFPI Greece|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="greece"}} |- {{album chart|Hungary|8|year=2011|week=26|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="hun"}} |- {{album chart|Ireland|1|year=2011|week=26|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="ire"}} |- {{album chart|Italy|4|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="ita"}} |- {{album chart|Oricon|10|date=2011-07-11|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="oriconjapanese"}} |- {{album chart|Mexico|31|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="mex"}} |- {{album chart|New Zealand|3|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="nz"}} |- {{album chart|Norway|4|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="nor"}} |- {{album chart|Poland|2|id=680|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="pol"}} |- {{album chart|Portugal|3|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="pt"}} |- !scope="row"| Russian Albums ([[Russian Music Charts|2M]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/articles/2011/07/29/chart/|title=Russian music charts. Weeks 27 and 28 – 2011|language=ru|publisher=[[Lenta.ru]]|date=July 29, 2011|access-date=August 1, 2011}}</ref> | 5 |- {{album chart|Scotland|1|date=20110709|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="sco"}} |- {{album chart|KoreaInt|1|date=2011.06.22~2011.06.29|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="kor"}} |- {{album chart|Spain|1|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="spa"}} |- {{album chart|Sweden|13|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="swe"}} |- {{album chart|Switzerland|1|artist=Beyoncé|album=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="swi"}} |- {{album chart|UK2|1|date=20110709|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="UK chart"}} |- {{album chart|UKR&B|1|date=20110709|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="UK R&B chart"}} |- {{album chart|Billboard200|1|artist=Beyonce|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="bb200"}} |- {{album chart|BillboardRandBHipHop|1|artist=Beyonce|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017|refname="bbrandb"}} |} {{col-2}} ===Monthly charts=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2011) ! scope="col"| Peak<br>position |- {{album chart|Argentina|1|M|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HNQvHYQF?url=http://www.capif.org.ar/rankings.aspx|publisher=[[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|CAPIF]]|title=Argentina Charts (Week Ending June 26, 2011)|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 23, 2017}} |} ===Year-end charts=== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2011) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2011.htm|title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Albums 2011|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=January 4, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112045637/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2011.htm|archive-date=January 12, 2012}}</ref> | 26 |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-albums-2011.htm|title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Albums 2011|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=January 9, 2012}}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2011&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichen 2011|publisher=Hung Medien|language=nl|access-date=December 25, 2011}}</ref> | 61 |- ! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Wallonia)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2011&cat=a|title=Raports Annuels 2011|publisher=ung Medien|language=fr|access-date=December 25, 2011}}</ref> | 81 |- ! scope="row"| Brazilian Albums ([[Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos|ABPD]])<ref name="brazil2011yearendchart">{{cite web|url=http://www.abpd.org.br/noticias_internas.asp?noticia=236|title=Os 20 CDs Mais Vendidos de 2011|publisher=Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos|language=pt|access-date=March 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326032243/http://www.abpd.org.br/noticias_internas.asp?noticia=236|archive-date=March 26, 2012}}</ref> | 11 |- ! scope="row"| Brazilian International Albums ([[Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos|ABPD]])<ref name="brazil2011yearendchart" /> | 2 |- ! scope="row"| Danish Albums ([[Hitlisten]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitlisterne.dk/yearlist2011.asp?list=Album%20100|title=Album Top-100|language=da|publisher=Hitlisten.NU. [[IFPI Denmark]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609045421/http://www.hitlisterne.dk/yearlist2011.asp?list=Album%20100|archive-date=June 9, 2012|access-date=January 24, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 93 |- ! scope="row"| Dutch Albums ([[MegaCharts]])<ref name="dutch2011year">{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2011&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzicthen – Album 2011|publisher=MegaCharts. Hung Medien|year=2011|language=nl|access-date=December 24, 2011}}</ref> | 29 |- ! scope="row"| French Albums ([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=&type=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915002342/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=&type=2|archive-date=2012-09-15|title=Classement Albums – année 2011|language=fr|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|access-date=February 2, 2012}}</ref> | 77 |- ! scope="row"| French Digital Albums ([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2011&type=7|title=Classement Téléchargments Albums – année 2011|language=fr|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|access-date=September 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222147/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2011|archive-date=October 4, 2013}}</ref> | 40 |- ! scope="row"| Hungarian Albums ([[MAHASZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=album_db&ev=2011|title=Összesített album- és válogatáslemez-lista – eladási darabszám alapján 2011|language=hu|publisher=Mahasz|access-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref> | 77 |- ! scope="row"| Italian Albums ([[FIMI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=66|title=Classifiche annuali Fimi-GfK: Vasco Rossi con "Vivere o Niente" e' stato l'album piu' venduto nel 2011|language=it|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|date=January 16, 2012|access-date=January 24, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121002856/http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=66|archive-date=January 21, 2012}}</ref> | 99 |- ! scope="row"| Polish Albums ([[OLiS|ZPAV]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/i/music/rmi2011.pdf|title=Top 100 – annual chart – 2011|publisher=[[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417023146/https://lenta.ru/i/music/rmi2011.pdf|archive-date=April 17, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> | 36 |- ! scope="row"| Russian Albums ([[Russian Music Charts|2M]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/i/music/rmi2011.pdf|title=Russia Year-End Chart 2011|publisher=National Federation of Phonograph Producers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417023146/https://lenta.ru/i/music/rmi2011.pdf|archive-date=April 17, 2019|access-date=March 9, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> | 52 |- ! scope="row"| Swiss Albums ([[Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2011|title=Swiss Year-End Charts 2011|publisher=Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien|access-date=January 2, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125094449/http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2011|archive-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref> | 57 |- ! scope="row"| UK Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref name="ukbest">{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/chart-news/the-top-20-biggest-selling-albums-of-2011-revealed/|title=The Top 20 biggest selling albums of 2011 revealed!|publisher=Official Charts Company|date=January 2, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107235931/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/chart-news/the-top-20-biggest-selling-albums-of-2011-revealed/|archive-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref> | 18 |- ! scope="row"| UK R&B Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref name="ukryear">{{cite web|last=Lane|first=Dan|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/chart-news/the-biggest-selling-rb-and-hip-hop-albums-and-singles-of-2011-revealed/|title=The biggest selling R&B and hip hop albums and singles of 2011 revealed|publisher=Official Charts Company|date=January 20, 2012|access-date=January 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125234320/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/chart-news/the-biggest-selling-rb-and-hip-hop-albums-and-singles-of-2011-revealed/|archive-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref> | 4 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="billend2011">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2011/year-end|title=Top ''Billboard'' 200 Albums – Year-End Charts|magazine=Billboard|year=2011|access-date=December 9, 2011|archive-date=March 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314110940/http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2011/year-end|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 21 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/year-end/2011/r-and-and-b-hip-hop-albums|title=Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End Charts|magazine=Billboard|year=2011|access-date=December 9, 2011}}</ref> | 7 |- ! scope="row"| Worldwide [[IFPI]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/RIN-2012-SNEP-copie.pdf|title=Global Best Sellers of 2011|work=IFPI|year=2011|access-date=June 22, 2019}}</ref> | 12 |} {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2012) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-albums-2012.htm|title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Albums 2012|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=January 8, 2013}}</ref> | 24 |- ! scope="row"| UK Albums ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusEOY2012.pdf|title=Top Selling Albums|publisher=British Phonographic Industry|access-date=May 29, 2013|archive-date=March 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331160538/http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusEOY2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 79 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="billend2012">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/the-billboard-200?begin=81&order=position|title=Top ''Billboard'' 200 Albums – 2012 Year End Charts: 81 – 100 &#124; Billboards|magazine=Billboard|year=2012|access-date=December 14, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | 91 |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/top-r-b-hip-hop-albums?begin=11&order=position|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – 2012 Year End Charts: 11 – 20 &#124; Billboard|magazine=Billboard|year=2012|access-date=December 14, 2012|archive-date=September 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905010951/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/top-r-b-hip-hop-albums?begin=11&order=position|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 13 |} {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2013) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-urban-albums-2013.htm|title=ARIA Top 50 Urban Albums 2013|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=January 8, 2014}}</ref> | 29 |- ! scope="row"|US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/top-r-b-hip-hop-albums?page=7|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – 2013 Year End Charts: 71 – 80 &#124; Billboard|magazine=Billboard|year=2013|access-date=December 13, 2013|archive-date=August 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806032034/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/top-r-b-hip-hop-albums?page=7|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 73 |} {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2014) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Swedish Albums ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref name="SWE2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=83&dfom=20140001|title=Årslista Album – År 2014|language=sv|publisher=Sverigetopplistan. Swedish Recording Industry Association|access-date=February 20, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201210425/http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=83&dfom=20140001|archive-date=February 1, 2016}}</ref> | align="center"| 86 |} {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2015) ! scope="col"| Position |- !scope="row"|Australian Urban Albums (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2015/urban-albums-chart|title=ARIA End of Year Urban Albums 2015|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=January 8, 2018|archive-date=April 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417030424/https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2015/urban-albums-chart|url-status=dead}}</ref> |89 |} {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2016) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Swedish Albums ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=83&dfom=20160001|title=Årslista Albums – År 2016|publisher=[[Swedish Recording Industry Association]]|access-date=January 22, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021855/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=83&dfom=20160001|url-status=dead}}</ref> |79 |} {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2017) ! scope="col"| Position |- !scope="row"|Australian Urban Albums (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2017/urban-albums-chart|title=ARIA End of Year Urban Albums 2017|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=January 8, 2018|archive-date=April 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417005523/https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2017/urban-albums-chart|url-status=dead}}</ref> |84 |} {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2018) ! scope="col"| Position |- !scope="row"|Australian Urban Albums (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2018/urban-albums-chart|title=ARIA End of Year Urban Albums 2018|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|access-date=October 20, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328081654/https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2018/urban-albums-chart|url-status=dead}}</ref> |84 |} {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2019) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australian Urban Albums (ARIA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2019/urban-albums-chart|title=ARIA Year End Charts 2019 |publisher=ARIA Charts |access-date=January 10, 2020}}</ref> | 77 |} ===Decade-end charts=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2010–2019) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| UK Albums (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-official-top-100-biggest-albums-of-the-decade-2010-2019__27937/|title=The UK's Official Top 100 biggest albums of the decade|publisher=Official Charts Company|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 12, 2019}}</ref> | 79 |- ! scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/billboard-200|title=Decade-End Charts: Billboard 200|magazine=Billboard|access-date=November 15, 2019}}</ref> | 123 |} {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Category:2011 albums]] [[Category:Beyoncé albums]] [[Category:Funk albums]] [[Category:R&B albums]] [[Category:Columbia Records albums]] cnr198e6u35m6eql8dc5k7k7odl3p0k 0 431958 10966879 8975393 2026-08-18T17:29:59Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Peter O'Sullevan | birth_name = Peter John O'Sullevan | birth_date = {{birth date|1918|3|3|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Kenmare]], [[Ireland]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|7|29|1918|3|3|df=yes}} | death_place = [[London]], [[England]] | death_cause = [[Cancer]] | occupation = Sports commentator | alma_mater = [[Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil]] | employer = [[BBC]] | residence = | spouse = }} Sir '''Peter John O'Sullevan''' (3 March 1918 &ndash; 29 July 2015) was an [[Ireland|Irish]] retired [[horse racing]] [[Sports commentator|commentator]]. He worked for the [[BBC]], the [[Press Association]], ''[[Daily Express]]'' and ''Today''. He was the BBC's leading horse-racing commentator from 1947 to 1997. O'Sullevan was born in [[Kenmare]], Ireland. He studied at [[Hawtreys]], [[Charterhouse School]], and later at [[Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil]] in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U2903 |work=[[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who]] |title=O'Sullevan, Sir Peter (John) |date=December 2011 |accessdate=14 April 2012 |format=subscription required}}</ref> O'Sullevan died of [[cancer]] in [[London]], aged 97.<ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/sir-peter-osullevan-dies-legendary-6160169 Legendary Sir Peter O'Sullevan Dies]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/royal_ascot_2002/2044722.stm 2002 BBC Sports article on Royal Ascot] * [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050404/ai_n13507229/ 2005 interview in The Independent (London)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310162903/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050404/ai_n13507229 |date=2007-03-10 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:O'Sullevan, Peter}} [[Category:1918 births]] [[Category:2015 deaths]] [[Category:BBC people]] [[Category:Sportspeople from the Republic of Ireland]] {{bio-stub}} n85d4mtugayemrjdm7ioszrle3j1hjx 0 434174 10967244 10703115 2026-08-19T06:10:31Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Governor |name= Rich Whitney |image= RichWhitney2.jpg |image_size = 200px |order2= |office2= |term_start2= |governor2= |predecessor2= |successor2= |office3= |term_start3= |term_end3= |predecessor3= |successor3= |birth_date= {{birth date and age | 1955|04|21}} |birth_place=[[Bridgeport, Connecticut]] |death_date= |death_place= |party= [[Illinois Green Party]] |profession= Lawyer |children=Amanda, Jessica, Ben |religion= |alma_mater= [[Michigan State University]]<br>[[Southern Illinois University]] |residence=[[Carbondale, Illinois]] |footnotes= }} '''Rich Whitney''' (born April 21, 1955) is an [[Americans|American]] [[politician]] and civil rights attorney. He was the [[Illinois Green Party]]'s nominee for [[Governor of Illinois]] in the elections of [[Illinois gubernatorial election, 2006|2006]] and [[Illinois gubernatorial election, 2010|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Herald Endorsements — For The First Time |url= http://www.swnewsherald.com/news_inside/2006/11/110206cs_ed_endorse.php|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061118190343/http://www.swnewsherald.com/news_inside/2006/11/110206cs_ed_endorse.php|archivedate= 2006-11-18|accessdate=2010-03-13}} ''The Southwest News-Herald'', Thursday, November 2, 2006</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.whitneyforgov.org/ Whitney for Governor] (Official Website) *[http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=108519794 Rich Whitney for Governor on MySpace]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/Felsenthal-Files/October-2010/Rich-Whitney-Green-Party-Candidate-for-Governor/ A look at Rich Whitney, Green Party candidate for governor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405232840/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/Felsenthal-Files/October-2010/Rich-Whitney-Green-Party-Candidate-for-Governor/ |date=2012-04-05 }} *[http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/ourtown/061027/richwhitney/ "Don't Fear the Spoiler: Why it's (probably) safe to vote Green for governor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102158/http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/ourtown/061027/richwhitney/ |date=2007-09-29 }} (Chicago Reader, Oct. 2006) {{DEFAULTSORT:Whitney, Rich}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Illinois]] [[Category:Politicians from Bridgeport, Connecticut]] [[Category:People from Carbondale, Illinois]] [[Category:Lawyers from Illinois]] [[Category:Lawyers from Bridgeport, Connecticut]] {{US-bio-stub}} lbs82h2t52353k6ky4x872n7mywym0h 0 435403 10966789 10929161 2026-08-18T16:53:06Z Ratoketa 1788979 10966789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Saraiki | nativename = سَرَائُیکی, سرولی | states = [[Pakistan]] | region = Southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Northern [[Sindh]], and Eastern [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] | speakers = 20 million | date = 2024 | ref = [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/skr/] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#North-Western Zone|Northwestern]] | fam5 = | fam6 = | script = Shahmukhi | iso3 = skr | notice = Indic }} '''Saraiki''' (sometimes spelled '''Siraiki)''' [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in southern region of the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] by the ethnic [[Saraiki people]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki: Language or Dialect?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316786693_Siraiki_Language_or_Dialect|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|chapter=Lahnda|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> It is closely related to [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], It belongs to the Western Punjabic group known as [[Lahnda]] which also includes [[Hindko]] and [[Pahari-Pothwari]]. Saraiki is native to southern Punjab, while it is also spoken in parts of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]]; as well as by [[Partition of India|partition migrants]] and their descendants in [[India]] although it is dying out among partition migrants within India as it becomes replaced by the more mainstream [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. It is generally considered a distinct language, but it is sometimes classified as a variety of Punjabi or Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki: Language or Dialect?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316786693_Siraiki_Language_or_Dialect|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Map-of-saraikistan.jpg|thumb|Saraiki region]] == Etymology == The word Saraiki is probably derived from the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] word [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|Siraiki]] for its own dialect,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linguistic Survey of India|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/171/mode/1up|access-date=2024-01-01|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> which means dialect of Sero/Siro ([[Sauvira Kingdom|Sauvīra]]) region in ancient Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki language {{!}} History, Dialects & Writing System {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siraiki-language|access-date=2024-01-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> today the name of Siraiki dialect of Sindhi is changed to Siroli/Sireli to not create confusion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language and national identity in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/languagenational0000unse_c6w1|date=2007|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-922648-1|editor-last=Simpson|editor-first=Andrew|series=Oxford linguistics|location=Oxford}}</ref> == National day of Saraiki == National day of Saraiki culture is celebrated on November 22. ==References== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=skr}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]] [[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa| ]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Sindh]] [[Category:Languages of India]] [[Category:Languages of Punjab (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] h3mkjx8v4s6ibmicsx74xa9pok8ejmc 0 443831 10966685 10941242 2026-08-18T15:22:01Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |birthname = Paul Gust Vallas |image =Paul Vallas with supporters 2022 (cropped).jpg | office1 = [[Chicago Public Schools|CEO of Chicago Public Schools]] | appointer1 = [[Richard M. Daley]] | term_start1 = July 10, 1995 | term_end1 = June 26, 2001 | predecessor1 = [[Argie Johnson]] (as Superintendent) | successor1 = [[Arne Duncan]] {{collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Other offices held |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office2 = Chief Administrative Officer of [[Chicago State University]] | term_start2 = April 2017 | term_end2 = January 2019 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | office3 = [[Superintendent (education)|Superintendent]] of [[Bridgeport Public Schools]] | term_start3 = January 1, 2012 | term_end3 = November 8, 2013{{ref|suspension|a}} | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | office4 = Superintendent of the [[Recovery School District of Louisiana]] | term_start4 = 2007 | term_end4= 2011 | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | office5 = CEO of the [[School District of Philadelphia]] | term_start5 = July 2002 | term_end5 = June 2007 {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} | birth_name = Paul Gust Vallas | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|6|10}} | birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = Sharon Vallas | children = 3 | education = [[Moraine Valley Community College]]<br>[[Western Illinois University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]]) | signature = PaulVallasformalsignaturesm (transparent).gif }} '''Paul Gust Vallas''' (born June 10, 1953) is an [[Americans|American]] civil servant and politician. He is a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. He was the superintendent of many [[schools]] across the [[United States]]. Some of those schools are in [[Philadelphia]], [[New Orleans]], [[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]], and [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook County]].<ref>{{Cite news | last = Marin | first = Carol | title = Vallas targets County Board run | work = [[Chicago Sun-Times]] | accessdate = 2009-02-08 | date = 2009-02-04 | url = http://www.suntimes.com/news/marin/1412159,CST-NWS-Carol04.article | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207050013/http://www.suntimes.com/news/marin/1412159,CST-NWS-Carol04.article | archivedate = 2009-02-07 | url-status = dead }}</ref> He ran for governor and lietenant governor. He ran for [[Mayor of Chicago]] twice, once in [[2019 Chicago mayoral election|2019]] and again in [[2023 Chicago mayoral election|2023 election]]. ==CEO of Chicago Public Schools== Vallas was CEO of the [[Chicago Public Schools]] (CPS) from 1995 to 2001.<ref name="articles.chicagotribune.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1995-08-20-9508200396-story.html |title=Schools Aren't Out of Budget Woods Yet |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=20 August 1995 }}</ref> He was hired by Mayor [[Richard M. Daley]].<ref name="articles.chicagotribune.com"/> During his time at CPS, Vallas tried to fix the school system. [[Bill Clinton|President Bill Clinton]] said his work for raising test scores,<ref>https://consortium.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/2018-10/Trends_in_Three_Eras_of_CPS.pdf</ref> balancing the budget, creating several new programs, including mandatory summer school and after-school programs was a model for the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-oct-29-mn-47925-story.html#:~:text=President%20Clinton%20on%20Tuesday%20firmly,for%20voluntary%20national%20education%20standards | title=Clinton Calls for End to 'Social Promotion' in Schools | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=29 October 1997 }}</ref> In June 2001, Vallas announced his resignation. His resignation came soon after several failing [[standardized testing]] scores.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kening |first1=Dan |title=Michael Scott named Chicago school board president |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2001-06-08-0106160252-story.html |website=Chicago Tribune |access-date=6 February 2023 |date=June 8, 2001}}</ref> Vallas's was CEO for six years. Thaat was more than twice the average time for school superintendents in large U.S. cities in the 1990s.<ref name="resignsNYT1">{{cite web |last1=Wilgoren |first1=Jodi |title=Chief Executive of Chicago Schools Resigns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/07/us/chief-executive-of-chicago-schools-resigns.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=8 March 2023 |date=7 June 2001}}</ref> == Political career == In 2002, Vallas ran for Governor, but lost the primary.<ref>[http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=29198&seenIt=1 Vallas interested in running for Illinois guv], Greg Hinz, ''Crain's Chicago Business', April 28, 2008</ref><ref>[http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/clout_st/2008/04/vallas-open-to.html Vallas "open" to run for governor in 2010], David Mendell, ''Chicago Tribune'', April 28, 2008</ref> Vallas ran for [[Lieutenant Governor of Illinois]] in 2014 with incumbent Governor [[Pat Quinn (politician)|Pat Quinn]], but lost the election to [[Bruce Rauner]] and [[Evelyn Sanguinetti]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Moser|first=Whet|title=Paul Vallas Is With Quinn. But Why Do We Even Have a Lieutenant Governor?|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/November-2013/Paul-Vallas-Jumps-on-the-Quinn-Ticket-But-Why-Do-We-Have-a-Lieutenant-Governor-Anyway/|accessdate=8 November 2013|newspaper=Chicago magazine|date=8 November 2013|archive-date=9 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109011858/http://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/November-2013/Paul-Vallas-Jumps-on-the-Quinn-Ticket-But-Why-Do-We-Have-a-Lieutenant-Governor-Anyway/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vallas helped rebuild [[Haiti]]'s school system after the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|2010 earthquake in Haiti]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times-Picayune |first=Sarah Carr, The |title=Haiti rebuilding effort draws on expertise of RSD Superintendent Paul Vallas |url=https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_8722b50a-2b40-52bd-b75f-d1161cc6a51f.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=NOLA.com |date=20 February 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Times-Picayune |first1=Cindy Chang, The |title=Recovery School District's Vallas aided post-quake reform in Haiti |url=https://www.nola.com/news/education/article_00c9734b-41b2-5058-9fea-a9eb9ffdf48c.html |website=NOLA.com |access-date=30 December 2022 |language=en |date=October 4, 2010}}</ref> ===Running for mayor=== In March 2018, Vallas ran in the [[Chicago mayoral election, 2019|2019 Chicago mayoral election]] against [[Rahm Emanuel]].<ref>[https://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/paul-vallas-chicago-mayor-478555133.html Former CPS CEO Paul Vallas Officially Files to Run for Mayor]</ref> He lost the election in the first-round of voting. In June 2022, Vallas announced his candidacy for mayor again in the [[2023 Chicago mayoral election|2023 election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneed |first=Michael |date=2022-05-28 |title=Paul Vallas to run for mayor, sources say |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/politics/2022/5/28/23143228/michael-sneed-paul-vallas-lori-lightfoot-mayor-race-election-police-runoff |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-politics/paul-vallas-announces-run-for-chicago-mayor/2846850/|title=Paul Vallas Announces 2023 Run for Chicago Mayor|date=June 1, 2022|work=NBC Chicago}}</ref> In February 2023, Vallas came in first place in the first round of voting and advanced to the April run-off election, facing [[Brandon Johnson (politician)|Brandon Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayor Lori Lightfoot concedes defeat, setting stage for Chicago's mayoral race to be between Brandon Johnson and Paul Vallas |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/elections/ct-chicago-election-mayoral-results-others-make-runoff-20230301-ej3coxoaafcdxo522olyq7ajd4-story.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Chicago Tribune |date=28 February 2023 }}</ref> Johnson would go on to win the run-off election.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-04-04|title=Chicago Mayor Runoff Election Results|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/04/04/us/elections/results-chicago-mayor-runoff.html|access-date=2023-04-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> === Running for governor === Vallas ran for [[Governor of Illinois]] in 2002, but he lost the Democratic nomination. In 2014, he was the [[Lieutenant Governor of Illinois]] Democratic nominee. However, lost the general election. ==Personal life== Vallas was born in [[Chicago]] and grew up in the [[Roseland, Chicago|Roseland]] neighborhood on [[South Side, Chicago|Chicago's South Side]]. He spent his teen years living in [[Palos Heights, Illinois|Palos Heights]]. He went to [[Moraine Valley Community College]] and then graduated from [[Western Illinois University]], where he received a bachelor's degree in history and political science, a master's degree in political science, and a teaching certificate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cityclub-chicago.org/event/2/920/paul-vallas |title=Paul Vallas - City Club of Chicago |website=www.cityclub-chicago.org |access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> Vallas is married to Sharon Vallas and they have three sons. One son died of an [[opioid]] overdose.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=Edward Robert |title=Grading the Mayoral Debate |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/news/grading-the-mayoral-debate/ |website=Chicago Magazine |access-date=30 January 2023 |date=January 20, 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110423223238/http://topics.nola.com/tag/paul%20vallas/index.html Collected news and commentary] at ''[[NOLA.com]]'' *[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/staff/paul-vallas Distinguished Scholar Paul Vallas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531201701/http://wilsoncenter.org/staff/paul-vallas |date=2015-05-31 }} at the [[Wilson Center]] *{{C-SPAN|59101}} *[http://educationnext.org/politicaleducator/ Political Educator] Alexander Russo, ''[[Education Next]]'', Winter 2003 *[http://educationnext.org/politicaleducator/ The Vallas Effect], Dale Mezzacappa, ''[[Education Next]]'', Spring 2008 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131109202226/http://challengingcourse.org/nola/index.html Leadership: A Challenging Course] Learning Matters, profile of Vallas's work in New Orleans, 2008 *[http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/School-s-out-for-Vallas-4637246.php School's out for Vallas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204151728/https://www.ctpost.com/local/article/School-s-out-for-Vallas-4637246.php |date=2023-02-04 }}, ''CTPost.com'', June 29, 2013 {{DEFAULTSORT:Vallas, Paul}} [[Category:1953 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American civil servants]] [[Category:Politicians from Chicago]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:CEOs of Chicago Public Schools]] {{US-bio-stub}} gl4bl5fpver0vgqd90r5l3nwldwx0zh 0 454064 10967196 10957535 2026-08-19T04:51:37Z Henri Aja 1041406 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-43776-58|~2026-43776-58]] ([[User talk:~2026-43776-58|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot 10953463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use mdy dates}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = Elon onstage tonight (55284153690).jpg | alt = Photo of Musk giving a speech | caption = Musk in 2026 | office = [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|Senior Advisor to the President]] | president = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start = January 20, 2025 | alongside = [[Massad Boulos]] | predecessor = [[Tom Perez]] | term_end = May 30, 2025 | birth_name = Elon Reeve Musk | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|6|28}} | birth_place = [[Pretoria]], South Africa<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] --> | citizenship = {{ubl | South Africa | Canada | United States (from 2002) }} | education = [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) | occupation = {{ubil <!-- Do not add any of Musk's self-appointed titles without first reaching a consensus on the talk page. --> | CEO and product architect of [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] | Founder, CEO, and chief engineer of [[SpaceX]] | Founder and CEO of [[xAI (company)|xAI]] | Founder of [[the Boring Company]] and [[X Corp.]] | Co-founder of [[Neuralink]], [[OpenAI]], [[Zip2]], and [[X.com (bank)|X.com]] (part of [[PayPal]]) | President of the [[Musk Foundation]] }} | spouse = {{ubl | {{marriage|[[Justine Musk|Justine Wilson]]|2000|2008|end=div.}} | {{marriage|[[Talulah Riley]]|2010|2012|end=div.}}<!-- -->{{marriage|<!--Talulah Riley-->|2013|2016|end=div.}} }} | partner = [[Grimes]] (2018–2021) | children = At least 14 (including [[Vivian Wilson]]) | father = [[Errol Musk]] | mother = [[Maye Musk]] | relatives = [[Musk family]] | awards = | module = {{Listen voice | filename = Elon Musk on his departure from the Department of Government Efficiency.wav | type = speech | description = Elon Musk on his departure from the Department of Government Efficiency | recorded = May 30, 2025 }} | signature = Elon Musk Signature.svg | party = [[Independent (United States)|Independent]] }} '''Elon Reeve Musk''' {{postnominals|country=CAN|FRS}} (born June 28, 1971) is a [[South Africa]]n-[[Canadians|Canadian]]-[[United States|American]] [[Businessperson|businessman]] and [[entrepreneur]]. He moved to [[Canada]] and later became a U.S. [[citizen]]. He was the [[Department of Government Efficiency|Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency]] for a few months in 2025 during the [[Donald Trump|second Donald Trump administration]].<ref name="dogeJan">{{Cite web|url= https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musks-starring-role-in-donald-trumps-government-confirmed-by-inauguration-proceedings-and-pledge-to-go-to-mars-13293344 |title= Elon Musk's starring role in Donald Trump's government confirmed by inauguration proceedings - and pledge to go to Mars |language= en |publisher= Sky News |date= 2025-01-21 |access-date= 2025-01-22}}</ref> He became rich through several technology projects, including an online finance company which merged with [[PayPal]] in the year 2000.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/031316/elon-musks-5-best-investments-tsla-pypl.asp| title=Elon Musk's 5 Best Investments| access-date=2024-06-27| archive-date=2024-06-27| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627113432/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/031316/elon-musks-5-best-investments-tsla-pypl.asp| url-status=live}}</ref> Musk has been the wealthiest person in the world since 2021, according to both the ''[[Bloomberg Billionaires Index]]'' and ''[[Forbes]]''{{'s}} real-time billionaires list; with a [[net worth]] of US$932 billion according to ''Bloomberg'' and $912 billion according to ''Forbes'' as of July 8, 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/elon-r-musk/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 15, 2026 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615051036/https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/elon-r-musk/ |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |date=June 15, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/elon-musk/ | title=Elon Musk | magazine=Forbes | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616144739/https://www.forbes.com/profile/elon-musk/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Upon the stock market debut of his company [[SpaceX]] in June 2026, Musk became the first person to ever become a [[trillion]]aire in terms of US dollars.<ref name="$1T">{{Cite web |last=Durot |first=Matt |title=SpaceX's IPO Just Made Elon Musk The World's First Trillionaire |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattdurot/2026/06/12/spacexs-ipo-just-made-elon-musk-the-worlds-first-trillionaire/ |date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |work=Forbes |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612201057/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattdurot/2026/06/12/spacexs-ipo-just-made-elon-musk-the-worlds-first-trillionaire/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, he was [[Time Person of the Year]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flynn|first=Kerry|date=2021-12-13|title=Time Person of the Year: Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, named most influential of 2021 {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/13/media/slug-time-person-year-elon-musk/index.html|access-date=2025-01-11|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Elon is the current [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] and Chief Product Architect of [[Tesla, Inc.]], a company that makes [[electric vehicle]]s. He is also the CEO and [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] of SpaceX, an aerospace company. In 2022, he became the owner of the social media site [[Twitter]] which he later gave a new name known as X after buying it for [[United States dollar|USD]] $44 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=2022-04-25 |title=Twitter accepts Elon Musk's buyout deal |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/25/twitter-accepts-elon-musks-buyout-deal.html |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426185639/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/25/twitter-accepts-elon-musks-buyout-deal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2024, U.S. President-elect [[Donald Trump]] said that Musk would become a leader of the [[Department of Government Efficiency]] (DOGE)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is Elon Musk becoming Donald Trump's efficiency adviser?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpqd4vw0ejeo|access-date=2025-01-11|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> alongside [[Vivek Ramaswamy]] but Ramaswamy stepped down before the Department was created.<ref name="ramaswamy">{{Cite web|url= https://apnews.com/article/vivek-ramaswamy-doge-ohio-governor-musk-trump-328400a5cc47adde8dd97eb628d18164 |title= Ramaswamy won’t serve on Trump’s government efficiency commission as he mulls run for Ohio governor |language= en |publisher= Associated Press |date= 2025-01-20 |access-date= 2025-01-22}}</ref> == Early life and career == Elon Musk was born to a Canadian mother and a South African father in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]], on June 28, 1971.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elon Musk Biography: Age, Net Worth, Wife, Family|url=https://quickpedia.com.ng/elon-musk-biography-age-net-worth-wife-family/|work=Quick Pedia|accessdate=2024-08-17|archive-date=2024-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817210110/https://quickpedia.com.ng/elon-musk-biography-age-net-worth-wife-family/|url-status=live}}</ref> His parents divorced in 1981 and he mainly lived with his father in different places in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk|accessdate=2014-06-13|title=Rocket man: the otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk|work=San Jose Mercury News|date=April 10, 2014|archive-date=2014-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414070701/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk|url-status=live}}</ref> He went to Waterkloof House Preparatory School and graduated from Pretoria Boys High School. He then moved to Canada in 1988 when he was 17 after obtaining Canadian citizenship through his mother, nutritionist and model [[Maye Musk]]. He got it before his South African military service was to begin. He felt that it would be easier to emigrate to the United States from Canada than from South Africa. Musk and his brother started [[Zip2]], a software company, in 1995. In 1999 he sold it and became a millionaire. He then started [[Twitter|X.com]], which merged with the company [[Confinity]] to make [[PayPal]]. [[Twitter|X.com]] was then renamed to PayPal, and he focused on the growing part of the company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/slideshow/Tesla-Motors-and-PayPal-co-founder-Elon-Musk-buys-54694.php|accessdate=2014-06-13|title=Tesla Motors and PayPal co-founder Elon Musk buys $17 million Bel Air mansion|date=January 4, 2013|publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|archive-date=2014-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422231749/http://www.sfgate.com/news/slideshow/Tesla-Motors-and-PayPal-co-founder-Elon-Musk-buys-54694.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/billion_to_one/2013/11/solarcity_s_lyndon_rive_elon_musk_s_cousin_making_solar_panels_hot_again.html|accessdate=2014-06-13|title=Something New Under the Sun|date=November 5, 2013|publisher=Slate|archive-date=2014-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616084302/http://www.slate.com/articles/business/billion_to_one/2013/11/solarcity_s_lyndon_rive_elon_musk_s_cousin_making_solar_panels_hot_again.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He then started [[SpaceX]] and became the CEO of [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]. == Education == He spent two years at the Queen's School of Business in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Ontario]]. He moved to the [[University of Pennsylvania]] where he earned a bachelor's degree in economics from the Wharton School. He stayed a year to finish his second bachelor's degree in physics. Then he moved to [[California]] to attempt to get a PhD in applied physics at [[Stanford University|Stanford]] but he left the program after only two days because he wanted to pursue his entrepreneurial aspirations. These were to start businesses in the internet, [[renewable energy]] and outer space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oninnovation.com/videos/detail.aspx?video=1259&title=Inspirations|accessdate=2014-06-13|title=Inspirations with Elon Musk|publisher=OnInnovation|archive-date=2016-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227190037/http://www.oninnovation.com/videos/detail.aspx?video=1259&title=Inspirations|url-status=dead}}</ref> He became an American citizen in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esquire.com/features/americans-2012/elon-musk-interview-1212|accessdate=2014-06-13|title=Triumph of His Will|date=November 15, 2012|publisher=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|archive-date=2015-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207093828/http://www.esquire.com/features/americans-2012/elon-musk-interview-1212|url-status=live}}</ref> == Projects == At the end of 2017, Musk founded [[The Boring Company]] which focuses on tunneling and infrastructure. He mentioned Los Angeles traffic as the reason for starting this company.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kay|first=Grace|title=Elon Musk's The Boring Company was launched LA after traffic was driving the founder 'nuts'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-the-boring-company|access-date=2025-01-11|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2017 Elon Musk announced he had started another company that aimed to merge human brains with computers called [[Neuralink]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Winkler|first=Rolfe|date=2017-03-27|title=Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With Computers|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-launches-neuralink-to-connect-brains-with-computers-1490642652|access-date=2025-01-11|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In April 2018 he was worth over $10 billion, making him the 37th most wealthy American.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/elon-musk/?list=billionaires|title=List of billionaires|work=Forbes|accessdate=May 1, 2016|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201152516/https://www.forbes.com/profile/elon-musk/?list=billionaires|url-status=live}}</ref> Musk is also known for helping design and create the [[Falcon Heavy]] rocket, which successfully launched on February 6, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Luscombe|first=Richard|date=2018-02-06|title=Falcon Heavy: Elon Musk's giant SpaceX rocket makes triumphant launch|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/feb/06/falcon-heavy-spacex-rocket-florida-launch|access-date=2025-01-09|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 2022, Musk bought [[Twitter]] after complaining about [[Internet]] [[censorship]] and criticizing Twitter for suspending the [[Babylon Bee]]. During his first few weeks as CEO, he attracted criticism from some people. Many of them criticize him for laying off many employees at once, as well as appearing to have no interest in moderating [[hate speech]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Knight|first=Will|date=November 25, 2022|title=Here's Proof Hate Speech Is More Viral on Elon Musk's Twitter|url=https://www.wired.com/story/heres-proof-hate-speech-is-more-viral-on-elon-musks-twitter/|magazine=Wired|access-date=November 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213125832/https://www.wired.com/story/heres-proof-hate-speech-is-more-viral-on-elon-musks-twitter/|archive-date=December 13, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Politics== In November 2024, U.S. President-elect [[Donald Trump]] announced that Musk would become a leader of the [[Department of Government Efficiency]] (DOGE), a governmental advisory body, with [[Vivek Ramaswamy]].<ref name="dogeguardian">{{cite news |title=Trump selects Elon Musk to lead government efficiency department |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/nov/12/trump-appoints-elon-musk-government-efficiency-department |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=Guardian |date=13 November 2024}}</ref> Though [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|Ramaswamy]] later declined, planning to run for [[governor of Ohio]].<ref name="ramaswamy" /> On 20 January 2025, Trump, who [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|had just became]] [[President of the United States]], made Musk the sole Administrator of DOGE.<ref name="dogeJan" /> That same day during an inauguration day rally, he performed a [[Nazi salute]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Elon Musk accused of giving 'Nazi salute' at Trump inauguration celebration |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-salute-trump-inauguration-b2683095.html |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=January 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124044406/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-salute-trump-inauguration-b2683095.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Musk later stated it was a [[Roman salute]], which was also used by fascist dictator [[Benito Mussolini]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Elon Musk responds to backlash over gesture at Donald Trump rally |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy48v1x4dv4o |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=January 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124051122/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy48v1x4dv4o |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 28, 2025, Musk announced that he would leave the Trump Administration as planned when the special government employee's 130 day deadline expired.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-donald-trump-big-beautiful-bill-aa2bc70b0ebdb219b5dd3e9f8fae03af|title=Elon Musk is leaving the Trump administration after criticizing president's 'big beautiful bill'|first1=Chris|last1=Megerian|first2=Kevin|last2=Freking|publisher=Associated Press|date=May 28, 2025|accessdate=May 28, 2025}}</ref> He officially left DOGE during a joint Oval Office press conference with President Trump on May 30, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kile |first1=Meredith |title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk Come Face to Face in Oval Office Hours After Bombshell Report About Musk's 'Intense' Drug Use |url=https://people.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-final-joint-press-conference-11745206 |website=People.com |publisher=People |accessdate=25 June 2025 |language=en |date=May 30, 2025}}</ref> He has criticized the Trump administration's [[One Big Beautiful Bill Act|Big Beautiful Bill]] after leaving office, calling it a "disgusting abomination."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Conger |first=Kate |last2=Gold |first2=Michael |last3=Swan |first3=Jonathan |date=2025-06-03 |title=Elon Musk Calls Trump Policy Bill a ‘Disgusting Abomination’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/03/technology/elon-musk-criticizes-republican-legislation.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} * {{twitter|elonmusk}} * [https://www.forbes.com/profile/elon-musk/ Forbes profile] * {{IMDb name}} {{authority control}} {{Second Trump cabinet}} {{Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Musk, Elon}} [[Category:Elon Musk| ]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:Canadian inventors]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Child prodigies]] [[Category:Time People of the Year]] [[Category:Republicans (United States)]] [[Category:South African businesspeople]] [[Category:Canadian businesspeople]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:Canadian billionaires]] [[Category:African-American people]] [[Category:Musk family]] kpybsx90blx4wt8ddzumv1lfdct6ltw 0 461073 10966695 10953787 2026-08-18T15:40:33Z ~2026-45287-54 1857485 10966695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gabe Newell | image = Gabe Newell GDC 2010.jpg | caption = Newell at the 2010 [[Game Developers Conference]] | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|11|03}} | birth_place = [[Colorado]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = | death_place = | seminarium = [[Davis Senior High School]] | alma mater = [[Harvard University]] {{Small|(dropped out)}} | notable_works = Valve Corporation<br />[[Steam (software)|Steam]] | occupation = President of [[Valve Corporation]] | networth = {{Increase}} US$ 5.5 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] {{Small|(September 2017)}} | spouse = Lisa Mennet Newell (divorced) | children = 2 | website = | '''Gabe Newell''' | Programmer | Christianity }} '''Gabe Logan Newell''' (born November 3, 1962) is an [[Americans|American]] [[businessman]]. He is the [[Founder|co-founder]] and president of [[video game developer|video game development]] and online distribution company [[Valve Corporation]]. He co-founded Valve with fellow [[Microsoft]] employee [[Mike Harrington]]. He is also known for founding [[online]] [[Video games|video gaming]] distributor [[Steam (software)|Steam]]. Newell was born in [[Colorado]]. He was married to Lisa Newell (née Mennet) and has two children. They got divorced in 2019. He suffered from [[Fuchs' dystrophy]], a congenital disease which affects the [[cornea]], but was cured by two cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiang|first=Oliver|date=February 9, 2011|title=The Master of Online Mayhem|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0228/technology-gabe-newell-videogames-valve-online-mayhem.html|quote=''The founder of videogame seller Valve suffers from Fuchs Dystrophy, a congenital disease that slowly destroys the cornea. "I have dead-people eyes", he said at the time. Double cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007 cured him and changed him utterly.''|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell disliked [[Windows 8]], calling it a "catastrophe" and a "threat to PC gaming".<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 26, 2012|title=Valve boss Gabe Newell calls Windows 8 a 'catastrophe'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18996377|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell's [[networth]] is $11 billion [[United States dollar]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabe Newell|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gabe-newell/|website=Forbes}}</ref> Newell attended [[Harvard University]] in 1980, but dropped out 3 years later to work at Microsoft. Gabe worked with Mike Harrington to make popular games such as [[Counter-Strike]], [[Half-Life (series)|Half Life]] 1 and 2, [[Left 4 Dead]] 1 and 2, [[Portal (video game)|Portal]] 1 and 2, and many more Gabe is also a well known Super Yacht enthusiast. He said he needed to buy Super Yachts in order to gain a greater connection with the sea. To that end, Mr. Newell has altruistically purchased Oceanco{{dubious|reason=Lacks source for altruistic motive and scope of purchase.}} so as to offer Super Yachts to all who seek a greater connection to the sea. In his personal life, he is a Christian.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gabe Newell Age, Height, Wife, Children, Net Worth And More |url=https://biographywallah.com/gabe-newell/|website=BiographyWallah |accessdate=2026-08-18}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name|1674047}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newell, Gabe}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Microsoft people]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Colorado]] [[Category:American video game designers]] [[Category:American Christians|Newell, Gabe]] m0qyu6j6p8i5jv47pln5uzcy9pir9r6 0 465232 10966552 10738813 2026-08-18T13:04:33Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | image = Arcoiris en el Palmeral de Elche.jpg | image_upright = 1.2 | caption = | location = [[Elche]], [[Province of Alicante]], [[Valencian Community]], [[Spain]] | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (v)}}(ii), (v) | ID = 930 | coordinates = {{Coord|38.27|-0.698|region:ES_scale:5000_type:landmark|display=title, inline|format=dms}} | year = 2000 | locmapin = Spain Valencia#Spain | map_caption = }} The '''Palmeral''' or '''Palm Grove of Elche''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Palmeral de Elche'', [[Valencian language|Valencian]]: ''Palmerar d'Elx'') is the [[generic]] name for the [[date palm]] [[orchard]]s in the city of [[Elche]] ([[Spain]]). In the [[urban]] area of [[Elche]] there are a total of 97 different orchards. They contain about 70,000 date palms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laverdad.es/alicante/elche/201407/27/palmeral-crece-sombra-picudo-20140727003421-v.html |title=El Palmeral crece a la sombra del picudo |author=David Sevilla|date=27 July 2014 |website= |publisher=LA VERDAD MULTIMEDIA, S.A.|accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> Most of them are in the east bank of the [[Vinalopó]]. This number does not include other large [[plantation]]s located around the city. The total may be near 200,000 palms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitelche.com/en/ecotourism/documentos/el-palmeral/ |title=The Palm Grove |author=<!--Staff writer(s)--> |date=n.d. |website= |publisher=VisitElche.com |accessdate=9 October 2014 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728195742/http://www.visitelche.com/en/ecotourism/documentos/el-palmeral/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Palm Grove covers over {{convert|3.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|1.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the city of Elche. It is the only palm grove of its type anywhere in [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/930 |title=Palmeral of Elche |author=<!--Staff writer(s)--> |date=n.d. |website= |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> It is the largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mecd.gob.es/cultura-mecd/areas-cultura/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/palmeralelche.html |title=El Palmeral de Elche |author=<!--Staff writer(s)--> |year=2000 |website= |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte |accessdate=9 October 2014 |archive-date=30 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130115631/http://www.mecd.gob.es/cultura-mecd/areas-cultura/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/palmeralelche.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Palm Grove of Elche was one of 100 finalists for the [[12 Treasures of Spain]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sobreturismo.es/2007/11/27/lista-de-100-finalistas-de-nuestros-12-tesoros-de-espana/ |title=Lista de 100 finalistas de Nuestros 12 Tesoros de España |publisher=Sobreturismo.es |date=2007-11-27 |accessdate=2014-10-06 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225013053/https://sobreturismo.es/2007/11/27/lista-de-100-finalistas-de-nuestros-12-tesoros-de-espana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Image:Elche - parque municipal1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|View of the [[palm tree]]s in the ''Parque Municipal''.]] ==Other websites== {{commons category|Palmeral de Elche}} *[http://www.alicante-spain.com/elche.html Elche Spain] - City overview with detailed map *[http://www.infojardin.com/palmeras/plaga-palmera-picudo-rojo.htm Information on the ''picudo rojo'' (red palm weevil)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125080420/http://www.infojardin.com/palmeras/plaga-palmera-picudo-rojo.htm |date=2007-01-25 }} * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/930 Palmeral of Elche] from [[UNESCO]] * [http://www.cult.gva.es/palmeral/en.html El Palmeral de Elche] - A Cultural Landscape Inherited from Al-Andalus [[Category:12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists]] [[Category:Province of Alicante]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Spain]] e78suw07h2xvs69zpsgavp74asohmhy 0 467694 10966708 10851682 2026-08-18T15:48:51Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency |agency_name = Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) |seal = Council of Economic Advisers.png |seal_width = 140px |formed = {{start date and age|1946}} |preceding1 = [[Office of Price Administration|Office of Price Administration (World War II)]]<ref name=wagecontrolenc/> |preceding2 = [[Council on Wage and Price Stability|Council on Wage and Price Stability (Carter era)]]<ref name=wagecontrolenc>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Wage_and_Price_Controls.aspx Wage and Price Controls] Encyclopedia.com n.d.</ref>{{better source|date=July 2017}} |headquarters = [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]] |employees = About 35 |chief1_name = [[Christopher Phelan]] |chief1_position = Chair |parent_agency = [[Executive Office of the President of the United States]] |website = {{official URL}} }} The '''Council of Economic Advisers''' ('''CEA''') is an agency within the [[Executive Office of the President]] that advises the [[President of the United States]] on economic policy.<ref>{{Citation | title = Council of Economic Advisers | url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/cea/about | accessdate = 2014-10-29 | archive-date = 2014-11-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141126090626/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/cea/about | url-status = dead }}</ref> The CEA provides much of the research for the [[White House]] and prepares the annual [[Economic Report of the President]]. ==List of chairs== {|class="toccolours" |{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes acting capacity.}} |} {|class="wikitable sortable" !Image !Name !Start !End !colspan=2 |President |- |[[File:Edwin Griswold Nourse.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Edwin|Nourse|Edwin Griswold Nourse}} |{{dts|August 9, 1946}} |{{dts|November 1, 1949}} |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Harry|Truman}}<br>(1945–1953) |- |rowspan=2 |[[File:Leon Keyserling (cropped).png|60px]] |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Leon|Keyserling}} |style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{dts|November 2, 1949}} |style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{dts|May 10, 1950}} |- |{{dts|May 10, 1950}} |{{dts|January 20, 1953}} |- |[[File:ArthurBurns USArmyPhoto 1955.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Arthur|Burns|Arthur F. Burns}} |{{dts|March 19, 1953}} |{{dts|December 1, 1956}} |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Dwight|Eisenhower}}<br>(1953–1961) |- |[[File:No image.svg|60px]] |{{sortname|Raymond|Saulnier|Raymond J. Saulnier}} |{{dts|December 3, 1956}} |{{dts|January 20, 1961}} |- |rowspan=2 |[[File:Walter Heller 1962.jpg|60px]] |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Walter|Heller}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|January 29, 1961}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|November 15, 1964}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|John F.|Kennedy}}<br>(1961–1963) |- |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Lyndon|Johnson}}<br>(1963–1969) |- |[[File:Portrait de Gardner Ackley.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Gardner|Ackley}} |{{dts|November 16, 1964}} |{{dts|February 15, 1968}} |- |[[File:No image.svg|60px]] |{{sortname|Arthur|Okun|Arthur M. Okun}} |{{dts|February 15, 1968}} |{{dts|January 20, 1969}} |- |[[File:PaulMcCracken.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Paul|McCracken|dab=economist}} |{{dts|February 4, 1969}} |{{dts|December 31, 1971}} |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Richard|Nixon}}<br>(1969–1974) |- |rowspan=2 |[[File:No image.svg|60px]] |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Herbert|Stein}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|January 1, 1972}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|August 31, 1974}} |- |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Gerald|Ford}}<br>(1974–1977) |- |[[File:Alan Greenspan color photo portrait.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Alan|Greenspan}} |{{dts|September 4, 1974}} |{{dts|January 20, 1977}} |- |[[File:Portrait de Charles Schultze.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Charles|Schultze}} |{{dts|January 22, 1977}} |{{dts|January 20, 1981}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Jimmy|Carter}}<br>(1977–1981) |- |[[File:Murray Weidenbaum 1981.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Murray|Weidenbaum}} |{{dts|February 27, 1981}} |{{dts|August 25, 1982}} |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Ronald|Reagan}}<br>(1981–1989) |- |[[File:Martin Feldstein in 1982.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Marty|Feldstein|Martin Feldstein}} |{{dts|October 14, 1982}} |{{dts|July 10, 1984}} |- |[[File:Beryl Sprinkel 1987.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Beryl|Sprinkel}} |{{dts|April 18, 1985}} |{{dts|January 20, 1989}} |- |[[File:Secretary Pompeo Participates in a Roundtable Discussion with Hoover Institute Fellows (49380866856) (cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Michael|Boskin}} |{{dts|February 2, 1989}} |{{dts|January 20, 1993}} |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|George H. W.|Bush}}<br>(1989–1993) |- |[[File:Laura tyson.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Laura|Tyson}} |{{dts|February 5, 1993}} |{{dts|April 22, 1995}} |rowspan=4 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=4 |{{sortname|Bill|Clinton}}<br>(1993–2001) |- |[[File:Joseph Stiglitz.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Joe|Stiglitz|Joseph Stiglitz}} |{{dts|June 28, 1995}} |{{dts|February 10, 1997}} |- |[[File:Janet yellen.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Janet|Yellen}} |{{dts|February 18, 1997}} |{{dts|August 3, 1999}} |- |[[File:Martin Baily Council of Economic Advisers.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Martin|Baily|Martin Neil Baily}} |{{dts|August 12, 1999}} |{{dts|January 20, 2001}} |- |[[File:Glenn Hubbard portrait.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Glenn|Hubbard|dab=economist}} |{{dts|May 11, 2001}} |{{dts|February 28, 2003}} |rowspan=5 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=5 |{{sortname|George W.|Bush}}<br>(2001–2009) |- |[[File:GregoryMankiw.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Greg|Mankiw}} |{{dts|May 29, 2003}} |{{dts|February 18, 2005}} |- |[[File:Harvey S. Rosen 174-CD-L03-10-08B-003 (cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Harvey|Rosen|Harvey S. Rosen}} |{{dts|February 23, 2005}} |{{dts|June 10, 2005}} |- |[[File:Ben Bernanke.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Ben|Bernanke}} |{{dts|June 21, 2005}} |{{dts|January 31, 2006}} |- |[[File:Edward Lazear 174-CD-L-06-03-24-A-004 (cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Edward|Lazear}} |{{dts|February 27, 2006}} |{{dts|January 20, 2009}} |- |[[File:Christina Romer official portrait small.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Christina|Romer}} |{{dts|January 29, 2009}} |{{dts|September 3, 2010}} |rowspan=4 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=4 |{{sortname|Barack|Obama}}<br>(2009–2017) |- |[[File:Austan Goolsbee official portrait 2.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Austan|Goolsbee}} |{{dts|September 10, 2010}} |{{dts|August 5, 2011}} |- |[[File:Alan Krueger official portrait 3.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Alan|Krueger}} |{{dts|November 7, 2011}} |{{dts|August 2, 2013}} |- |[[File:Jason Furman official portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Jason|Furman}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-economist-idUSBRE9590AX20130610 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |title=Obama names Furman as new White House chief economist |date=2013-06-10}}</ref> |{{dts|August 2, 2013}} |{{dts|January 20, 2017}} |- |[[File:Kevin Hassett official photo.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Kevin|Hassett}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-to-vote-on-kevin-hassett-as-cea-chairman-1505233836 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Senate Confirms Kevin Hassett as Chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers |date=2017-09-12}}</ref> |{{dts|September 13, 2017}} |{{dts|June 28, 2019}} |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Donald|Trump}}<br>(2017–2021) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |[[File:Tomas J. Philipson 2012 (cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Tomas|Philipson|Tomas J. Philipson}}<br>{{small|Acting}} |{{dts|June 28, 2019}} |{{dts|June 23, 2020}} |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |[[File:Tyler Goodspeed - Official Portrait - 2020.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Tyler|Goodspeed}}<br>{{small|Acting}} |{{dts|June 23, 2020}} |{{dts|January 7, 2021}} |- |[[File:Cecilia Rouse, CEA Chair (thumbnail).png|60px]] |{{sortname|Cecilia|Rouse|Cecilia Rouse}} |{{dts|March 12, 2021}} |{{dts|March 31, 2023}} |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Joe|Biden}}<br>(2021–2025) |- |[[File:Jared Bernstein, CEA Member.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Jared|Bernstein}} |{{dts|July 10, 2023}} |{{dts|January 20, 2025}} |- |[[File:Stephen Miran Spain.png|60px]] |{{sortname|Steve|Miran|Stephen Miran}} |{{dts|March 13, 2025}} |{{dts|February 3, 2026}}<br>{{small|On leave: September 16, 2025 – February 3, 2026}} |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2|{{sortname|Donald|Trump}}<br>(2025–present) |- |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |[[File:No image.svg|60px]] |{{sortname|Pierre|Yared}}<br>{{small|Acting}} |{{dts|September 16, 2025}} |present |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet]] [[Category:1946 establishments in the United States]] {{US-stub}} dmv24ioszl381zeoht1zism6dvohy6t 10966709 10966708 2026-08-18T15:49:46Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* List of chairs */ 10966709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency |agency_name = Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) |seal = Council of Economic Advisers.png |seal_width = 140px |formed = {{start date and age|1946}} |preceding1 = [[Office of Price Administration|Office of Price Administration (World War II)]]<ref name=wagecontrolenc/> |preceding2 = [[Council on Wage and Price Stability|Council on Wage and Price Stability (Carter era)]]<ref name=wagecontrolenc>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Wage_and_Price_Controls.aspx Wage and Price Controls] Encyclopedia.com n.d.</ref>{{better source|date=July 2017}} |headquarters = [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]] |employees = About 35 |chief1_name = [[Christopher Phelan]] |chief1_position = Chair |parent_agency = [[Executive Office of the President of the United States]] |website = {{official URL}} }} The '''Council of Economic Advisers''' ('''CEA''') is an agency within the [[Executive Office of the President]] that advises the [[President of the United States]] on economic policy.<ref>{{Citation | title = Council of Economic Advisers | url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/cea/about | accessdate = 2014-10-29 | archive-date = 2014-11-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141126090626/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/cea/about | url-status = dead }}</ref> The CEA provides much of the research for the [[White House]] and prepares the annual [[Economic Report of the President]]. ==List of chairs== {|class="toccolours" |{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes acting capacity.}} |} {|class="wikitable sortable" !Image !Name !Start !End !colspan=2 |President |- |[[File:Edwin Griswold Nourse.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Edwin|Nourse|Edwin Griswold Nourse}} |{{dts|August 9, 1946}} |{{dts|November 1, 1949}} |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Harry|Truman}}<br>(1945–1953) |- |rowspan=2 |[[File:Leon Keyserling (cropped).png|60px]] |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Leon|Keyserling}} |style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{dts|November 2, 1949}} |style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{dts|May 10, 1950}} |- |{{dts|May 10, 1950}} |{{dts|January 20, 1953}} |- |[[File:ArthurBurns USArmyPhoto 1955.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Arthur|Burns|Arthur F. Burns}} |{{dts|March 19, 1953}} |{{dts|December 1, 1956}} |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Dwight|Eisenhower}}<br>(1953–1961) |- |[[File:No image.svg|60px]] |{{sortname|Raymond|Saulnier|Raymond J. Saulnier}} |{{dts|December 3, 1956}} |{{dts|January 20, 1961}} |- |rowspan=2 |[[File:Walter Heller 1962.jpg|60px]] |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Walter|Heller}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|January 29, 1961}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|November 15, 1964}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|John F.|Kennedy}}<br>(1961–1963) |- |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Lyndon|Johnson}}<br>(1963–1969) |- |[[File:Portrait de Gardner Ackley.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Gardner|Ackley}} |{{dts|November 16, 1964}} |{{dts|February 15, 1968}} |- |[[File:No image.svg|60px]] |{{sortname|Arthur|Okun|Arthur M. Okun}} |{{dts|February 15, 1968}} |{{dts|January 20, 1969}} |- |[[File:PaulMcCracken.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Paul|McCracken|dab=economist}} |{{dts|February 4, 1969}} |{{dts|December 31, 1971}} |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Richard|Nixon}}<br>(1969–1974) |- |rowspan=2 |[[File:No image.svg|60px]] |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Herbert|Stein}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|January 1, 1972}} |rowspan=2 |{{dts|August 31, 1974}} |- |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Gerald|Ford}}<br>(1974–1977) |- |[[File:Alan Greenspan color photo portrait.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Alan|Greenspan}} |{{dts|September 4, 1974}} |{{dts|January 20, 1977}} |- |[[File:Portrait de Charles Schultze.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Charles|Schultze}} |{{dts|January 22, 1977}} |{{dts|January 20, 1981}} |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|Jimmy|Carter}}<br>(1977–1981) |- |[[File:Murray Weidenbaum 1981.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Murray|Weidenbaum}} |{{dts|February 27, 1981}} |{{dts|August 25, 1982}} |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Ronald|Reagan}}<br>(1981–1989) |- |[[File:Martin Feldstein in 1982.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Marty|Feldstein|Martin Feldstein}} |{{dts|October 14, 1982}} |{{dts|July 10, 1984}} |- |[[File:Beryl Sprinkel 1987.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Beryl|Sprinkel}} |{{dts|April 18, 1985}} |{{dts|January 20, 1989}} |- |[[File:Secretary Pompeo Participates in a Roundtable Discussion with Hoover Institute Fellows (49380866856) (cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Michael|Boskin}} |{{dts|February 2, 1989}} |{{dts|January 20, 1993}} |style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{sortname|George H. W.|Bush}}<br>(1989–1993) |- |[[File:Laura tyson.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Laura|Tyson}} |{{dts|February 5, 1993}} |{{dts|April 22, 1995}} |rowspan=4 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=4 |{{sortname|Bill|Clinton}}<br>(1993–2001) |- |[[File:Joseph Stiglitz.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Joe|Stiglitz|Joseph Stiglitz}} |{{dts|June 28, 1995}} |{{dts|February 10, 1997}} |- |[[File:Janet yellen.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Janet|Yellen}} |{{dts|February 18, 1997}} |{{dts|August 3, 1999}} |- |[[File:Martin Baily Council of Economic Advisers.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Martin|Baily|Martin Neil Baily}} |{{dts|August 12, 1999}} |{{dts|January 20, 2001}} |- |[[File:Glenn Hubbard portrait.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Glenn|Hubbard|dab=economist}} |{{dts|May 11, 2001}} |{{dts|February 28, 2003}} |rowspan=5 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=5 |{{sortname|George W.|Bush}}<br>(2001–2009) |- |[[File:GregoryMankiw.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Greg|Mankiw}} |{{dts|May 29, 2003}} |{{dts|February 18, 2005}} |- |[[File:Harvey S. Rosen 174-CD-L03-10-08B-003 (cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Harvey|Rosen|Harvey S. Rosen}} |{{dts|February 23, 2005}} |{{dts|June 10, 2005}} |- |[[File:Ben Bernanke.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Ben|Bernanke}} |{{dts|June 21, 2005}} |{{dts|January 31, 2006}} |- |[[File:Edward Lazear 174-CD-L-06-03-24-A-004 (cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Edward|Lazear}} |{{dts|February 27, 2006}} |{{dts|January 20, 2009}} |- |[[File:Christina Romer official portrait small.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Christina|Romer}} |{{dts|January 29, 2009}} |{{dts|September 3, 2010}} |rowspan=4 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=4 |{{sortname|Barack|Obama}}<br>(2009–2017) |- |[[File:Austan Goolsbee official portrait 2.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Austan|Goolsbee}} |{{dts|September 10, 2010}} |{{dts|August 5, 2011}} |- |[[File:Alan Krueger official portrait 3.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Alan|Krueger}} |{{dts|November 7, 2011}} |{{dts|August 2, 2013}} |- |[[File:Jason Furman official portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Jason|Furman}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-economist-idUSBRE9590AX20130610 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |title=Obama names Furman as new White House chief economist |date=2013-06-10}}</ref> |{{dts|August 2, 2013}} |{{dts|January 20, 2017}} |- |[[File:Kevin Hassett official photo.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Kevin|Hassett}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-to-vote-on-kevin-hassett-as-cea-chairman-1505233836 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Senate Confirms Kevin Hassett as Chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers |date=2017-09-12}}</ref> |{{dts|September 13, 2017}} |{{dts|June 28, 2019}} |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Donald|Trump}}<br>(2017–2021) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |[[File:Tomas J. Philipson 2012 (cropped).jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Tomas|Philipson|Tomas J. Philipson}}<br>{{small|Acting}} |{{dts|June 28, 2019}} |{{dts|June 23, 2020}} |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |[[File:Tyler Goodspeed - Official Portrait - 2020.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Tyler|Goodspeed}}<br>{{small|Acting}} |{{dts|June 23, 2020}} |{{dts|January 7, 2021}} |- |[[File:Cecilia Rouse, CEA Chair (thumbnail).png|60px]] |{{sortname|Cecilia|Rouse|Cecilia Rouse}} |{{dts|March 12, 2021}} |{{dts|March 31, 2023}} |rowspan=2 style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Joe|Biden}}<br>(2021–2025) |- |[[File:Jared Bernstein, CEA Member.jpg|60px]] |{{sortname|Jared|Bernstein}} |{{dts|July 10, 2023}} |{{dts|January 20, 2025}} |- |[[File:Stephen Miran Spain.png|60px]] |{{sortname|Steve|Miran|Stephen Miran}} |{{dts|March 13, 2025}} |{{dts|February 3, 2026}}<br>{{small|On leave: September 16, 2025 –<br>February 3, 2026}} |rowspan=3 style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |rowspan=3 |{{sortname|Donald|Trump}}<br>(2025–present) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |[[File:Pierre Yared Official Portrait.jpeg|60px]] |{{sortname|Pierre|Yared}}<br>{{small|Acting}} |{{dts|September 16, 2025}} |{{dts|July 6, 2026}} |- |[[File:No image.svg|60px]] |[[Christopher Phelan]] |August 7, 2026 |Incumbent |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet]] [[Category:1946 establishments in the United States]] {{US-stub}} qk26xmzhc9wkuhebl9qsfdsc3rqolsv 0 470890 10966872 9526158 2026-08-18T17:26:05Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter McDougall''' (born 1947, [[Greenock]], [[Scotland]]) is a [[BAFTA]] and [[Prix Italia]] award-winning [[television]] [[playwright]]. His major success was in the 1970s. McDougall claims to have had very little schooling. He also claims he rarely read books. He began his working life at the age of fourteen in the shipyards of Greater [[Glasgow]] and [[Greenock]]. McDougall worked there with future [[comedian]] and [[actor]] [[Billy Connolly]]. The pair were depressed by the harsh conditions. They felt low because of the menial work. McDougall left Scotland. He moved to London. He worked as a house painter there. In October 2007, a [[DVD]] boxed set featuring most of McDougall's work, "The Peter McDougall Collection" was released by John Williams Productions. This collection featured three [[Play for Today]] titles: [[Just Another Saturday]], The Elephant's Graveyard, Just A Boy's Game, and a Screen One drama: ''Down Among the Big Boys''. It also featured on the DVD an exclusive documentary ''Razor Sharp''. ""Razor Sharp" was written and presented by Scottish writer [[Simon Farquhar]]. It explored the work and life of Peter McDougall. The DVD featured a rare interview with Peter McDougall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Peter-McDougall-Collection-Disc-DVD/dp/B000VVT1NA/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1316047813&sr=8-1|title=The Peter M ougall Collection|date=29 October 2007|publisher=|via=Amazon}}</ref> McDougall was finally awarded with a [[BAFTA]] in 2008. He received a lifetime achievement award - for "Outstanding contribution to Scottish broadcasting".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/scotland/awards/ceremony/nominees-winners/british-academy-scotland-awards-winners-in-2008|title=British Academy Scotland Awards: Winners in 2008|date=9 November 2008|website=www.bafta.org}}</ref> A retrospective multiple screening of [[John Mackenzie (director)|John Mackenzie]] and McDougall's collaborations was also shown at the [[Edinburgh International Festival]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://film.list.co.uk/article/18274-eiff-2009-peter-mcdougall-and-john-mackenzie/|title=EIFF 2009 - Peter McDougall and John Mackenzie|date=10 June 2009|website=The List}}</ref> McDougall was also one of a number of prominent Scots who attended the 2010 funeral of Trade Union Leader [[Jimmy Reid]]. Scottish filmmaker [[Eleanor Yule]] has also made a documentary for the BBC "Late Show" on the work of McDougall.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://writersfactory.co.uk/eleanor-yule/ |title=Eleanor Yule &#124; the Writers&#039; Factory |access-date=2014-11-24 |archive-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206102452/http://writersfactory.co.uk/eleanor-yule/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> McDougall lives in the [[West End]] of [[Glasgow]]. He resides with his parter, acclaimed director and [[writer]] [[Morag Fullarton]]. McDougall can often be seen hanging around the famous [[Oran Mor]] theatre pub in the West of Glasgow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/?noadc=1|title=FindArticles.com - CBSi|website=findarticles.com|access-date=2019-02-15|archive-date=2020-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124053221/http://findarticles.com/?noadc=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McDougall, Peter}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British playwrights]] [[Category:Scottish writers]] [[Category:People from Greenock]] 0b8rorfb40xvq5y33bec1xdnzk9hd0h 0 476579 10967070 9482922 2026-08-18T23:35:00Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox movie | name = Primer | image = | caption = | director = Shane Carruth | producer = Shane Carruth | writer = Shane Carruth | starring = Shane Carruth <br />David Sullivan | music = Shane Carruth | editing = Shane Carruth | distributor = ThinkFilm | released = {{Film date|2004|10|8}} | runtime = 77 minutes | country = United States | language = English | budget = $7,000 }} '''''Primer''''' is an [[United States|American]] [[science fiction]] [[drama movie]]. It is about friends who accidentally discover a way to [[time travel]]. The movie was released in 2004. Shane Carruth, who made the movie by himself, also plays the starring role, because he could not find anyone else to do it. Some of his family members and friends are also in it.<ref name=itl>{{cite web|title=In the Loop: Shane Carruth’s Primer|url=http://www.electricsheepmagazine.co.uk/features/2013/10/25/in-the-loop-shane-carruths-primer/|publisher=Electric Sheep Magazine (UK)|accessdate=16 January 2016|date=25 October 2013}}</ref> The only actor he hired was David Sullivan.<ref name="tech support">{{cite web|author1=Scott Macaulay|title=Shane Carruth's Primer: Tech Support|url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/archives/issues/spring2004/features/tech_support.php#.VprNzyorK00|publisher=The Magazine of Independent Film|accessdate=16 January 2016|date=2016}}</ref> ''Primer'' has a confusing plot. The [[dialogue]] is difficult to understand. Carruth decided not to make the language simpler for the [[audience]].<ref name="story-prod">{{cite web|url=http://www.eddistribution.com/en/film.php?id_film=67#p1|title=Primer Production Information|accessdate=11 January 2015|publisher=E.D. Distribution|archive-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014192528/http://www.eddistribution.com/en/film.php?id_film=67#p1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2004 [[Sundance Film Festival]]. It then played in a small number of theatres in the United States. It is also available on [[DVD]]. It is now popular as a cult movie. People still talk and write about how to figure out the plot.<ref name="onion-av">{{cite web |last=Tobias |first=Scott |title=The New Cult Canon: Primer |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=2008-04-01 |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/the-new-cult-canon-iprimeri-2248 |accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref> == Plot == Four engineers, who are friends, work together during the day. At night, they run a side business from Aaron's (Shane Carruth) garage. With the money they make, they do research for their own inventions. Two drop out after an argument over what to work on next, leaving Aaron and Abe (David Sullivan). Aaron and Abe work on a machine that will make an object weigh less. This would happen by changing the effects of [[gravity]]. The machine seems to work as planned, but it has a side effect. An object ( a Weeble) left in the machine uses 1300 times the amount of time the machine was turned on for. Abe thinks that objects inside the box travel over and over, from the time the box was turned on to the time it was turned off. Abe secretly builds a machine large enough to put himself in. After using it to go back in time to earlier that morning, he proves how it works to Aaron. Abe and Aaron build another machine so they each will have one to travel in. Abe and Aaron start using the time machines to make money in the [[stock market]]. After a while, they get riskier with their travels and begin to try to change other events. Thomas Granger is the father of Abe's girlfriend Rachel. Somehow he discovers that the time machines exist. He time travels, but because he does not do it correctly, he ends up in a [[coma]]. Aaron thinks that, at some unknown time in the future, Granger entered the box (for unknown reasons). This changed the timeline in bad ways. Abe is frightened by this and decides that time travel is too dangerous to keep doing. He tries to stop his past self from using the machine any more, so he won't get any bad effects. He uses a "failsafe" machine, which he had already built secretly and kept running in a hidden location. He travels back farther in time than his first trip (four days) and before he had told Aaron about time travel. He thinks this will repair any problems. But, Aaron had found out about this failsafe box and used it to try to get control of the timelines for both of them. Meeting at a park bench, Aaron shows Abe that he has been using a recording to say their [[conversation]] from an earlier time to fool him. Aaron says he fought and was drugged by an earlier double (or copy) of himself, who used the failsafe to come back and make the recordings. This Aaron wants to travel back in time to undo the events of a party. A party crasher had tried to shoot Rachel Granger. Abe agrees to try to change the events of the party with Aaron. The two succeed, but it is not clear how many times of travelling back it takes. Now, Abe and Aaron no longer trust each other, so their friendship is ruined. Aaron and Abe fight. Abe warns Aaron never to return or interfere with their doubles. Abe stays behind to continue to try to keep the original Abe and Aaron from ever using the machines for time travel. Aaron travels to France by air and begins to build a room-sized time machine with a group of workers there. == Making the movie == Carruth has a college degree in [[mathematics]] and worked as an [[engineer]]. While writing the dialogue, Carruth studied [[physics]], so the conversations would sound real. He used the short phrases and [[jargon]] that scientists use when they are working. The time machine itself is a plain gray box. It has an electronic "hum" made with a mechanical grinder and a car engine. The movie was shot in industrial parks and little houses in the [[suburbs]].<ref name="story-prod" /> ''Primer'' was filmed near [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] in 2001.<ref name="story-prod" /> The scenes in the public library where Abe and Aaron made their [[Internet]] stock trades were shot in the Richardson Public Library. The time machines were running in a storage facility. An airport scene was shot before the [[September 11 attacks]] in the United States. This is why the scene shows barely any [[security]]. The actors are allowed to walk to windows to watch planes leaving. The movie was made for only $7,000 US <ref name="indiewire">{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Wendy |title=Shane Carruth on "Primer"; The Lessons of a First-Timer |work=indieWIRE.com |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/dvd_re-run_interview_shane_carruth_on_primer_the_lessons_of_a_first-timer/ |accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref> and a crew of five. Carruth decided to play Aaron himself after having trouble finding any actors who could "break ... the habit of filling each line with so much drama".<ref name="story-prod" /> He also did all the production work on the movie, including writing the music.<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0390384|title=Primer}}</ref> After the movie was made, Carruth took two years to edit ''Primer''. He said he found this so difficult, he almost gave up several times.<ref name="about-com">{{cite web |last=Murray |first=Rebecca |title=Interview with Shane Carruth |work=About.com |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=2004-10-22 |url=http://movies.about.com/od/primer/a/primer102104_2.htm |accessdate=2008-05-16 |archive-date=2012-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905022329/http://movies.about.com/od/primer/a/primer102104_2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The movie was first shown to audiences and judges at the Sundance Film Festival in 2004. == Awards == * Grand Jury Prize, [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2004. * Alfred P. Sloan Prize for movies dealing about science and technology, the 2004 Sundance Film Festival. * Best Writer/Director (Shane Carruth) at the Nantucket Film Festival in 2004. * Best Feature at the London International Festival of Science Fiction in 2005. == Images | Time travel in ''Primer'' == [[File:Time_Travel_Method-2.svg|thumb|left|400px]] [[File:Time_Travel_Method.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] {{clr}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Wikiquote|Primer (film)}} * {{Official website|http://www.primermovie.com/}} * {{IMDb title|id=0390384|title=Primer}} * [http://www.allmovie.com/movie/v301328 ''Primer''] at [[Allmovie]] * {{rotten-tomatoes|id=primer|title=Primer}} * {{mojo title|primer|Primer}} * {{metacritic film|primer|Primer}} * [http://www.nobleworld.biz/images/Gendler.pdf ''Primer'': The Perils and Paradoxes of Restricted Time Travel Narration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824125138/http://www.nobleworld.biz/images/Gendler.pdf |date=2011-08-24 }} * [http://theprimeruniverse.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2009-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2010-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=50 The ''Primer'' Universe (Plot explanations)] [[Category:2004 science fiction movies]] [[Category:American science fiction movies]] [[Category:Award winning movies]] [[Category:Cult movies]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:Time travel movies]] [[Category:American independent movies]] s0pkd2vtd8cx1ewoo0yx04aq70ksc83 0 508051 10966647 10473021 2026-08-18T14:49:21Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Patty Murray | image = Patty Murray, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg | office = Vice Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]] | status = [[Incumbent]] | term_start = January 3, 2025 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Susan Collins]] | successor = | office1 = [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]] | term_start1 = January 3, 2023 | term_end1 = January 3, 2025 | predecessor1 = [[Patrick Leahy]] | successor1 = [[Chuck Grassley]] | office2 = [[President pro tempore emeritus of the United States Senate|President pro tempore emerita of the United States Senate]] | term_start2 = January 3, 2025 | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = [[Chuck Grassley]] <!-- | successor2 = --> {{Collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Committee positions<br/>{{nobold|2011–{{wj}}2025}} |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}} {{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office3 = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]] | term_start3 = January 3, 2023 | term_end3 = January 3, 2025 | predecessor3 = Patrick Leahy | successor3 = [[Susan Collins]] | office4 = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions|Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee]] | term_start4 = February 3, 2021 | term_end4 = January 3, 2023 | predecessor4 = [[Lamar Alexander]] | successor4 = [[Bernie Sanders]] | office5 = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Senate Budget Committee]] | term_start5 = January 3, 2013 | term_end5 = January 3, 2015 | predecessor5 = [[Kent Conrad]] | successor5 = [[Mike Enzi]] | office6 = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs|Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee]] | term_start6 = January 3, 2011 | term_end6 = January 3, 2013 | predecessor6 = [[Daniel Akaka]] | successor6 = [[Bernie Sanders]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Party positions<br/>{{nobold|2001–{{wj}}2023}} |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}} {{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office6 = [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Assistant Democratic Leader]] | leader7 = [[Chuck Schumer]] | term_start7 = January 3, 2017 | term_end7 = January 3, 2023 | predecessor7 = Position established | successor7 = Position abolished | office8 = [[United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary|Secretary of the Senate Democratic Caucus]] | leader8 = [[Harry Reid]] | term_start8 = January 3, 2007 | term_end8 = January 3, 2017 | predecessor8 = [[Debbie Stabenow]] | successor8 = [[Tammy Baldwin]] | office9 = Chair of the [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]] | term_start9 = January 3, 2011 | term_end9 = January 3, 2013 | leader9 = Harry Reid | predecessor9 = [[Bob Menendez]] | successor9 = [[Michael Bennet]] | term_start10 = January 3, 2001 | term_end10 = January 3, 2003 | leader10 = [[Tom Daschle]] | predecessor10 = [[Robert Torricelli]] | successor10 = [[Jon Corzine]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | jr/sr11 = United States Senator | state11 = [[Washington (state)|Washington]] | alongside11 = [[Maria Cantwell]] | predecessor11 = [[Brock Adams]] | term_start11 = January 3, 1993 | state_senate12 = Washington | district12 = [[Washington's 1st legislative district|1st]] | term_start12 = January 9, 1989 | term_end12 = January 3, 1993 | predecessor12 = [[Bill Kiskaddon]] | successor12 = [[Rosemary McAuliffe]] | birth_name = Patricia Lynn Johns | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|10|11}} | birth_place = [[Bothell, Washington]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|Rob Murray|1972}} | children = 2 | education = [[Washington State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) | website = {{URL|murray.senate.gov|Senate website}} |module = {{Listen |pos = center |embed = yes |filename = Patty Murray speaks in opposition to legislation that would enact nationwide abortion restrictions.ogg |title = Murray's voice |type = speech |description = Murray opposing legislation that would enact nationwide abortion restrictions<br/>Recorded September 14, 2022}} }} '''Patricia Lynn''' "'''Patty'''" '''Murray''' (née '''Johns'''; October 11, 1950) is an American politician who has been the [[United States Senate|senior United States Senator]] from [[Washington (state)|Washington]] since 1993. She is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Before, she was a member of the [[Washington State Senate]] from 1989 to 1993. Murray was the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]] from 2023 until 2025, being the first female to hold this role.<ref name=king/> Murray is currently the third-most senior senator,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Seniority |url=https://www.periodicalpress.senate.gov/senate-facts/senate-seniority/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=United States Senate Periodical Press Gallery |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007201530/https://www.periodicalpress.senate.gov/senate-facts/senate-seniority/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the most senior Senate Democrat, the longest-serving female senator ever, and the dean of Washington's congressional delegation. ==Early life== Murray and raised in [[Bothell, Washington]]. She graduated from [[Washington State University]] with a degree in [[physical education]]. She worked as a pre-school teacher and, later, as a parenting teacher at [[Shoreline Community College]]. ==Political career== Murray began her political career by focusing on environmental and education issues. She was elected to serve on her local school board in [[King County, Washington|King County]]. She ran for the Washington State Senate in 1988, and beat two-term incumbent [[Bill Kiskaddon]]. She served one term before launching a campaign for the United States Senate in 1992. She has been re-elected five times. With [[Patrick Leahy]]'s retirement, Murray became the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|Senate President pro tempore]] in the [[118th United States Congress|118th Congress]], becoming the first female to hold the position in history.<ref name=king>{{cite web |last1=Staff |title=Sen. Patty Murray expected to become third in line for presidency |url=https://www.king5.com/article/news/politics/patty-murray-pro-tempore-nomination/281-6dced58f-8792-4e69-ab14-c888327ce1d9 |website=KING-5 |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> She is also the youngest senator to hold the office of president pro tempore in more than fifty years.<ref name=king/> ==Personal life== Murray is married to Rob Murray and has two children: Sara and Randy. She lives on [[Whidbey Island]].<ref name=Murray2016>{{cite news|last=Brunner |first=Jim |title=Patty Murray to seek fifth Senate term in 2016 |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/patty-murray-to-seek-fifth-senate-term-in-2016/ |access-date=October 17, 2015 |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=February 9, 2014}}</ref> In August 2006, ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that in 1994, Senator [[Strom Thurmond]] of [[South Carolina]] tried to [[Sexual assault|grope]] Murray. ''The Seattle Post-Intelligencer'' reported that Murray asked for, and received, an apology and she has not spoken more about the incident since.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2013/02/04/sen-thurmonds-mixed-race-daughter-dies-at-87/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208015518/http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2013/02/04/sen-thurmonds-mixed-race-daughter-dies-at-87/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-08 |title=Sen. Thurmond's mixed race daughter dies at 87 |work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |first=Joel|last=Connelly |date=February 4, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Book Says Thurmond Groped Murray Washington Senator Won't Talk About Elevator Incident|url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1996/nov/08/book-says-thurmond-groped-murray-washington/}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{CongLinks | congbio = m001111 | ballot = Patty_Murray | nndb = 284/000032188 | votesmart = 53358 | govtrack = 300076 | opencong = 300076 | rollcall = 522 | politifact = patty-murray | fec = S2WA00189 | opensecrets = N00007876 | assets = patty-murray | legistorm = 73/Sen_Patricia_Lynn_Murray.html | followthemoney = | ontheissues = Senate/Patty_Murray.htm | congress = patty-murray/1409 | worldcat = lccn-no00-77999 | cspan = 25277 | imdb = 1942446/ | bloomberg = patty-murray | nyt = m/patty_murray | washpo = gIQARXaU9O }} * [http://murray.senate.gov/ Senator Patty Murray] official U.S. Senate site * [http://www.pattymurray.com/ Patty Murray for Senate] * {{C-SPAN|pattymurray}} * {{Dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Washington/Government/Federal/US_Senate/Patty_Murray_%5BD%5D}} {{USSenPresProTemp}} {{Current U.S. Senators}} {{USFancy}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Patty}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States senators from Washington (state)]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate]] [[Category:Members of the Washington State Legislature]] 6k6ph9ltsjvq2svma3jld68f99bcq07 0 508646 10966895 9684060 2026-08-18T17:42:20Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Peter Záboji | honorific_suffix = | image = Peter Zaboji.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1943|12|25|df=y}} | birth_place = | baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --> | disappeared_date = <!-- {{disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = {{death date and age|2015|07|03|1943|12|25|df=y}} | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | monuments = | residence = | nationality = [[Hungary|Hungarian]], [[Germany|German]] | other_names = | ethnicity = <!-- Ethnicity should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = [[Businessperson]] | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | home_town = | salary = | net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | height = <!-- {{height|cm=X}} OR {{height|ft=X|in=Y}}--> | weight = <!-- {{convert|X|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|X|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} --> | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | religion = <!-- Religion should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | denomination = <!-- Denomination should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | children = | parents = | relatives = | callsign = | awards = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = {{URL|zaboji.com}} | footnotes = | box_width = }} '''Peter (Balazs) Záboji''' (25 December 1943 – 3 July 2015<ref>[http://www.digitalhungary.hu/start-up/Elhunyt-Zaboji-Peter-a-startup-vilag-egyik-meghatarozo-szereploje/2073 Elhunyt Záboji Péter, a startup világ egyik meghatározó szereplője] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809141506/http://www.digitalhungary.hu/start-up/Elhunyt-Zaboji-Peter-a-startup-vilag-egyik-meghatarozo-szereploje/2073 |date=2015-08-09 }} {{in lang|hu}}</ref>) was a [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] investor and [[entrepreneur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Five Entrepreneurial Places in Europe Where Hub Things Are Happening|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisoncoleman/2015/06/21/five-entrepreneurial-places-in-europe-where-hub-things-are-happening/|publisher=Forbes|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> He has contributed significantly to the development of start up businesses in [[Budapest]] and received the highest civil recognition from the president of Hungary.<ref name=PORT>{{cite web|url=http://www.portfolio.hu/rendezvenyek/eloado/zaboji-b-peter/8584|title=Záboji B. Péter|publisher=Portfolio|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622161038/http://www.portfolio.hu/rendezvenyek/eloado/zaboji-b-peter/8584|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Budapest: a startup city on the rise|url=http://silicongoulash.com/articles/2013/03/31/budapest-startup-city-on-the-rise|publisher=Silicon Goulash|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zaboji, Peter}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:2015 deaths]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Budapest]] irojl84e8enxfi9pxjtl3smhdfigtol 0 510062 10966726 10844605 2026-08-18T16:01:30Z LilyKitty 103847 about "Isotype" 10966726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsourced|date=July 2015}} {{Infobox person | name = Otto Neurath | image = Otto Neurath.jpg | alt = | caption = Otto Neurath in 1919 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1882|12|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]&nbsp;<small>(now in [[Austria]])</small> | death_date = {{death date and age|1945|12|22|1889|6|1|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Oxford]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]] | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = Founder of [[Vienna Circle]] | occupation = Philosopher, sociologist, economist }} '''Otto Neurath''' (December 10, 1882 – December 22, 1945) was an [[Austrian]] [[philosopher]] and member of the [[Vienna Circle]]. He wrote books in [[Basic English]]. In 1936 [[Charles Kay Ogden]] commissioned Otto and his wife [[Marie Neurath]] to produce ''International Picture Language'' and "Isotype", a kind of [[pictogram]] as part of a series of eight books in Basic English. == Life == Neurath was born in Vienna, the son of Wilhelm Neurath (1840–1901), a well-known [[Jewish]] political economist at the time.<ref>{{Citation |last=Cat |first=Jordi |title=Otto Neurath |date=2024 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neurath/#:~:text=Otto%20Neurath%20was%20born%20on,political%20economist%20and%20social%20reformer. |access-date=2024-09-05 |edition=Spring 2024 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref> Otto's mother was a [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and he would also become one.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/69443414 | title=The Political Ideas of Otto Neurath: Science, Judaism, and the Rise of Expertocracy | journal=Azimuth Ix (2021) 18: Mother-Tongue and Father-Land: Jewish Perspectives on Language and Identity | date=January 2021 | last1=Wussow | first1=Philipp von }}</ref> He studied mathematics and physics at the [[University of Vienna]]. In 1906, he gained his PhD in the department of Political Science and Statistics at the [[Humboldt-University of Berlin|University of Berlin]]. He married Anna Schapire in 1907, who died in 1911. Then, he married a close friend, the mathematician and philosopher Olga Hahn. Neurath taught [[political economy]] at the New Vienna Commercial Academy in [[Vienna]] until war broke out. After that, he directed the Department of War Economy in the War Ministry. In 1917, he completed his habilitation thesis ''Die Kriegswirtschaftslehre und ihre Bedeutung für die Zukunft'' (War Economics and Their Importance for the Future) at [[Heidelberg University]]. In 1918, he became director of the ''Deutsches Kriegswirtschaftsmuseum'' (German Museum of War Economy, later the ''Deutsches Wirtschaftsmuseum'') at Leipzig. == Reerences == <references/> {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Neurath, Otto}} [[Category:1882 births]] [[Category:1945 deaths]] [[Category:Austrian philosophers]] [[Category:Writers from Vienna]] igithpbvxknui2blujilz5dylngiq8a 0 512864 10966953 9478040 2026-08-18T19:48:03Z ~2026-44847-44 1857571 10966953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Albums --> | name = Christina Milian | type = studio | artist = [[Christina Milian]] | cover = | released = October 9, 2001 | recorded = 2000–2001 | genre = {{flat list| *[[Dance-pop]] *[[Hip hop music|hip hop]] *[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] }} | length = 47:53 | label = {{flat list| *[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Soul]] *[[The Inc.]] }} | producer ={{flat list| *[[Bloodshy & Avant]] *[[Jermaine Dupri]] *[[Focus...]] *[[Irv Gotti]] *[[Artful Dodger (UK band)|Mark Hill]] *[[Montell Jordan]] *[[Evan Rogers]] }} | prev_title = | prev_year = | next_title = [[It's About Time (Christina Milian album)|It's About Time]] | next_year = 2004 | misc = {{Singles | name = Christina Milian | type = studio | single1 = [[AM to PM]] | single1date = July 24, 2001 | single2 = [[When You Look at Me]] | single2date = June 17, 2002 }} }} '''''Christina Milian''''' is the self-titled [[wikt:debut|debut]] [[studio album]] by American singer and songwriter [[Christina Milian]].<ref name=AM>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/christina-milian-mw0002006520 |title=Christina Milian ''Christina Milian''|publisher=AllMusic |access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> It was released by [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] on October 9, 2001.<ref>Marci Kenon, 'R&B and Hip-Hop Offerings', ''Billboard'', Vol. 113, No. 38 (September 22, 2001), p. 68</ref> The album features the hit [[Single (music)|singles]] "AM to PM" and "When You Look at Me". == Track listing == {{Track listing | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | writing_credits = yes | title1 = Get Away | note1 = featuring [[Ja Rule]] | writer1 = [[Irv Gotti|Irv Lorenzo]], [[Ja Rule|Jeffery Atkins]], [[Christina Milian]] | extra1 = [[Irv Gotti]] | length1 = 4:13 | title2 = [[AM to PM]] | writer2 = Milian, [[Bloodshy and Avant|Christian "Bloodshy" Karlsson, Pontus "Avant" Winberg]] | extra2 = Bloodshy, Avant (co.) | length2 = 3:52 | title3 = [[When You Look at Me]] | writer3 = Milian, Karlsson, [[Nina Woodford]], Fredrik "Fredro" Odesjo, [[Henrik Jonback]] | extra3 = Bloodshy, Avant (co.) | length3 = 3:43 | title4 = Spending Time | note4 = featuring [[Charli Baltimore|Charli "Chuck" Baltimore]] | writer4 = Lorenzo, Atkins, Tiffany Lane, [[Ashanti (singer)|Ashanti]] | extra4 = Irv Gotti | length4 = 4:32 | title5 = It Hurts When... | writer5 = Milian, [[Montell Jordan]], [[Focus...|Bernard Edwards, Jr.]] | extra5 = [[Focus...]] | length5 = 4:02 | title6 = You Make Me Laugh | writer6 = Milian, Karlsson, Odesjo | extra6 = Bloodshy, Fredro (co.) | length6 = 3:38 | title7 = A Girl like Me | note7 = featuring [[Jermaine Dupri]] | writer7 = Milian, Dupri, [[Bryan-Michael Cox]] | extra7 = Dupri, Cox (co.) | length7 = 4:00 | title8 = Twitch | writer8 = Milian, Jordan, Edwards, Jr. | extra8 = Focus... | length8 = 4:02 | title9 = Until I Get Over You | writer9 = Milian, [[Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers|Evan Rogers, Carl Sturken]] | extra9 = Rogers, Sturken | length9 = 3:58 | title10 = Satisfaction Guaranteed | writer10 = Milian, [[Mark Hill (musician)|Mark Hill]] | extra10 = Hill | length10 = 3:45 | title11 = Got to Have You | writer11 = Milian, Karlsson, Winberg | extra11 = Bloodshy, Milian (co.), Avant (co.) | length11 = 3:38 | title12 = Thank You | writer12 = Milian, Rogers, Sturken | extra12 = Rogers, Sturken | length12 = 4:30 }} {{Track listing | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | writing_credits = yes | headline = European bonus track | collapsed = yes | title13 = Your Last Call | writer13 = Milian, Karlsson, Winberg, Jonback | extra13 = Bloodshy, Avant (co.) | length13 = 3:37 }} {{Track listing | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | writing_credits = yes | headline = Japanese bonus tracks | collapsed = yes | title13 = Let Go | writer13 = | extra13 = Bloodshy | length13 = 4:32 | title14 = You Snooze, You Lose | writer14 = | extra14 = StarGate | length14 = 3:32 }} == Personnel == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Executive producer]]s – Christina Milian, Jeff Fenster, Carmen Milian * Vocal assistance – [[Montell Jordan]], [[Jeanette Olsson]], Christina Milian * Vocal arrangements – Christina Milian, Bloodshy, Avant, Focus, Montell Jordan * Engineers – Joe Chiccarelli, Brian Frye, Al Hemberger, Glenn Matullo, Carlisle Young * Assistant engineers – Tom Bender, Stephanie Vonarx * Conductors – Janson & Janson * [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|Mixing]] – [[Mick Guzauski]], Tony Maserati, Peter Mokran, Brian Springer, Phil Tan * [[Artists and repertoire|A&R]] – Hector "Rick Boogie" Aviles, Simon Collins, Jeff Fenster * Design – Shanna Busman * [[Art direction]] – Shanna Busman * Photography – Tony Duran {{col-2}} * [[Bass (instrument)|Bass]] – LaMarquis Mark Jefferson, Thomas Lindberg * [[Cello]] – Asa Forsberg * [[Guitar]] – Henrik Jonback * [[Viola]] – Hans Akeson, Elisabeth Arnberg Ranmo, Monika Stanikowska * [[Violin]] – Dag Alin, Torbjorn Bernhardsson, Hanna Gähran, Per Hammarstrom, Annette Mannheimer, Svein H. Martinsen, Martin Stensson {{col-end}} == Charts == {|class="wikitable sortable" !Chart !Peak<br> position |- |align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart |align="center"|36 |- |align="left"|French Albums Chart |align="center"|138 |- |align="left"|Japan Oricon Albums Chart |align="center"|19 |- |align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart |align="center"|98<ref name="swi">{{cite web|title=CHRISTINA MILIAN - CHRISTINA MILIAN (ALBUM)|work=Swisscharts|url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Christina+Milian&titel=Christina+Milian&cat=a|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]] |align="center"|23 |} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2001 albums]] [[Category:2002 albums]] [[Category:Debut albums]] [[Category:Christina Milian albums]] [[Category:Dance-pop albums]] [[Category:Hip hop albums]] [[Category:R&B albums]] 0ljfww12fc1ixb9phx6boodsjw0smk6 0 518810 10967236 10964888 2026-08-19T05:40:24Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Around the world */ 10967236 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education has been trialled in [[Bavaria]] since 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] since 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 77vv65zj7zsunrp6u2xycyzjkisnexz 10967237 10967236 2026-08-19T05:41:33Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Around the world */ 10967237 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education has been implemented in [[Bavaria]] since 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] since 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} cfgr078nqxjakif58gh7jmyv9q76lp3 10967239 10967237 2026-08-19T05:43:53Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Around the world */ 10967239 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} ihbajnxg0u8ly5fhnptdlw2dd78fbqy 10967247 10967239 2026-08-19T06:18:30Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Beliefs */ 10967247 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." Alongside this were the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, mathematics, and natural sciences. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Rushdee primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by Sultan [[Mahmud II]], to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] era and beyond.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} gvxgr6srljq2s8x9fbfk3gfrsss3208 10967249 10967247 2026-08-19T06:19:15Z Afizzy 1854360 /* History */ 10967249 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." Alongside this were the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Rushdee primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by Sultan [[Mahmud II]], to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] era and beyond.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} fuh8twasafxkwfqxfraz7i7f207j3bj 10967258 10967249 2026-08-19T06:27:26Z Afizzy 1854360 /* History */ 10967258 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." Alongside this were the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]], to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] era and beyond.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 9b3zas3yk550g9ox8verkm41lgjne4w 10967264 10967258 2026-08-19T06:31:01Z Afizzy 1854360 /* History */ 10967264 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." This was partly due to non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]], to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] era and beyond.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} ncy5jmddcxwijukuyh912m7z48xpe2s 10967266 10967264 2026-08-19T06:32:37Z Afizzy 1854360 /* History */ 10967266 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]], to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] era and beyond.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} fk6hms8b98wwwfphsqzaisq3mj2m679 10967268 10967266 2026-08-19T06:33:26Z Afizzy 1854360 /* History */ 10967268 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]], to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} q5jf9t5hbvrooz1ndqlnz7dzg02roxs 10967269 10967268 2026-08-19T06:36:30Z Afizzy 1854360 /* History */ 10967269 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] and Mulla Sadra are known to have conversed about [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarian issues.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]], to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} mz17qb3jgc8b0ihsku0ebfs2hmv4t42 10967270 10967269 2026-08-19T06:37:31Z Afizzy 1854360 /* History */ 10967270 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] and Mulla Sadra are known to have conversed about [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarian issues.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]], to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 0qwxpekb6yjpkfb2hmow2wcminzjpbi 10967271 10967270 2026-08-19T06:39:48Z Afizzy 1854360 /* History */ 10967271 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] and Mulla Sadra are known to have conversed about [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarian issues.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 9ak0yoggqfqpxglwuwy5pz4q3jsm57u 10967276 10967271 2026-08-19T06:42:13Z Afizzy 1854360 /* History */ 10967276 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == History == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] and Mulla Sadra conversed about [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarian issues.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 4hx43tq8bksoi9y37hbdymydwjpp9wi 10967279 10967276 2026-08-19T06:44:21Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Historical development */ 10967279 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] and Mulla Sadra conversed about [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarian issues.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 0ai3sro309i2g2ua9p1ldt83tvcs1zh 10967280 10967279 2026-08-19T06:45:33Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Historical development */ 10967280 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), and [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] conversed about [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarian issues.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 6z7isxkrwb2n4fnlll9inqohofb1v8m 10967282 10967280 2026-08-19T06:48:08Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Historical development */ 10967282 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), and [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] discussed [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarian issues.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 8eaexyvygrqq265retmeyk0pvey3rhc 10967283 10967282 2026-08-19T06:49:21Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Historical development */ 10967283 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), and [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] discussed [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarianism.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. These were less strict than other Muslim schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} hqjm5u2w3uqfl5ac7i6r9xuxyea6xtq 10967285 10967283 2026-08-19T06:52:18Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Historical development */ 10967285 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), and [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] discussed [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarianism.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. There were no stricter schools than these Rushdee schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} dqu4nqnbycw8k62amnv5cix1v6xyugx 10967286 10967285 2026-08-19T06:52:56Z Afizzy 1854360 /* Historical development */ 10967286 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), and [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] discussed [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarianism.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. There were no stricter Muslim schools than these Rushdee schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} omqyt4t8c7o0ky3dozsr3dnjjym7r52 10967289 10967286 2026-08-19T06:56:34Z Afizzy 1854360 /* See also */ 10967289 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), and [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] discussed [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarianism.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. There were no stricter Muslim schools than these Rushdee schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] *[[Islamic Golden Age]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 1916ad8skrytenm6lvc2uz8mhuev2jh 10967290 10967289 2026-08-19T06:57:31Z Afizzy 1854360 /* See also */ 10967290 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), and [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] discussed [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarianism.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. There were no stricter Muslim schools than these Rushdee schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Islamic Golden Age]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 1gypsfcor2w08osj2k19q1ftpi30mdf 10967355 10967290 2026-08-19T08:46:05Z Corrctor1829 1459265 /* See also */ 10967355 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), and [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] discussed [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarianism.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. There were no stricter Muslim schools than these Rushdee schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Living Sunnah]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Islamic Golden Age]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} dpnxwpw11kwbw1utue40d26qzu6pp45 10967370 10967355 2026-08-19T09:01:25Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Corrctor1829|Corrctor1829]] ([[User talk:Corrctor1829|talk]]) to last version by Afizzy 10967290 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''non-denominational Muslim''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) is a [[Muslim]] who does not belong to, does not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a [[sect]] or [[Religious denomination|denomination]] but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Some non-sectarian Muslim organisations are independent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hargey |first=Taj |title=Britain’s Liberal Imam: Interview with Taj Hargey |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2023/11/britains-liberal-imam-interview-with-taj-hargey/ |website=The Freethinker |publisher=Freethinker Media Ltd |date=November 2023 |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Evidence Submitted by the Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/67128/html/ |website=UK Parliament Committees |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=16 August 2026}}</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in [[Islam]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref><ref>https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/al-mamun</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Al-Mamun+was+a+rationalist+who+aimed+to+end+sectarianism+within+Islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8qaaB7o-TAxX_WEEAHZLpJukQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>]] In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Beliefs == Non-sectarian Muslims often cite [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses to support their stance, including 3:103: "And hold firmly to the rope of [[Allah]] all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it."<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Critics of non-denominational Muslims argue they misinterpret the Qur'anic injunction against division, neglect the broader Islamic teachings and [[hadith]], and disregard Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'').<ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Unlike Sunnis, [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref><ref>https://whiteminaret.org/deviants/why-you-cant-be-a-no-sect-muslim/</ref> Some Muslims who oppose sectarian divisions also [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]], believing hadith contribute to sectarianism.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&pg=PA78 |title=Muslims – Vol 2: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Volume 2: The Contemporary Period |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94895-6}}</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8eSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&dq=Dr.+Hargey+rejects+the+Hadith&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNwr6SwJSTAxXiQEEAHRxjPS4Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Historical development == [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] (''falasifa'') including [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]), Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]]), and [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] discussed [[Philosophy|philosophical]] issues without any regard to sectarianism.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> According to E. C. Barton, the [[Ottoman Empire]] experienced a "renewed life of Mahometanism." The first change was the establishment of non-denominational or "Rushdee" public schools influenced by Western ideas. They offered subjects such as European languages, history, [[mathematics]], and [[natural sciences]]. There were no stricter Muslim schools than these Rushdee schools.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z1s7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7hoWy_6uWAxXOT0EAHdpTHco4PBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> The first Ruşdiye primary schools were established in 1838 CE in Istanbul by [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]] to prepare young men to attend his new technical schools. Their graduates staffed the Ottoman Empire's expanding administration and military during the [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rusdiye-schools</ref> ==Around the world== Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia; many Muslims, however, identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> In [[Germany]], non-denominational Islamic religious education was introduced in [[Bavaria]] in 2003 and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in 2007, providing Islamic education without affiliation to a particular denomination.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aoeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=non-denominational+islam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngdvI_KuWAxXuT0EAHeQKCwIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Based on calculations using country-level data from Pew, about 230–285 million Muslims worldwide (around 12–15% of all Muslims) can be described as non-denominational or "Just Muslim," which means this group is slightly larger than the global Shia population (about 10–13%) but much smaller than the Sunni population (about 85–90%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance, or whose intellectual work transcended sectarian divisions, include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Al-Kindi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Al-Farabi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *Ibn Rushd ([[Averroes]])<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-sectarianism/sunni-shiite-muslims-uphold-same/d/98267</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/03-Apr-2026/nechri-heretic-reclaiming-legacy-syed-ahmad-khan</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==See also== *[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] *[[Independent politician]] *[[Sectarianism]] *[[Hadith rejectors]] *[[Muslim Hebraists]] *[[Qur'an]] *[[Freethinker]] *[[Islamic Golden Age]] *[[Kindi Circle]] *[[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] *[[Islamic archaeology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 1gypsfcor2w08osj2k19q1ftpi30mdf 10967373 10967370 2026-08-19T09:04:19Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Revert socks 10967373 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Non-denominational Muslims''' ({{Lang-ar|مُسْلِمُونَ بِلَا طَائِفَةٍ|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) are [[Muslim]]s who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a denomination but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as "non-sectarian Muslims".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Unlike [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]], [[Shia Islam|Shias]], and [[Ibadi|Ibadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any [[Madh'hab|madhhab]] (school of thought).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref> In [[Lithuania]], non-denominational Muslims fall into the category of "non-traditional religious communities" and are formally separated by law from Sunnis.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=In+Lithuania,+non-denominational+Muslims+fall+into+the+category+of+“non-traditional+religious+communities”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGjayyxZiIAxXlzgIHHYZRICwQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Most people in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shi'a; many Muslims identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> They make up a majority of Muslims in eight countries ([[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%) and a plurality in four countries ([[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%)).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> According to World Atlas, 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims, and two thirds belong to the Sunni denomination.<ref> https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html</ref> [[Southeast Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" /> ==Notable individuals== Notable Muslim figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance include the following: *[[Al-Ma'mun]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mamun#:~:text=al%2DMaʾmūn%20(born%20786%2C,subjects%20a%20rationalist%20Muslim%20creed.</ref> *[[Hafez|Hafiz]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1035023</ref><ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deNfpU7HUJMC&pg=PA24&dq=The+non-sectarian+tone+of+the+poems+of+Hafiz+struck+Debendra-+nath&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7rNPRkdSHAxVizAIHHXVWKfUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Altaf Hussain Hali<ref name=Jones2011/> *Jamal al-Din al-Afghani<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref> *Kassim Ahmad<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mJrEMImPkMYC&pg=PA78&dq=Kassim+Ahmad:+Hadiths+are+“sectarian,+anti-science,+anti-reason+and+anti-women”&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNmaW4oP2IAxW8ZkEAHcMbB2oQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref name="kiss">Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997</ref> *Muhammad Abduh<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA98&dq=Abduh+held+that+the+extreme+fervour+of+sects+was+responsible+for+the+divide+of+Muslims&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuycPk5dmHAxVgVkEAHWLHM5IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Muhammad Akram Khan]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref> *[[Aga Khan III]]<ref name=Jones2011/> *[[Faisal I of Iraq]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gRqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=especially+around+the+Arab+movement+and+the+Arab+government+under+Faisal.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy9Lvg78eHAxUaV0EAHcbtKJEQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/02/11/man-of-the-moment</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA480&dq=Faisal+was+angry+with+him,+for+as+the+King+was+trying+to+save+Iraq+from+the+poison+of+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4iaS278eHAxWdVkEAHWawAwoQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *Ghulam Ahmed Pervez<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111833/http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=Words+of+a+Leader+Sheikh+Zayed+Bin+Sultan+Al+Nahyan+Father+-+against+sectarianism,+factionalism%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvzNSkxtCHAxWLV0EAHZCZHyIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&dq=King+Abdullah+acts+to+stem+rising+tide+of+regional+sectarianism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFjvm14c-HAxVEU0EAHWjTBvYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=sectarianism+Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_4CR34WLAxXeU0EAHdwmBxQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nlrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Mohammed+bin+Zayed+Al+Nahyan+never+hesitates+to+make+firm+decisions+when+it+comes+to+matters+of+the+United+Arab+...+sectarian+strife+sparked+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO1MXy4YWLAxXMV0EAHZO2BwoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> *[[Abdullah II of Jordan]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> *[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Muhammad VI of Morocco]]<ref> https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=The+ruler+of+Jordan+is+King+Abdullah+II+and+the+monarch+of+Morocco+is+Muhammad+VI.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiiK27y9CHAxX3Q0EAHfpHAaIQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false </ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islamic denominations]] {{religion-stub}} 4ox1fzbn0oczfu4egm1dihlpb6m6q5y 0 525625 10966883 10813099 2026-08-18T17:32:40Z Canadachick 1633172 10966883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Physical dependence''' is a term used in [[medicine]]. If a [[drug]] is taken regularly, a certain level of [[Drug tolerance|tolerance]] may have developed. Abruptly (suddenly) stopping using the drug will cause [[drug withdrawal]] symptoms with most drugs. If the drug has been taken for a longer period of time, or the dosage was higher, the withdrawal symptoms will be more severe. Well known drugs with withdrawal symptoms include [[opioid]]s, [[alcoholic drink|alcohol]], and may of the drugs known as [[neuroleptics]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benzodiazepines (benzos, diazepam, valium)|url=https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/drugs-and-drug-use/common-drugs/benzodiazepines-benzos-diazepam-valium/|access-date=2025-05-25|website=NHS inform|language=en-GB}}</ref> Physical dependence in medicine is a state where the body adapts to the presence of a specific substance, often a [[medication]] or [[chemical substance]], to the point where it becomes needed for normal functioning. When this substance is suddenly stopped or reduced, withdrawal symptoms may happen as a result.<ref name="medlineplus.gov">{{Cite web|title=Opiate and opioid withdrawal: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000949.htm|access-date=2025-05-25|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref name="medlineplus.gov"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=إدمان المخدرات (اضطراب تعاطي المواد المخدرة) - الأعراض والأسباب - Mayo Clinic (مايو كلينك)|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/ar/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112|access-date=2025-05-25|website=www.mayoclinic.org|language=ar}}</ref> == Definition == Physical dependence is a physiological state that occurs when the [[body]] adapts to the presence of a specific substance, leading to changes in bodily functions. This dependence can occur with a wide range of substances, including prescription medications such as opioid [[painkillers]], [[Benzodiazepine|benzodiazepines]], and [[Antidepressant|antidepressants]], as well as chemicals like alcohol and [[nicotine]] == Causes == Physical dependence can happen because of many things, including: *Long-term use: Using substances for an extended period can lead to physical or mental dependence *High doses: Taking high doses of substances can increase the risk of physical or mental dependence *Medical history: Individuals with a certain medical history, such as [[Sleep disorder|sleep disorders]] or [[anxiety]], may be more susceptible to physical dependence == Symptoms == Withdrawal symptoms can be extremely uncomfortable and range from mild [[Symptom|symptoms]] like anxiety and tension to severe symptoms like [[Sweat|sweating]], [[nausea]], [[Vomit|vomiting]], [[diarrhea]] or [[constipation]], and [[muscle pain]]. In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be severe and require medical attention. == Treatment == Treatment for physical dependence often involves gradually reducing the dosage to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Sometimes, alternative or additional medications are prescribed to alleviate these symptoms. [[Psychotherapy]] can also help support individuals dealing with the [[psychological]] challenges associated with stopping a substance. == Related pages == *[[Addiction]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{med-stub}} [[Category:Medicine]] [[Category:Addiction]] p9u3t407sjlbqmvzkmu1lq28vy34785 0 529983 10966674 8985897 2026-08-18T15:09:23Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paul Kantner from Jefferson Airplane (7201489454) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|230px|Kantner in May 2012]] '''Paul Lorin Kantner''' (March 17, 1941 &ndash; January 28, 2016) was an [[Americans|American]] [[guitar|guitarist]], [[singing|vocalist]], and [[political]] [[activist]]. He was known for co-founding [[Jefferson Airplane]], a [[psychedelic rock]] band of the [[1960s]] and its more commercial spin-off band [[Jefferson Starship]]. He was born in [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Kantner died from [[multiple organ failure]] and [[septic shock]] caused by a [[heart attack]] in San Francisco, California on January 28, 2016. He was 74.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/music/article/Jefferson-Airplane-s-Paul-Kantner-dies-at-74-6791483.php|title=Jefferson Airplane’s Paul Kantner dies at 74|author=Aidin Vaziri|date=January 29, 2016|work=SFGate}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} *[http://www.jeffersonstarshipsf.com/ Official website for Jefferson Starship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630182717/http://www.jeffersonstarshipsf.com/ |date=2017-06-30 }} *[http://www.jeffersonairplane.com/ Official website for Jefferson Airplane]. *[http://gotarevolution.com/ 'Got A Revolution': Biography of Jefferson Airplane by Jeff Tamarkin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182308/http://www.gotarevolution.com/ |date=2016-03-03 }} *[https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bio.asp?oid=3111&cf=3111 Jefferson Airplane biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329053314/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bio.asp?oid=3111&cf=3111 |date=2009-03-29 }} at ''[[Rolling Stone magazine|Rolling Stone]]''. *[http://www.nndb.com/music/323/000035218/ Jefferson Airplane profile, NNDB]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kantner, Paul}} [[Category:1941 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:American political activists]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American rock singers]] [[Category:Jefferson Airplane members]] [[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]] [[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]] [[Category:Disease-related deaths in San Francisco]] [[Category:Musicians from San Francisco]] [[Category:Singers from California]] {{US-bio-stub}} oq3fntaynorcw5h1v3zc1jxafcksb4j 0 536154 10967330 10487623 2026-08-19T08:00:37Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Robert J. Healey |image = Robert J. Healey.jpg |birth_date = {{birth date|1957|5|3}} |birth_place = [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], [[United States|U.S.]] |death_date = {{death date and age|2016|3|20|1957|5|3}} |death_place = [[Barrington, Rhode Island|Barrington]], Rhode Island, U.S. |party = Cool Moose Party {{small|(1994–2014)}}<br>[[Moderate Party of Rhode Island|Moderate]] {{small|(2014–2016)}} |alma_mater = [[Rhode Island College]]<br>[[Boston University]]<br>[[Northeastern University]]<br>[[New England School of Law]]<br>[[Columbia University]] |website = [http://votehealey.wordpress.com/ Campaign website] }} '''Robert John "Bob" Healey, Jr.''' (May 3, 1957 &ndash; March 20, 2016) was an [[Americans|American]] attorney, businessman, educator, restaurateur, and political activist. He was the founder of [[Rhode Island]]'s Cool Moose Party. It is the state's third-largest political party from 1994 until 2002. He has been a [[perennial candidate]] for statewide office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.630wpro.com/2014/09/11/news-bob-healey-running-for-governor-for-the-moderate-party/ |title=NEWS: Bob Healey running for governor for the Moderate Party |first=Sam |last=Wroblewski |work=[[WPRO (AM)|WPRO]] |date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-date=May 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503134105/http://www.630wpro.com/2014/09/11/news-bob-healey-running-for-governor-for-the-moderate-party/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/rhode-island/statements/2010/oct/30/robert-healey/healey-says-many-states-are-discussing-eliminating/ |title=Healey says many states are discussing eliminating the lieutenant governor position |first1=Cynthia |last1=Needham |first2=Karen Lee |last2=Ziner |work=[[PolitiFact.com]] |date=October 30, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221801/http://www.politifact.com/rhode-island/statements/2010/oct/30/robert-healey/healey-says-many-states-are-discussing-eliminating/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.wpri.com/2010/12/04/cool-moose-bob-healey-makes-the-nyt/ |title=Cool Moose Bob Healey makes the NYT |first=Ted |last=Nesi |work=[[WPRI-TV]] |date=December 4, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021212039/http://blogs.wpri.com/2010/12/04/cool-moose-bob-healey-makes-the-nyt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/04/us/04lieutenant.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=Jokes and Secret Hopes for Lieutenant Governors |first=A. G. |last=Sulzberger |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2014}}</ref> ==Career== Healey has run for [[List of Governors of Rhode Island|Governor]] or [[Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island|Lieutenant Governor]] a total of seven times. He ran as an independent candidate in 2010, he won 39% of the vote for Lieutenant Governor. He wanted to [[abolish]] the office. As the [[Moderate Party of Rhode Island|Moderate Party]] nominee for Governor in [[Rhode Island gubernatorial election, 2014|2014]], Healey won 22% of the vote while spending less than $40 on the campaign.<ref name="wpri">{{cite web |url=http://www.ri.gov/election/results/2014/general_election/races/104.html |title=Rhode Island Board of Elections - Election Results |access-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref> ==Death== Healey was found dead in his bed at his home in [[Barrington, Rhode Island]] on March 20, 2016.<ref name="death">{{cite web|url=http://turnto10.com/news/local/report-bob-cool-moose-healey-jr-dies-at-58|title=Bob "Cool Moose" Healey dies at 58|publisher=Turnto10.com|access-date=March 21, 2016|date=March 21, 2016|archive-date=April 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404101322/http://turnto10.com/news/local/report-bob-cool-moose-healey-jr-dies-at-58|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is believed to have died from a suspected [[heart attack]] in his sleep.<ref name="death"/> He was aged 58.<ref name="death"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{official|http://votehealey.com/}} *[http://votehealey.wordpress.com/ Bob Healey's Campaign Journal – A Guerrilla Guide to the Cerebral Revolution] *{{twitter|roberthealey|Bob Healey}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Healey, Robert J.}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Rhode Island]] [[Category:Educators from Rhode Island]] [[Category:American political activists]] [[Category:Boston University alumni]] [[Category:Columbia University alumni]] [[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]] [[Category:Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island]] [[Category:People from Barrington, Rhode Island]] [[Category:Lawyers from Rhode Island]] {{US-bio-stub}} d7sgrxm51h9rcptwi66nst5c18jkdjk 0 549641 10967177 9450449 2026-08-19T03:53:34Z FD950 752027 Italicized titles. 10967177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Franchi-spas-by-dalttt.png|thumb|249x249px|The SPAS-12]] The '''SPAS-12''' (Special Purpose Automatic Shotgun) is an Italian combat shotgun that was produced from 1979 until 2000. It is used by police and military forces in many countries around the world. The SPAS-12 is a dual-mode shotgun, adjustable for semi-automatic or pump-action operation. It is a 12 gauge shotgun and has an internal tubular magazine of 5 to 8 rounds. The SPAS-12 has been popular in many [[movies]], [[Television programme|TV shows]], and [[video games]] including ''[[Call of Duty]]'', ''[[Battlefield (series)|Battlefield]]'', ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'', ''[[Left 4 Dead]]'' and more. [[Category:Shotguns]] ji4jkq4d46qzr8x636yzvqlm7d8jynx 0 551055 10967118 10963036 2026-08-19T00:39:04Z EmausBot 111904 Fixing double redirect from [[Sprout (TV channel)]] to [[Universal Kids]] 10967118 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Universal Kids]] bkto6g42shzyzt8mqmwiyl1xcqmiflw 0 564984 10966852 9584123 2026-08-18T17:16:10Z Canadachick 1633172 10966852 wikitext text/x-wiki Two types of [[electrical circuit]]s are the series circuit, and the parallel circuit. ==Series Circuit == [[File:Series circuit.svg|right|thumb|This is an example of a series circuit. In this picture, we see the current flowing from a power source, directly into three loads, and then back into the power source.]] In a series circuit, the [[electrical current]] is only able to flow around a single path. The current will flow from a power source, such as a [[battery]], into one or more [[electrical load]]s, such as a [[light bulb]], and then back to the power source. In a series circuit, the same amount of [[amperage]] from the power source flows through each load. The [[voltage]] in a series circuit is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads on a series circuit stops working, the current will not be able to flow through the rest of the circuit, and the rest of the loads will also stop working. ==Parallel circuit== [[File:Resistors in parallel.svg|left|thumb|This is an example of a parallel circuit. In this image, we see three [[resistors]] connected to a power source in parallel.]] In a parallel circuit, the electrical current may flow along multiple paths before returning to the power source. The Voltage in a parallel circuit is the same across all of the loads in the circuit. In a parallel circuit, the amperage is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads in a parallel circuit stops working, the other loads in parallel will be able to continue to work. The voltage in a parallel circuit is the same on all the loads. [[Category:Electricity]] {{phys-stub}} mucslhqyj7jjgu6vhud7leporrql813 10966853 10966852 2026-08-18T17:16:21Z Canadachick 1633172 10966853 wikitext text/x-wiki Two types of [[electrical circuit]]s are the series circuit, and the parallel circuit. ==Series Circuit == [[File:Series circuit.svg|right|thumb|This is an example of a series circuit. In this picture, we see the current flowing from a power source, directly into three loads, and then back into the power source.]] In a series circuit, the [[electrical current]] is only able to flow around a single path. The current will flow from a power source, such as a [[battery]], into one or more [[electrical load]]s, such as a [[light bulb]], and then back to the power source. In a series circuit, the same amount of [[amperage]] from the power source flows through each load. The [[voltage]] in a series circuit is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads on a series circuit stops working, the current will not be able to flow through the rest of the circuit, and the rest of the loads will also stop working. ==Parallel circuit== [[File:Resistors in parallel.svg|left|thumb|This is an example of a parallel circuit. In this image, we see three [[resistors]] connected to a power source in parallel.]] In a parallel circuit, the electrical current may flow along multiple paths before returning to the power source. The Voltage in a parallel circuit is the same across all of the loads in the circuit. In a parallel circuit, the amperage is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads in a parallel circuit stops working, the other loads in parallel will be able to continue to work. The voltage in a parallel circuit is the same on all the loads. [[Category:Electricity]] {{physics-stub}} 3wi1pms1e8gxlevjtwi3v5uo36bvqtb 0 566260 10966911 10764428 2026-08-18T18:22:43Z ~2026-45212-87 1857556 /* */ 10966911 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Murder at Sharpeville 21 March 1960.jpg|thumb|Painting of the Sharpeville massacre, 1960. The painting is in the South African consulate in London]] The '''Sharpeville massacre''' was when a [[wikt:crowd|crowd]] of between 5,000 and 7,000 [[black people]] [[protest]]ed at the [[police station]] in [[Sharpeville]], [[Vereeniging]], [[South Africa]] on March 21, 1960.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">1960: Scores die in Sharpeville shoot-out: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/21/newsid_2653000/2653405.stm BBC ON THIS DAY | 21 | 1960: Scores die in Sharpeville shoot-out], accessdate: January 5, 2017</ref> The police started [[shooting]] into the crowd. A total of 69 people were killed including 8 women and 10 children, and 180 people were hurt, including 31 women and 19 children.<ref name=policekilledNYT>{{cite web |url= http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/21/march-21-1960-south-african-police-kill-69-black-protestors-in-sharpeville-massacre/?_r=0 |title= March 21, 1960 {{!}} South African Police Kill 69 Black Protesters in Sharpeville Massacre |date=March 21, 2012 |website=The Learning Network |publisher=The New York Times |access-date= January 5, 2017}}</ref> In South Africa today, this day is a public [[holiday]] in honor of [[human rights]] against [[racism]] and [[racial segregation]] ([[apartheid]]). The [[demonstration]] was to protest against [[pass laws]] out of apartheid.<ref name=policekilledNYT/> The crowd went to the police station demanding to be arrested for not carrying their [[wikt:pass#Noun|passes]].<ref name=policekilledNYT/> At some point the South African Police started shooting.<ref name=policekilledNYT/> People have different [[wikt:explanation|explanation]]s to what the crowd was doing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/eyewitness-accounts-sharpeville-massacre-1960 |title=Sharpeville Massacre, 21 March 1960 |date=March 30, 2011 |publisher=South African History Online |access-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> Some say that the crowd was [[wikt:peaceful|peaceful]]. Others say that the crowd were throwing [[stone]]s at the police. The shooting started when the crowd started going toward the [[fence]] around the police station. Some say this was what led [[Nelson Mandela]] to engaging in more violent protests. In 1998, [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] recognized this massacre violence against human rights. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Apartheid-related violence]] [[Category:20th century in South Africa]] {{stub}} 6fa5352a5g2hs39zsgz8phoe2lo6vj4 2 567377 10966790 5569722 2026-08-18T16:53:30Z Canadachick 1633172 removed user page from stub category 10966790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[en:USER:Vermelhamesa]] [[pt:USER:Vermelhamesa]] [[ru:USER:Vermelhamesa]] Vermelhamesa is a user on [[Wikipedia]] that tries to help fix [[grammar]] and design mistakes, and he hopes to learn something at the same time. If you have a question or a problem, feel free to leave him a message on [[User Talk:Vermelhamesa|his talk page]] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Talk:Vermelhamesa his main talk page on English Wikipedia], and he may or may not get back to you.{{cn}} gr7vpjecvrmf9sf2146apxoyzf83dfv 0 569112 10966912 10501274 2026-08-18T18:23:34Z ~2026-45212-87 1857556 /* */ 10966912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HectorPietersonMemorial1030632.JPG|thumb|The [[Hector Pieterson Museum]], in [[Soweto]]. [[Hector Pieterson]] was a 12-year-old student, who was killed along with others during the uprising and massacre.]] The '''Soweto Uprising''' was a series of protests led by high school students in [[South Africa]] against introduction of [[Afrikaans]] as [[official language]] in education with oppression and neglecting their [[first language]]s. The uprising started on the morning of [[16 June]] 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=The birth and death of apartheid|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575204.stm|access-date=17 June 2002}}</ref> Students from many Sowetan schools began to protest in the streets of [[Soweto]], [[Johannesburg]] because [[Afrikaans]] had been introduced as the language of teaching in local schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Youth Struggle|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/youth-struggle|publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> It is estimated that 20,000 students took part in the protests. The police responded by killing and injuring many protesters. The number of people killed in the uprising is usually given as 176, but estimates of up to 700 have been made.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boddy-Evans|first=Alistair|title=16 June 1976 Student Uprising in Soweto|url=http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheid/a/Soweto-Uprising-Pt2.htm|publisher=africanhistory.about.com|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301181628/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheid/a/Soweto-Uprising-Pt2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Harrison 1987">{{cite book|title=The White Tribe of Africa|last=Harrison|first=David|year=1987}}</ref><ref>([[Les Payne]] of ''Newsday'' said at least 850 murders were documented) Elsabe Brink; Gandhi Malungane; Steve Lebelo; Dumisani Ntshangase; Sue Krige, ''Soweto 16 June 1976'', 2001, 9</ref> In remembrance of these events, 16 June is now a public holiday in South Africa, named [[Youth Day#South Africa|Youth Day]].<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2015|title=16 June 1976: 'This is our day'|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/soweto-150606.htm|publisher=Brand South Africa|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113160255/http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/soweto-150606.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:20th-century riots]] [[Category:Apartheid-related violence]] [[Category:Soweto]] {{history-stub}} t6vhv9zmoavqsku3c2e53gmf00md67f 0 572797 10967127 10863163 2026-08-19T01:06:17Z Yazidilover 1591299 Removed the “[[]]” due to page not existing. 10967127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|NX|the South Korean company known as "NX"|Nexon}} {{Infobox CVG system | title = Nintendo Switch | logo = Nintendo Switch logo.svg | logo_upright = 0.55 | image = Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.png | manufacturer = [[Nintendo]] | type = Hybrid [[video game console]] | generation = [[History of video game consoles (ninth generation)|Ninth generation]] | CPU = | media = Nintendo Switch Game Card, download | storage = | controllers = Joy-Con, Nintendo Switch Pro Controller | connectivity = | online service = Nintendo Switch Online, Nintendo eShop | release date = '''Nintendo Switch:'''<br>{{vgrelease|WW|March 3, 2017|BRA|May 26, 2017|KOR|December 1, 2017|CHN|December 10, 2019}}'''Nintendo Switch Lite:'''<br>{{vgrelease|WW|September 20, 2019}}'''Nintendo Switch – OLED Model:'''<br>{{vgrelease|WW|October 8, 2021|CHN|January 11, 2022}} | price = {{Unbulleted list | {{US$|299.99|link=yes}} | {{JPY|29,980|link=yes}} | {{€|329.99|link=yes}} | {{£|279.99|link=yes}} | {{A$|469.95|link=yes}}}} | compatibility = No compatibility | predecessor = [[Wii U]]<br>[[Nintendo 3DS]] | successor = [[Nintendo Switch 2]] }} [[File:NINTENDO SWITCH controller cradle.jpg|250x250px|thumb|right|A Nintendo Switch (bottom left) next to two gray Joy-Con in the Joy-Con grip (bottom right) and the Nintendo Switch dock (top). The Joy-Con can be separated from the console, as shown here.]] The '''Nintendo Switch''' (known as '''NX''' before its release) is a [[video game console]] created by [[Nintendo]]. It is the successor to the [[Wii U]] and was released on March 3, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Webster|first=Andrew|date=2017-01-12|title=The Nintendo Switch will launch on March 3rd for $299|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/12/14237060/nintendo-switch-console-launch-date-price-announced|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> The Switch is a hybrid console, similar to the lesser known [[Sega Nomad]]. The player can either connect it to a [[television]] or use it by itself as a handheld gaming device. It uses controllers called Joy-Cons, which can attach to both sides of the console. They can be attached to a grip when playing on a TV. The Joy-Con also have a feature known as HD Rumble, which allows for immersive vibration of the controllers. There is an [[infrared]] sensor on the bottom of the right Joy-Con that can detect shapes, and distance. There are more than 1000 games for the Nintendo Switch. Some notable titles include ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild]]'', ''[[Super Mario Odyssey]], [[Kirby and the Forgotten Land]],'' and ''[[Pokémon Sword and Shield]]'', with new titles coming out for the Nintendo Switch such as ''[[Mario + Rabbids: Sparks Of Hope]]''. ==Background== In 2012, Nintendo released the [[Wii U]], but it was a complete failure selling only 13.56 million units. It remains the worst-selling mainline console Nintendo has released. However, Nintendo's handheld console, the [[Nintendo 3DS]], was selling quite well. In 2017, the Nintendo Switch was launched through a trailer. The Wii U would end up being discontinued before the Switch even came out. Most Wii U games have been ported and/or upgraded on the Switch, with games like ''[[Mario Kart 8]]'' and ''[[Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze]]'' being some notable ones. == Reception == The Nintendo Switch received widespread acclaim. The Switch became the fastest-selling console, outselling the [[Wii U]] in only nine months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/31/16954212/nintendo-switch-sales-earnings-q3-2017|title=The Nintendo Switch has already outsold the Wii U|last=Byford|first=Sam|date=January 31, 2018|access-date=April 2, 2021|website=The Verge}}</ref> In May 2020, it was announced that the Nintendo Switch had sold over 107 million consoles since its release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reynolds|first=Ollie|date=10 May 2022|title=Nintendo Switch Has Now Sold Over 107 Million Units|work=Nintendo Life|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/05/nintendo-switch-has-now-sold-over-107-million-units|access-date=}}</ref> As of November 2020, the Switch is the best-selling Nintendo home console.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 2021|title=Consolidated Financial Heights|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2021/210201e.pdf|archive-date=|website=Nintendo}}</ref> On 6 May 2021, Nintendo Switch sold more units than the [[Nintendo 3DS]], with 84.59 million units.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Nintendo Switch hits 84.59 million units sold, with 28.8 million sold this past year|url=https://venturebeat.com/2021/05/06/nintendo-switch-hits-84-59-million-units-sold-with-28-8-million-sold-this-past-year/|access-date=2021-07-11|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711132828/https://venturebeat.com/2021/05/06/nintendo-switch-hits-84-59-million-units-sold-with-28-8-million-sold-this-past-year/|url-status=dead}}</ref> One major complaint about the console relates to the Joy-Con controllers and a frequent "stick-drift" issue.<ref>[https://www.polygon.com/nintendo-switch/2019/9/28/20888540/nintendo-switch-joy-con-drift-lawsuit-switch-lite-repairs/ Joy-Con drift lawsuit adds Switch Lite to class-action complaint]. ''Owen S. Good''. Sep 19, 2019</ref> "Stick-drift" is when the [[joystick]] receives input that the user doesn't initiate, causing the stick to "drift" in a direction not intended. Common reasons for this issue is wear and tear on the contact pads responsible for interpreting input and dirt.{{cn}} The Switch sold over 132.5 million units as of November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IR Information : Sales Data - Dedicated Video Game Sales Units|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/hard_soft/index.html|access-date=2022-08-25|website=Nintendo Co., Ltd.|language=en}}</ref> According to an [[extrapolation]], the Switch is going to be the best-selling console of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-26|title=Statistics: Nintendo Switch to soon become the world's best-selling console|url=https://www.techgenyz.com/2022/07/26/statistics-nintendo-switch-to-soon-become-the-worlds-best-selling-console/|access-date=2022-08-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104647/https://www.techgenyz.com/2022/07/26/statistics-nintendo-switch-to-soon-become-the-worlds-best-selling-console/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Revisions== [[File:Nintendo Switch Lite running Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|Nintendo Switch Lite browsing Wikipedia]] The original Switch model had an LCD screen and had 32GB of internal memory. It costs $299. A version called the Nintendo Switch Lite was released on September 20, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Nintendo Switch family grows with today's launch of Nintendo Switch Lite|url= https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/2019/the-nintendo-switch-family-grows-with-todays-launch-of-nintendo-switch-lite/ |work= Nintendo |access-date= 20 December 2020}}</ref> It costs less and is smaller than a normal Nintendo Switch, doesn't use wires or anything and is a standalone device. Some games require an additional Joy-Con to play.{{clarify}} It cannot be connected to the TV via the "dock".<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/Switch/comments/zt6iy9/switch_lite_and_playing_it_on_the_tv_with/ Switch Lite and Playing it on the TV with Converter]</ref><ref>[https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/can-nintendo-switch-lite-play-on-tv/ Can you play the Nintendo Switch Lite on a TV?]</ref> [[File:Nintendo Switch OLED.png|thumb|A Nintendo Switch OLED Model]] The Nintendo Switch OLED Model is an upgraded version of the Switch that has a 7-inch [[Organic light-emitting diode|OLED]] display, improved speakers, a larger and more adjustable stand, 64 GB of internal storage and a dock that includes a [[Local area network|LAN]] cable port was announced by Nintendo on July 6, 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=McWhertor|first=Michael|date=2021-07-06|title=Nintendo announces new Nintendo Switch model with 7-inch OLED screen|url=https://www.polygon.com/22166494/nintendo-switch-pro-4k-release-date-price-specs|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Polygon|language=en}}</ref> It was released on October 8, 2021 with a price of $349.99 (£309.99).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Chris|title=Switch vs OLED model - we compare Nintendo's main consoles to help you choose|url=https://www.techadvisor.com/buying-advice/game/nintendo-switch-vs-oled-model-3806408/|access-date=2021-07-11|website=Tech Advisor|language=en}}</ref> The Switch has also had several recolored consoles released over its lifespan as limited versions themed around specific games. ==[[Accessory|Accessories]]== {{unref}} The Nintendo Switch has several accessories. [[Nintendo Labo]] is a series of cardboard add-ons which the user builds to play games with. ''[[Ring Fit Adventure]]'' includes a circular piece of rubber called a Ring-Con, and a leg strap. Similar to the Wii, the Switch also has a wheel shaped holder for the Joy-Con. ==Hardware== The original model of the Switch has a 720p LCD screen, 1.02&nbsp;GHz quad-core CPU, 4 GB of [[Random-access memory|RAM]] and 32 GB of flash storage. The OLED model has the same CPU and amount of RAM, but with an OLED screen and 64 GB of storage.<ref name=":1" /> "Switch 2" controllers do not work on the Nintendo Switch.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViJ2xPbj3z0&t=640s What Happens when you use Switch 2 Joycons on a Switch 1?] July 2025</ref> ==Emulation== The [[Switch 2]] cannot natively run Switch games (but the Switch 2 is "backwards compatible" somehow).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWa1lWF1t0M How Do Switch 1 Games Actually Work On Switch 2?] ''Nintendo Life''. May 2025</ref> A [[controversy|controversial]] way to play Switch games is to [[Video game console emulator|emulate]] on the [[Steam Deck]]<ref>[https://www.sportskeeda.com/gaming-tech/how-set-switch-emulator-steam-deck How to set up Switch emulator on the Steam Deck]. ''Rishabh Kalita''. May 24, 2024 </ref> or a [[personal computer]] (by [[Ryujinx]] for example).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYNGG6TwRcc How To Play Nintendo Switch Games On PC]. ''RGT 85''</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}{{Nintendo hardware}} [[Category:2017 establishments]] [[Category:Nintendo video game consoles]] kzktk6p7maco1p11wx2e8o3phfn7oet 10967128 10967127 2026-08-19T01:07:27Z Yazidilover 1591299 /* */ Removed “[[]]” due to page not existing! 10967128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|NX|the South Korean company known as "NX"|Nexon}} {{Infobox CVG system | title = Nintendo Switch | logo = Nintendo Switch logo.svg | logo_upright = 0.55 | image = Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.png | manufacturer = [[Nintendo]] | type = Hybrid [[video game console]] | generation = [[History of video game consoles (ninth generation)|Ninth generation]] | CPU = | media = Nintendo Switch Game Card, download | storage = | controllers = Joy-Con, Nintendo Switch Pro Controller | connectivity = | online service = Nintendo Switch Online, Nintendo eShop | release date = '''Nintendo Switch:'''<br>{{vgrelease|WW|March 3, 2017|BRA|May 26, 2017|KOR|December 1, 2017|CHN|December 10, 2019}}'''Nintendo Switch Lite:'''<br>{{vgrelease|WW|September 20, 2019}}'''Nintendo Switch – OLED Model:'''<br>{{vgrelease|WW|October 8, 2021|CHN|January 11, 2022}} | price = {{Unbulleted list | {{US$|299.99|link=yes}} | {{JPY|29,980|link=yes}} | {{€|329.99|link=yes}} | {{£|279.99|link=yes}} | {{A$|469.95|link=yes}}}} | compatibility = No compatibility | predecessor = [[Wii U]]<br>[[Nintendo 3DS]] | successor = [[Nintendo Switch 2]] }} [[File:NINTENDO SWITCH controller cradle.jpg|250x250px|thumb|right|A Nintendo Switch (bottom left) next to two gray Joy-Con in the Joy-Con grip (bottom right) and the Nintendo Switch dock (top). The Joy-Con can be separated from the console, as shown here.]] The '''Nintendo Switch''' (known as '''NX''' before its release) is a [[video game console]] created by [[Nintendo]]. It is the successor to the [[Wii U]] and was released on March 3, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Webster|first=Andrew|date=2017-01-12|title=The Nintendo Switch will launch on March 3rd for $299|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/12/14237060/nintendo-switch-console-launch-date-price-announced|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> The Switch is a hybrid console, similar to the lesser known [[Sega Nomad]]. The player can either connect it to a [[television]] or use it by itself as a handheld gaming device. It uses controllers called Joy-Cons, which can attach to both sides of the console. They can be attached to a grip when playing on a TV. The Joy-Con also have a feature known as HD Rumble, which allows for immersive vibration of the controllers. There is an [[infrared]] sensor on the bottom of the right Joy-Con that can detect shapes, and distance. There are more than 1000 games for the Nintendo Switch. Some notable titles include ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild]]'', ''[[Super Mario Odyssey]], [[Kirby and the Forgotten Land]],'' and ''[[Pokémon Sword and Shield]]'', with new titles coming out for the Nintendo Switch such as ''Mario + Rabbids: Sparks Of Hope''. ==Background== In 2012, Nintendo released the [[Wii U]], but it was a complete failure selling only 13.56 million units. It remains the worst-selling mainline console Nintendo has released. However, Nintendo's handheld console, the [[Nintendo 3DS]], was selling quite well. In 2017, the Nintendo Switch was launched through a trailer. The Wii U would end up being discontinued before the Switch even came out. Most Wii U games have been ported and/or upgraded on the Switch, with games like ''[[Mario Kart 8]]'' and ''[[Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze]]'' being some notable ones. == Reception == The Nintendo Switch received widespread acclaim. The Switch became the fastest-selling console, outselling the [[Wii U]] in only nine months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/31/16954212/nintendo-switch-sales-earnings-q3-2017|title=The Nintendo Switch has already outsold the Wii U|last=Byford|first=Sam|date=January 31, 2018|access-date=April 2, 2021|website=The Verge}}</ref> In May 2020, it was announced that the Nintendo Switch had sold over 107 million consoles since its release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reynolds|first=Ollie|date=10 May 2022|title=Nintendo Switch Has Now Sold Over 107 Million Units|work=Nintendo Life|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/05/nintendo-switch-has-now-sold-over-107-million-units|access-date=}}</ref> As of November 2020, the Switch is the best-selling Nintendo home console.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 2021|title=Consolidated Financial Heights|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2021/210201e.pdf|archive-date=|website=Nintendo}}</ref> On 6 May 2021, Nintendo Switch sold more units than the [[Nintendo 3DS]], with 84.59 million units.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Nintendo Switch hits 84.59 million units sold, with 28.8 million sold this past year|url=https://venturebeat.com/2021/05/06/nintendo-switch-hits-84-59-million-units-sold-with-28-8-million-sold-this-past-year/|access-date=2021-07-11|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711132828/https://venturebeat.com/2021/05/06/nintendo-switch-hits-84-59-million-units-sold-with-28-8-million-sold-this-past-year/|url-status=dead}}</ref> One major complaint about the console relates to the Joy-Con controllers and a frequent "stick-drift" issue.<ref>[https://www.polygon.com/nintendo-switch/2019/9/28/20888540/nintendo-switch-joy-con-drift-lawsuit-switch-lite-repairs/ Joy-Con drift lawsuit adds Switch Lite to class-action complaint]. ''Owen S. Good''. Sep 19, 2019</ref> "Stick-drift" is when the [[joystick]] receives input that the user doesn't initiate, causing the stick to "drift" in a direction not intended. Common reasons for this issue is wear and tear on the contact pads responsible for interpreting input and dirt.{{cn}} The Switch sold over 132.5 million units as of November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IR Information : Sales Data - Dedicated Video Game Sales Units|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/hard_soft/index.html|access-date=2022-08-25|website=Nintendo Co., Ltd.|language=en}}</ref> According to an [[extrapolation]], the Switch is going to be the best-selling console of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-26|title=Statistics: Nintendo Switch to soon become the world's best-selling console|url=https://www.techgenyz.com/2022/07/26/statistics-nintendo-switch-to-soon-become-the-worlds-best-selling-console/|access-date=2022-08-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104647/https://www.techgenyz.com/2022/07/26/statistics-nintendo-switch-to-soon-become-the-worlds-best-selling-console/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Revisions== [[File:Nintendo Switch Lite running Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|Nintendo Switch Lite browsing Wikipedia]] The original Switch model had an LCD screen and had 32GB of internal memory. It costs $299. A version called the Nintendo Switch Lite was released on September 20, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Nintendo Switch family grows with today's launch of Nintendo Switch Lite|url= https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/2019/the-nintendo-switch-family-grows-with-todays-launch-of-nintendo-switch-lite/ |work= Nintendo |access-date= 20 December 2020}}</ref> It costs less and is smaller than a normal Nintendo Switch, doesn't use wires or anything and is a standalone device. Some games require an additional Joy-Con to play.{{clarify}} It cannot be connected to the TV via the "dock".<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/Switch/comments/zt6iy9/switch_lite_and_playing_it_on_the_tv_with/ Switch Lite and Playing it on the TV with Converter]</ref><ref>[https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/can-nintendo-switch-lite-play-on-tv/ Can you play the Nintendo Switch Lite on a TV?]</ref> [[File:Nintendo Switch OLED.png|thumb|A Nintendo Switch OLED Model]] The Nintendo Switch OLED Model is an upgraded version of the Switch that has a 7-inch [[Organic light-emitting diode|OLED]] display, improved speakers, a larger and more adjustable stand, 64 GB of internal storage and a dock that includes a [[Local area network|LAN]] cable port was announced by Nintendo on July 6, 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=McWhertor|first=Michael|date=2021-07-06|title=Nintendo announces new Nintendo Switch model with 7-inch OLED screen|url=https://www.polygon.com/22166494/nintendo-switch-pro-4k-release-date-price-specs|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Polygon|language=en}}</ref> It was released on October 8, 2021 with a price of $349.99 (£309.99).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Chris|title=Switch vs OLED model - we compare Nintendo's main consoles to help you choose|url=https://www.techadvisor.com/buying-advice/game/nintendo-switch-vs-oled-model-3806408/|access-date=2021-07-11|website=Tech Advisor|language=en}}</ref> The Switch has also had several recolored consoles released over its lifespan as limited versions themed around specific games. ==[[Accessory|Accessories]]== {{unref}} The Nintendo Switch has several accessories. [[Nintendo Labo]] is a series of cardboard add-ons which the user builds to play games with. ''[[Ring Fit Adventure]]'' includes a circular piece of rubber called a Ring-Con, and a leg strap. Similar to the Wii, the Switch also has a wheel shaped holder for the Joy-Con. ==Hardware== The original model of the Switch has a 720p LCD screen, 1.02&nbsp;GHz quad-core CPU, 4 GB of [[Random-access memory|RAM]] and 32 GB of flash storage. The OLED model has the same CPU and amount of RAM, but with an OLED screen and 64 GB of storage.<ref name=":1" /> "Switch 2" controllers do not work on the Nintendo Switch.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViJ2xPbj3z0&t=640s What Happens when you use Switch 2 Joycons on a Switch 1?] July 2025</ref> ==Emulation== The [[Switch 2]] cannot natively run Switch games (but the Switch 2 is "backwards compatible" somehow).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWa1lWF1t0M How Do Switch 1 Games Actually Work On Switch 2?] ''Nintendo Life''. May 2025</ref> A [[controversy|controversial]] way to play Switch games is to [[Video game console emulator|emulate]] on the [[Steam Deck]]<ref>[https://www.sportskeeda.com/gaming-tech/how-set-switch-emulator-steam-deck How to set up Switch emulator on the Steam Deck]. ''Rishabh Kalita''. May 24, 2024 </ref> or a [[personal computer]] (by [[Ryujinx]] for example).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYNGG6TwRcc How To Play Nintendo Switch Games On PC]. ''RGT 85''</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}{{Nintendo hardware}} [[Category:2017 establishments]] [[Category:Nintendo video game consoles]] be97orctjxf1z5a9zsas5hq09cy3jmz 0 573655 10967240 9397299 2026-08-19T05:46:39Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967240 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rhys Wakefield (8482048356).jpg|thumb|200px|Wakefield in 2013]] '''Rhys Wakefield''' (born 20 November 1988) is an [[Australia]]n actor. He started his career in 2000. He is best known for his roles in the [[movie]]s ''[[The Black Balloon]]'' (2008), ''[[Sanctum (movie)|Sanctum]]'' (2011) and ''[[The Purge]]'' (2013). He also appeared as Lucas Holden in the [[soap opera]] ''[[Home and Away]]'' from 2005 to 2008. Wakefield was born in [[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]], [[Queensland]]. He grew up in [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mattmueller.co.uk/index.php?page_id=Interviews%20/%20Features&category_id=Interviews&article_id=478|title=Rhys Wakefield|access-date=24 February 2017|website=Matt Mueller|date=July 2011|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313080116/http://www.mattmueller.co.uk/index.php?page_id=Interviews%20/%20Features&category_id=Interviews&article_id=478|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|1973422}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wakefield, Rhys}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Sydney]] [[Category:Australian child actors]] [[Category:Australian movie actors]] [[Category:Australian television actors]] [[Category:Actors from Cairns]] {{Actor-stub}} c4v7c813dd4qwpldjsw42lqropuopkg 0 576091 10966542 10965783 2026-08-18T12:42:00Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10966542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox MLB player |name=Tommy John |image=Tommy_John_2008_bronx.jpg |caption=John in 2008, attending a pre-[[2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star game]] party in [[The Bronx]]. |alt= |position=[[Pitcher]] |bats=Right |throws=Left |birth_name=Thomas Edward John Jr. |birth_date={{Birth date|1943|5|22}} |birth_place=[[Terre Haute, Indiana]], U.S. |death_date={{death date and age|2026|8|15|1943|5|22}} |death_place=[[Lakewood Ranch, Florida]], U.S. |debutleague = MLB |debutdate=September 6 |debutyear=1963 |debutteam=Cleveland Indians |finalleague = MLB |finaldate=May 25 |finalyear=1989 |finalteam=New York Yankees |statleague = MLB |stat1label=[[Win–loss record (pitching)|Win–loss record]] |stat1value=288–231 |stat2label=[[Earned run average]] |stat2value=3.34 |stat3label=[[Strikeout]]s |stat3value=2,245 |teams= * [[Cleveland Indians]] (1963 – 1964) * [[Chicago White Sox]] (1965 – 1971) * [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] (1972 – 1974), (1976 – 1978) * [[New York Yankees]] (1979 – 1982) * [[California Angels]] (1982 – 1985) * [[Oakland Athletics]] (1985) * [[New York Yankees]] (1986 – 1989) |highlights= * 4× [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] ([[1968 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1968]], [[1978 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1978]]–[[1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1980]]) }} '''Thomas Edward John Jr.''' (May 22, 1943 – August 15, 2026), nicknamed "'''the Bionic Man'''," was an American professional [[baseball]] [[pitcher]] who played in [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) for 26 seasons between 1963 and 1989. His 288 career victories rank as the seventh highest total among left-handed pitchers in Major League history. The "Bionic Man" nickname stemmed from a 1974 incident. John's career was thought to have ended when he suffered a severe injury to his throwing elbow during that season. The [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]' team physician, Frank Jobe, performed a revolutionary operation in an attempt to save his career. While the operation had been performed on polio victims, it had never been attempted on an active athlete. A tendon was taken from John's right arm and attached to the ulna and humerus bones in his left elbow, replacing the torn ulnar collateral ligament. At the time of the surgery, Jobe estimated that John had a 1-in-100 chance of pitching again. John returned to pitching in 1976, suffering no further injury to his throwing elbow, and went on to win more games after the surgery than before it. The operation, known informally as Tommy John surgery, is now often performed on pitchers with damaged elbows. During the last years of John's life, it was estimated that the surgery had been performed at some time on about a third of Major League Baseball pitchers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/tommy-john-surgery-50th-anniversary |title=A look back at when Tommy John changed baseball history |first=Bill |last=Ladson |website=MLB.com |date=August 16, 2026 |access-date=August 17, 2026}} NB: The story was first published in 2024, and was published a second time after John's death.</ref><ref name=Hoch>{{Cite web |last=Hoch |first=Bryan |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Tommy John, whose surgery blazed a trail for countless players, dies at 83 |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/tommy-john-passes-away |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> He played for the [[Cleveland Guardians|Cleveland Indians]], [[Chicago White Sox]], [[Los Angeles Dodgers]], [[New York Yankees]], [[Los Angeles Angels|California Angels]], and [[Oakland Athletics]]. He was a four-time [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|MLB All-Star]] and has the second-most wins (288) of any pitcher since 1900 not in the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoornstra |first=J.P. |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Former Angels pitcher, whose namesake surgery touched thousands, dies at 83 |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/angels/onsi/tommy-john-cause-of-death-angels-yankees-dodgers-indians-white-sox-athletics-mlb |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=Sports Illustrated |language=en-US}}</ref> John died under [[hospice care]] in [[Lakewood Ranch, Florida]] on August 15, 2026 from [[bladder cancer]] at the age of 83.<ref name=Hoch/><ref name = "NY Daily News Obit">{{Cite news| last = Madden| first = Bill| date = 2026-08-16| title = Tommy John, MLB comeback trailblazer, dead at 83| work = [[New York Daily News]]| location = [[Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]]| publisher = Daily News Enterprises| issn = 2692-1251| url = https://www.nydailynews.com/2026/08/16/tommy-john-obit-surgery-yankees/| access-date = 2026-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madani |first=Doha |last2=Li |first2=David K. |date=August 16, 2026 |title=Former MLB pitcher Tommy John dies at age 83 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/sports/baseball/former-mlb-pitcher-tommy-john-dies-age-83-rcna592800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260816182447/https://www.nbcnews.com/sports/baseball/former-mlb-pitcher-tommy-john-dies-age-83-rcna592800 |archive-date=August 16, 2026 |access-date=August 16, 2026 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} *{{baseballstats |mlb=116550 |espn=947 |br=j/johnto01 |fangraphs=1006515 |brm=john--001tho |retro=J/Pjohnt001}} *[https://tommyjohn25.net/ Official website] {{DEFAULTSORT:John, Tommy}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from bladder cancer]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Florida]] [[Category:American baseball players]] [[Category:Cleveland Indians players]] [[Category:New York Yankees players]] [[Category:Chicago White Sox players]] [[Category:Los Angeles Dodgers players]] [[Category:Oakland Athletics players]] [[Category:People from Terre Haute, Indiana]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Indiana]] {{US-sports-bio-stub}} 30s3m7lnickc4dtj6vkvwo60tjn2w1k 0 579450 10966636 9013076 2026-08-18T14:30:52Z Patandor 1656702 Adding a better picture 10966636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = | name = Giovanni Sartori | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = GiovanniSartori OrderAztecEagle2 (cropped).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1924|5|13}} | birth_place = [[Florence]], Italy | death_date = {{death date and age|2017|04|04|1924|5|13}} | death_place = Florence, Italy | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}--> | other_names = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = [[comparative politics]] | workplaces = | patrons = | education = | alma_mater = | thesis_title = <!--(or | thesis1_title = and | thesis2_title = )--> | thesis_url = <!--(or | thesis1_url = and | thesis2_url = )--> | thesis_year = <!--(or | thesis1_year = and | thesis2_year = )--> | doctoral_advisor = <!--(or | doctoral_advisors = )--> | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = <!--(or | spouses = )--> | partner = <!--(or | partners = )--> | children = | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | signature_alt = | website = <!--{{URL|www.example.com}}--> | footnotes = }} '''Giovanni Sartori''' ({{IPA-it|dʒoˈvanni sarˈtori}}; 13 May 1924 &ndash; 4 April 2017) was an Italian [[political scientist]] specialized in the study of democracy and [[comparative politics]]. He was also a journalist who wrote for ''[[Corriere della Sera]]''. Sartori died in [[Florence]], Italy on 4 April 2017 from [[throat cancer]], aged 92.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2017/04/04/news/muore_il_politologo_giovanni_sartori-162184255/?ref=RHPPBT-BH-I0-C4-P3-S1.4-T1|title=Muore il politologo Giovanni Sartori|publisher=Repubblica.it|language=it|access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.italialibri.net/autori/?GiovanniSartori&id=165 Sartori's biography on ItaliaLibri] * [http://www.italialibri.net/opere/?Pluralismo,%20multiculturalismo%20e%20estranei&id=163 Review of ''Pluralism, Multiculturalism and Foreigners: an Essay on Multiethnic Society'' ] * [[Gianfranco Pasquino]]. (2005). "[http://www.palgrave-journals.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/eps/journal/v4/n1/full/2210003a.html&filetype=pdf The Political Science of Giovanni Sartori] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222314/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/eps/journal/v4/n1/full/2210003a.html&filetype=pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}". European Political Science '''4''' (1), 33–41. {{DEFAULTSORT:Sartori, Giovanni}} [[Category:1924 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Italian scientists]] [[Category:Italian journalists]] [[Category:Political scientists]] [[Category:Writers from Florence]] kdsvfhsmpkx38qildz1phq4zjz7qu55 3 580169 10966563 10926149 2026-08-18T13:17:19Z MediaWiki message delivery 337219 /* Growth/Newsletters/36 */ new section 10966563 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Talk page edits== I will talk with other editors here on my talk page. If the message is not about an article I am working on, I will read and then may delete the message. Thank you and Best Regards, [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara (WVS)]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 15:59, 26 March 2018 (UTC) == New talk pages == == Thank you! == {| style="border: 1px solid #cc0000; margin: auto; margin:-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px" | style="background:#cc0000;"|[[File:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|85px|alt=]] | style="padding:10px; text-align:center;"|[[User:FatalFit|'''FatalFit''']] has given you some cookies! Now enjoy them! |} Thank you for your work on Wikipedia! <span style="text-shadow: 4px 4px 12px #00B140, -4px -4px 12px #00B140;">[[User:FatalFit|Dylan]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:FatalFit|&#9993;&nbsp;]]&#124;&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/FatalFit|✓]]&nbsp;</span> 23:23, 17 May 2023 (UTC) :Thank you for your encouragement.[[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 23:41, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == August 2023 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Related pages" instead of English Wikipedia's "See also"{{#if:Cervical canal|, which you used in "[[:Cervical canal]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Related pages" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-relatedpages --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 05:49, 3 August 2023 (UTC) :Thank you for letting me know about this. Simplifying is important to me and I also want to be consistent with my editing. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 15:15, 3 August 2023 (UTC) == Growth team newsletter #29 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless]] Welcome to the twenty-ninth newsletter from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]]! <small>[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_translators|Help with translations]]</small> === Community Conversations === The Growth team will host its first community conversation '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1701716400 Monday, 4 December (19:00 - 20:30 UTC)]'''. The topic for this meeting will be [[mw:Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]]. This first meeting language will be English, but we plan to host conversations in other languages, and about other topics. Please visit [[mw:Growth/Communities/Conversations|the conversation page on-wiki]] for the details on how to join. You can also watch the page, or suggest ideas for upcoming conversations there. === Impact Module === At the beginning of November 2023, the Growth team deployed the [[mw:Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact 3|'''New Impact Module''']] to all Wikipedias. We recently released a follow up improvement to how edit data was displayed based on editor feedback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T338174] === Add a Link === We released “[[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]]” to 35 more Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] We have a few Wikipedias remaining: *German and English Wikipedia will be contacted at the beginning of January 2024. *There are a few small wikis that will not receive the task until they have enough articles for the algorithm to work properly. === Community Configuration === * We shared [[mw:Community configuration 2.0|Community Configuration 2.0]] plans with technical stakeholders. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349757] [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BSVEYKHX4UDLV4WMCSHMGZ4RHQYD45XP/|🖂]] * Initial [[mw:Community configuration 2.0#Design|Community Configuration design ideas]] have been shared and discussed with community members. * A basic [https://growth-community-configuration.toolforge.org/mw/index.php?title=Main_Page Community Configuration 2.0 demo is released on ToolForge]. * Developers can find some initial proof of concept code [[gitlab:repos/growth/community-configuration|shared on gitlab]]. === Mentorship === When a mentor marked themselves as "Away", they were not getting their name assigned to new accounts when they returned. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347024] We improved the message received by newcomers when their mentor quits, to reduce confusion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] We worked on ensuring that all mentees are assigned to an active mentor. This required reassigning mentees with no mentors to a new mentor. We paused this as the clean-up script confused some editors. We will resume it when the identified blockers are resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071] It is now possible to create an Abuse Filter to prevent one user from signing up as a mentor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346235] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 18:04, 1 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=25909426 --> == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2023 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2023 you '''[https://mdwiki.org/wiki/WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2023_(all) were one of the top medical editors in your language]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdWfjVFbDO4ji-_qn2SsAgdCflhcOZychLnr1JUacsPaBr1eA/viewform Consider joining for 2024]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translation of health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Doc_James <span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 22:24, 3 February 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2023&oldid=26173705 --> == Growth News, April 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless]] The Growth team will now send quarterly reports to keep you in the loop. Growth team weekly updates [[mw:Growth/Growth team updates|are available on wiki]] (in English) if you want to know more about our day-to-day work. If you want to receive more general updates about technical activity happening across the Wikimedia movement (including Growth work), we encourage you to [[metawiki:Tech/News|subscribe to Tech News]]. === Community Configuration === Growth features are currently configurable at <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. This quarter we are working on making [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Community configuration|Community Configuration]] accessible for other MediaWiki developers while also moving Growth feature configuration to the new CommunityConfiguration extension. An early version of Community Configuration can be tested at [https://es.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Especial:CommunityConfiguration Spanish Beta Wikipedia]. We plan to release the new Community Configuration extension to pilot wikis (Arabic and Spanish Wikipedia) in early May, 2024. The first non-Growth team feature to utilize Community Configuration will be [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]]. In parallel with the development, the Growth team will propose Community Configuration usage guidelines, Community Configuration design guidelines, and provide technical documentation. === Experiment Results === [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add an image/Experiment analysis, March 2024|'''Add a Image experiment analysis results''']] The Growth team conducted an experiment to assess the impact of the “[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add an image|Add an Image]]” structured task on the Newcomer Homepage's "Suggested Edits" module. This analysis finds that the Add an Image structured task leads to an increase in newcomer participation on the mobile web platform, particularly by making constructive (non-reverted) article edits: * The likelihood that mobile web newcomers make their first article edit (+17.0% over baseline) * The likelihood that they are retained as newcomers (+24.3% over baseline) * The number of edits they make during their first two weeks on the wiki (+21.8% over baseline) * A lower probability of the newcomers' edits will be reverted (-3.3% over baseline). [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Personalized praise experiment results|'''Personalized praise experiment results''']] This feature was developed for Mentors as part of the Growth team's [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement|Positive Reinforcement project]]. When A/B testing on Spanish Wikipedia, we found ''no significant impact'' on retention, but we found a ''significant positive impact'' on newcomer productivity. However, we concluded that the results weren’t positive enough to justify the time investment from Mentors. We plan to discuss this feature with our pilot wikis, and consider further improvements before scaling this feature further. Meanwhile, communities willing to test the feature can ask to have it deployed. ([[phab:T361763|T361763]]) [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newcomer experience projects#Scaling the new donor Thank you page to English Wikipedia|'''English donors encouraged to try editing''']] As in previous years, donors were directed to a Thank you page after donation ([https://thankyou.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank%20You/en?country=US example]). However, this year we tested a new “Try editing Wikipedia,” call to action on the Thank You page. This call to action linked to a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&geEnabled=1&campaign=typage-in-en-2023 unique account creation page]. From this account creation page we were able to track Registrations and Activation (editing for the first time). During the English banner campaign, the Donor Thank you page led to 4,398 new accounts, and 441 of those accounts went on to constructively edit within 24 hours. ([[phab:T352900|T352900]]) === Future work === '''Annual Plan''' The Growth team and the Editing team will work on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2024-2025/Product_&_Technology_OKRs#Draft_Key_Results|WE1.2 Key Result]] in the coming fiscal year. We will start initial discussions with communities soon to help finalize our plans. ([[phab:T361657|T361657]]) [[mw:Growth/Community Updates|'''Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module''']] We plan to A/B test adding a new Community Configurable module to the Newcomer Homepage that will allow communities to highlight specific events, projects, campaigns, and initiatives. We are early in the planning phase of this project that will take place first at our pilot wikis and wikis volunteering. We welcome community feedback on initial designs and plans, in any language at [[mw:Talk:Growth/Community Updates|our project talk page]]. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 18:55, 23 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=26560129 --> == Why did you tag the article for quick deletion == It was just vandalized. Also please revert them as for some reason I can't [[User:Me Da Wikipedian|Me Da Wikipedian]] ([[User talk:Me Da Wikipedian|talk]]) 00:35, 9 May 2024 (UTC) :Thank you. I realize I made a mistake. I appreciate you catching that. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 21:31, 9 May 2024 (UTC) ::Your welcome, quick look at my enwiki account shows I've made many too [[User:Me Da Wikipedian|Me Da Wikipedian]] ([[User talk:Me Da Wikipedian|talk]]) 21:34, 9 May 2024 (UTC) == Growth News, July 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless]] === Community Configuration === The Growth team released [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Community configuration|Community Configuration]] at all Wikipedias. You can access it at <code>Special:CommunityConfiguration</code>. This new special page replaces <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. For now, all Growth features can be configured using Community Configuration. Configuration for [[mw:Moderator Tools/Automoderator|AutoModerator]] ([[phab:T365046|T365046]]) and other features will be available in the future. You can help with translations. The interface translation is done [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-communityconfiguration&language=&filter=&action=translate at Translatewiki.net]. You can also help [[mw:Help:Community Configuration|translate the documentation]]. If you attend [[wikimania:2024:Wikimania|Wikimania 2024]], please join us for the session about [https://wikimania.eventyay.com/2024/talk/CJKJT8/ Community configuration's future]! === Current work === [[mw:Growth/Community Updates|'''Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module''']] We will add a new Community Configurable module to the Newcomer Homepage that will allow communities to highlight specific events, projects, campaigns, and initiatives. We have released a simple version available to beta wikis. We will conduct an A/B test at [[mw:Growth/FAQ#pilot|our pilot wikis]] using the new [[labsconsole:Metrics_Platform|Metrics Platform]]. We still welcome community feedback on initial designs and plans, in any language at [[mw:Talk:Growth/Community Updates|our project talk page]]. === Future work === '''[[mw:Growth/Constructive activation experimentation|Increase constructive activation on mobile]]''' As part of the [[mw:Growth/Annual Plan 2024-2025|Growth team 2024/2025 Annual Plan]], the Growth team will explore various ways to increase the percentage of newcomers who successfully start editing. Editing a Wikipedia page requires too much context and patience. It means many trial and error for newcomers to contribute, meaning a steeper learning curve and potential discouraging reverts. To support a new generation of volunteers, we will increase the number and availability of smaller, structured, and more task-specific editing workflows (E.g. [[mw:Edit check|Edit Check]] and [[mw:Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks|Structured Tasks]]). The Growth team will primarily focus on Structured Tasks, while working closely with the [[Editing team|Editing team]] to ensure our work integrates well with Edit Check. === Stay informed === Growth team weekly updates [[mw:Growth/Growth team updates|are available on wiki]] (in English) if you want to know more about our day-to-day work. If you want to receive more general updates about technical activity happening across the Wikimedia movement (including Growth work), we encourage you to [[metawiki:Tech/News|subscribe to Tech News]]. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 15:08, 30 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=27172687 --> == Growth News, October 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] === Current work === [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community Updates|'''Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module''']] We will add a new module to the Newcomer Homepage that will allow communities to highlight specific events, projects, campaigns, and initiatives. We have released a simple version on beta wikis and we will soon start an A/B test on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#pilot|our pilot wikis]]. This module will only display on the Newcomer Homepage if communities decide to utilize it, so learn [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|how to configure the Community Updates module]], or share your thoughts on [[mw:Talk:Growth/Community Updates|the project's talk page]]. [[File:Design one for surfacing structured tasks.png|thumb|One design concept aimed to increase constructive activation]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation|'''Constructive activation experimentation''']] After showcasing [https://www.figma.com/proto/gog5jsPm40hNRAuyYPpaf0/Wikimania-2024-%E2%80%94-Surfacing-structured-tasks?node-id=24-2102&node-type=canvas&t=Qi6ekdUstnd3flDa-0&scaling=min-zoom&content-scaling=fixed&page-id=0%3A1&starting-point-node-id=24%3A2102 early design ideas] at Wikimania, we conducted [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Design|user testing of design prototypes]]. We now aim to engage communities in further discussions and plan to run a targeted experiment, presenting a structured task within the reading view to logged-in new account holders with zero edits. '''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]''' This Community Configuration extension was developed to help communities customize wiki features to meet their unique needs. The Growth team is now helping other Wikimedia Foundation teams make their products configurable: * The Moderation Tools team now provides Community Configuration for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]]. ([[phab:T365046|T365046]]) * Certain [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension settings will be configurable soon. ([[phab:T328171|T328171]]) === Future work === As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Annual Plan 2024-2025|Growth team annual plan]], we will continue to investigate ways to increase constructive activation on mobile, while also working with Data Products to move forward A/B testing functionality via the [[wikitech:Metrics_Platform|Metrics Platform]]. === Community events === * Growth team members presented ''Community Configuration: Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together'' at Wikimania ([https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1zFMP-_-j6AlcuC_2b32-zdpmvlAO8_SWOtg9mZXCNPI/edit#slide=id.g2cbe13544d8_5_15 slides]). The [https://www.youtube.com/live/govhrZZjV6s?t=3962s session recording is available to watch on YouTube]. This session provided an update on the Community Configuration project and introduced details about the upcoming features that communities will soon be able to configure. Representatives from the Moderator Tools, Editing, Web, and Campaigns teams shared their plans for utilizing Community Configuration in the future. Following these presentations, the WMF Growth team's [[:User:Trizek (WMF)|Benoît Evellin]] and [[:User:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)|Martin Urbanec]] answered audience questions. * [[:User:Dyolf77 (WMF)|Habib Mhenni]] gave a presentation of how mentorship works at WikiIndaba 2024. [[:File:How to became a mentor, Growth feature, Wiki Indaba 2024.webm|The recording is available]]. === Stay informed === Growth team weekly updates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Growth team updates|are available on wiki]] (in English) if you want to know more about our day-to-day work. If you want to receive more general updates about technical activity happening across the Wikimedia movement (including Growth work), we encourage you to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|subscribe to Tech News]]. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> [[:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 15:44, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=27642848 --> ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of User:Barbara (WVS)/ Vaginal yeast infection== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:User:Barbara (WVS)/ Vaginal yeast infection]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/User:Barbara (WVS)/ Vaginal yeast infection]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 22:26, 22 December 2024 (UTC) == Simple English Wikipedia Rresearch Recruitment == Dear Barbara (WVS), Sorry to bother, here is Lori Cai. I am a researcher at the University of Washington conducting a study about health-related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. Our Wikimedia Meta project page provides additional information about our study. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition I sent you emails before and looking forward to your response! Best, Lori [[User:Loricai99|Loricai99]] ([[User talk:Loricai99|talk]]) 02:32, 5 February 2025 (UTC) == Growth Newsletter #33 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === [[mw:Growth/Constructive activation experimentation|Constructive Activation Experiments]] === This year, the Growth team is exploring ways to help more new account holders start editing—and do so constructively, meaning their edits are not reverted. Our latest experiments include: * '''Gradual rollout of "Add a Link" at English Wikipedia''' – We are gradually introducing the "Add a Link" structured task to newcomers at English Wikipedia ([[phab:T386029|T386029]]). This serves as a natural A/B test to measure its impact on activation, retention, and revert rates ([[phab:T382603|T382603]]). Previous experiments on pilot wikis showed that "Add a Link" increases newcomer participation, particularly by helping them make constructive (non-reverted) edits. * '''Testing in-article suggestions for first-time editors''' – Many new account holders want to contribute but don’t know where to start. To help, we’re piloting a feature that surfaces structured task suggestions directly in an article’s read view for brand-new editors ([[phab:T385343|T385343]]). These suggestions will appear for logged-in users with no edits, providing a clear, simple way to begin contributing that is surfaced while they read. === [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|Community Updates]] === Newcomers often struggle to find their place in Wikipedia’s collaborative environment. While experienced editors easily discover events like edit-a-thons and writing campaigns, newcomers often miss out. * To bridge this gap, we launched the '''Community Updates''' module for the Newcomer Homepage. This module is disabled by default, allowing Community Admins to decide how (or if) to use it. * If your community hosts events, consider setting up a Community Update to engage and welcome newcomers! [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives|Learn more on Diff]]. To configure, visit Special:CommunityConfiguration. === [[mw:Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] === Community Configuration is now available across all wikis, including non-Wikipedia projects ([[phab:T383910|T383910]]). Community Configuration allows admins to customize various features like Growth features and Automoderator for their communities, and more recently the Babel extension now allows admins to modify configuration: * '''Babel customization''' – Admins can now configure Babel settings ([[phab:T374348|T374348]]), including category naming, automatic category creation, and more. See an example on [[commons:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel|Wikimedia Commons]]. * '''Upcoming configurable features''' – Projects exploring community configuration options include: '''[[metawiki:Incident_Reporting_System|Incident Reporting System]]''' ([[phab:T374113|T374113]]) and '''[[phab:T384444|Cite backlinks]]''' ([[phab:T378807|T378807]]). === [[mw:Growth/Feature summary#Mentorship 2|Mentorship]] === Mentors play a key role in guiding new editors. If you’re interested in mentoring, or turning mentorship on at your wiki, check out the [[mw:Growth/FAQ#Mentorship|Mentorship FAQ]] * Starting February 17, 100% of new accounts at English Wikipedia will be assigned a mentor ([[phab:T384505|T384505]]). * At Spanish Wikipedia, on 50% of newcomers get a mentor. Experienced contributors are encouraged to [[:es:Especial:Gestionar_mentores|join mentorship]] so that Spanish Wikipedia can provide a mentor to all new users. === Looking Ahead === In the coming months, we will continue balancing maintenance work—such as deprecating EditGrowth Config ([[phab:T367574|T367574]]) and migrating Statslib ([[phab:T359352|T359352]]) — with user-facing improvements that support new editors and foster the next generation of contributors. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 19:00, 4 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=28323658 --> == Growth News #34 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Mentoring new editors === In February, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Mentorship 2|Mentorship]] was successfully rolled out to 100% of newcomers on English Wikipedia. Following this milestone, we collaborated with Spanish Wikipedia to expand Mentorship coverage to 70% of new accounts, with plans to reach 85% soon unless concerns are raised by mentors. ([[phab:T394867|T394867]]) === “Add a Link” Task – Iteration and Experimentation === Our efforts to improve and scale the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|“Add a Link” structured task]] continued across multiple fronts: * '''Community Feedback & Model Improvements''': We’ve responded to community concerns with targeted changes: ** Restricting access to newer accounts ([[phab:T393688|T393688]]) ** Some links types were removed to align with recommendations written in the English Wikipedia Manual of Style ([[phab:T390683|T390683]]) ** Allowing communities to limit “Add a Link” to newcomers ([[phab:T393771|T393771]]) ** The model used to suggest the links was improved to ease its training ([[phab:T388258|T388258]]) * '''English Wikipedia rollout and A/B test''': We increased the rollout to 20% of newcomers, with analysis underway. Preliminary data suggests this feature makes new account holders more likely to complete an unreverted edit. ([[phab:T386029|T386029]], [[phab:T382603|T382603]]) * '''Surfacing Structured Tasks''': An experiment where we show “add a link” suggestions to newly registered users while they are reading an article is running on pilot wikis (French, Persian, Indonesian, Portuguese, Egyptian Arabic). Initial results are under analysis. ([[phab:T386029|T386029]]) === Newcomer Engagement Features === * '''“Get Started” notification''': Engineering is in progress for a new notification (Echo/email) to encourage editing among newcomers with zero edits. Early research shows this type of nudge is effective. ([[phab:T392256|T392256]]) * '''Confirmation email:''' We are exploring ways to simplify and improve the initial account confirmation email newly registered users receive. ([[phab:T215665|T215665]]) === Community Configuration Enhancements === Communities can now manage which namespaces are eligible for Event Registration via [[mw:Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. ([[phab:T385341|T385341]]) === Annual Planning === The Wikimedia Foundation’s 2025–2026 Annual Plan is taking shape. The Growth and Editing teams will focus on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Product_&_Technology_OKRs#Contributor_Experiences_(WE1)|'''Contributor Experiences (WE1)''' objective]], with a focus on increasing '''constructive edits''' by editors with fewer than 100 cumulative contributions. === Get Involved === We value your insights and ideas! If you would like to participate in a discussion, share feedback, or pilot new features, please reach out on the relevant Phabricator tasks or [[mw:Talk:Growth|at our talk page]], in any language. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 18:51, 17 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=28750629 --> == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Good editor == {{Barnstar}} Thank you for improving legitimate articles. [[User:Aka 4056|Aka 4056]] ([[User talk:Aka 4056|talk]]) 01:33, 18 July 2026 (UTC) :That is so kind of you. Thank you for your thank you. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 20:11, 18 July 2026 (UTC) == Growth/Newsletters/36 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Recent releases === ====Account creation experiments==== Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results. * An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]]) * A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) *A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]] *We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a "reveal password" option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase). ====Revise Tone structured task==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone. In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis. ====Automated mentor list cleanup==== Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees). Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active. We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]]. ====Growth features for Wikidata==== Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel. === Work in progress === [[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]] ====Home==== The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage. Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment. === Research === The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community: * [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:17, 18 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=30870183 --> suqo9l33vn6w4iudg44j3jaqudqncql 10966595 10966563 2026-08-18T13:35:53Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 /* New talk pages */ trim 10966595 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Talk page edits== I will talk with other editors here on my talk page. If the message is not about an article I am working on, I will read and then may delete the message. Thank you and Best Regards, [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara (WVS)]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 15:59, 26 March 2018 (UTC) == Thank you! == {| style="border: 1px solid #cc0000; margin: auto; margin:-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px" | style="background:#cc0000;"|[[File:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|85px|alt=]] | style="padding:10px; text-align:center;"|[[User:FatalFit|'''FatalFit''']] has given you some cookies! Now enjoy them! |} Thank you for your work on Wikipedia! <span style="text-shadow: 4px 4px 12px #00B140, -4px -4px 12px #00B140;">[[User:FatalFit|Dylan]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:FatalFit|&#9993;&nbsp;]]&#124;&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/FatalFit|✓]]&nbsp;</span> 23:23, 17 May 2023 (UTC) :Thank you for your encouragement.[[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 23:41, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == August 2023 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Related pages" instead of English Wikipedia's "See also"{{#if:Cervical canal|, which you used in "[[:Cervical canal]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Related pages" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-relatedpages --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 05:49, 3 August 2023 (UTC) :Thank you for letting me know about this. Simplifying is important to me and I also want to be consistent with my editing. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 15:15, 3 August 2023 (UTC) == Growth team newsletter #29 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless]] Welcome to the twenty-ninth newsletter from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]]! <small>[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_translators|Help with translations]]</small> === Community Conversations === The Growth team will host its first community conversation '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1701716400 Monday, 4 December (19:00 - 20:30 UTC)]'''. The topic for this meeting will be [[mw:Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]]. This first meeting language will be English, but we plan to host conversations in other languages, and about other topics. Please visit [[mw:Growth/Communities/Conversations|the conversation page on-wiki]] for the details on how to join. You can also watch the page, or suggest ideas for upcoming conversations there. === Impact Module === At the beginning of November 2023, the Growth team deployed the [[mw:Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact 3|'''New Impact Module''']] to all Wikipedias. We recently released a follow up improvement to how edit data was displayed based on editor feedback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T338174] === Add a Link === We released “[[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]]” to 35 more Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] We have a few Wikipedias remaining: *German and English Wikipedia will be contacted at the beginning of January 2024. *There are a few small wikis that will not receive the task until they have enough articles for the algorithm to work properly. === Community Configuration === * We shared [[mw:Community configuration 2.0|Community Configuration 2.0]] plans with technical stakeholders. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349757] [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BSVEYKHX4UDLV4WMCSHMGZ4RHQYD45XP/|🖂]] * Initial [[mw:Community configuration 2.0#Design|Community Configuration design ideas]] have been shared and discussed with community members. * A basic [https://growth-community-configuration.toolforge.org/mw/index.php?title=Main_Page Community Configuration 2.0 demo is released on ToolForge]. * Developers can find some initial proof of concept code [[gitlab:repos/growth/community-configuration|shared on gitlab]]. === Mentorship === When a mentor marked themselves as "Away", they were not getting their name assigned to new accounts when they returned. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347024] We improved the message received by newcomers when their mentor quits, to reduce confusion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] We worked on ensuring that all mentees are assigned to an active mentor. This required reassigning mentees with no mentors to a new mentor. We paused this as the clean-up script confused some editors. We will resume it when the identified blockers are resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071] It is now possible to create an Abuse Filter to prevent one user from signing up as a mentor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346235] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 18:04, 1 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=25909426 --> == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2023 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2023 you '''[https://mdwiki.org/wiki/WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2023_(all) were one of the top medical editors in your language]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdWfjVFbDO4ji-_qn2SsAgdCflhcOZychLnr1JUacsPaBr1eA/viewform Consider joining for 2024]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translation of health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Doc_James <span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 22:24, 3 February 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2023&oldid=26173705 --> == Growth News, April 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless]] The Growth team will now send quarterly reports to keep you in the loop. Growth team weekly updates [[mw:Growth/Growth team updates|are available on wiki]] (in English) if you want to know more about our day-to-day work. If you want to receive more general updates about technical activity happening across the Wikimedia movement (including Growth work), we encourage you to [[metawiki:Tech/News|subscribe to Tech News]]. === Community Configuration === Growth features are currently configurable at <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. This quarter we are working on making [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Community configuration|Community Configuration]] accessible for other MediaWiki developers while also moving Growth feature configuration to the new CommunityConfiguration extension. An early version of Community Configuration can be tested at [https://es.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Especial:CommunityConfiguration Spanish Beta Wikipedia]. We plan to release the new Community Configuration extension to pilot wikis (Arabic and Spanish Wikipedia) in early May, 2024. The first non-Growth team feature to utilize Community Configuration will be [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]]. In parallel with the development, the Growth team will propose Community Configuration usage guidelines, Community Configuration design guidelines, and provide technical documentation. === Experiment Results === [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add an image/Experiment analysis, March 2024|'''Add a Image experiment analysis results''']] The Growth team conducted an experiment to assess the impact of the “[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add an image|Add an Image]]” structured task on the Newcomer Homepage's "Suggested Edits" module. This analysis finds that the Add an Image structured task leads to an increase in newcomer participation on the mobile web platform, particularly by making constructive (non-reverted) article edits: * The likelihood that mobile web newcomers make their first article edit (+17.0% over baseline) * The likelihood that they are retained as newcomers (+24.3% over baseline) * The number of edits they make during their first two weeks on the wiki (+21.8% over baseline) * A lower probability of the newcomers' edits will be reverted (-3.3% over baseline). [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Personalized praise experiment results|'''Personalized praise experiment results''']] This feature was developed for Mentors as part of the Growth team's [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement|Positive Reinforcement project]]. When A/B testing on Spanish Wikipedia, we found ''no significant impact'' on retention, but we found a ''significant positive impact'' on newcomer productivity. However, we concluded that the results weren’t positive enough to justify the time investment from Mentors. We plan to discuss this feature with our pilot wikis, and consider further improvements before scaling this feature further. Meanwhile, communities willing to test the feature can ask to have it deployed. ([[phab:T361763|T361763]]) [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newcomer experience projects#Scaling the new donor Thank you page to English Wikipedia|'''English donors encouraged to try editing''']] As in previous years, donors were directed to a Thank you page after donation ([https://thankyou.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank%20You/en?country=US example]). However, this year we tested a new “Try editing Wikipedia,” call to action on the Thank You page. This call to action linked to a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&geEnabled=1&campaign=typage-in-en-2023 unique account creation page]. From this account creation page we were able to track Registrations and Activation (editing for the first time). During the English banner campaign, the Donor Thank you page led to 4,398 new accounts, and 441 of those accounts went on to constructively edit within 24 hours. ([[phab:T352900|T352900]]) === Future work === '''Annual Plan''' The Growth team and the Editing team will work on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2024-2025/Product_&_Technology_OKRs#Draft_Key_Results|WE1.2 Key Result]] in the coming fiscal year. We will start initial discussions with communities soon to help finalize our plans. ([[phab:T361657|T361657]]) [[mw:Growth/Community Updates|'''Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module''']] We plan to A/B test adding a new Community Configurable module to the Newcomer Homepage that will allow communities to highlight specific events, projects, campaigns, and initiatives. We are early in the planning phase of this project that will take place first at our pilot wikis and wikis volunteering. We welcome community feedback on initial designs and plans, in any language at [[mw:Talk:Growth/Community Updates|our project talk page]]. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 18:55, 23 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=26560129 --> == Why did you tag the article for quick deletion == It was just vandalized. Also please revert them as for some reason I can't [[User:Me Da Wikipedian|Me Da Wikipedian]] ([[User talk:Me Da Wikipedian|talk]]) 00:35, 9 May 2024 (UTC) :Thank you. I realize I made a mistake. I appreciate you catching that. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 21:31, 9 May 2024 (UTC) ::Your welcome, quick look at my enwiki account shows I've made many too [[User:Me Da Wikipedian|Me Da Wikipedian]] ([[User talk:Me Da Wikipedian|talk]]) 21:34, 9 May 2024 (UTC) == Growth News, July 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless]] === Community Configuration === The Growth team released [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Community configuration|Community Configuration]] at all Wikipedias. You can access it at <code>Special:CommunityConfiguration</code>. This new special page replaces <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. For now, all Growth features can be configured using Community Configuration. Configuration for [[mw:Moderator Tools/Automoderator|AutoModerator]] ([[phab:T365046|T365046]]) and other features will be available in the future. You can help with translations. The interface translation is done [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-communityconfiguration&language=&filter=&action=translate at Translatewiki.net]. You can also help [[mw:Help:Community Configuration|translate the documentation]]. If you attend [[wikimania:2024:Wikimania|Wikimania 2024]], please join us for the session about [https://wikimania.eventyay.com/2024/talk/CJKJT8/ Community configuration's future]! === Current work === [[mw:Growth/Community Updates|'''Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module''']] We will add a new Community Configurable module to the Newcomer Homepage that will allow communities to highlight specific events, projects, campaigns, and initiatives. We have released a simple version available to beta wikis. We will conduct an A/B test at [[mw:Growth/FAQ#pilot|our pilot wikis]] using the new [[labsconsole:Metrics_Platform|Metrics Platform]]. We still welcome community feedback on initial designs and plans, in any language at [[mw:Talk:Growth/Community Updates|our project talk page]]. === Future work === '''[[mw:Growth/Constructive activation experimentation|Increase constructive activation on mobile]]''' As part of the [[mw:Growth/Annual Plan 2024-2025|Growth team 2024/2025 Annual Plan]], the Growth team will explore various ways to increase the percentage of newcomers who successfully start editing. Editing a Wikipedia page requires too much context and patience. It means many trial and error for newcomers to contribute, meaning a steeper learning curve and potential discouraging reverts. To support a new generation of volunteers, we will increase the number and availability of smaller, structured, and more task-specific editing workflows (E.g. [[mw:Edit check|Edit Check]] and [[mw:Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks|Structured Tasks]]). The Growth team will primarily focus on Structured Tasks, while working closely with the [[Editing team|Editing team]] to ensure our work integrates well with Edit Check. === Stay informed === Growth team weekly updates [[mw:Growth/Growth team updates|are available on wiki]] (in English) if you want to know more about our day-to-day work. If you want to receive more general updates about technical activity happening across the Wikimedia movement (including Growth work), we encourage you to [[metawiki:Tech/News|subscribe to Tech News]]. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 15:08, 30 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=27172687 --> == Growth News, October 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] === Current work === [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community Updates|'''Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module''']] We will add a new module to the Newcomer Homepage that will allow communities to highlight specific events, projects, campaigns, and initiatives. We have released a simple version on beta wikis and we will soon start an A/B test on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#pilot|our pilot wikis]]. This module will only display on the Newcomer Homepage if communities decide to utilize it, so learn [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|how to configure the Community Updates module]], or share your thoughts on [[mw:Talk:Growth/Community Updates|the project's talk page]]. [[File:Design one for surfacing structured tasks.png|thumb|One design concept aimed to increase constructive activation]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation|'''Constructive activation experimentation''']] After showcasing [https://www.figma.com/proto/gog5jsPm40hNRAuyYPpaf0/Wikimania-2024-%E2%80%94-Surfacing-structured-tasks?node-id=24-2102&node-type=canvas&t=Qi6ekdUstnd3flDa-0&scaling=min-zoom&content-scaling=fixed&page-id=0%3A1&starting-point-node-id=24%3A2102 early design ideas] at Wikimania, we conducted [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Design|user testing of design prototypes]]. We now aim to engage communities in further discussions and plan to run a targeted experiment, presenting a structured task within the reading view to logged-in new account holders with zero edits. '''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]''' This Community Configuration extension was developed to help communities customize wiki features to meet their unique needs. The Growth team is now helping other Wikimedia Foundation teams make their products configurable: * The Moderation Tools team now provides Community Configuration for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]]. ([[phab:T365046|T365046]]) * Certain [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension settings will be configurable soon. ([[phab:T328171|T328171]]) === Future work === As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Annual Plan 2024-2025|Growth team annual plan]], we will continue to investigate ways to increase constructive activation on mobile, while also working with Data Products to move forward A/B testing functionality via the [[wikitech:Metrics_Platform|Metrics Platform]]. === Community events === * Growth team members presented ''Community Configuration: Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together'' at Wikimania ([https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1zFMP-_-j6AlcuC_2b32-zdpmvlAO8_SWOtg9mZXCNPI/edit#slide=id.g2cbe13544d8_5_15 slides]). The [https://www.youtube.com/live/govhrZZjV6s?t=3962s session recording is available to watch on YouTube]. This session provided an update on the Community Configuration project and introduced details about the upcoming features that communities will soon be able to configure. Representatives from the Moderator Tools, Editing, Web, and Campaigns teams shared their plans for utilizing Community Configuration in the future. Following these presentations, the WMF Growth team's [[:User:Trizek (WMF)|Benoît Evellin]] and [[:User:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)|Martin Urbanec]] answered audience questions. * [[:User:Dyolf77 (WMF)|Habib Mhenni]] gave a presentation of how mentorship works at WikiIndaba 2024. [[:File:How to became a mentor, Growth feature, Wiki Indaba 2024.webm|The recording is available]]. === Stay informed === Growth team weekly updates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Growth team updates|are available on wiki]] (in English) if you want to know more about our day-to-day work. If you want to receive more general updates about technical activity happening across the Wikimedia movement (including Growth work), we encourage you to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|subscribe to Tech News]]. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> [[:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 15:44, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=27642848 --> ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of User:Barbara (WVS)/ Vaginal yeast infection== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:User:Barbara (WVS)/ Vaginal yeast infection]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/User:Barbara (WVS)/ Vaginal yeast infection]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 22:26, 22 December 2024 (UTC) == Simple English Wikipedia Rresearch Recruitment == Dear Barbara (WVS), Sorry to bother, here is Lori Cai. I am a researcher at the University of Washington conducting a study about health-related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. Our Wikimedia Meta project page provides additional information about our study. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition I sent you emails before and looking forward to your response! Best, Lori [[User:Loricai99|Loricai99]] ([[User talk:Loricai99|talk]]) 02:32, 5 February 2025 (UTC) == Growth Newsletter #33 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === [[mw:Growth/Constructive activation experimentation|Constructive Activation Experiments]] === This year, the Growth team is exploring ways to help more new account holders start editing—and do so constructively, meaning their edits are not reverted. Our latest experiments include: * '''Gradual rollout of "Add a Link" at English Wikipedia''' – We are gradually introducing the "Add a Link" structured task to newcomers at English Wikipedia ([[phab:T386029|T386029]]). This serves as a natural A/B test to measure its impact on activation, retention, and revert rates ([[phab:T382603|T382603]]). Previous experiments on pilot wikis showed that "Add a Link" increases newcomer participation, particularly by helping them make constructive (non-reverted) edits. * '''Testing in-article suggestions for first-time editors''' – Many new account holders want to contribute but don’t know where to start. To help, we’re piloting a feature that surfaces structured task suggestions directly in an article’s read view for brand-new editors ([[phab:T385343|T385343]]). These suggestions will appear for logged-in users with no edits, providing a clear, simple way to begin contributing that is surfaced while they read. === [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|Community Updates]] === Newcomers often struggle to find their place in Wikipedia’s collaborative environment. While experienced editors easily discover events like edit-a-thons and writing campaigns, newcomers often miss out. * To bridge this gap, we launched the '''Community Updates''' module for the Newcomer Homepage. This module is disabled by default, allowing Community Admins to decide how (or if) to use it. * If your community hosts events, consider setting up a Community Update to engage and welcome newcomers! [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives|Learn more on Diff]]. To configure, visit Special:CommunityConfiguration. === [[mw:Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] === Community Configuration is now available across all wikis, including non-Wikipedia projects ([[phab:T383910|T383910]]). Community Configuration allows admins to customize various features like Growth features and Automoderator for their communities, and more recently the Babel extension now allows admins to modify configuration: * '''Babel customization''' – Admins can now configure Babel settings ([[phab:T374348|T374348]]), including category naming, automatic category creation, and more. See an example on [[commons:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel|Wikimedia Commons]]. * '''Upcoming configurable features''' – Projects exploring community configuration options include: '''[[metawiki:Incident_Reporting_System|Incident Reporting System]]''' ([[phab:T374113|T374113]]) and '''[[phab:T384444|Cite backlinks]]''' ([[phab:T378807|T378807]]). === [[mw:Growth/Feature summary#Mentorship 2|Mentorship]] === Mentors play a key role in guiding new editors. If you’re interested in mentoring, or turning mentorship on at your wiki, check out the [[mw:Growth/FAQ#Mentorship|Mentorship FAQ]] * Starting February 17, 100% of new accounts at English Wikipedia will be assigned a mentor ([[phab:T384505|T384505]]). * At Spanish Wikipedia, on 50% of newcomers get a mentor. Experienced contributors are encouraged to [[:es:Especial:Gestionar_mentores|join mentorship]] so that Spanish Wikipedia can provide a mentor to all new users. === Looking Ahead === In the coming months, we will continue balancing maintenance work—such as deprecating EditGrowth Config ([[phab:T367574|T367574]]) and migrating Statslib ([[phab:T359352|T359352]]) — with user-facing improvements that support new editors and foster the next generation of contributors. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 19:00, 4 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=28323658 --> == Growth News #34 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Mentoring new editors === In February, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Mentorship 2|Mentorship]] was successfully rolled out to 100% of newcomers on English Wikipedia. Following this milestone, we collaborated with Spanish Wikipedia to expand Mentorship coverage to 70% of new accounts, with plans to reach 85% soon unless concerns are raised by mentors. ([[phab:T394867|T394867]]) === “Add a Link” Task – Iteration and Experimentation === Our efforts to improve and scale the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|“Add a Link” structured task]] continued across multiple fronts: * '''Community Feedback & Model Improvements''': We’ve responded to community concerns with targeted changes: ** Restricting access to newer accounts ([[phab:T393688|T393688]]) ** Some links types were removed to align with recommendations written in the English Wikipedia Manual of Style ([[phab:T390683|T390683]]) ** Allowing communities to limit “Add a Link” to newcomers ([[phab:T393771|T393771]]) ** The model used to suggest the links was improved to ease its training ([[phab:T388258|T388258]]) * '''English Wikipedia rollout and A/B test''': We increased the rollout to 20% of newcomers, with analysis underway. Preliminary data suggests this feature makes new account holders more likely to complete an unreverted edit. ([[phab:T386029|T386029]], [[phab:T382603|T382603]]) * '''Surfacing Structured Tasks''': An experiment where we show “add a link” suggestions to newly registered users while they are reading an article is running on pilot wikis (French, Persian, Indonesian, Portuguese, Egyptian Arabic). Initial results are under analysis. ([[phab:T386029|T386029]]) === Newcomer Engagement Features === * '''“Get Started” notification''': Engineering is in progress for a new notification (Echo/email) to encourage editing among newcomers with zero edits. Early research shows this type of nudge is effective. ([[phab:T392256|T392256]]) * '''Confirmation email:''' We are exploring ways to simplify and improve the initial account confirmation email newly registered users receive. ([[phab:T215665|T215665]]) === Community Configuration Enhancements === Communities can now manage which namespaces are eligible for Event Registration via [[mw:Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. ([[phab:T385341|T385341]]) === Annual Planning === The Wikimedia Foundation’s 2025–2026 Annual Plan is taking shape. The Growth and Editing teams will focus on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Product_&_Technology_OKRs#Contributor_Experiences_(WE1)|'''Contributor Experiences (WE1)''' objective]], with a focus on increasing '''constructive edits''' by editors with fewer than 100 cumulative contributions. === Get Involved === We value your insights and ideas! If you would like to participate in a discussion, share feedback, or pilot new features, please reach out on the relevant Phabricator tasks or [[mw:Talk:Growth|at our talk page]], in any language. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 18:51, 17 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=28750629 --> == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Good editor == {{Barnstar}} Thank you for improving legitimate articles. [[User:Aka 4056|Aka 4056]] ([[User talk:Aka 4056|talk]]) 01:33, 18 July 2026 (UTC) :That is so kind of you. Thank you for your thank you. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)#top|talk]]) 20:11, 18 July 2026 (UTC) == Growth/Newsletters/36 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Recent releases === ====Account creation experiments==== Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results. * An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]]) * A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) *A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]] *We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a "reveal password" option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase). ====Revise Tone structured task==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone. In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis. ====Automated mentor list cleanup==== Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees). Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active. We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]]. ====Growth features for Wikidata==== Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel. === Work in progress === [[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]] ====Home==== The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage. Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment. === Research === The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community: * [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:17, 18 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=30870183 --> rin4oix6kuzodhhb05t0jor1z8mfwxq 0 580976 10967288 10466938 2026-08-19T06:54:36Z Дејан2021 1203586 /* References */ 10967288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nabi Tajima | image = https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.ndtv.com/world-news/worlds-oldest-person-nabi-tajima-dies-in-japan-at-117-1841038%3famp=1&akamai-rum=off | native_name = 田島 ナビ | native_name_lang = ja | birth_date = {{birth date|1900|8|4|df=y}} | birth_place = Wan Village (currently [[Kikai, Kagoshima|Kikai Town]]), [[Kagoshima Prefecture|Kagoshima]], Japan, August 4, 1900 | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2018|4|21|1900|8|4}} | death_place = Kikai, Kagoshima, [[Japan]] | nationality = [[Japan]]ese | known_for = Oldest living person in the world (15 September 2017 &ndash; 21 April 2018)<br>Oldest living person in Japan<br>(27 September 2015 &ndash; 21 April 2018)<ref name="oldest">{{cite web|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20150928/k10010250721000.html |title=国内最高齢の１１５歳女性が死去 |trans-title= Oldest Person in Japan 115yo Woman Dies- Ultimate Boomer|date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928215624/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20150928/k10010250721000.html |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 |language=ja}}</ref><br />Oldest person ever in Japan<br />( 1 September 2017 until September 2020 when Kane Tanaka surpassed her record) | parents = | spouse = Tominishi Tajima ( 1898-1991) | children = 9 (7 sons and 2 daughters) | relatives = | title = Oldest Japanese Person (September 1, 2017 - September 2020) }} {{Nihongo|'''Nabi Tajima'''|田島 ナビ|Tajima Nabi|August 4, 1900 &ndash; April, 21 2018}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Schumann, Rebecka |title=Misao Okawa, The World's Oldest Woman, And 39 Other Female Supercentenarians |newspaper=International Business Times |date=9 June 2014 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/misao-okawa-worlds-oldest-woman-39-other-female-supercentenarians-1596262 |access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2015 |date=11 September 2014 |page=77 |publisher=Guinness World Records |isbn=978-1-9088-4370-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBd4BAAAQBAJ&dq=Nabi+Tajima+1900&pg=PT80}}</ref> was the second-oldest Japanese person ever (behind [[Kane Tanaka]]) at the age of 117 years, 260 days. She was also the oldest living person for 7 months.<ref name="oldest"/> At the time of her death, she was the oldest Japanese person ever and the oldest person ever from [[Asia]]. She was also the last confirmed person that was alive during the [[19th century]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1259049/nabi-tajima-the-last-human-alive-in-the-19th-century-has-died-at-117-year-old/|title=The last surviving human from the 19th century has died|last=Kessler|first=Sarah|website=Quartz|language=en|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref> She was the last member of [[Lost Generation]]. Tajima became the oldest living person in Japan in 2015 upon the death of an 115-year-old anonymous woman.<ref name="oldest"/> She became the world's oldest confirmed living person in 2017 following the death of [[Violet Brown]].<ref>[http://jamaica-star.com/article/news/20170915/worlds-oldest-woman-dead World's oldest woman is dead]</ref> She was aged 117 years, 189 days. == Biography == She was the first child and Eldest daughter born in [[Araki]] in the westernmost part of [[Kikaijima|Kikaijima Island]]. She lived in [[Kikai, Kagoshima|Kikai]], Kikaijima Island, and <mark>Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan</mark>. She had 7 sons and 2 daughters.<ref name="Nabi">{{cite web|url=http://www.nankainn.com/local/「ナビばあちゃんちばりよー」／喜界町の田島さ |title=「ナビばあちゃんちばりよー」／喜界町の田島さんに県祝い状 |trans-title="Grandma Nabi" - Kikai City holds provincial celebration for Mrs. Tajima |language=ja |date=16 September 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> As of 2011, she had 28 grandchildren, 56 great-grandchildren and 35 great-great-grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.town.kikai.lg.jp/kikai08/forms/kouhou201110.pdf|title=広報きかい|trans-title=Kikai News|publisher=Kikai Town Hall|language=ja|date=September 2011|access-date=9 July 2015|archive-date=13 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413031908/http://www.town.kikai.lg.jp/kikai08/forms/kouhou201110.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2017, she had over 160 descendants, including her great-great grandchildren.<ref name="Nabi" /> She died from natural causes on April 21, 2018 in a Japanese hospital in Kikai, Kagoshima, [[Japan]] at the age of 117 years, 260 days.<ref>[http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/mondo/giappone-morta-nonna-nabi-tajima-era-la-piu-vecchia-del-mondo_3135624-201802a.shtml Giappone, morta nonna Nabi Tajima: era la più vecchia del mondo] {{in lang|it}}</ref> It was later confirmed that she had been in a hospital since 3 months. == References == {{Reflist|2}} {{S-start}} {{S-ach|rec}} {{Succession box | before = [[Violet Brown]] | title = [[Oldest people#Chronological list of the oldest living person in the world since 1951|World’s oldest living person]] | years = 15 September 2017 — 21 April 2018 | after = [[Chiyo Miyako]] }} {{S-end}} {{Oldest person}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tajima, Nabi}} [[Category:1900 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:Japanese supercentenarians]] 5hspt8h9neegiy6vr9nawobduemi8hn 10 583842 10966715 10169979 2026-08-18T15:52:47Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = CEA Chairs |title = Chairs of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] |state = collapsed |listclass = hlist |list1 = * [[Edwin Griswold Nourse|Nourse]] * [[Leon Keyserling|Keyserling]] * [[Arthur F. Burns|Burns]] * [[Raymond J. Saulnier|Saulnier]] * [[Walter Heller|Heller]] * [[Gardner Ackley|Ackley]] * [[Arthur Melvin Okun|Okun]] * [[Paul McCracken (economist)|McCracken]] * [[Herbert Stein|Stein]] * [[Alan Greenspan|Greenspan]] * [[Charles Schultze|Schultze]] * [[Murray Weidenbaum|Weidenbaum]] * [[Martin Feldstein|Feldstein]] * [[Beryl Wayne Sprinkel|Sprinkel]] * [[Michael Boskin|Boskin]] * [[Laura Tyson|Tyson]] * [[Joseph Stiglitz|Stiglitz]] * [[Janet Yellen|Yellen]] * [[Martin Neil Baily|Baily]] * [[Glenn Hubbard (economist)|Hubbard]] * [[Greg Mankiw|Mankiw]] * [[Harvey S. Rosen|Rosen]] * [[Ben Bernanke|Bernanke]] * [[Edward Lazear|Lazear]] * [[Christina Romer|Romer]] * [[Austan Goolsbee|Goolsbee]] * [[Alan Krueger|Krueger]] * [[Jason Furman|Furman]] * [[Kevin Hassett|Hassett]] * [[Cecilia Rouse|Rouse]] * [[Jared Bernstein|Bernstein]] * [[Stephen Miran|Miran]] * [[Christopher Phelan|Phelan]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:United States Council of Economic Advisers]] [[Category:People navigational boxes]] </noinclude> 0tkaimcfma06f2c53m80vbyldpjrbff 0 586313 10966793 10949769 2026-08-18T16:54:53Z Canadachick 1633172 10966793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Virudhunagar''' (that was Virudhupatti some time ago), is a town and the headquarters of the [[Virudhunagar district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Virudhunagar became an important trade centre during the British rule. The town is the birthplace of freedom fighter [[K. Kamaraj]], former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, and [[Bharat Ratna]] recipient. Located to the east of [[Kowsika River]]. ==History of the town== Virudhunagar was a part of [[Madurai]] and has been ruled at various times by Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Chanda Sahib, Carnatic kingdom and the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last=V.|first=Vriddhagirisan|page=115|title=Nayaks of Tanjore |year=1995 |orig-year=1942 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0996-4}}</ref> The town's name was changed to Virudhupatti in 1875 and on 6 April 1923, the town council renamed it Virudhunagar. ==Population== According to the 2011, census of India, Virudhunagar had a population of 72,296 with a sex-ratio of 1,014 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> ==Reference== {{reflist}} [[Category:Virudhunagar district]] {{multistub|geo|Asia}} 6itc91z6yp01ju3u7vsz4n8iv1131gw 0 588269 10966899 9284241 2026-08-18T17:52:38Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Leopoldo_S._Tumulak.jpg|Leopoldo_S._Tumulak.jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Pymouss|Pymouss]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Leopoldo S. Tumulak.jpg|]]. 10966899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leopoldo Sumaylo Tumalak''' (29 September 1944 – 17 June 2017) was a Filipino Bishop of the [[Military Ordinariate of the Philippines]]<ref name="catholic-hierarchy">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/btumulak.html|author=David M. Cheney|publisher=catholic-hierarchy.org|title=Bishop Leopoldo Sumaylo Tumulak &#91;Catholic-Hierarchy&#93;|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref> He was the incumbent Military Ordinariate of the Philippines since 2005 until his death in 2017. He was born in [[Santander, Cebu|Santander]], [[Cebu]], [[Philippines]]. Tumulak died on 17 June 2017 at a hospital in [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan City]], [[Manila]], Philippines from [[pancreatic cancer]], aged 72.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/06/18/ecclesiastical-pastor-of-military-passes-away/|title=Ecclesiastical pastor of military passes away|author=Christina I. Hermoso|access-date=18 June 2017|date=18 June 2017|publisher=[[Manila Bulletin]]|archive-date=18 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618074116/http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/06/18/ecclesiastical-pastor-of-military-passes-away/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tumulak, Leopoldo S.}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Filipino Roman Catholic bishops]] [[Category:People from Cebu]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in the Philippines]] {{bio-stub}} d29trmzsya457z45wsf6pbt4h1p829x 0 591030 10967250 8790546 2026-08-19T06:20:06Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Gilbert Scott''' (12 December 1923 – 1 July 2017) was a British architect. He was the son of [[Giles Gilbert Scott]] and great-grandson of the great [[Gothic Revival]] architect [[George Gilbert Scott]]. He was known for designing the [[Forth Road Bridge]]. He was born in [[London]], England. Scott was educated at [[Harrow School|Harrow]], [[Charterhouse School]], Bartlett School of Architecture [[University College London]], and [[Regent Street Polytechnic]] School of Architecture. Scott died in [[Birmingham]], [[England]] on 1 July 2017 at the age of 93.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://m.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?n=&pid=185991340&referrer=0&preview=True | title=Richard Gilbert Scott Obituary (2017) - Legacy Remembers | website=[[Legacy.com]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Richard Gilbert}} [[Category:1923 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Alumni of University College London]] [[Category:Artists from London]] [[Category:Businesspeople from London]] [[Category:English architects]] iyv7i5ol21411y2zlk5ryyfhuz4gh23 0 595516 10966949 10923580 2026-08-18T19:37:01Z ~2026-45427-77 1857595 /* */ 10966949 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard "Rich" Piana''' (September 26, 1969 &ndash; August 25, 2017) was an American [[businessman]], [[entrepreneur]], [[social media personality]], [[Bodybuilding|bodybuilder]], [[YouTube|YouTuber]], [[Content creation|content creator]], [[actor]], and [[Stunt performer|stuntman]]. He was born in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="thesun">{{cite web|url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4322263/rich-piana-dead-body-building-supremos-incredible-life-in-pictures-from-teen-weightlifter-and-mr-california-muscle-man-to-incredible-hulk-cameos/|title=STRONG MAN Rich Piana dead – Body-building supremo’s incredible life in pictures from teen weightlifter and Mr California muscle man to Incredible Hulk cameos|date=25 August 2017|website=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Rich was of [[Italians|Italian]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent. He stood 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) and weighed 221-330 lb (100-150 kg). Piana had massive 25 in (64 cm) biceps. Piana won the Mr. California title along with competitions in Los Angeles in 2003 and Sacramento in 2009.<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/rich-piana-us-bodybuilding-champion-dies-aged-46-after-collapse-11005444|title=Bodybuilding champion dies after collapse|website=News.sky.com|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> His admission in 2016 that he used [[anabolic steroid]]s as part of his regimen was controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/fitness/bodybuilder-rich-piana-dies-two-weeks-after-slipping-into-coma/news-story/cad4b1ff4a57b336ca359a77fbec7d5b|title=Bodybuilder Rich Piana dies|website=News.com.au|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Piana often appeared in commercials and television series such as ''Scrubs'' and ''Ripley's Believe It or Not''.<ref name="thesun"/> Piana died at age 47 on August 25, 2018 in [[Florida]], after spending two weeks in an induced [[coma]] following a possible overdose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2017/08/25/rich-piana-dead-at-46/|title=Rich Piana Dead at 46 ... After Medical Emergency|date=25 August 2017|website=tmz.com|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/41049179/celebrity-us-bodybuilder-rich-piana-dies-aged-46-after-collapsing-two-weeks-ago|title=Celebrity US bodybuilder Rich Piana dies aged 46 after collapsing two weeks ago - Newsbeat|date=25 August 2017|website=.co.uk|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.rich-piana.com/en/ Official website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Piana, Rich}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]] [[Category:American Internet celebrities]] [[Category:American bodybuilders]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]] {{US-bio-stub}} 0kuquuhgsc13cjm7fg23jsave35vbza 10966950 10966949 2026-08-18T19:37:26Z ~2026-45427-77 1857595 /* */ 10966950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard "Rich" Piana''' (September 26, 1969 &ndash; August 25, 2017) was a [[European Americans|European-American]] [[businessman]], [[entrepreneur]], [[social media personality]], [[Bodybuilding|bodybuilder]], [[YouTube|YouTuber]], [[Content creation|content creator]], [[actor]], and [[Stunt performer|stuntman]]. He was born in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="thesun">{{cite web|url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4322263/rich-piana-dead-body-building-supremos-incredible-life-in-pictures-from-teen-weightlifter-and-mr-california-muscle-man-to-incredible-hulk-cameos/|title=STRONG MAN Rich Piana dead – Body-building supremo’s incredible life in pictures from teen weightlifter and Mr California muscle man to Incredible Hulk cameos|date=25 August 2017|website=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Rich was of [[Italians|Italian]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent. He stood 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) and weighed 221-330 lb (100-150 kg). Piana had massive 25 in (64 cm) biceps. Piana won the Mr. California title along with competitions in Los Angeles in 2003 and Sacramento in 2009.<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/rich-piana-us-bodybuilding-champion-dies-aged-46-after-collapse-11005444|title=Bodybuilding champion dies after collapse|website=News.sky.com|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> His admission in 2016 that he used [[anabolic steroid]]s as part of his regimen was controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/fitness/bodybuilder-rich-piana-dies-two-weeks-after-slipping-into-coma/news-story/cad4b1ff4a57b336ca359a77fbec7d5b|title=Bodybuilder Rich Piana dies|website=News.com.au|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Piana often appeared in commercials and television series such as ''Scrubs'' and ''Ripley's Believe It or Not''.<ref name="thesun"/> Piana died at age 47 on August 25, 2018 in [[Florida]], after spending two weeks in an induced [[coma]] following a possible overdose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2017/08/25/rich-piana-dead-at-46/|title=Rich Piana Dead at 46 ... After Medical Emergency|date=25 August 2017|website=tmz.com|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/41049179/celebrity-us-bodybuilder-rich-piana-dies-aged-46-after-collapsing-two-weeks-ago|title=Celebrity US bodybuilder Rich Piana dies aged 46 after collapsing two weeks ago - Newsbeat|date=25 August 2017|website=.co.uk|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.rich-piana.com/en/ Official website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Piana, Rich}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]] [[Category:American Internet celebrities]] [[Category:American bodybuilders]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]] {{US-bio-stub}} tdbvx7q2ctlznho8sqhabmkhf089721 10967195 10966950 2026-08-19T04:51:00Z Henri Aja 1041406 Undid revision 10966950 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45427-77|~2026-45427-77]] ([[User talk:~2026-45427-77|talk]]) 10967195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard "Rich" Piana''' (September 26, 1969 &ndash; August 25, 2017) was an American [[businessman]], [[entrepreneur]], [[social media personality]], [[Bodybuilding|bodybuilder]], [[YouTube|YouTuber]], [[Content creation|content creator]], [[actor]], and [[Stunt performer|stuntman]]. He was born in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="thesun">{{cite web|url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4322263/rich-piana-dead-body-building-supremos-incredible-life-in-pictures-from-teen-weightlifter-and-mr-california-muscle-man-to-incredible-hulk-cameos/|title=STRONG MAN Rich Piana dead – Body-building supremo’s incredible life in pictures from teen weightlifter and Mr California muscle man to Incredible Hulk cameos|date=25 August 2017|website=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Piana won the Mr. California title along with competitions in Los Angeles in 2003 and Sacramento in 2009.<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/rich-piana-us-bodybuilding-champion-dies-aged-46-after-collapse-11005444|title=Bodybuilding champion dies after collapse|website=News.sky.com|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> His admission in 2016 that he used [[anabolic steroid]]s as part of his regimen was controversial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/fitness/bodybuilder-rich-piana-dies-two-weeks-after-slipping-into-coma/news-story/cad4b1ff4a57b336ca359a77fbec7d5b|title=Bodybuilder Rich Piana dies|website=News.com.au|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Piana often appeared in commercials and television series such as ''Scrubs'' and ''Ripley's Believe It or Not''.<ref name="thesun"/> Piana died at age 47 on August 25, 2018 in [[Florida]], after spending two weeks in an induced [[coma]] following a possible overdose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2017/08/25/rich-piana-dead-at-46/|title=Rich Piana Dead at 46 ... After Medical Emergency|date=25 August 2017|website=tmz.com|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/41049179/celebrity-us-bodybuilder-rich-piana-dies-aged-46-after-collapsing-two-weeks-ago|title=Celebrity US bodybuilder Rich Piana dies aged 46 after collapsing two weeks ago - Newsbeat|date=25 August 2017|website=.co.uk|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.rich-piana.com/en/ Official website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Piana, Rich}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]] [[Category:American Internet celebrities]] [[Category:American bodybuilders]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles]] {{US-bio-stub}} c1gkdzj7ntpj4wvd56hr273tasmbwt9 0 597643 10967000 10473743 2026-08-18T21:22:32Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Secretariat_being_exercised_with_another_pony_in_preparation_for_the_Canadian_International_Stakes_(I0018098)_(cropped).jpg|Secretariat_being_exercised_with_another_pony_in_preparation_for_the_Canadian_International_Stakes_(I0018098)_(c 10967000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Secretariat statue.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A statue of Secretariat]] '''Secretariat''' (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989) was an American [[Thoroughbred]] [[racehorse]] who, in 1973, became the first [[United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Triple Crown]] winner in 25 years. He was born in [[Caroline County, Virginia|Caroline County]], [[Virginia]]. His record-breaking win in the [[Belmont Stakes]], where he left the field 31 [[horse length|lengths]] behind him, is widely known as one of the greatest races of all time. He was bred and owned by [[Penny Chenery]]. During his racing career, he won five [[Eclipse Awards]], including [[American Horse of the Year|Horse of the Year]] honors at ages two and three. He was elected to the [[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame]] in 1974. In the List of the Top 100 U.S. [[Racehorses]] of the [[20th Century]], Secretariat is second only to [[Man o' War]] (racing career 1919–1920), who also was a large [[Chestnut (coat)|chestnut]] [[Colt (horse)|colt]] given the nickname "Big Red". Secretariat was [[euthanized]] after suffering from [[laminitis]], a [[hoof]] disease, at a farm in [[Paris, Kentucky|Paris]], [[Kentucky]] on October 4, 1989 at the age of 19.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Embry|first1=Mike|title=Secretariat, Suffering From Incurable Condition, Destroyed|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-05/sports/sp-984_1_secretariat|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=October 6, 2016|date=October 5, 1989}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.secretariat.com The official Secretariat website] * [https://www.si.com/horse-racing/video/2016/03/02 ''Sports Illustrated Top 100 Moments in Sports''] – short video on Secretariat's Triple Crown (#13 on list) * [https://www.si.com/more-sports/photos/2013/06/07/classic-photos-secretariat Classic Photos of Secretariat from ''Sports Illustrated''] * [http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016464.html ESPN Sports Century] – # 35 – Secretariat * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061022121815/http://www.kentuckyderby.com/2006/derby_history/derby_charts/years/1973.html Kentucky Derby.com] – Secretariat – 1973 * [http://espn.go.com/classic/s/secretariatadd.html ''ESPN Classic''] – ''ESPN Classic'' story on 1973 Belmont – November 19, 2003 {{DEFAULTSORT:Secretariat}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:1989 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths by euthanasia]] [[Category:Thoroughbred racehorses]] {{stub}} c5trreaoulby581uj96csvs2omqvo5x 10967062 10967000 2026-08-18T23:16:34Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10967062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Eddie Sweat and Secretariat preparing for 1973 Preakness Stakes.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Secretariat in 1973]] '''Secretariat''' (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989) was an American [[Thoroughbred]] [[racehorse]] who, in 1973, became the first [[United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Triple Crown]] winner in 25 years. He was born in [[Caroline County, Virginia|Caroline County]], [[Virginia]]. His record-breaking win in the [[Belmont Stakes]], where he left the field 31 [[horse length|lengths]] behind him, is widely known as one of the greatest races of all time. He was bred and owned by [[Penny Chenery]]. During his racing career, he won five [[Eclipse Awards]], including [[American Horse of the Year|Horse of the Year]] honors at ages two and three. He was elected to the [[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame]] in 1974. In the List of the Top 100 U.S. [[Racehorses]] of the [[20th Century]], Secretariat is second only to [[Man o' War]] (racing career 1919–1920), who also was a large [[Chestnut (coat)|chestnut]] [[Colt (horse)|colt]] given the nickname "Big Red". Secretariat was [[euthanized]] after suffering from [[laminitis]], a [[hoof]] disease, at a farm in [[Paris, Kentucky|Paris]], [[Kentucky]] on October 4, 1989 at the age of 19.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Embry|first1=Mike|title=Secretariat, Suffering From Incurable Condition, Destroyed|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-05/sports/sp-984_1_secretariat|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=October 6, 2016|date=October 5, 1989}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.secretariat.com The official Secretariat website] * [https://www.si.com/horse-racing/video/2016/03/02 ''Sports Illustrated Top 100 Moments in Sports''] – short video on Secretariat's Triple Crown (#13 on list) * [https://www.si.com/more-sports/photos/2013/06/07/classic-photos-secretariat Classic Photos of Secretariat from ''Sports Illustrated''] * [http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016464.html ESPN Sports Century] – # 35 – Secretariat * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061022121815/http://www.kentuckyderby.com/2006/derby_history/derby_charts/years/1973.html Kentucky Derby.com] – Secretariat – 1973 * [http://espn.go.com/classic/s/secretariatadd.html ''ESPN Classic''] – ''ESPN Classic'' story on 1973 Belmont – November 19, 2003 {{DEFAULTSORT:Secretariat}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:1989 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths by euthanasia]] [[Category:Thoroughbred racehorses]] {{stub}} r232vdr6cm9ri9ho56royakp43salq4 0 600425 10966935 10941914 2026-08-18T18:54:50Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10966935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}}'''''Scriptio continua''''' (Latin for "continuous script") is a style of writing that does not use spaces, different letter cases, or [[punctuation]] to tell apart words, phrases, or sentences. It was a common way of writing for texts in [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] and [[Classical Latin]]. Although spoken Greek and Latin did use punctuation to tell words apart, ''scriptio continua'' was used to save space and ink.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} Use of ''scriptio continua'' became less common after the fall of the [[Roman Empire]], and spaces began to appear between words. The first known documents that used spacing were [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Bible]]s and [[Gospel]]s.<ref>Saenger, Paul (1997) Space between words: the origins of silent reading, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, page 21</ref> However, ''scriptio continua'' is still used for the writing systems for several modern languages, including [[Southeast Asia]]n [[abugida]]s like [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], Balinese, and [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]]. Languages that use the [[Chinese character]] system like [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]] sometimes use ''scriptio continua'', even though modern Chinese and Japanese stopped using it when they adopted punctuation during the 19th and 20th centuries. == Growth of universal literacy == One of the things to be noticed is the change from professional scribes to general literacy, which occurred in all languages. In other words, writing went from being something only a few people were trained to being something most people would be able to do. The growth of literacy is the main indirect reason why most modern languages have punctuation. == Examples == === Latin === The first sentence below is the first sentence of Ovid's [[Metamorphoses]] written in Latin using ''scriptio continua'' writing, the second is the same sentence written in Latin using spaces, punctuation and cases, and the third is an English [[translation]]. In all the Latin sentences, all the letter [[U]]'s have been replaced with letter [[V]]'s. # INNOVAFERTANIMVSMVTATASDICEREFORMASCORPORA&#8203;DICOEPTISNAMVOSMVTASTISETILLAS&#8203;ADSPIRATEMEISPRIMAQVE&#8203;ABORIGINEMVNDIADMEAPERPETVVMDEDVCITETEMPORACARMEN # In nova fert animvs mvtatas dicere formas corpora; di, coeptis (nam vos mvtastis et illas) adspirate meis primaqve ab origine mvndi ad mea perpetvvm dedvcite tempora carmen!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml|title=Ovid: Metamorphoses I|website=www.thelatinlibrary.com|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> # I want to speak about bodies changed into new forms. You, gods, since you are the ones who alter these, and all other things, inspire my attempt, and spin out a continuous thread of words, from the world's first origins to my own time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph.htm#488381088|title=Metamorphoses (Kline) 1, the Ovid Collection, Univ. of Virginia E-Text Center|website=ovid.lib.virginia.edu|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> === English === The first sentence is the [[Bible|biblical]] verse John 3:16 in the [[Authorized King James Version|King James Version]] written in English using ''scriptio continua'' writing, and the second is the same sentence written in English using spaces, punctuation and cases. # FORGODSOLOVEDTHEWORLDTHATHEGAVEHISONLYBEGOTTENSON&#8203;THATWHOSOEVERBELIEVETHINHIM&#8203;SHOULDNOTPERISH&#8203;BUTHAVEEVERLASTINGLIFE # For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=john+3:16&version=KJV|title=Bible Gateway passage: John 3:16 - King James Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> Due to the internet, modern English developed a form of ''scriptio continua'' through [[E-mail|email]] and [[URL|URL web addresses]]. Since spaces are invalid characters, the URL for the website "Example Fake Website" would be '''examplefakewebsite.com'''. === Chinese === Chinese had no sort of punctuation until the 20th century, and only added punctuation because of their interactions with Western countries. Chinese is still fairly readable even without punctuation and spacing because each Chinese character represents an entire word or [[morpheme]] (the smallest meaningful units of language) instead of single sounds like an [[alphabet]]. The first sentence below is a sentence written in modern Chinese, the second is the same sentence using ''scriptio continua'' writing, the third is the sentence written with spaces in between the words, the fourth is the sentence written in [[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]], and the fifth is the sentence translated into English. # 北京在中国北方；广州在中国南方。 # '''北京在中国北方广州在中国南方''' # 北京　在　中国　北方；　广州　在　中国　南方。 # Běijīng zài Zhōngguó běifāng; Guǎngzhōu zài Zhōngguó nánfāng. # [[Beijing]] is in Northern China; [[Guangzhou]] is in Southern China. === Japanese === Like Chinese, Japanese also does not use spacing in its writing. Even though Japanese also uses many Chinese characters (called kanji in Japanese) in its writing, the two languages are actually very different from each other. When Japanese was first written, it was written entirely in [[kanji]] and [[Manyogana|man'yogana]] (kanji used only for writing the sounds of Japanese). Chinese characters could be used to either tell a words' pronunciation or its meaning, so it made Japanese very hard to read. Even native Japanese speakers had a hard time reading ancient Japanese writings. Later during the 10th century, the Japanese created different sound-based systems to write more quickly and to tell apart [[Rebus|phonetic-loan]] characters and semantic-based characters more easily. These writing systems are called [[kana]]. Today Japanese uses three different writing systems, kanji for showing the meanings of words, and [[hiragana]] and [[katakana]] for showing the sounds of words. While Japanese does not use spacing, native Japanese speakers can still tell apart words quickly because the three different types of writing look quite different from each other, and each [[writing system]] is usually used for a certain kind of word. Kanji is usually used to write native Japanese words, Chinese [[loanword]]s, and [[The Roots|the roots]] of content words (nouns, [[adjective]], adjectives, adverbs). Hiragana is usually used for common phrases, particles, and the inflections of content words. Katakana is usually used for loanwords from languages other than Chinese, [[onomatopoeia]], and for extra emphasis. Also like Chinese, it used no punctuation until after it had major interactions with Western countries, and it did not have any punctuation until the [[Meiji Restoration|Meiji Period]], when [[Japan]] quickly modernized. The first sentence below is sentence written in Japanese using hiragana, katakana and kanji without spaces between words. The second is written in hiragana, katakana and kanji with spaces in between words (including particles). The third is written only in hiragana and katakana. The fourth is written entirely in [[Romanization of Japanese|romaji]] (Japanese written in the Latin alphabet). The fifth is the sentence translated translated in English. The sixth is written using ''scriptio continua'' entirely in kanji and man'yōgana. # ベサニー・ヒルズと高森昭は東京に住んでいます。 # ベサニー・ヒルズ　と　高森　昭　は　東京　に　住んでいます。 # ベサニー・ヒルズ　と　たかもり　あきら　は　とうきょう　に　すんでいます。 # Besanī Hiruzu to Takamori Akira wa Tōkyō ni sundeimasu. # Bethany Hills and Akira Takamori are living in Tokyo. # 邊三仁伊日流頭吐高森昭歯東京仁須無弟位麻須 === Thai === Unlike most modern languages, Thai is still written without punctuation or spaces most of the time. Only clauses, rather than single words or phrases, are set apart by spaces. Since Thai has strict [[syllable]] structure rules, trained readers of Thai can recognize single words even without spaces. The syllable structure of a Thai word is C¹(C²)V(C³), which means that only two consonants can come before the vowel and one consonant can come after the vowel. For example, the clause สวัสดีครับ ''s(à)wàtdeekráp''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thai2English |url=https://www.thai2english.com/?q=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A|access-date=2023-04-26|website=www.thai2english.com}}</ref> is made of four syllables, but if they were written with spaces between syllables, it would be written as ส วัส ดี ครับ ''s(à) wàt dee kráp''. The syllable structure of the four words in the same order are # C¹V # C¹VC³ # C¹V # C¹C²VC³ Even if a word or syllable is spelled without any vowels written, an [[inherent vowel]] must still be spoken. For example, the word มด would be written as ''md'' if written the [[Latin script|Roman alphabet]], but it must be pronounced as ''mót'' /mot/, since the vowel /ɔ/ or /a/ must be spoken for any Thai word with no written vowel. Below is a greeting in Thai, first written in Thai with no spaces, second written in Thai with spaces, third written in Thai written in the Roman alphabet, fourth an English translation. # สวัสดีครับ ผมเป็นสมชายครับ ยินดีที่ได้รู้จักครับ # ส วัส ดี ครับ ผม เป็น สม ชาย ครับ ยิน ดี ที่ ได้ รู้ จัก ครับ # s(à) wàt dee kráp p(ŏ)m bpen sŏm chaai kráp yin dee têe dâai róo jàk kráp # Hello. I am Somchai. Nice to meet you. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Writing systems]] c1eha7j5isun4py7q8j5qlduh5fmkld 0 600542 10966548 10966115 2026-08-18T12:57:02Z Mohamad Darlin 1038502 /* List */ 10966548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} {{For|a list of the oldest currently serving state leaders|Lists of state leaders by age}} {{Dynamic list}} This article lists the 100 oldest living current or former state leaders whose age can be demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt. State leaders are defined to include [[heads of state]] (including representatives who act in their stead, generally a [[governor-general]]), [[heads of government]] and internationally recognized ''de facto'' leaders{{efn-ur|Including but not limited to [[Prime Ministers of Peru]], recognized as heads of government by the United Nations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/protocol/hshgnfa|title=Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs|work=United Nations Protocol and Liaison Service|access-date=1 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> and party leaders of single-party states.}} of [[sovereign state]]s with significant [[international recognition]]. Leaders are not included if no reliable secondary sources have confirmed that the leader is alive within the last 10 years. The oldest living former state leader is [[Guillermo Rodríguez (politician)|Guillermo Rodríguez]] of [[History of Ecuador (1960–1979)#Junta_(1972–1979)|Ecuador]] at the age of {{Age in years and days|1923|11|04}}.<ref name="Guillermo" /> Leaders currently in office are in bold in green, with [[Paul Biya]] of [[Cameroon]] being the oldest currently serving head of state.<ref name="Biya" /> ==Gallery== {{Gallery |title= |width= |height= |captionstyle=text-align:center; |mode=packed |{{Template parameter value|Guillermo Rodríguez Lara|Infobox officeholder||image}} |alt1=Guillermo Rodríguez |Oldest living:<br />'''[[Guillermo Rodríguez (politician)|Guillermo Rodríguez]]'''<br />{{flag|Ecuador|1900}}<br />1972–1976 |{{Template parameter value|Mahathir Mohamad|Infobox officeholder||image}} |alt2=Mahathir Mohamad |2nd{{nbhyph}}oldest living:<br />'''[[Mahathir Mohamad]]'''<br />{{flag|Malaysia}}<br />1981–2003 and 2018–2020 |{{Template parameter value|Mohammad Hasan Sharq|Infobox officeholder||image}} |alt3=Mohammad Hasan Sharq |3rd{{nbhyph}}oldest living:<br />'''[[Mohammad Hasan Sharq]]'''<br />{{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|1987}}<br />1988–1989 |{{Template parameter value|Raif Dizdarević|Infobox officeholder||image}} |alt4=Raif Dizdarević |Oldest living of a now-defunct state and 6th{{nbhyph}}oldest living:<br />'''[[Raif Dizdarević]]'''<br />{{flag|Yugoslavia}}<br />1988–1989 |{{Template parameter value|Paul Biya|Infobox officeholder||image}} |alt5=Paul Biya |Oldest living incumbent and 41th{{nbhyph}}oldest living:<br />'''[[Paul Biya]]'''<br />{{flag|Cameroon}}<br />1975–''present'' }} ==List== {{Legend0|#99FF99|'''Currently in office'''|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%" |- ! style="text-align:left"|{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="text-align:left"|Potrait ! style="text-align:left"|Name ! style="text-align:left"|State ! style="text-align:left"|Position ! style="text-align:left"|Birth ! style="text-align:left"|Age ! style="text-align:left"|{{nobr|Living as of}} |- |1||[[File:Guillermo Rodriguez (Ecuador) (headshot).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Guillermo|Rodríguez|dab=politician}}||{{flag|Ecuador}}||[[President of Ecuador|Acting President]] (1972–1976)||{{dts|4 November 1923|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1923|11|4}}||{{dts|4 November 2024|abbr=on}}<ref name=Guillermo>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/ecuador/expresidente-guillermo-rodriguez-lara-cumplio-101-anos-nota/?outputType=amp|title=Expresidente Guillermo Rodríguez Lara cumplió 101 años|work=El Universo|date=4 November 2024|access-date=5 November 2024|language=es-EC}}</ref> |- |2||[[File:Dr. Mahathir Mohamad attending the state funeral of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 15 April 2025 (21) (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Mahathir Mohamad}}||{{flag|Malaysia}}||[[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (1981–2003; 2018–2020)||{{dts|10 July 1925|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1925|7|10}}||{{dts|10 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/watch/former-malaysia-pm-mahathir-mohamad-turning-100-years-old-5230856/|title=Former Malaysia PM Mahathir Mohamad on turning 100 years old|work=CNA|date=10 July 2025|access-date=10 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |3|| ||{{sortname|Mohammad Hasan|Sharq}}||{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1987–1992).svg}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]||[[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Chairman of the Council of Ministers]] (1988–1989)||{{dts|17 July 1925|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1925|7|17}}||{{dts|12 October 2020|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rahparcham1.org/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%B3%D8%B1/|title=کتاب کودتای پنجم در سقوط دولت جمهورى سرخ یا سیاه|work=Rahparcham|date=12 October 2020|access-date=27 August 2025|language=fa}}</ref> |- |4||[[File:Abdoulaye Wade (headshot).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Abdoulaye|Wade}}||{{flag|Senegal}}||[[President of Senegal|President]] (2000–2012)||{{dts|29 May 1926|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1926|5|29}}||{{dts|29 May 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://senego.com/le-president-abdoulaye-wade-celebre-ses-99-ans_1842854.html|title=Le Président Abdoulaye Wade célèbre ses 99 ans|work=Senego|date=29 May 2025|access-date=29 May 2025|language=fr}}</ref> |- |5||[[File:Valdas Adamkus in 2020 cropped.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Valdas|Adamkus}}||{{flag|Lithuania}}||[[President of Lithuania|President]] (1998–2003; 2004–2009)||{{dts|3 November 1926|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1926|11|3}}||{{dts|6 May 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lrytas.lt/lietuvosdiena/aktualijos/2025/05/06/news/v-adamkus-sureagavo-i-siulyma-naikinti-v-landsbergiui-suteikta-valstybes-vadovo-statusa-37734143|title=V. Adamkus sureagavo į siūlymą naikinti V. Landsbergiui suteiktą valstybės vadovo statusą|work=Lrytas|date=6 May 2025|access-date=6 May 2025|language=lt}}</ref> |- |6||[[File:Raif Dizdarević (političar) (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Raif|Dizdarević}}||{{flag|Yugoslavia}}||[[President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia|President of the Presidency]] (1988–1989)||{{dts|9 December 1926|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1926|12|9}}||{{dts|9 December 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radiosarajevo.ba/vijesti/bosna-i-hercegovina/raif-dizdarevic-proslavio-98-rodendan-pogledajte-ko-je-sve-bio-i-sta-mu-je-otpjevao-ivica-saric/571018|title=Raif Dizdarević proslavio 98. rođendan: Pogledajte ko je sve bio i šta mu je otpjevao Ivica Šarić|work=Radio Sarajevo|date=9 December 2024|access-date=15 December 2024|language=bs}}</ref> |- |7||[[File:Arthur Foulkes (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Arthur|Foulkes}}||{{flag|Bahamas}}||[[Governor-General of the Bahamas|Governor-General]] (2010–2014)||{{dts|11 May 1928|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1928|5|11}}||{{dts|11 May 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bahamaschronicle.com/happy-birthday-to-my-mentor-sir-arthur-a-foulkes/|title=Happy Birthday To My Mentor Sir Arthur A. 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Гомбожавын ОЧИРБАТ.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Gombojavyn Ochirbat}}||{{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic}}||[[Chairman of the Mongolian People's Party|General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party]] (1990)||{{dts|15 November 1929|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1929|11|15}}||{{dts|6 December 2021|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zarig.mn/udv|title=Д.Сарангэрэл: Та бидний сахилга хариуцлага, вакцинжуулалтын үр нөлөөгөөр өнөөдөр бид Их хурлаа хийж байна|work=Zarig.mn|date=6 December 2021|access-date=17 January 2022|language=mn}}</ref> |- |13||[[File:AlfredMoisiu.png|50px]]||{{sortname|Alfred|Moisiu}}||{{flag|Albania}}||[[President of Albania|President]] (2002–2007)||{{dts|1 December 1929|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1929|12|1}}||{{dts|13 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noa.al/lajmi/2025/07/2520170.html|title=Alfred Moisiu: 'Çdo deputet me vila! Të bëjnë për budalla! Jetoj në banesën e 53 viteve më parë!'|work=NOA Lajme|date=13 July 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=sq}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |14||[[File:이현재 총리.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Lee Hyun-jae}}||{{flag|South Korea|1984}}||{{ubl|[[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]] (1988)}}|| rowspan="2" |{{dts|20 December 1929|abbr=on}}|| rowspan="2" |{{ayd|1929|12|20}}||{{dts|10 April 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hanseo.ac.kr/boardCnts/view.do?boardID=34&boardSeq=126120&lev=0|title=한서대 항공기술교육원, 항공 MRO 센터 출범 기념식 개최|work=Hanseo University|date=10 April 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=ko}}</ref> |- |[[File:Milan Panić (cropped 2).JPG|50px]]||{{sortname|Milan|Panić}}||{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro|name=Yugoslavia}}||[[Prime Minister of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Prime Minister]] (1992–1993)||{{dts|30 May 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laguna.rs/laguna-bukmarker-milan-panic-u-beogradu-potpisivanje-knjige-u-knjizari-delfi-unos-2079.html|title=Milan Panić u Beogradu: potpisivanje knjige u knjižari Delfi SKC|work=Laguna|date=30 May 2023|access-date=19 June 2023|language=sr-LA}}</ref> |- |16||[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F011570-0004, Bonn, AA, Luftverkehrsvertrag mit Marokko (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Ahmed|Osman|dab=politician}}||{{flag|Morocco}}||[[List of heads of government of Morocco|Prime Minister]] (1972–1979)||{{dts|3 January 1930|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1930|1|3}}||{{dts|2 June 2020|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://anwarpress.com/110502/|title=هؤالء قدموا تعازيهم لحزب االتحاد االشرتاكي في وفاة المجاهد عبد الرحمان اليوسفي|work=Anwar Press|date=2 June 2020|access-date=23 November 2021|language=ar}}</ref> |- |17||[[File:Vigdis Finnbogadottir (1985).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Vigdís|Finnbogadóttir}}||{{flag|Iceland}}||[[President of Iceland|President]] (1980–1996)||{{dts|15 April 1930|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1930|4|15}}||{{dts|15 April 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visir.is/k/a317f549-81b7-44b5-b726-3ec57dc209ef-1744743612894/fru-vigdis-fagnar-95-arum|title=Frú Vigdís fagnar 95 árum|work=Visir|date=15 April 2025|access-date=15 April 2025|language=is}}</ref> |- |18||[[File:Foto Oficial Sarney EBC.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|José|Sarney}}||{{flag|Brazil|1968}}||[[President of Brazil|President]] (1985–1990)||{{dts|24 April 1930|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1930|4|24}}||{{dts|28 June 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://atarde.com.br/politica/ex-presidente-jose-sarney-abre-conta-no-instagram-aos-95-anos-1332347|title=Ex-presidente José Sarney abre conta no Instagram aos 95 anos|work=A Tarde|date=28 June 2025|access-date=16 July 2025|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |19||[[File:Kesang Choden.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Kesang Choden|dab=queen}}||{{flag|Bhutan}}||[[List of rulers of Bhutan|Regent]] (1972)||{{dts|21 May 1930|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1930|5|21}}||{{dts|9 October 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=193108|title=Her Majesty the Royal Grandmother graces consecration of Lha Dzong Tashigang Goenpa|work=Bhutan Broadcasting Service|date=9 October 2023|access-date=27 August 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |20||[[File:Gonzálo Sánchez de Lozada-Agencia BrasilAntonio Cruz.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Gonzalo|Sánchez de Lozada}}||{{flag|Bolivia|state}}||[[President of Bolivia|President]] (1993–1997; 2002–2003)||{{dts|1 July 1930|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1930|7|1}}||{{dts|1 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deredes.tv/2025/07/01/como-lo-recuerdas-goni-cumple-hoy-95-anos-fue-dos-veces-presidente-de-bolivia-nacio-e/|title=¿Cómo lo recuerdas? Goni cumple hoy 95 años. Fue dos veces presidente de Bolivia. Nació e|work=deRedes|date=1 July 2025|access-date=1 July 2025|language=es-BO}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |21||[[File:Silver - replace this image female.svg|50px]]||{{sortname|Ivy|Dumont}}||{{flag|Bahamas}}||{{ubl|[[Governor-General of the Bahamas|Acting Governor-General]] (2001–2002)|[[Governor-General of the Bahamas|Governor-General]] (2002–2005)}}||{{dts|2 October 1930|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1930|10|2}}||{{dts|8 August 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bethelbrothersmorticians.com/obituary/cora-aslee-gibson-2/|title=Cora Aslee Gibson|work=Bethel Brothers|date=8 August 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |22||[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]||{{sortname||Choe Yong-rim}}||{{flag|North Korea}}||[[Premier of North Korea|Premier]] (2010–2013)||{{dts|20 November 1930|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1930|11|20}}||{{dts|27 July 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chosonsinbo.com/2023/07/27sk-7/|title=〈전승70돐〉최고사령부의 친위중대원이였던 최영림 전 내각총리의 회고|work=Choson Sinbo|date=27 July 2023|access-date=13 November 2023|language=ko}}</ref> |- |23||[[File:Cesar Virata - 2019 (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Cesar|Virata}}||{{flag|Philippines|1936|}}||[[Prime Minister of the Philippines|Prime Minister]] (1981–1986)||{{dts|12 December 1930|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1930|12|12}}||{{dts|23 March 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.inquirer.net/lifestyle/virata-legacy-a-familys-enduring-influence/|title=Virata legacy: A family's enduring influence|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=23 March 2025|access-date=6 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |24||[[File:William Deane official portrait.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|William|Deane}}||{{flag|Australia}}||[[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] (1996–2001)||{{dts|4 January 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|1|4}}||{{dts|7 March 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navalassoc.org.au/sites/default/files/documents/Bosun%27s%20Call%20June%202024.pdf|title=NAA – ACT Section 79th Annual General Meeting|work=The Bosun's Call|date=1 June 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |25||[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]||{{sortname|Philip|Greaves}}||{{flag|Barbados}}||[[Governor-General of Barbados|Acting Governor-General]] (2017–2018)||{{dts|19 January 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|1|19}}||{{dts|2 January 2022|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationnews.com/2022/01/03/verla-come-vote/|title=Verla: Come out and vote|work=NationNews|date=3 January 2022|access-date=29 August 2022|language=en}}</ref> |- |26||[[File:Isabel Martinez de Peron.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Isabel|Perón}}||{{flagg|**p|Argentina|pref=History of|section=Return of Perón (1973–74)}}||[[President of Argentina|President]] (1974–1976)||{{dts|4 February 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|2|4}}||{{dts|4 February 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elesquiu.com/politica/2025/2/4/isabel-peron-cumple-94-anos-542708.html|title="Isabel" Perón cumple 94 años|work=El Esquiu|date=4 February 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=es-AR}}</ref> |- |27||[[File:Lamberto Dini 1996.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Lamberto|Dini}}||{{flag|Italy}}||[[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]] (1995–1996)||{{dts|1 March 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|3|1}}||{{dts|22 August 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesocialpost.it/2025/08/22/al-quirinale-al-posto-di-mattarella-lex-premier-sgancia-la-bomba/|title="Al Quirinale al posto di Mattarella": l'ex premier sgancia la bomba|work=The Social Post|date=22 August 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=it}}</ref> |- |28||[[File:Elliott Belgrave 2016.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Elliott|Belgrave}}||{{flag|Barbados}}||{{ubl|[[Governor-General of Barbados|Acting Governor-General]] (2011–2012)|[[Governor-General of Barbados|Governor-General]] (2012–2017)}}||{{dts|16 March 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|3|16}}||{{dts|23 November 2020|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/57676530-notes-of-a-native-governor-general|title=Notes of a Native Governor General: The Memoirs of Sir Elliott Fitzroy Belgrave|work=Goodreads|date=23 November 2020|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |29||[[File:Raul-castro-2016 (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Raúl|Castro}}||{{flag|Cuba}}||{{ubl|[[President of Cuba|President of the Council of State]] (2006–2018)|[[Prime Minister of Cuba|President of the Council of Ministers]] (2006–2018)|[[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba|First Secretary of the Communist Party]] (2011–2021)}}||{{dts|3 June 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|6|3}}||{{dts|26 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/sports/94-year-old-raul-castro-and-the-new-generation-celebrate-the-attack-that-opened-the-way-for-the-cuban-revolution/vi-AA1Jlzq4|title=94-year-old Raul Castro and the new generation celebrate the attack that opened the way for the Cuban Revolution|work=MSN|date=26 July 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |30||[[File:Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1999) (cropped)(b).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Fernando Henrique|Cardoso}}||{{flag|Brazil}}||[[President of Brazil|President]] (1995–2003)||{{dts|18 June 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|6|18}}||{{dts|18 June 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geobelmonte.com.br/2025/06/marina-silva-presta-homenagem-aos-94.html|title=Marina Silva presta homenagem aos 94 anos do ex-presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso|work=Geo Belmonte|date=18 June 2025|access-date=21 June 2025|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |31||[[File:Khieu Samphan 2014.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Khieu Samphan}}||{{flag|Cambodia}}||{{ubl|[[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Acting Prime Minister]] (1976)|[[List of heads of state of Cambodia|Chairman of the State Presidium]] (1976–1979)}}||{{dts|27 July 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|7|27}}||{{dts|10 January 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.karpit.news/society/17049|title=ឯកឧត្តម ស សុខា ចុះពិនិត្យស្ថានភាពអ្នកជាប់ឃុំ និងលោក ខៀវ សំផន នៅពន្ធនាគារខេត្តកណ្ដាល|work=Karpit News|date=10 January 2024|access-date=10 May 2024|language=km}}</ref> |- |32||[[File:Chavalit Yongchaiyudh.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Chavalit|Yongchaiyudh}}||{{flag|Thailand}}||[[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] (1996–1997)||{{dts|15 May 1932|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1932|5|15}}||{{dts|15 May 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://siamrath.co.th/n/622089|title="บิ๊กจิ๋ว" ครบรอบ 93 ปี นอนพักรักษาตัว รพ.หน้าตาสดใส ภริยาดูแลใกล้ชิด "ผบ.ทบ." ส่งตัวแทนอวยพร|work=Siam Rath|date=15 May 2025|access-date=15 May 2025|language=th}}</ref> |- |33||[[File:Marguerite Pindling (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Marguerite|Pindling}}||{{flag|Bahamas}}||[[Governor-General of the Bahamas|Governor-General]] (2014–2019)||{{dts|26 June 1932|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1932|6|26}}||{{dts|26 June 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bahamasuncensored.com/happy-birthday-dame-margurite-pindling/|title=Happy birthday Dame Margurite Pindling|work=Bahamas Uncensored|date=26 June 2025|access-date=23 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |34||[[File:Anand Panyarachun (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Anand|Panyarachun}}||{{flag|Thailand}}||[[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] (1991–1992; 1992)||{{dts|9 August 1932|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1932|8|9}}||{{dts|13 August 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mgronline.com/celebonline/detail/9680000076703|title=93 ปี อานันท์ ปันยารชุน เบิร์ธเดย์กับหลานๆ ที่เขาใหญ่|work=Manager Daily|date=13 August 2025|access-date=13 August 2025|language=th}}</ref> |- |35||[[File:Gavril Dejeu.PNG|50px]]||{{sortname|Gavril|Dejeu}}||{{flag|Romania}}||[[Prime Minister of Romania|Acting Prime Minister]] (1998)||{{dts|11 September 1932|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1932|9|11}}||{{dts|27 September 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oradesibiu.ro/2024/09/27/fostul-ministru-de-interne-gavril-dejeu-si-magistrati-celebrii-ai-sibiului-premiati-la-un-eveniment-special-la-thalia-foto/|title=Fostul Ministru de Interne, Gavril Dejeu, și magistrați celebrii ai Sibiului, premiați la un eveniment special la "Thalia" (foto)|work=Ora de Sibiu|date=27 September 2024|access-date=28 October 2024|language=ro}}</ref> |- |36||[[File:Vytautas Landsbergis close-up (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Vytautas|Landsbergis}}||{{flag|Lithuania|1988}}||[[List of heads of state of Lithuania#Republic of Lithuania (1990–present)|Chairman of the Supreme Council]] (1991–1992)||{{dts|18 October 1932|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1932|10|18}}||{{dts|9 August 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.15min.lt/m/id/zmones/lietuva/is-ligonineje-gulincio-vytauto-landsbergio-zinute-1050-2503660|title=Iš ligoninėje gulinčio Vytauto Landsbergio – žinutė|work=15min naujienos|date=9 August 2025|access-date=13 August 2025|language=lt}}</ref> |- |37||[[File:Dr Ugo Mifsud Bonnici.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Ugo|Mifsud Bonnici}}||{{flag|Malta}}||[[President of Malta|President]] (1994–1999)||{{dts|8 November 1932|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1932|11|8}}||{{dts|8 November 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gwida.mt/mt/illum-ji-elebra-g-eluq-sninu-il-president-emeritu-dr-ugo-mifsud-bonnici---jag-laq-92-sena|title=Illum Jiċċelebra Għeluq Sninu Il-President Emeritu Dr Ugo Mifsud Bonnici - Jagħlaq 92 Sena!|work=Gwida.mt|date=8 November 2024|access-date=9 November 2024|language=mt}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |38||[[File:2000년대 초반 서울소방 소방공무원(소방관) 활동 사진 총리센타방문-1 (김석수).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Kim Suk-soo}}||{{flag|South Korea|1997}}||[[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]] (2002–2003)|| rowspan="2" |{{dts|20 November 1932|abbr=on}}|| rowspan="2" |{{ayd|1932|11|20}}||{{dts|17 August 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.nate.com/view/20250817n06935|title=내일 김대중 서거 16주기 추모식…여야 정치권 참석|work=Nate|date=17 August 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=ko}}</ref> |- |[[File:Colville Young Embassy 2011 (cropped).jpeg|50px]]||{{sortname|Colville|Young}}||{{flag|Belize}}||[[Governor-General of Belize|Governor-General]] (1993–2021)||{{dts|11 January 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.belizescoutfoundation.org/2025/01/11/23rd-orange-walk-buffalo-scout-group-3rd-investiture-ceremony/|title=23rd Orange Walk Buffalo Scout Group: 3rd Investiture Ceremony|work=Belize Scout Foundation|date=11 January 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |40||[[File:Chairman, State Peace and Development Council, Myanmar, Sr. Gen. Than Shwe, in New Delhi on July 27, 2010.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Than Shwe}}||{{flagcountry|Myanmar}}||{{ubl|[[List of presidents of Myanmar|Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council]] (1992–2011)|[[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister]] (1992–2003)|[[Union Solidarity and Development Association|Chairman of the Union Solidarity and Development Association]] (1993–2011)}}||{{dts|2 February 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|2|2}}||{{dts|15 August 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/than-shwe-china-wang-08152024075016.html|title=Myanmar's old army leader calls on China to help restore stability|work=Radio Free Asia|date=15 August 2024|access-date=16 August 2024|language=en}}</ref> |-bgcolor="#99FF99" |'''41'''||[[File:Paul Biya 2014 (cropped 2).png|50px]]||'''{{sortname|Paul|Biya}}'''||'''{{flag|Cameroon}}'''||{{ubl|[[List of prime ministers of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] (1975–1982)|'''[[List of presidents of Cameroon|President]] (1982–''present''{{--)}}'''}}||{{dts|13 February 1933|abbr=on}}||'''{{ayd|1933|2|13}}'''||{{dts|13 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref name=Biya>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroons-biya-92-announces-bid-eighth-presidential-term-2025-07-13/|title=Cameroon's Biya, 92, announces bid for eighth presidential term|work=Reuters|date=13 July 2025|access-date=13 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |42||[[File:Markeyskens675.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Mark|Eyskens}}||{{flag|Belgium}}||[[Prime Minister of Belgium|Prime Minister]] (1981)||{{dts|29 April 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|4|29}}||{{dts|13 January 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hln.be/leuven/proffen-waren-een-wandelend-standbeeld-meisjes-in-de-aula-curieuze-wezens-de-studententijd-in-leuven-van-ex-premier-mark-eyskens-91~af6ef94b/|title="Proffen waren een wandelend standbeeld, meisjes in de aula curieuze wezens": de studententijd in Leuven van ex-premier Mark Eyskens (91)|work=HLN|date=13 January 2025|access-date=23 August 2025|language=vls}}</ref> |- |43||[[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|H. D. Deve|Gowda}}||{{flag|India}}||[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] (1996–1997)||{{dts|18 May 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|5|18}}||{{dts|1 August 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Aug/02/deve-gowda-slams-congress-leaders-for-echoing-donald-trumps-remark|title=Deve Gowda slams Congress leaders for echoing Donald Trump's remark|work=New Indian Express|date=1 August 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |44||[[File:Sodnom.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Dumaagiin Sodnom}}||{{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic}}||[[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Chairman of the Council of Ministers]] (1984–1990)||{{dts|14 July 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|7|14}}||{{dts|9 May 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.rambler.ru/world/52732659-v-mongolii-veteranam-ustroili-torzhestvennyy-priem-v-chest-dnya-pobedy/|title=В Монголии ветеранам устроили торжественный прием в честь Дня Победы|work=Tass|date=9 May 2024|access-date=13 May 2024|language=ru}}</ref> |- |45||[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]||{{sortname|Rubén Darío|Paredes}}||{{flag|Panama}}||[[List of heads of state of Panama#Military leaders of Panama (1968–1989)|Commander of the National Guard]] (1982–1983)||{{dts|11 August 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|8|11}}||{{dts|5 September 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mingob.gob.pa/mingob-suma-aliados-para-fortalecer-el-sistema-penitenciario/|title=Mingob suma aliados para fortalecer el Sistema Penitenciario|work=Ministerio de Gobierno|date=5 September 2024|access-date=17 October 2024|language=es-PA}}</ref> |- |46||[[File:Arnold Koller.gif|50px]]||{{sortname|Arnold|Koller}}||{{flag|Switzerland}}||{{ubl|[[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council Member]] (1986–1999)|[[President of the Swiss Confederation|President]] (1990; 1997)}}||{{dts|29 August 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|8|29}}||{{dts|29 March 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zofingertagblatt.ch/interview-womoeglich-reichen-120000-mann-nicht-mehr-ex-verteidigungsminister-arnold-koller-91-schaltet-sich-in-armee-debatte-ein/|title=«Womöglich reichen 120'000 Mann nicht mehr»: Ex-Verteidigungsminister Arnold Koller (91) schaltet sich in Armee-Debatte ein|work=Zofinger Tagblatt|date=29 March 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=de-CH|archive-date=25 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725035054/https://www.zofingertagblatt.ch/interview-womoeglich-reichen-120000-mann-nicht-mehr-ex-verteidigungsminister-arnold-koller-91-schaltet-sich-in-armee-debatte-ein/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |47||[[File:Szűrös Mátyás (Heti Válasz).JPG|50px]]||{{sortname|Mátyás|Szűrös}}||{{flag+link|End of communism in|Hungary}}||[[List of heads of state of Hungary|Provisional President]] (1989–1990)||{{dts|11 September 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|9|11}}||{{dts|11 May 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kalohirek.hu/szakmar/szakmaron-tett-maganlatogatast-szuros-matyas-hazank-elso-koztarsasagi-elnoke|title=Szakmáron tett magánlátogatást Szűrös Mátyás, hazánk első köztársasági elnöke|work=KALOhírek|date=13 May 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|language=hu}}</ref> |- |48||[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 050511-D-9880W-053 Abel Pacheco cropped.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Abel|Pacheco}}||{{flag|Costa Rica|state}}||[[President of Costa Rica|President]] (2002–2006)||{{dts|22 December 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|12|22}}||{{dts|14 June 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dariomedios.com/expresidentes-costa-rica-violeta-barrios-de-chamorro-sirvio-valentia-dedicacion-honradez|title=Expresidentes de Costa Rica: "Violeta Barrios de Chamorro sirvió con valentía, dedicación y honradez"|work=Darío Medios Internacional|date=14 June 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=es}}</ref> |- |49||[[File:Emperor Akihito cropped 2 Barack Obama Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko 20140424 1.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Akihito}}||{{flag|Japan|1870}}||[[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] (1989–2019)||{{dts|23 December 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|12|23}}||{{dts|14 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-akihito-emperor-hospital-heart-treatment-596f85fddc4d054ec419d0048331d91e|title=Japan's former Emperor Akihito hospitalized to adjust his heart medication|work=Associated Press|date=14 July 2025|access-date=17 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |50||[[File:Rudolf Schuster 2011.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Rudolf|Schuster}}||{{flag|Slovakia}}||[[President of Slovakia|President]] (1999–2004)||{{dts|4 January 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|1|4}}||{{dts|21 March 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.pluska.sk/soubiznis/domaci-soubiznis/exprezident-rudolf-schuster-moj-recept-na-dlhovekost-a-preco-som-91-rokov-oslavil-v-tichosti|title=Exprezident Rudolf Schuster: Môj recept na dlhovekosť! A prečo som 91 rokov oslávil v tichosti|work=Plus jeden deň|date=21 March 2025|access-date=23 August 2025|language=sk}}</ref> |- |51||[[File:Jean Chrétien 2010.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Jean|Chrétien}}||{{flag|Canada}}||[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] (1993–2003)||{{dts|11 January 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|1|11}}||{{dts|27 May 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2025/05/27/former-pm-chretien-misses-throne-speech-due-to-minor-heart-surgery/|title=Former PM Chrétien misses throne speech due to minor heart surgery|work=CityNews Toronto|date=27 May 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=en-CA}}</ref> |- |52||[[File:Édith Cresson, Member of the EC (1997) (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Édith|Cresson}}||{{flag|France|1974}}||[[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] (1991–1992)||{{dts|27 January 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|1|27}}||{{dts|25 January 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/actu/politique/exclusif-edith-cresson-quon-me-retire-ma-protection-policiere-ne-me-derangerait-pas-246318|title=Édith Cresson : « Il n’y a plus de Parti socialiste ! »|work=Paris Match|date=25 January 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=fr-FR}}</ref> |- |53||[[File:Edward Fenech Adami (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Eddie Fenech|Adami}}||{{flag|Malta}}||{{ubl|[[Prime Minister of Malta|Prime Minister]] (1987–1996; 1998–2004)|[[President of Malta|President]] (2004–2009)}}||{{dts|7 February 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|2|7}}||{{dts|7 February 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/malta-congratulates-former-prime-minister-eddie-fenech-adami-on-his-91st-birthday/|title=Malta Celebrates Former Prime Minister Eddie Fenech Adami's 91st Birthday|work=Lovin' Malta|date=7 February 2025|access-date=7 February 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |54||[[File:Mohamed Ennaceur.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Mohamed|Ennaceur}}||{{flag|Tunisia}}||[[List of presidents of Tunisia|Acting President]] (2019)||{{dts|21 March 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|3|21}}||{{dts|30 May 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.tn/fr/actualites/ceremonie-de-remise-du-prix-hannibal-pour-la-promotion-des-etudes-strategiques|title=Cérémonie de remise du Prix Hannibal pour la promotion des études stratégiques|work=Caisse des dépôts et consignations en Tunisie|date=31 May 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|language=fr}}</ref> |- |55||[[File:1 JY Pillay 2023 (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|J.Y.|Pillay|J. Y. Pillay}}||{{flag|Singapore}}||[[President of Singapore|Acting President]] (2017)||{{dts|30 March 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|3|30}}||{{dts|28 April 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/make-merry-while-we-still-can-ex-crew-members-from-sia-its-predecessor-get-together|title='Make merry while we still can': Ex-crew members of SIA and its predecessor get together|work=The Straits Times|date=29 April 2024|access-date=12 May 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |56||[[File:John Malecela (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|John|Malecela}}||{{flag|Tanzania}}||[[Prime Minister of Tanzania|Prime Minister]] (1990–1994)||{{dts|19 April 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|4|19}}||{{dts|14 April 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/malecela-ccm-first-female-presidential-candidate-comes-at-right-time/|title=Malecela: CCM first female presidential candidate comes at right time|work=Daily News|date=14 April 2025|access-date=19 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |57||[[File:Secretary Alphonso Jackson with Pedro Pires (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Pedro|Pires}}||{{flag|Cape Verde|1975}}||{{ubl|[[List of prime ministers of Cape Verde|Prime Minister]] (1975–1991)|[[List of presidents of Cape Verde|President]] (2001–2011)}}||{{dts|29 April 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|4|29}}||{{dts|25 June 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baystatebanner.com/2025/06/25/cape-verdes-first-prime-minister-reflects-on-struggle-for-independence/|title=Cape Verde's first prime minister reflects on struggle for independence|work=The Bay State Banner|date=25 June 2025|access-date=17 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |58||[[File:Dame Monica Dacon (cropped).JPG|50px]]||{{sortname|Monica|Dacon}}||{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}||[[Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Acting Governor-General]] (2002)||{{dts|4 June 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|6|4}}||{{dts|26 February 2019|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.searchlight.vc/searchlight/front-page/2019/02/26/time-for-girls-to-take-the-lead-justice-byer/|title=Time for girls to take the lead – Justice Byer|work=Searchlight|date=26 February 2019|access-date=31 December 2022|language=en}}</ref> |- |59||[[File:Albert II, King of Belgium.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Albert II||Albert II of Belgium}}||{{flag|Belgium}}||[[Monarchy of Belgium|King]] (1993–2013)||{{dts|6 June 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|6|6}}||{{dts|8 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2025/07/08/entertainment/belgiums-king-albert-91-undergoes-cancer-treatment-for-sixth-time/|title=Belgium's King Albert, 91, undergoes cancer treatment for sixth time|work=New York Post|date=8 July 2025|access-date=17 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |60||[[File:Désiré Rakotoarijaona.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Désiré|Rakotoarijaona}}||{{flag+link|Democratic Republic of|Madagascar}}||[[Prime Minister of Madagascar|Prime Minister]] (1977–1988)||{{dts|19 June 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|6|19}}||{{dts|6 January 2021|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/gendarmerie-nationale-ils-etaient-46-emprisonnes-en-2020/|title=Gendarmerie nationale : Ils étaient 46 emprisonnés en 2020|work=Midi Madagasikara|date=6 January 2021|access-date=25 August 2025|language=fr}}</ref> |- |61||[[File:De-la-espriella-crop.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Ricardo|de la Espriella}}||{{flag|Panama}}||[[List of heads of state of Panama#Presidents of Panama (1904–present)|President]] (1982–1984)||{{dts|5 September 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|9|5}}||{{dts|15 April 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://manuelalcantarasaez.com/entrevista-con-ricardo-de-la-espriella/|title=Entrevista con Ricardo de la Espriella|work=Manuel Alcántara Sáez|date=15 April 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=es-PA}}</ref> |- |62||[[File:Jumagulov 2006.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Apas|Jumagulov}}||{{flag|Kyrgyzstan|1992}}||[[Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan|Prime Minister]] (1993–1998)||{{dts|19 September 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|9|19}}||{{dts|3 May 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/05/03/organisation-of-turkic-states-council-of-elders-meets-in-kyrenia|title=Organisation of Turkic States’ council of elders meets in Kyrenia|work=Cyprus Mail|date=3 May 2025|access-date=23 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |63||[[File:Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Yakubu|Gowon}}||{{flag|Nigeria}}||[[List of heads of state of Nigeria|Head of the Federal Military Government]] (1966–1975)||{{dts|19 October 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|10|19}}||{{dts|21 February 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8d4j3vrp8lo|title=Nigeria ex-military leader for first time admits regret over cancelled poll|work=BBC News|date=21 February 2025|access-date=27 February 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |64||[[File:Ingvar Carlsson på Idrottsgalan 2013.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Ingvar|Carlsson}}||{{flag|Sweden}}||[[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] (1986–1991; 1994–1996)|| rowspan="2" |{{dts|9 November 1934|abbr=on}}|| rowspan="2" |{{ayd|1934|11|9}}||{{dts|28 April 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tyresonyheter.nu/halla-dar-ingvar-carlsson/|title=Hallå där, Ingvar Carlsson!|work=Tyresö Nyheter|date=28 April 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=sv|archive-date=6 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906124232/https://tyresonyheter.nu/halla-dar-ingvar-carlsson/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[File:Hamilton Green mayor (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Hamilton|Green}}||{{flag|Guyana}}||[[Prime Minister of Guyana|Prime Minister]] (1985–1992)||{{dts|11 March 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2025/03/12/news/guyana/green-slams-lack-of-probe-into-greaves-ny-transaction/|title=Green slams lack of probe into Greaves NY transaction|work=Stabroek News|date=12 March 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |66||[[File:Nicéphore Soglo 2012-03-25.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Nicéphore|Soglo}}||{{flag|Benin}}||{{ubl|[[List of prime ministers of Benin|Acting Prime Minister]] (1990–1991)|[[List of presidents of Benin|President]] (1991–1996)}}||{{dts|29 November 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|11|29}}||{{dts|22 April 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banouto.bj/societe/article/20250422-attaque-lache-barbare-et-insoutenable-attriste-soglo-appelle-a-l-union-contre-les-terroristes-au-benin/|title=« Attaque lâche, barbare et insoutenable » : attristé, Soglo sonne la révolte contre les terroristes au Bénin|work=Banouto|date=22 April 2025|access-date=22 July 2025|language=fr}}</ref> |- |67||[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Pratibha|Patil}}||{{flag|India}}||[[President of India|President]] (2007–2012)||{{dts|19 December 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|12|19}}||{{dts|19 December 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://importantdayshub.com/pratibha-patils-birthday/|title=Celebrating Pratibha Patil's Birthday: A Tribute to India's First Female President|work=Important Days Hub|date=19 December 2024|access-date=3 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|68|| rowspan="2" |[[File:Stjepan Mesic (2) (cropped).jpg|50px]]||rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Stjepan|Mesić}}||{{flag|Yugoslavia}}||[[List of heads of state of Yugoslavia#SFR Yugoslavia|President of the Presidency]] (1991)||rowspan="2"|{{dts|24 December 1934|abbr=on}}||rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1934|12|24}}||rowspan="2"|{{dts|6 June 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rks.news/stjepan-mesic-named-honorary-citizen-of-gjilan-haziri-highlights-rugovas-role/|title=Stjepan Mesić Named Honorary Citizen of Gjilan, Haziri Highlights Rugova's Role|work=RKS News|date=6 June 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Croatia}}||[[President of Croatia|President]] (2000–2010) |- |69||[[File:General António Ramalho Eanes.png|50px]]||{{sortname|António Ramalho|Eanes}}||{{flagg|**p|Portugal|plink=Third Portuguese Republic}}||{{ubl|[[Revolutionary Council (Portugal)|President of the Revolutionary Council]] (1976–1982)|[[President of Portugal|President]] (1976–1986)}}||{{dts|25 January 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|1|25}}||{{dts|17 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://famashow.pt/famosos/2025-07-17-ramalho-eanes-antigo-presidente-da-republica-sofre-acidente-de-viacao--veja-aqui-as-imagens-8dfa7151|title=Ramalho Eanes, antigo presidente da República, sofre acidente de viação — Veja aqui as imagens|work=Fama Show|date=17 July 2025|access-date=17 July 2025|language=pt|archive-date=17 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717120200/https://famashow.pt/famosos/2025-07-17-ramalho-eanes-antigo-presidente-da-republica-sofre-acidente-de-viacao--veja-aqui-as-imagens-8dfa7151|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |70||[[File:Sergio Mattarella e Michel Aoun al Quirinale nel 2022 (9) (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Michel|Aoun}}||{{flag|Lebanon}}||[[List of presidents of Lebanon|President]] (2016–2022){{efn-ur|Aoun was the disputed [[List of prime ministers of Lebanon|Prime Minister of Lebanon]] from 1988–1990, and simultaneously also the disputed acting President.}}||{{dts|18 February 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|2|18}}||{{dts|23 March 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tayyar.org/News/Lebanon/657983/الرئيس-ميشال-عون-شارك-وباسيل-في-قداس-مار-يوسف-في-حارة-حريك--سنبقى-نلتقي-|title=الرئيس ميشال عون شارك وباسيل في قداس مار يوسف في حارة حريك: سنبقى نلتقي!|work=Tayyar|date=23 March 2025|access-date=26 March 2025|language=ar}}</ref> |- |71||[[File:Artur Rasi-zadə, 27-02-2020.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Artur|Rasizade}}||{{flag|Azerbaijan|1991}}||[[Prime Minister of Azerbaijan|Prime Minister]] (1996–2003; 2003–2018){{efn-ur|Rasizade was also Acting Prime Minister of Azerbaijan during 20 July 1996&nbsp;– 26 November 1996; 18 October 1998&nbsp;– 24 October 1998; and 6 August 2003&nbsp;– 4 November 2003. He was acting as prime minister for the acting president, [[Ilham Aliyev]], during 6 August 2003&nbsp;– 31 October 2003.}}||{{dts|26 February 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|2|26}}||{{dts|13 February 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://demokrat.az/az/news/223772/artur-rasizadenin-sehheti-pislesdi|title=Artur Rasizadənin səhhəti PİSLƏŞDİ|work=Demokrat.az|date=13 February 2025|access-date=26 February 2025|language=az}}</ref> |- |72||[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]||{{sortname|Mohammed|Basindawa}}||{{flag|Yemen}}||[[Prime Minister of Yemen|Prime Minister]] (2011–2014)||{{dts|4 April 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|4|4}}||{{dts|26 June 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adngad.net/news/802288|title=الرئيس علي ناصر يزور المناضلين باسندوه وانيس حسن يحيى والنائب البرلماني الدكتور مهدي عبدالسلام للاطمئنان على صحتهم|work=Adngad.net|date=27 June 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=ar}}</ref> |- |73||[[File:PJPatterson.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|P.J.|Patterson|P. J. Patterson}}||{{flag|Jamaica}}||[[Prime Minister of Jamaica|Prime Minister]] (1992–2006)||{{dts|10 April 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|4|10}}||{{dts|25 June 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2025/06/25/pj-patterson-calls-africa-caribbean-economic-revolution-afreximbank-annual-meeting/|title=PJ Patterson calls for Africa-Caribbean economic revolution at Afreximbank Annual Meeting|work=Jamaica Observer|date=25 June 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |74||[[File:Gungadorj.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Sharavyn Gungaadorj}}||{{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic}}||[[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Chairman of the Council of Ministers]] (1990)||{{dts|2 May 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|5|2}}||{{dts|27 December 2021|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sonin.mn/news/peconomy/127086|title=Шаравын Гунгаадоржид Монгол Улсын Хөдөлмөрийн баатар цол хүртээлээ|work=Somin.MN|date=27 December 2021|access-date=5 June 2022|language=mn}}</ref> |- |75||[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]||{{sortname|Nemesi|Marquès i Oste}}||{{flagg|**p|Andorra|pref=History of|section=20th and 21st centuries}}||[[List of representatives of the co-princes of Andorra|Representative of the Episcopal Co-Prince]] (1993–2012){{efn-ur|Marquès was Acting Representative of the Episcopal Co-Prince during 4 May 1993&nbsp;– 24 February 1994.}}||{{dts|17 May 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|5|17}}||{{dts|2 November 2021|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://butlleti.uda.ad/article/noves-adquisicions-a-la-bcu-novembre-2021/|title=New acquisitions at the BCU (November 2021)|work=Butlletí UdA|date=2 November 2021|access-date=8 August 2023|language=ca}}</ref> |- |76||[[File:Léon Kengo Senate of Poland 01.JPG|50px]]||{{sortname|Léon|Kengo|Léon Kengo wa Dondo}}||{{flag|Zaire}}||{{ubl|[[List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|First State Commissioner]] (1982–1986; 1988–1990)|[[List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Prime Minister]] (1994–1997)}}||{{dts|22 May 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|5|22}}||{{dts|30 January 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://le-journal.net/pretendu-pillage-de-la-residence-de-leon-kengo-le-parti-politique-les-republicains-dement-formellement-linformation/nation/|title=Prétendu pillage de la résidence de Léon Kengo : le parti politique les Républicains dément formellement l'information|work=Le Journal|date=30 January 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=fr}}</ref> |- |77||[[File:Lee Hoi-chang (2010) (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Lee Hoi-chang}}||{{flag|South Korea|1984}}||[[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]] (1993–1994)||{{dts|2 June 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|6|2}}||{{dts|6 June 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mk.co.kr/en/politics/11034732|title=Lee Hoi-chang (89), former president of the Grand National Party (former of the people's power), has been reported.|work=Maeil Business Newspaper|date=6 June 2024|access-date=31 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |78||[[File:Leonel Mário d'Alva 1977.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Leonel Mário|d'Alva|Leonel Mário d'Alva}}||{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}||[[List of presidents of São Tomé and Príncipe|Acting President]] (1991)||{{dts|22 July 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|7|22}}||{{dts|10 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telanon.info/cultura/2025/07/11/49316/homenagem-em-lisboa-a-casa-que-uniu-lideres-da-libertacao-africana/|title=Homenagem em Lisboa à casa que uniu líderes da libertação africana|work=Téla Nón|date=11 July 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=pt}}</ref> |- |79||[[File:Pohamba in 2010.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Hifikepunye|Pohamba}}||{{flag|Namibia}}||[[President of Namibia|President]] (2005–2015)||{{dts|18 August 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|8|18}}||{{dts|18 August 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kosmos.com.na/2025/08/18/oudpresident-pohamba-is-vandag-90/|title=Oudpresident Pohamba is vandag 90|work=Kosmos 94.1|date=18 August 2025|access-date=18 August 2025|language=af}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |80||[[File:Abdou Diouf.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Abdou|Diouf}}||{{flag|Senegal}}||{{ubl|[[Prime Minister of Senegal|Prime Minister]] (1970–1980)|[[President of Senegal|President]] (1981–2000)}}||{{dts|7 September 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|9|7}}||{{dts|7 September 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afrique.tv5monde.com/information/senegal-abdou-diouf-celebre-pour-ses-90-ans|title=Sénégal : Abdou Diouf célébré pour ses 90 ans|work=TV5MONDE Afrique|date=7 September 2025|access-date=7 September 2025|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |81||[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]||{{sortname|Henri|de Coignac}}||{{flagg|**p|Andorra|civil|pref=History of|section=20th and 21st centuries}}||[[List of representatives of the Co-Princes of Andorra|French Viguier]] (1982–1984)||{{dts|3 October 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|10|3}}||{{dts|5 February 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2023/02/05/de-nombreuses-decorations-lors-des-voeux-du-maire-10976051.php|title=Saint-Germain-des-Prés. De nombreuses décorations lors des vœux du maire|work=La Dépêche|date=5 February 2023|access-date=2 April 2025|language=fr}}</ref> |- bgcolor="99FF99" |'''82'''||[[File:Mahmoud Abbas 2025-05-10 (cropped).jpg |50px]]||'''{{sortname|Mahmoud|Abbas}}'''||'''{{flag|Palestine}}'''||{{ubl|[[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] (2003)|'''[[President of the Palestinian National Authority]] (2005–''present'')'''|'''[[President of Palestine]] (2005–''present'')'''}}||{{dts|15 November 1935|abbr=on}}||'''{{ayd|1935|11|15}}'''||{{dts|14 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mahmoud-abbas-hamas-will-not-rule-post-war-gaza-during-meeting-tony-blair|title=Mahmoud Abbas says Hamas will not rule post-war Gaza during meeting with Tony Blair|work=Middle East Eye|date=14 July 2025|access-date=17 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |83||[[File:Adnan Badran portrait.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Adnan|Badran}}||{{flag|Jordan}}||[[Prime Minister of Jordan|Prime Minister]] (2005)||{{dts|15 December 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|12|15}}||{{dts|12 May 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uop.edu.jo/en/thehigherconsultantoftheuniversity/news/pages/25-193.aspx|title=Adnan Badran: Arab Education Needs a Peaceful Revolution Rooted in Innovation and Driven by Scientific Research|work=University of Petra|date=12 May 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=en|archive-date=26 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926202627/https://www.uop.edu.jo/en/thehigherconsultantoftheuniversity/news/pages/25-193.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |84||[[File:Edward Schreyer delivering Speech from the Throne 1980 (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Edward|Schreyer}}||{{flag|Canada}}||[[List of governors general of Canada|Governor General]] (1979–1984)||{{dts|21 December 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|12|21}}||{{dts|30 April 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/2025/04/30/city-council-meeting-postponed-without-explanation-mayor-to-explain-later|title=City councillor Schreyer dies suddenly; colleagues in shock, mayor says|work=Winnipeg Free Press|date=30 April 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- bgcolor="#99FF99" |'''85'''||[[File:Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg|50px]]||'''{{sortname|Salman||Salman of Saudi Arabia}}'''||'''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}'''||{{ubl|'''[[King of Saudi Arabia|King]] (2015–''present'')'''|[[Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia|Prime Minister]] (2015–2022)}}||{{dts|31 December 1935|abbr=on}}||'''{{ayd|1935|12|31}}'''||{{dts|30 March 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/saudi-arabia/2025/03/30/saudi-king-salman-mbs-lead-separate-eid-al-fitr-prayers|title=Saudi King Salman, MBS lead Eid al-Fitr prayers|work=Al Arabiya|date=30 March 2025|access-date=13 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |86||[[File:Retrato oficial de Presidente Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre (cropped 3).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Alejandro|Maldonado}}||{{flag|Guatemala}}||[[President of Guatemala|President]] (2015–2016)|| rowspan="2" |{{dts|6 January 1936|abbr=on}}|| rowspan="2" |{{ayd|1936|1|6}}||{{dts|27 May 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agn.gt/alejandro-maldonado-a-estas-alturas-es-la-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-que-mas-ha-durado-en-la-historia-de-guatemala/|title=Alejandro Maldonado: "A estas alturas, es la Constitución Política de la República que más ha durado en la historia de Guatemala"|work=Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias|date=27 May 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|language=es}}</ref> |- |[[File:PresidenteSanguinetti.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Julio María|Sanguinetti}}||{{flag|Uruguay}}||[[President of Uruguay|President]] (1985–1990; 1995–2000)||{{dts|19 May 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2025/05/me-in-a-suit-and-mujica-with-his-farmers-flairwe-sought-unity-in-uruguay-says-sanguinetti-to-folha.shtml|title=Me in A Suit and Mujica with His Farmer's Flairwe Sought Unity in Uruguay, Says Sanguinetti to Folha|work=Folha de S.Paulo|date=19 May 2025|access-date=20 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |88||[[File:Lahoud in Brasil 1 (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Émile|Lahoud}}||{{flag|Lebanon}}||[[List of presidents of Lebanon|President]] (1998–2007)||{{dts|12 January 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|1|12}}||{{dts|8 August 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saba.ye/en/news3530558.htm|title=Former Lebanese President: Disarming resistance amid battle is betrayal in military terms|work=Saba|date=8 August 2025|access-date=25 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |89||[[File:Ati George Sokomanu, (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Ati George|Sokomanu}}||{{flag|Vanuatu}}||[[President of Vanuatu|President]] (1980–1984; 1984–1989)||{{dts|13 January 1936|abbr=on}}||{{Ayd|1936|1|13}}||{{dts|15 January 2026|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toara |first=Ezra |date=2026-01-15 |title=Vanuatu’s first Head of State marks 90 with reflections on freedom and faith |url=https://www.dailypost.vu/news/vanuatu-s-first-head-of-state-marks-90-with-reflections-on-freedom-and-faith/article_228c69ed-17d5-5893-8cc5-a08bb031b931.html |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=Vanuatu Daily Post |language=en}}</ref> |- |90||[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]||{{sortname|Henri|Maïdou}}||{{flag|Central African Republic}}||[[List of heads of government of the Central African Republic|Prime Minister]] (1978–1979)||{{dts|14 February 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|2|14}}||{{dts|13 August 2020|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/20200813-centrafrique-le-bilan-l-indépendance-est-très-mitigé|title=Centrafrique: «Le bilan de l'indépendance est très mitigé»|work=RFI|date=13 August 2020|access-date=5 August 2025|language=fr}}</ref> |- |91||[[File:Choummaly Sayasone in Russia.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Choummaly|Sayasone}}||{{flag|Laos}}||{{ubl|[[General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party|General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party]] (2006–2016)|[[President of Laos|President]] (2006–2016)}}||{{dts|6 March 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|3|6}}||{{dts|25 April 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnam-laos-relations-vital-to-revolutionary-cause-in-each-country-state-leader-post318082.vnp|title=Vietnam-Laos relations vital to revolutionary cause in each country: State leader|work=Vietnam Plus|date=25 April 2025|access-date=14 September 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |92||[[File:Kennedy Simmonds 2020.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Kennedy|Simmonds}}||{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}||[[List of prime ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Prime Minister]] (1983–1995)||{{dts|12 April 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|4|12}}||{{dts|27 August 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/126501|title=Ambassador of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in St. Kitts and Nevis, Ambassador Tao, Meets with National Hero Sir Kennedy Simmonds|work=SKNVibes|date=27 August 2025|access-date=4 October 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |93||[[File:Chaovarat Chanweerakul (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Chavarat|Charnvirakul}}||{{flag|Thailand}}||[[Prime Minister of Thailand|Acting Prime Minister]] (2008)||{{dts|7 June 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|6|7}}||{{dts|26 September 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/2885255|title=“นายกฯ อนุทิน” กราบเท้าพ่อแม่พร้อมมอบพวงมาลัย ก่อนเข้าทำเนียบรัฐบาล|work=Thairath|date=26 September 2025|access-date=11 October 2025|language=th}}</ref> |- |94||[[File:Yasuo Fukuda 200709.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Yasuo Fukuda}}||{{flag|Japan|1870}}||[[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] (2007–2008)||{{dts|16 July 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|7|16}}||{{dts|30 May 2026|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vnembassy-jp.org/en/vietnam-festival-2026-tokyo-japan-cultural-rendezvous-vietnamese-people-tokyo|title=Vietnam Festival 2026 in Tokyo, Japan - A Cultural Rendezvous for Vietnamese People in Tokyo|work=Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Japan|date=30 May 2026|access-date=1 June 2026|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |95||[[File:Milan Uhde 2017 crop.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Milan|Uhde}}||{{flag|Czechia}}||[[List of heads of the Czech state|Acting President]] (1993)||{{dts|28 July 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|7|28}}||{{dts|24 May 2026|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milan Uhde získal nejvyšší vyznamenání sudetských Němců {{!}} ČeskéNoviny.cz |url=https://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/2828324 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=www.ceskenoviny.cz |language=cs}}</ref> |- |96||[[File:Rt Hon Sir Kamuta Latasi (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Kamuta|Latasi}}||{{flag|Tuvalu}}||[[Prime Minister of Tuvalu|Prime Minister]] (1993–1996)<br>[[Governor-General of Tuvalu|Acting Governor-General]] (2010)||{{dts|4 September 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|9|4}}||{{dts|23 February 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/pm-hon-sitiveni-rabukas-opening-address-at-the-opening-dinner-of-the-2023-pifs-special-leaders-meeting/|title=PM Hon. Sitiveni Rabuka's opening address at the opening dinner of the 2023 PIFS special leaders meeting|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=23 February 2023|access-date=1 June 2026|last=Kumar|first=Estine|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |97||[[File:Hazem Beblawy.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Hazem|El Beblawi}}||{{flag|Egypt}}||[[Prime Minister of Egypt|Acting Prime Minister]] (2013–2014)||{{dts|17 October 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|10|17}}||{{dts|30 May 2026|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://po-news-eg.net/News_Details.aspx?id=103594&Title=|title=نقل الدكتور حازم الببلاوي رئيس وزراء مصر الأسبق إلى المستشفى إثر وعكة صحية|work=ponews|date=30 May 2026|access-date=3 June 2026|language=ar-EG}}</ref> |- |98||[[File:Miguel Trovoada in 1995.jpg|60px]]||[[Miguel Trovoada]]||{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}||[[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|President]] (1990–1991; 1995–2001)||{{dts|27 December 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|12|27}}||{{dts|18 April 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-18|title=SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE • PM Patrice Trovoada pulls out all the stops to attract foreign investment - 18-04-2023|url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/04/18/pm-patrice-trovoada-pulls-out-all-the-stops-to-attract-foreign-investment,109946399-eve|access-date=2026-06-23|website=Africa Intelligence|language=en}}</ref> |- |99||[[File:Han Seung-Soo - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname||Han Seung-soo}}||{{flag|South Korea|1997}}||[[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]] (2008–2009)||{{dts|28 December 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|12|28}}||{{dts|29 October 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seung-yeon |first=Kim |date=2024-10-29 |title=FM Cho condemns N. Korea's troop deployment to Russia in meeting with current, former U.N. General Assembly presidents. {{!}} Yonhap News Agency |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20241029012000315 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012082625/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20241029012000315 |archive-date=2025-10-12 |access-date=2026-06-23 |work=Yonhap News Agency |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |100||[[File:Raouf Bundhun.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Raouf|Bundhun}}||{{flag|Mauritius}}||[[President of Mauritius|Acting President]] (2003)||{{dts|14 January 1937|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1937|1|14}}||{{dts|12 March 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raouf Bundhun: «Le pays respire enfin la liberté après dix ans» {{!}} Le Defi Media Group |url=https://defimedia.info/raouf-bundhun-le-pays-respire-enfin-la-liberte-apres-dix-ans |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=defimedia.info |language=fr}}</ref> <!-- |- style="background-color:#99FF99" |'''1xx'''||[[File:H.M. Kong Harald taler (10308347696)- edit.jpg|50px]]||'''{{sortname||Harald V}}||'''{{flag|Norway}}'''||'''[[King of Norway|King]] (''1991–present'')'''||{{dts|21 February 1937|abbr=on}}||'''{{ayd|1937|2|21}}'''||{{dts|18 August 2026|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-18 |title=Norway’s King Harald, 89, hospitalised: Palace |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/norways-king-harald-89-hospitalised-palace |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref> |- |1xx||[[File:Olusegun Obasanjo 2014.jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Olusegun|Obasanjo}}||{{flag|Nigeria}}||[[President of Nigeria|Head of the Federal Military Government]] (1976–1979)<br>[[President of Nigeria|President]] (1999–2007)||{{dts|5 March 1937|abbr=on}}{{Efn|sometimes put as being 5 May 1937.}}||{{ayd|1937|3|5}}|| {{dts|21 February 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 February 2025|title=Ibrahim Babangida: Nigeria's ex-military leader admits regret over cancelled poll|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8d4j3vrp8lo|access-date=30 July 2026|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |1xx||[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1984-0704-400, Egon Krenz (cropped).jpg|50px]]||{{sortname|Egon|Krenz}}||{{flag|East Germany}}||[[Socialist Unity Party of Germany#General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the SED|General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party]] (1989)||{{dts|19 March 1937|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1937|3|19}}|| {{dts|7 May 2026|abbr=on}} <ref>{{Cite web|last=Seitz|first=Axel|date=7 May 2026|title=Stalinist, ewig Gestriger und Betonkopf: Doku "Kommunist" zeigt Egon Krenz schonungslos|url=https://www.ndr.de/kultur/film/kino-doku-kommunist-zeigt-politiker-egon-krenz-ungeschminkt,kommunist-100.html|access-date=13 August 2026|website=ndr.de|language=de}}</ref>--> |} ==Addendum==<!--Please do not add anybody from this list to the top list or even remove them entirely without talk page consensus, thank you!--> ===Uncertain date of birth=== {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%" |- !style="text-align:left"|Name !style="text-align:left"|State !style="text-align:left"|Position !style="text-align:left"|Birth !style="text-align:left"|Age !style="text-align:left"|{{nobr|Living as of}} |- |+ style=line-height:normal|The following individuals might be older than ''#50–99'' on this list, but their exact date of birth is uncertain. |- |[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]{{sortname|Severino|Tura}}||{{flag|San Marino|1862}}||[[List of captains regent of San Marino|Captain Regent]] (1985)||1934||{{ubl|{{ayd|1934|12|31}} to|{{ayd|1934|1|1}}}}||{{dts|7 August 2018|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://giornalesm.com/san-marino-il-sammarinese-severino-tura-presente-alla-reggenza-il-suo-libro-e-borg-sui-soprannomi-dei-borghigiani/|title=San Marino. Il sammarinese Severino Tura presente alla Reggenza il suo libro "E borg" sui soprannomi dei borghigiani|work=GiornaleSM|date=7 August 2018|access-date=9 April 2023|language=it}}</ref> |- |[[File:Al-Jazuli Daf'allah 1985b.jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Al-Jazuli|Daf'allah}}||{{flagg|**p|Sudan|plink=Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)}}||[[List of heads of government of Sudan|Prime Minister]] (1985–1986)||{{dts|December 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ubl|{{ayd|1935|12|31}} to|{{ayd|1935|12|1}}}}||{{dts|29 August 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/ar/all-news/article/مبادرة-جديدة-برئاسة-الجزولي-دفع-الله-ل|title=مبادرة جديدة برئاسة الجزولي دفع الله لوقف الحرب في السودان|work=Radio Dabanga|date=29 August 2023|access-date=26 April 2025|language=ar}}</ref> |- |[[File:Abdallah Mohamed Kamil.jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Abdallah Mohamed|Kamil}}||{{flag|Djibouti}}||[[List of prime ministers of Djibouti|Prime Minister]] (1978)||1936||{{ubl|{{ayd|1936|12|31}} to|{{ayd|1936|1|1}}}}||{{dts|1 June 2026|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hommage posthume : NAZLI ABDALLAH MOHAMED KAMIL PARTIE TRÈS TÔT, TRÈS VITE {{!}} LA NATION |url=https://www.lanation.dj/hommage-posthume-nazli-abdallah-mohamed-kamil-partie-tres-tot-tres-vite/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605040436/https://www.lanation.dj/hommage-posthume-nazli-abdallah-mohamed-kamil-partie-tres-tot-tres-vite/ |archive-date=5 June 2026 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=www.lanation.dj}}</ref> |} ===Unclear status as state leaders=== {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%" |- !style="text-align:left"|Name !style="text-align:left"|State !style="text-align:left"|Position !style="text-align:left"|Birth !style="text-align:left"|Age !style="text-align:left"|{{nobr|Living as of}} |- |+ style=line-height:normal|The following individuals are older than ''#7–96'' on this list, but their status as a state leader is unclear.{{efn-ur|They were either members of collective presidencies without a clear leader, interim leaders, de facto leaders, widely recognised leaders whose true power was limited or leaders of political entities whose status as sovereign states was unclear or disputed.}} |- |[[File:Ali Haroun (cropped).jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Ali|Haroun}}||{{flagg|**p|Algeria|pref=History of|suff=(1962–1999)|section=Chadli Bendjedid}}||[[High Council of State (Algeria)|Member of the High Council of State]] (1992–1994)||{{dts|8 February 1927|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1927|2|8}}||{{dts|4 March 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.awras.com/ما-السبب؟-وزير-التجارة-يكرّم-علي-هارون/|title=ما السبب؟.. وزير التجارة يكرّم علي هارون|work=Awras|date=4 March 2024|access-date=13 May 2024|language=ar}}</ref> |- |[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]{{sortname|Laurie|Greig|Laurence Greig}}||{{flag|Cook Islands}}||[[King's Representative|Acting Queen's Representative]] (2000–2001)||{{dts|24 February 1929|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1929|2|24}}||{{dts|10 July 2024|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our-programmes/new-zealand-royal-honours/new-zealand-royal-honours-system/types-new-zealand-royal-honours/the-honourable/roll-of-the-honourables|title=Roll of The Honourables|work=Government of New Zealand|date=10 July 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:Biljana Plavsic.JPG|50px]]{{sortname|Biljana|Plavšić}}||{{flagcountry|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||[[List of members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina by time in office|Serb Member of the Presidency]] (1992)||{{dts|7 July 1930|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1930|7|7}}||{{dts|1 January 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srna.rs/en/novost/1265325/plavsic:-serbs-need-unity|title=Plavšić: Serbs need unity|work=Srna|date=1 January 2025|access-date=7 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:Pranab Mukherjee receiving the first copy of the book entitled "VB-Raju-The Visionary Leader" from the President of ICCR, Dr. Karan Singh, at Rashtrapati Bhavan (cropped).jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Karan|Singh}}||{{flagcountry|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}}||[[Karan Singh#Political career|Prince Regent]] (1949–1952)||{{dts|9 March 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|3|9}}||{{dts|6 March 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://risingkashmir.com/dr-karan-singh-inaugurates-jk-art-exhibition-at-kala-kendra-jammu/|title=Dr Karan Singh inaugurates J&K art exhibition at Kala Kendra, Jammu|work=Rising Kashmir|date=6 March 2025|access-date=6 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:Nicola Mancino datisenato 1996.jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Nicola|Mancino}}||{{flag|Italy}}||[[List of presidents of Italy|President of the Senate acting as head of state]] (1999)||{{dts|15 October 1931|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1931|10|15}}||{{dts|7 July 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.editorialedomani.it/politica/italia/il-senato-ripristina-i-vitalizi-per-i-vecchi-senatori-anche-per-il-condannato-erede-di-berlusconi-dellutri-rjgc7bri|title=Il Senato ripristina i vitalizi per i vecchi senatori. Anche per il condannato erede di Berlusconi, Dell'Utri|work=Domani|date=7 July 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|language=it}}</ref> |- |[[File:唐飛院長.jpg|50px]]{{sortname||Tang Fei}}||{{flag|Taiwan}}||[[President of the Executive Yuan]] (2000)||{{dts|15 March 1932|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1932|03|15}}||{{dts|20 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.varoc.org.tw/vnews/showvnews.asp?id=539|title=總會指導委員暨金副理事長參加空軍孫平將軍追思儀式|work=Veterans Association of the Republic of China|date=20 July 2025|access-date=25 August 2025|language=zh}}</ref> |- |[[File:George Murad Ali Khan.jpg|50px]]{{sortname|George Ali|Murad Khan}}||{{flagicon image|Khairpurflag.png}}&nbsp;[[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]]||[[Khairpur (princely state)|Mir during Independence from British Raj]] (1947–1948)||{{dts|29 June 1933|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1933|6|29}}||{{dts|8 February 2019|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1462412|title=Khairpur's 'last princess' passes away in Karachi|work=Dawn|date=8 February 2019|access-date=31 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:Card. Re WIKIPEDIA.png|50px]]{{sortname|Giovanni Battista|Re}}||{{flag|Vatican City}}||[[Dean of the College of Cardinals|Dean of the College of Cardinals during papal vacancy]] (2025)||{{dts|30 January 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|1|30}}||{{dts|21 April 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/conclave-movie-pope-dead-next-successor-vote/6160075/|title=Who oversees the conclave to determine the next pope?|work=NBC New York|date=21 April 2025|access-date=21 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]{{sortname|Félix|Mouzabakani}}||{{flagg|**p|Congo-Brazzaville|pref=History of the|section=Les Trois Glorieuses and the 1968 Coup d'état}}||[[Trois Glorieuses (1963)|Member of the Provisional Government]] (1963){{efn-ur|Mouzabakani, as Co-Commander of the Army, was a member of the collective interim government that [[Trois Glorieuses (1963)|took control of the Republic of the Congo during 3 days in August 1963]].}}||{{dts|11 March 1934|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sgg.cg/textes-officiels/decrets/2000/congo-decret-2000-62.pdf|title=Decret No. 2000-62|work=Le Président de la République du Congo|date=13 April 2000|access-date=25 August 2025|language=fr}}</ref>||{{ayd|1934|3|11}}||{{dts|15 August 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/65e-anniversaire-de-lindependance-les-congolais-renouent-avec-le-defile-civil-et-militaire|title=65e anniversaire de l’indépendance : les Congolais renouent avec le défilé civil et militaire|work=Agence d'Information d'Afrique Centrale|date=16 August 2025|access-date=25 August 2025|language=fr}}</ref> |- |[[File:Samdech Heng Samrin 2018 cropped.jpg|50px]]{{sortname||Heng Samrin}}||{{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.svg}}&nbsp;[[People's Republic of Kampuchea|Kampuchea]]||{{ubl|[[List of heads of state of Cambodia|President of the Council of State]] (1979–1992)|[[Cambodian People's Party#History|General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party]] (1981–1991)}}||{{dts|25 May 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|05|25}}||{{dts|6 February 2026|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1765402/vietnamese-party-leader-meets-with-cpp-honorary-president-in-phnom-penh.html|title=Vietnamese Party leader meets with CPP Honorary President in Phnom Penh|website=vietnamnews.vn|date=6 February 2026|access-date=11 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:Le diplomate roumain Dumitru Mazilu.jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Dumitru|Mazilu}}||{{flagg|**p|Romania|pref=History of|suff=(1989–present)}}||[[List of members of the National Salvation Front Council|Member of the National Salvation Front Council]] (1989–1990)||{{dts|24 June 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|6|24}}||{{dts|24 December 2021|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediafax.ro/editorialistii/istoria-fara-perdea-inca-o-enigma-a-revolutiei-dumitru-mazilu-omul-care-s-a-impotrivit-comunismului-cu-fata-umana-si-ajutorului-sovietic-20422712|title=ISTORIA FĂRĂ PERDEA Marius Oprea / Încă o enigmă a Revoluţiei: Dumitru Mazilu, omul care s-a împotrivit "comunismului cu faţă umană" şi "ajutorului sovietic"|work=Mediafax|date=24 December 2021|access-date=26 August 2023|language=ro}}</ref> |- |[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]{{ill|Waldo Bernal Pereira|es}}||{{flagg|**p|Bolivia|state|pref=History of|suff=(1964–1982)|section=Transition to democracy}}||{{ubl|[[Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1980 (Bolivia)|Member of the Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces]] (1980)|[[Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1981 (Bolivia)|Member of the Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces]] (1981)}}||{{dts|5 August 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|8|5}}||{{dts|30 April 2018|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boliviaentusmanos.com/noticias/bolivia/302045/garcia-meza-en-su-carta-todo-lo-que-paso-el-ano-80-no-toda-la-culpa-es-mia.html|title=García Meza en su carta: "Todo lo que pasó el año 80, no toda la culpa es mía"|work=Bolivia en tus manos|date=30 April 2018|access-date=14 February 2021|language=es}}</ref> |- |[[File:Valdis Dombrovskis tiekas ar kardinālu Tarčisio Bertoni (7408282018) (cropped).jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Tarcisio|Bertone}}||{{flag|Vatican City|2001}}||[[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church|Camerlengo during papal vacancy]] (2013)||{{dts|2 December 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|12|2}}||{{dts|11 May 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoans.org/en/sections/news/item/24266-italy-fraternal-meeting-of-the-rector-major-with-several-salesian-cardinals|title=Italy – Fraternal Meeting of the Rector Major with Several Salesian Cardinals|work=ANS|date=12 May 2025|access-date=24 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]{{ill|Óscar Pammo Rodríguez|es}}||{{flagg|**p|Bolivia|state|pref=History of|suff=(1964–1982)|section=Transition to democracy}}||[[Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1981 (Bolivia)|Member of the Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces]] (1981)||{{dts|14 December 1934|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1934|12|14}}||{{dts|10 October 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2023/10/10/de-siles-a-arce-tres-sucesiones-y-ruptura-constitucional-de-2019/|title=De Siles a Arce, tres sucesiones y ruptura constitucional de 2019|work=La Razón Digital Bolivia|date=10 October 2023|access-date=20 November 2024|language=es}}</ref> |- |[[File:Card. Giovanni Lajolo.jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Giovanni|Lajolo}}||{{flag|Vatican City|2001}}||[[President of the Governorate]] (2006–2011)||{{dts|3 January 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|1|3}}||{{dts|3 January 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.domradio.de/artikel/frueherer-nuntius-deutschland-kardinal-giovanni-lajolo-wird-90|title=Früherer Nuntius in Deutschland Kardinal Giovanni Lajolo wird 90|work=Domradio|date=3 January 2025|access-date=6 January 2025|language=de}}</ref> |- |[[File:Silver - replace this image male cropped.png|50px]]{{sortname|Brian|Mullooly}}||{{flag|Ireland}}||[[Presidential Commission (Ireland)|Member of the Presidential Commission during vacancy]] (1997)||{{dts|21 February 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|2|21}}||{{dts|1 January 2019|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstalk.com/news/new-meps-dail-pensions-894052|title=New MEPs Fitzgerald and Kelleher pick up thousands in pension payments|work=Newstalk|date=15 August 2019|access-date=13 May 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:The Dalai Lama in 2012.jpg|50px]]{{sortname||Tenzin Gyatso|14th Dalai Lama}}||{{flagg|**p|Tibet|1916|plink=Tibet Area (administrative division)}}||{{ubl|[[14th Dalai Lama#Early life and background|Dalai Lama]] (1940–''present'')|[[14th Dalai Lama#Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China|Ruler]] (1950–1959)}}||{{dts|6 July 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|7|6}}||{{dts|6 July 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/dalai-lama-turns-90-vows-keep-defying-china-years-2025-07-06/|title=Dalai Lama turns 90, gets global support in challenge for China|work=Reuters|date=6 July 2025|access-date=6 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:Hakkı Atun.jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Hakkı|Atun}}||{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}||[[List of prime ministers of Northern Cyprus|Prime Minister]] (1994–1996)||{{dts|7 October 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|10|7}}||{{dts|9 January 2025|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://haberkibris.com/kultur-dairesi-muduru-sirin-zaimagaoglu-hakki-atun-ve-burhan-atunu-ziyaret-etti-1613-2025-01-09_m.html|title=Kültür Dairesi Müdürü Şirin Zaimağaoğlu Hakkı Atun ve Burhan Atun'u ziyaret etti|work=Haber Kibris|date=9 January 2025|access-date=23 April 2025|language=tr}}</ref> |- |[[File:Young-Vivian-2006.jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Young|Vivian}}||{{flag|Niue}}||[[Prime Minister of Niue|Premier]] (1992–1993; 2002–2008)||{{dts|12 November 1935|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1935|11|12}}||{{dts|11 January 2023|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvniue.com/2023/01/this-is-for-niue-hon-young-vivian-on-being-awarded-the-companion-of-the-new-zealand-order-of-merit-for-services-to-niue/|title='This is for Niue' Hon. Young Vivian on being awarded the Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to Niue|work=Television Niue|date=11 January 2023|access-date=24 April 2025|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |[[File:Pmk. Setia Usaha Kerajaan, Y.B. Dato Paduka Awang Haji Abdul Aziz.jpg|50px]]{{sortname|Abdul|Aziz Umar}}||{{flag|Brunei}}||[[Prime Minister of Brunei|Menteri Besar]] (1981–1983)||{{dts|20 March 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|03|20}}||{{dts|13 April 2021|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/call-to-adapt-to-changing-world/|title=Call to adapt to changing world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507161703/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/call-to-adapt-to-changing-world/|work=Borneo Bulletin Online|date=13 April 2021|access-date=13 March 2026|archive-date=7 May 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> |-bgcolor="99FF99"| |[[File:Pres. Ivonka Survilla.jpg|50px]]'''{{sortname|Ivonka|Survilla}}'''||'''{{Flag|Belarusian Democratic Republic}}'''||'''[[President of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic|President-in-exile of the Rada]] (1997–present)'''||{{dts|11 April 1936|abbr=on}}||'''{{ayd|1936|04|11}}'''||{{dts|11 April 2026|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reform.news/en/sviatlana-tsikhanouskaya-congratulates-ivonka-survilla-on-her-90th-birthday-video|title=Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya Congratulates Ivonka Survilla on Her 90th Birthday — Video|website=REFORM.news (formerly REFORM.by)|date=11 April 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |[[File:連戰院長.jpg|50px]]{{sortname||Lien Chan}}||{{flag|Republic of China|name=Taiwan}}||[[Premier of the Republic of China|President of the Executive Yuan]] (1993–1997)||{{dts|27 August 1936|abbr=on}}||{{ayd|1936|08|27}}||{{dts|15 January 2026|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/89%E6%AD%B2%E9%80%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%BD%B9%E7%99%8C-%E4%B8%AD%E9%A2%A8-%E5%AA%B3%E5%A9%A6%E8%A6%AA%E6%8F%AD-%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E7%97%85%E6%B3%81-%E5%85%A8%E8%AA%AA%E4%BA%86-084644998.html|title=89歲連戰罹癌＋中風！媳婦親揭「最新病況」全說了|work=Yahoo News|date=15 January 2026|access-date=6 June 2026|language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref> |} <!-- ===Unclear status as state leaders with an uncertain date of birth=== {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%" |- !class="unsortable" style="text-align:left"|Name !style="text-align:left"|State !style="text-align:left"|Position !style="text-align:left"|Birth !style="text-align:left"|Age !style="text-align:left"|{{nobr|Living as of}} |+ style=line-height:normal|The following individual might be older than ''#100'' on this list, but their exact date of birth is uncertain and their status as a state leader is unclear. |- |} --> ==Related pages== * [[List of current heads of state and government]] * [[Lists of state leaders by age]] * [[Gerontocracy]] ==Notes== {{notelist|group=upper-roman}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/protocol/hshgnfa United Nations]—a list of heads of state, heads of government, and foreign ministers *[http://worldstatesmen.org WorldStatesmen]—an online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories {{Longevity}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oldest living state leaders}} [[Category:Lists of oldest living people|State leaders]] [[Category:Lists of state leaders by age|Oldest living]] k2kr5svels4yth8gjc681ly1a4irrba 0 601937 10966756 10801755 2026-08-18T16:26:17Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | name = People's Party | leader = [[James B. Weaver]]<br>{{nowrap|[[William Jennings Bryan]]}}<br>[[Thomas E. Watson]] | foundation = {{Start date|1891}} |colorcode = #ACE1AF | ideology = [[Populism]]<br>[[Agrarianism]]<br>[[Bimetallism]] | international = | country = United States | dissolution = {{End date|1908}} | merged = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] | position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] | predecessor = [[Farmers' Alliance]]<br>[[Greenback Party]]<br>[[Labor Party (United States, 19th century)|Union Labor Party]] }} The '''People's Party''' (also known as the '''Populist Party''') was a [[left-wing]] [[political party]] in the [[United States]]. The party wanted [[direct election]] of [[United States Senate|senators]], government ownership of the [[Railroad company|railroads]], [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] and [[telephone|telephone systems]], [[price support]] for farmers, a [[Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|graduated income tax]], unilimited [[silver]] coinage, an 8-hour work day and more [[proposition]]s and [[referendum]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/eamerica/media/ch22/resources/documents/populist.htm |title=Primary Source: Populist Party Platform (1892) |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101060722/http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/eamerica/media/ch22/resources/documents/populist.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The party was formed in 1891 after a series of conferences involving the leaders of a few [[agrarian]] organizations.<ref>Hild, Matthew (2007). ''Greenbackers, Knights of Labor, and Populists, Farmer-Labor Insurgency in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South.''The University of Georgia Press, Athens & London, p. 123.</ref> The Populists were very popular among farmers in the [[Southwestern United States|southwest]] and [[Great Plains]]. The party nominated [[James B. Weaver]] as their presidential candidate for the [[United States presidential election, 1892|1892 election]], and he would later receive 8.5% of the popular vote and win 5 states. In the [[United States presidential election, 1896|1896 presidential election]], the party nominated Democratic nominee [[William Jennings Bryan]], who supported many of the Populist ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/william-jennings-bryan |title=William Jennings Bryan - Facts & Summary |publisher=[[The History Channel]] |access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> To separate themselves from the Democrats, they nominated [[Thomas E. Watson]] as their vice-presidential candidate, instead of Democrat pick [[Arthur Sewall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/thomas-e-watson-1856-1922 |title=Thomas E. Watson (1856-1922) |publisher=New Georgia Encyclopedia |access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> During this election, the populist party slowly began to merge into the Democratic party. Bryan would later lose the presidency to Republican [[William McKinley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/41e.asp |title=The Election of 1896 |publisher=ushistory.org |access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> Although the Populist party nominated candidates in the next three presidential elections, their support heavily dropped as many began to support the Democrats or Republicans, or follow [[Eugene V. Debs]] to his new [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]]. The party also had success in the [[House of Representatives]] elections. In [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1890|1890]] they won 8 seats, in [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1892|1892]] they won 11 seats, in [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1894|1894]] they won 9 seats, in [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1896|1896]] they won 22 seats, in [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1898|1898]] they won 6 seats and finally, in [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1900|1900]] they won 5 seats.<ref name="USH-PartyDiv">{{cite web | url=http://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/ |title=Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present |publisher=Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives |access-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref> The party disbanded in 1908. The last known activity of the official Populist party was in 1913.<ref>Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Politics, New York and London: Mitchell Kennerley, 1913, p. 275.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/peoples/peoples.html ''People's Party Hand-Book of Facts. Campaign of 1898'' 96 p.], official party pamphlet for North Carolina election of 1898 * [http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/populists.html Populist Party timeline and texts; edited by Professor Edwards], secondary and primary sources [[Category:Former political parties in the United States]] [[Category:1891 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1900s disestablishments]] [[Category:1900s disestablishments in the United States]] h423sdrhunjwhofnqx71xwrcbxeb2m9 0 616772 10967360 9721643 2026-08-19T08:53:14Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rody Rijnders.jpg|thumb|Roderick Rijnders]] '''Roderick "Rody" Falesca Renee Trygvae Rijnders''' (1 March 1941 – 15 January 2018) was a Dutch [[coxswain]]. He was born in [[Batavia]]. He won the silver medal in the [[coxed pair]]s at the [[Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Summer Olympics]], alongside [[Hadriaan van Nes]] and [[Herman Suselbeek]], as well a European bronze in 1965. Rijnders died on 15 January 2018 in [[The Hague]] at the age of 76.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knrb.nl/2018/01/16/in-memoriam-rody-rijnders/|title=In memoriam Rody Rijnders|publisher=[[Royal Dutch Rowing Federation]]|date=|access-date=17 January 2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rijnders, Roderick}} [[Category:1941 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands]] [[Category:Dutch rowers]] [[Category:People from Batavia]] {{sports-bio-stub}} lktzncmzhhh0jwhvmmcqd6rym29xsdw 3 638483 10967296 7982729 2026-08-19T07:21:07Z 아만다엔피 1857853 /* */ This user has been globally banned 10967296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WMF-legal banned user}} == Welcome == Hello! I noticed that you may have come here from another Wikipedia, so you know a little about how things work here. I hope you like it here and decide to stay! Here are some links to help you adjust: *[[WP:EnWP|An English Wikipedian's guide]] *[[WP:How to write Simple English pages|Writing in Simple English]] *[[WP:Simple talk|Where to ask questions and discuss things]] *[[WP:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] There's a lot to do here. Most of it is writing articles that do not exist yet, which you can do by translating from other Wikipedias, but have a look around and see what you want to do. Thanks for joining us, and you know how to contact me if you need any help. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 11:24, 23 May 2018 (UTC) 967gs6odgosh7ddjwy9c29de235bk1z 10967299 10967296 2026-08-19T07:22:30Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/아만다엔피|아만다엔피]] ([[User talk:아만다엔피|talk]]) to last version by BRPever 7973971 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello! I noticed that you may have come here from another Wikipedia, so you know a little about how things work here. I hope you like it here and decide to stay! Here are some links to help you adjust: *[[WP:EnWP|An English Wikipedian's guide]] *[[WP:How to write Simple English pages|Writing in Simple English]] *[[WP:Simple talk|Where to ask questions and discuss things]] *[[WP:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] There's a lot to do here. Most of it is writing articles that do not exist yet, which you can do by translating from other Wikipedias, but have a look around and see what you want to do. 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[[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 11:24, 23 May 2018 (UTC) fn708s4lcdz3omg55gnqt7ehc7r1ou6 0 650140 10966903 10944660 2026-08-18T18:05:26Z ~2026-45006-78 1857550 /* */ 10966903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Kylian Mbappé | image = Kylian Mbappe - France v Norway - 26 June 2026 (cropped).jpg | caption = Mbappé at the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] | full_name = Kylian Mbappé Lottin | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|12|20|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Paris]], France | height = 1.78 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/kylian-mbappe |title=Kylian Mbappé |publisher=Paris Saint-Germain F.C. |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823000309/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/kylian-mbappe |url-status=live}}</ref> | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] | currentclub = [[Real Madrid]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2004–2013 | youthclubs1 = AS Bondy | youthyears2 = 2013–2015 | youthclubs2 = [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]] | years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[AS Monaco FC II|Monaco II]] | caps1 = 12 | goals1 = 4 | years2 = 2015–2018 | clubs2 = [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]] | caps2 = 41 | goals2 = 16 | years3 = 2017–2018 | clubs3 = → [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] (loan) | caps3 = 27 | goals3 = 13 | years4 = 2018–2024 | clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 177 | goals4 = 161 | years5 = 2024– | clubs5 = [[Real Madrid]] | caps5 = 18 | goals5 = 12 | nationalyears1 = 2014 | nationalteam1 = [[France national under-17 football team|France U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 2 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2016 | nationalteam2 = [[France national under-19 football team|France U19]] | nationalcaps2 = 11 | nationalgoals2 = 7 | nationalyears3 = 2017– | nationalteam3 = [[France national football team|France]] | nationalcaps3 = 77 | nationalgoals3 = 46 | medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|FRA}}}} {{Medal|Comp|[[FIFA World Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]|}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Nations League]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals|2021]]|}} {{Medal|Comp|[[UEFA European Under-19 Championship]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship|2016]]|}} | club-update = 19:57, 22 January 2025 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 23:30, 26 March 2024 (UTC) }} '''Kylian Mbappé Lottin''' ({{IPA-fr|kiljan (ə)mbape|lang}}; born 20 December 1998) is a French professional [[footballer]]. He plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] in [[La Liga]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menzies|first=John|date=2024-10-12|title=Real Madrid superstar Kylian Mbappe makes bold selection decision in pursuit of winning 2025 Ballon d'Or|url=https://www.football-espana.net/2024/10/12/real-madrid-superstar-kylian-mbappe-makes-bold-selection-decision-in-pursuit-of-winning-2025-ballon-dor|access-date=2024-10-13|website=Football España|language=en}}</ref> and [[Captain (association football)|captains]] the [[France national football team|France national team]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/06/20/50-best-young-players-world-football/kylian-mbappe/|title=The best young players in world football: Christian Pulisic, Jadon Sancho, Ben Woodburn... who are the superstars of the future?|date=2017-06-20|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-07-22|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401165325/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/06/20/50-best-young-players-world-football/kylian-mbappe/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44839768|title=Mbappe: France World Cup star 'taking crown from Messi and Ronaldo'|date=2018-07-15|agency=BBC Sport|access-date=2018-07-22|language=en-GB|archive-date=2018-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718133833/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44839768|url-status=live}}</ref> He is regarded as one of the best players in the world at his generation. Mbappé made his senior [[debut]] for France in 2017. Before that he was representing them at under-17 and under-19 levels. At the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]], Kylian Mbappé became the youngest French player to score at a World Cup. He also became the second teenager, after [[Pelé]], to score in a [[2018 FIFA World Cup Final|World Cup Final]]. France won the tournament and he was the second-highest goalscorer. He received the Best Young Player Award for his performances.<ref name="teenagegoalfinal">{{cite news|url=https://www.rt.com/sport/433251-mbappe-teenage-world-cup/|title=Kylian Mbappe becomes first teenager to score in a World Cup Final since Pele|website=[[RT (TV network)|RT]]|date=15 July 2018|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717164817/https://www.rt.com/sport/433251-mbappe-teenage-world-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref> He moved to PSG for a sum of 160 million Euros in the summer of 2018. Thereafter he stayed with the club for a prolonged and eventful saga period up to 2024 before getting his dream move to Real Madrid. His transfer to real Madrid was free. Kylian Mbappé finished in fourth place despite winning his second consecutive Golden Boot, a feat that made him the top scorer of the World Cup and the all-time leading scorer for "Les Bleus".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-08-26|title=Après les buts, enfin des titres pour Mbappé?|url=https://www.rds.ca/soccer/liga/article/apres-les-buts-enfin-des-titres-pour-mbappe/|access-date=2026-08-26|website=rds.ca|language=fr}}</ref> ==At Paris Saint-Germain == Mbappé had his last game for Paris Saint-Germain football club, in May 2024. The team's last game of the season was on May 25.<ref>https://www.vg.no/sport/fotball/i/Mn3j0B/ingen-mbappe-scoring-men-avsluttet-med-cupgull-for-psg. Retrieved 2024-05-26</ref><ref>https://www.sportingnews.com/us/soccer/news/when-kylian-mbappe-final-psg-game-ligue-1-coupe-de-france/041c50b45218ffd2b009d374. Retrieved 2024-05-13</ref> In July 2022, the leader of the [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain football club]] said that the club wanted to make Mbappé's contract longer. His contract stopped in June 2024.<ref>https://www.90min.com/posts/when-does-kylian-mbappe-psg-contract-expire. Retrieved 2023-07-05</ref><ref>https://www.nettavisen.no/sport/psg-sjefen-med-klar-beskjed-til-mbappe/s/5-95-1206321. [[Nettavisen]].no. Retrieved 2023-07-05</ref> As of August 13, 2023, the club said he could train with the club's top team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2023 |title=Kylian Mbappé has been reintegrated into first team training |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/kylian-mbappe-has-been-reintegrated-into-first-team-training-psg-paris-saint-germain-ligue-1-2023-2024 |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=Paris Saint-Germain F.C. |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815135651/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/kylian-mbappe-has-been-reintegrated-into-first-team-training-psg-paris-saint-germain-ligue-1-2023-2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.nettavisen.no/sport/fullstendig-kaos-rundt-kylian-mbapp-far-ikke-trene-med-forstelaget/s/5-95-1251729. [[Nettavisen]].no. Retrieved 2023-08-07</ref> The French supercup final in 2024 was on January 4.<ref>https://www.nettavisen.no/sport/haalands-navn-dukker-opp-etter-mbapp-kaos-et-kynisk-spill/s/5-95-1563976. Retrieved 2024-01-10</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 27 April 2024}}<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/kylian-mbappe-lottin/377149/ |title=K. Mbappé: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153849/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/kylian-mbappe-lottin/377149/ |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|[[Coupe de France]] !colspan="2"|[[Coupe de la Ligue]] !colspan="2"|Europe !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="3"|Monaco II |2015–16 |CFA |10||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||10||2 |- |2016–17 |CFA |2||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||2 |- !colspan="2"|Total !12||4||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||12||4 |- |rowspan="4"|[[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]] |2015–16 |[[Ligue 1]] |11||1||1||0||1||0||1{{efn|name=UEL|Appearance in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||14||1 |- |2016–17 |Ligue 1 |29||15||3||2||3||3||9{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||6||colspan="2"|—||44||26 |- |2017–18 |Ligue 1 |1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|name=TdC|Appearance in [[Trophée des Champions]]}}||0||2||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !41||16||4||2||4||3||10||6||1||0||60||27 |- |[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] (loan) |2017–18 |Ligue 1 |27||13||5||4||4||0||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||4||colspan="2"|—||44||21 |- |rowspan="7"|Paris Saint-Germain |2018–19 |Ligue 1 |29||33||4||2||2||0||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||4||0||0||43||39 |- |2019–20 |Ligue 1 |20||18||3||4||3||2||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||5||1{{efn|name=TdC}}||1||37||30 |- |[[2020–21 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2020–21]] |Ligue 1 |31||27||5||7||colspan="2"|—||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||8||1{{efn|name=TdC}}||0||47||42 |- |2021–22 |Ligue 1 |35||28||3||5||colspan="2"|—||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||6||0||0||46||39 |- |2022–23 |Ligue 1 |34||29||1||5||colspan="2"|—||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||7||0||0||43||41 |- |2023–24 |Ligue 1 |28||26||5||8||colspan="2"|—||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||8||1{{efn|name=TdC}}||1||44||43 |- !colspan="2"|Total !204||174||26||35||9||2||62||42||3||2||304||255 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !257||194||30||37||13||5||72||48||4||2||376||286 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {{updated|match played 26 March 2024}}<ref name="wfnat">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/kylian-mbappe/4/ |title=Kylian Mbappé: Internationals |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619212455/https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/kylian-mbappe/4/ |archive-date=19 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="8"|[[France national football team|France]] |2017||10||1 |- |2018||18||9 |- |2019||6||3 |- |2020||5||3 |- |2021||14||8 |- |2022||13||12 |- |2023||9||10 |- |2024||3||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total||78||47 |} {{updated|match played 26 March 2024}} :''France score listed first, score column indicates score after each Mbappé goal''<ref name="wfnat"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Kylian Mbappé |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Cap !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition !scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|1 |31 August 2017||[[Stade de France]], Saint-Denis, France||style="text-align: center;"|5||{{fb|NED}}||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]]|| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2017/08/31/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/france/netherlands/2116200/ |title=France vs. Netherlands 4–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902080815/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2017/08/31/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/france/netherlands/2116200/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|2 |rowspan="2"|27 March 2018||rowspan="2"|[[Krestovsky Stadium]], Saint Petersburg, Russia||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|12||rowspan="2"|{{fb|RUS}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|3–1||rowspan="2"|[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/03/27/world/friendlies/russia/france/2699987/ |title=Russia vs. France 1–3: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823002450/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/03/27/world/friendlies/russia/france/2699987/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|3 |style="text-align: center;"|3–1 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|4 |9 June 2018||Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Décines-Charpieu, France|| style="text-align: center;" |15||{{fb|USA}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–1||style="text-align: center;"|1–1||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/06/09/world/friendlies/france/united-states-of-america/2699988/ |title=France vs. United States 1–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823002657/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/06/09/world/friendlies/france/united-states-of-america/2699988/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|5 |21 June 2018||Ekaterinburg Arena, Yekaterinburg, Russia|| style="text-align: center;" |17||{{fb|PER}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||[[2018 FIFA World Cup]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/06/21/world/world-cup/france/peru/2166076/ |title=France vs. Peru 1–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525034849/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/06/21/world/world-cup/france/peru/2166076/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|6 |rowspan="2"|30 June 2018||rowspan="2"|Kazan Arena, Kazan, Russia|| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |19||rowspan="2"|{{fb|ARG}}||style="text-align: center;"|3–2||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|4–3||rowspan="2"|[[2018 FIFA World Cup]]||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/06/30/world/world-cup/france/argentina/2166111/ |title=France vs. Argentina 4–3: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823003637/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/06/30/world/world-cup/france/argentina/2166111/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|7 |style="text-align: center;"|4–2 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|8 |15 July 2018||[[Luzhniki Stadium]], Moscow, Russia||style="text-align: center;"|22||{{fb|CRO}}||style="text-align: center;"|4–1||style="text-align: center;"|[[2018 FIFA World Cup final|4–2]]||[[2018 FIFA World Cup]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/15/world/world-cup/france/croatia/2166125/ |title=France vs. Croatia 4–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418055803/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/15/world/world-cup/france/croatia/2166125/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|9 |9 September 2018||[[Stade de France]], Saint-Denis, France||style="text-align: center;"|24||{{fb|NED}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|2–1||[[2018–19 UEFA Nations League A]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/09/europe/uefa-nations-league/france/netherlands/2720422/ |title=France vs. Netherlands 2–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823003953/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/09/europe/uefa-nations-league/france/netherlands/2720422/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|10 |11 October 2018||Stade de Roudourou, Guingamp, France|| style="text-align: center;" |25||{{fb|ISL}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–2||style="text-align: center;"|2–2||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/11/world/friendlies/france/iceland/2793299/ |title=France vs. Iceland 2–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823004335/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/11/world/friendlies/france/iceland/2793299/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|11 |22 March 2019||Zimbru Stadium, Chișinău, Moldova|| style="text-align: center;" |29||{{fb|MDA}}||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||style="text-align: center;"|4–1||[[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2019/03/22/europe/european-championship-qualification/moldova/france/2942764/ |title=Moldova vs. France 1–4: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823004555/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2019/03/22/europe/european-championship-qualification/moldova/france/2942764/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|12 |25 March 2019||[[Stade de France]], Saint-Denis, France||style="text-align: center;"|30||{{fb|ISL}}||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||[[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2019/03/25/europe/european-championship-qualification/france/iceland/2942790/ |title=France vs. Iceland 4–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823004725/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2019/03/25/europe/european-championship-qualification/france/iceland/2942790/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|13 |11 June 2019||Estadi Nacional, Andorra la Vella, Andorra|| style="text-align: center;" |33||{{fb|AND}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||[[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2019/06/11/europe/european-championship-qualification/andorra/france/2942843/ |title=Andorra vs. France 0–4: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823004917/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2019/06/11/europe/european-championship-qualification/andorra/france/2942843/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|14 |5 September 2020||[[Friends Arena]], Solna, Sweden||style="text-align: center;"|35||{{fb|SWE}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||[[2020–21 UEFA Nations League A]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/05/europe/uefa-nations-league/sweden/france/3243364/ |title=Sweden vs. France 0–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524232852/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/05/europe/uefa-nations-league/sweden/france/3243364/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|15 |7 October 2020||[[Stade de France]], Saint-Denis, France||style="text-align: center;"|36||{{fb|UKR}}||style="text-align: center;"|6–1||style="text-align: center;"|7–1||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/07/world/friendlies/france/ukraine/3378281/ |title=France vs. Ukraine 7–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011104821/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/07/world/friendlies/france/ukraine/3378281/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|16 |14 October 2020||Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia|| style="text-align: center;" |38||{{fb|CRO}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–1||style="text-align: center;"|2–1||[[2020–21 UEFA Nations League A]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/14/europe/uefa-nations-league/croatia/france/3243369/ |title=Croatia vs. France 1–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302150825/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/14/europe/uefa-nations-league/croatia/france/3243369/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|17 |2 June 2021||Allianz Riviera, Nice, France|| style="text-align: center;" |43||{{fb|WAL}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/06/02/world/friendlies/france/wales/3498012/ |title=France vs. Wales 3–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205232705/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/06/02/world/friendlies/france/wales/3498012/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|18 |7 October 2021||[[Juventus Stadium]], Turin, Italy||style="text-align: center;"|50||{{fb|BEL}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–2||style="text-align: center;"|3–2||[[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/07/europe/uefa-nations-league/belgium/france/3427650/ |title=Belgium vs. France 2–3: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205055714/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/07/europe/uefa-nations-league/belgium/france/3427650/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|19 |10 October 2021||[[San Siro]], Milan, Italy||style="text-align: center;"|51||{{fb|ESP}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–1||style="text-align: center;"|[[2021 UEFA Nations League final|2–1]]||[[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/10/europe/uefa-nations-league/spain/france/3427651/ |title=Spain vs. France 1–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205065510/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/10/europe/uefa-nations-league/spain/france/3427651/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|20 |rowspan="4"|13 November 2021||rowspan="4"|[[Parc des Princes]], Paris, France||rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|52||rowspan="4"|{{fb|KAZ}} ||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|8–0||rowspan="4"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/11/13/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/france/kazakhstan/3430095/ |title=France vs. Kazakhstan 8–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205060959/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/11/13/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/france/kazakhstan/3430095/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|21 |style="text-align: center;"|2–0 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|22 |style="text-align: center;"|3–0 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|23 |style="text-align: center;"|8–0 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|24 |16 November 2021||[[Helsinki Olympic Stadium]], Helsinki, Finland||style="text-align: center;"|53||{{fb|FIN}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/11/16/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/finland/france/3430097/ |title=Finland vs. France 0–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205234217/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/11/16/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/finland/france/3430097/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|25 |rowspan="2"|29 March 2022||rowspan="2"|Stade Pierre-Mauroy, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France|| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |54||rowspan="2"|{{fb|RSA}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|5–0||rowspan="2"|[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/29/world/friendlies/france/south-africa/3746527/ |title=France vs. South Africa 5–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205232710/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/29/world/friendlies/france/south-africa/3746527/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|26 |style="text-align: center;"|3–0 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|27 |10 June 2022||[[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]], Vienna, Austria||style="text-align: center;"|56||{{fb|AUT}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–1||style="text-align: center;"|1–1||[[2022–23 UEFA Nations League A]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/10/europe/uefa-nations-league/austria/france/3710375/ |title=Austria vs. France 1–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205232707/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/10/europe/uefa-nations-league/austria/france/3710375/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|28 |22 September 2022||[[Stade de France]], Saint-Denis, France||style="text-align: center;"|58||{{fb|AUT}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||[[2022–23 UEFA Nations League A]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/09/22/europe/uefa-nations-league/france/austria/3710380/ |title=France vs. Austria 2–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205235300/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/09/22/europe/uefa-nations-league/france/austria/3710380/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|29 |22 November 2022||Al Janoub Stadium, Al Wakrah, Qatar|| style="text-align: center;" |60||{{fb|AUS}}||style="text-align: center;"|3–1||style="text-align: center;"|4–1||[[2022 FIFA World Cup]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/11/22/world/world-cup/france/australia/3749519/ |title=France vs. Australia 4–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205234218/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/11/22/world/world-cup/france/australia/3749519/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|30 |rowspan="2"|26 November 2022||rowspan="2"|Stadium 974, Doha, Qatar|| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |61||rowspan="2"|{{fb|DEN}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|2–1||rowspan="2"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup]]||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/11/26/world/world-cup/france/denmark/3749521/ |title=France vs. Denmark 2–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205235721/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/11/26/world/world-cup/france/denmark/3749521/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|31 |style="text-align: center;"|2–1 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|32 |rowspan="2"|4 December 2022||rowspan="2"|Al Thumama Stadium, [[Doha|Doha, Qatar]]|| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |63||rowspan="2"|{{fb|POL}} ||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|3–1||rowspan="2"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup]]||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/12/04/world/world-cup/france/poland/3298977/ |title=France vs. Poland 3–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205235956/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/12/04/world/world-cup/france/poland/3298977/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|33 |style="text-align: center;"|3–0 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|34 |rowspan="3"|18 December 2022||rowspan="3"|Lusail Stadium, Lusail, Qatar|| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |66||rowspan="3"|{{fb|ARG}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–2||rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup final|3–3]] {{aet}},<br />{{pen|2–4}}||rowspan="3"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup]]||rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/12/18/world/world-cup/argentina/france/3298990/ |title=Argentina vs. France 3–3: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226231614/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/12/18/world/world-cup/argentina/france/3298990/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|35 |style="text-align: center;"|2–2 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|36 |style="text-align: center;"|3–3 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|37 |rowspan="2"|24 March 2023||rowspan="2"|[[Stade de France]], Saint-Denis, France||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|67||rowspan="2"|{{fb|NED}} ||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|4–0||rowspan="2"|[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/24/europe/european-championship-qualification/france/netherlands/3972623/ |title=France vs. Netherlands 4–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=9 April 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408235404/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/24/europe/european-championship-qualification/france/netherlands/3972623/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|38 |style="text-align: center;"|4–0 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|39 |16 June 2023||Estádio Algarve, Almancil, Portugal|| style="text-align: center;" |69||{{fb|GIB}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/16/europe/european-championship-qualification/gibraltar/france/3972628/ |title=Gibraltar vs. France 0–3: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190642/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/16/europe/european-championship-qualification/gibraltar/france/3972628/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|40 |19 June 2023||[[Stade de France]], Saint-Denis, France||style="text-align: center;"|70||{{fb|GRE}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/19/europe/european-championship-qualification/france/greece/3972630/ |title=France vs. Greece 1–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619211418/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/19/europe/european-championship-qualification/france/greece/3972630/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|41 |rowspan="2"|13 October 2023||rowspan="2"|Johan Cruyff Arena, Amsterdam, Netherlands|| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |72||rowspan="2"|{{fb|NED}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|2–1||rowspan="2"|[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/13/europe/european-championship-qualification/netherlands/france/3972635/ |title=Netherlands vs. France 1–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104152727/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/13/europe/european-championship-qualification/netherlands/france/3972635/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|42 |style="text-align: center;"|2–0 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|43 |17 October 2023||Stade Pierre-Mauroy, Lille, France|| style="text-align: center;" |73||{{fb|SCO}}||style="text-align: center;"|3–1||style="text-align: center;"|4–1||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/17/world/friendlies/france/scotland/4073591/ |title=France vs. Scotland 4–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104153945/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/17/world/friendlies/france/scotland/4073591/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|44 |rowspan="3"|18 November 2023||rowspan="3"|Allianz Riviera, Nice, France|| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |74||rowspan="3"|{{fb|GIB}}||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|14–0||rowspan="3"|[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/18/europe/european-championship-qualification/france/gibraltar/3972640/ |title=France vs. Gibraltar 14–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118080452/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/18/europe/european-championship-qualification/france/gibraltar/3972640/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|45 |style="text-align: center;"|11–0 |- !scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|46 |style="text-align: center;"|12–0 |} ==Honours== [[File:Kylian Mbappé 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|Mbappé holding his award for the [[FIFA World Cup awards#FIFA Young Player Award|2018 FIFA World Cup Best Young Player]]]] '''Monaco''' *[[Ligue 1]]: [[2016–17 Ligue 1|2016–17]]<ref name="soccerway"/> *[[Coupe de la Ligue]] runner-up: [[2016–17 Coupe de la Ligue|2016–17]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2701257-psg-win-fourth-straight-coupe-de-la-ligue-title-beat-as-monaco-4-1-in-final |title=PSG Win 4th-Straight Coupe De La Ligue Title, Beat AS Monaco 4–1 in Final |date=1 April 2017 |access-date=3 August 2019 |website=Bleacher Report |publisher=Turner |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803150019/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2701257-psg-win-fourth-straight-coupe-de-la-ligue-title-beat-as-monaco-4-1-in-final |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Paris Saint-Germain''' *Ligue 1: [[2017–18 Ligue 1|2017–18]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/psg-clinch-ligue-1-title-by-thrashing-monaco/1ty70ovdroka415jkim9oc0zsj |title=PSG wrap up Ligue 1 title with Monaco win |website=Goal |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=20 July 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425054339/https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/psg-clinch-ligue-1-title-by-thrashing-monaco/1ty70ovdroka415jkim9oc0zsj |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2018–19 Ligue 1|2018–19]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/psg-champions-as-lille-held-at-toulouse.htm |title=PSG Champions as Lille held at Toulouse |date=21 April 2019 |access-date=21 April 2019 |publisher=Ligue de Football Professionnel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626220236/https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/psg-champions-as-lille-held-at-toulouse.htm |archive-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> [[2019–20 Ligue 1|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/52484926 |title=Ligue 1: Paris St-Germain awarded French title as season finished early |website=BBC Sport |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616035525/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52484926 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2021–22 Ligue 1|2021–22]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Luke |first1=Bosher |last2=Whitehead |first2=Jacob |date=23 April 2022 |title=PSG crowned Ligue 1 champions after draw against Lens |website=The Athletic |url=https://theathletic.com/news/psg-crowned-ligue-1-champions-after-messi-secures-draw-against-lens/aoDgDkRZDFEo/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601050533/https://theathletic.com/news/psg-crowned-ligue-1-champions-after-messi-secures-draw-against-lens/aoDgDkRZDFEo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2022–23 Ligue 1|2022–23]],<ref name=":02">{{cite news |date=27 May 2023 |title=PSG novamente campeão em França com empate em Estrasburgo |language=pt |trans-title=PSG champions in France again with draw in Strasbourg |newspaper=[[Diário de Notícias]] |url=https://www.dn.pt/desporto/psg-novamente-campeao-em-franca-com-empate-em-estrasburgo-16431023.html |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527234457/https://www.dn.pt/desporto/psg-novamente-campeao-em-franca-com-empate-em-estrasburgo-16431023.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2023–24 Ligue 1|2023–24]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2024 |title=Paris Saint-Germain win their 12th Ligue 1 title! |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/paris-saint-germain-win-their-12th-ligue-1-title-psg-ligue-1-club-2023-2024 |access-date=28 April 2024 |publisher=[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.]] |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428192841/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/paris-saint-germain-win-their-12th-ligue-1-title-psg-ligue-1-club-2023-2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Coupe de France]]: [[2017–18 Coupe de France|2017–18]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/paris-saint-germain-set-record-with-fourth-straight-coupe-de/1ubb1rik0lw6b1pwatka3l5nh6 |title=Paris Saint-Germain set record with fourth straight Coupe De France crown |website=Goal |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509220525/http://www.goal.com/en-ng/amp/news/paris-saint-germain-set-record-with-fourth-straight-coupe-de/1ubb1rik0lw6b1pwatka3l5nh6 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2019–20 Coupe de France|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/OTHER-COMPETITIONS/2020/07/25/psg-edge-asse-for-coupe-de-france-win |title=PSG edge ASSE for Coupe de France win! |date=24 July 2020 |access-date=25 July 2020 |publisher=Ligue de Football Professionnel |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823020149/https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/OTHER-COMPETITIONS/2020/07/25/psg-edge-asse-for-coupe-de-france-win |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[2020–21 Coupe de France|2020–21]];<ref>{{cite news |title=Kylian Mbappé stars as PSG beat Monaco in Coupe de France final |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/OTHER-COMPETITIONS/2021/05/19/kylian-mbappe-stars-as-psg-beat-monaco-in-coupe-de-france-final |publisher=Ligue 1 |date=19 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521223046/https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/OTHER-COMPETITIONS/2021/05/19/kylian-mbappe-stars-as-psg-beat-monaco-in-coupe-de-france-final |url-status=live }}</ref> runner-up: [[2018–19 Coupe de France|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/match?gameId=539117 |title=Stade Rennes 2–2 Paris Saint-Germain: Summary |publisher=ESPN |access-date=8 May 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508182657/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/match?gameId=539117 |url-status=live}}</ref> *Coupe de la Ligue: [[2017–18 Coupe de la Ligue|2017–18]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ligue1.com/coupeLigue/article/mbappe-stars-as-psg-beat-monaco-to-lift-cup.htm |title=MBAPPÉ STARS AS PSG BEAT MONACO TO LIFT CUP |publisher=Ligue de Football Professionnel |access-date=1 April 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035514/http://www.ligue1.com/coupeLigue/article/mbappe-stars-as-psg-beat-monaco-to-lift-cup.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2019–20 Coupe de la Ligue|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53617357 |title=Paris St-Germain beat Lyon in French League Cup final for another treble |website=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804133756/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53617357 |url-status=live}}</ref> *[[Trophée des Champions]]: [[2019 Trophée des Champions|2019]],<ref name="2019TDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm |title=Mbappé and Di Maria Earn PSG First 2019–20 Trophy |date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |publisher=Ligue de Football Professionnel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803150004/https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm |archive-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> [[2020 Trophée des Champions|2020]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/MATCH-REPORTS/2021/01/13/neymar-and-icardi-fire-pochettino-to-first-title |title=Neymar and Icardi fire Pochettino to first title |publisher=Ligue 1 |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115123105/https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/MATCH-REPORTS/2021/01/13/neymar-and-icardi-fire-pochettino-to-first-title |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2023 Trophée des Champions|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Mbappe leads PSG past Toulouse in Trophee des Champions |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/ligue-1/2024/01/03/6595cc2d46163f94868b4571.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=MARCA |language=en}}</ref> *[[UEFA Champions League]] runner-up: [[2019–20 UEFA Champions League|2019–20]]<ref name="CL 2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report?gameId=573698 |title=Bayern Munich beat Paris Saint-Germain to win Champions League |publisher=ESPN |date=23 August 2020|access-date=23 August 2020|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831175653/https://www.espn.com/soccer/report?gameId=573698|url-status=live}}</ref> '''France U19''' *[[UEFA European Under-19 Championship]]: [[2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship|2016]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/under19/match/2020326--france-vs-italy/lineups/?iv=true |title=Final: France 4–0 Italy: Line-ups |publisher=UEFA|access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823005052/https://www.uefa.com/under19/match/2020326--france-vs-italy/lineups/?iv=true |url-status=live}}</ref> '''France''' *[[FIFA World Cup]]: [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/matches/match/300331552/#match-lineups |title=France 4–2 Croatia: Line-ups |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=4 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904130617/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/matches/match/300331552/#match-lineups |url-status=live}}</ref> runner-up: [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63932622 |title=Argentina 3–3 France |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228151929/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63932622 |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[UEFA Nations League]]: [[2020–21 UEFA Nations League|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/match/2030761--spain-vs-france/postmatch/report/ |title=Spain 1–2 France: Les Bleus seal trophy with another comeback |date=10 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |publisher=UEFA |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010220819/https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/match/2030761--spain-vs-france/postmatch/report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Individual''' *[[2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship#Team of the Tournament|UEFA European Under-19 Championship Team of the Tournament]]: 2016<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Technical Reportfinals |url=http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2016/technical-report/tr-under19-2016.pdf |publisher=UEFA|access-date=24 October 2016}} {{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> *[[Ligue 1 Player of the Year]]: 2018–19,<ref name=UNFP /> 2020–21,<ref>{{cite news |title=Kylian Mbappé élu meilleur joueur de Ligue 1 |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé elected best player in Ligue 1 |publisher=Eurosport |language=fr |url=https://www.eurosport.fr/football/ligue-1/2020-2021/kylian-mbappe-elu-meilleur-joueur-de-ligue-1_sto8333587/story.shtml |date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215534/https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> 2021–22,<ref name=":0" /> 2022–23,<ref name="23LPY">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2023 |title=Kylian Mbappe named Ligue 1 Player of the Year for fourth consecutive time |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/football-news/kylian-mbappe-named-ligue-1-player-of-the-year-for-fourth-consecutive-time-123052900333_1.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027131615/https://www.business-standard.com/sports/football-news/kylian-mbappe-named-ligue-1-player-of-the-year-for-fourth-consecutive-time-123052900333_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 2023–24 *[[Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year]]: 2016–17,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trophées UNFP: Cavani, Jardim, Mbappé... Le palmarès complet|trans-title=UNFP Trophies: Cavani, Jardim, Mbappé... The full prize list |publisher=RTL |language=fr |url=http://www.rtl.fr/sport/football/trophees-unfp-cavani-jardim-mbappe-le-palmares-complet-7788550042|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519023557/http://www.rtl.fr/sport/football/trophees-unfp-cavani-jardim-mbappe-le-palmares-complet-7788550042|archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> 2017–18,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trophées UNFP: Neymar, Mbappé... Découvrez le palmarès 2018|trans-title=UNFP Trophies: Neymar, Mbappé... Discover the 2018 prize list |publisher=RTL |language=fr |url=http://www.rtl.fr/sport/football/trophees-unfp-neymar-mbappe-decouvrez-le-palmares-2018-7793373391|url-status=dead|access-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514034721/http://www.rtl.fr/sport/football/trophees-unfp-neymar-mbappe-decouvrez-le-palmares-2018-7793373391|archive-date=14 May 2018}}</ref> 2018–19<ref name="UNFP">{{cite news |date=19 May 2019 |title=Mbappé wins awards double |publisher=Ligue 1 |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/03/14/mbappe-wins-awards-double |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603092953/https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/03/14/mbappe-wins-awards-double |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[National Union of Professional Footballers|UNFP]] Ligue 1 [[Trophées UNFP du football#Team of the Year|Team of the Year]]: 2016–17,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trophées UNFP: Le Palmarès Complet de l'Édition 2017|trans-title=UNFP Trophies: The full prize list of the 2017 edition |website=Sport24 |language=fr |url=http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/fil-info/trophees-unfp-le-palmares-complet-de-l-edition-2017-859420|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524081625/http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/fil-info/trophees-unfp-le-palmares-complet-de-l-edition-2017-859420|archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref> 2017–18,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trophées UNFP: Neymar élu joueur de Ligue 1, Le PSG rafle tout ou presque|trans-title=UNFP Trophies: Neymar elected player of Ligue 1, the PSG gets all or almost all |url=http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/actualites/la-ceremonie-des-trophees-unfp-en-direct-908921 |website=Sport24 |language=fr|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514070816/http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/actualites/la-ceremonie-des-trophees-unfp-en-direct-908921|archive-date=14 May 2018}}</ref> 2018–19,<ref name=UNFP /> 2020–21,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trophées UNFP : cinq Parisiens, deux Lillois et deux Lyonnais dans l'équipe type |trans-title=Trophées UNFP : five Parisiens, two Lillois and two Lyonnais in the typical team |url=https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-1/fil-info/trophees-unfp-cinq-parisiens-deux-lillois-et-deux-lyonnais-dans-l-equipe-type-1045019 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Le Figaro |date=24 May 2021 |language=fr |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420190537/https://www.lefigaro.fr/sports/football/ligue-1/fil-info/trophees-unfp-cinq-parisiens-deux-lillois-et-deux-lyonnais-dans-l-equipe-type-1045019 |url-status=live }}</ref> 2021–22,<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Kylian Mbappé named Ligue 1 player of the year |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2022/kylian-mbappe-named-ligue-1-player-of-the-year/ |date=15 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=France Football News}}</ref> 2022–23<ref name="TOTY23">{{Cite web |title=Messi, Rongier, Danso... L'équipe type de la saison de Ligue 1 |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Messi-rongier-danso-l-equipe-type-de-la-saison-de-ligue-1/1399239 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603053146/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Messi-rongier-danso-l-equipe-type-de-la-saison-de-ligue-1/1399239 |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[UNFP Player of the Month|UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month]]: April 2017,<ref name="POTM">{{cite web |date=9 May 2017 |title=Kylian Mbappé et Khalid Boutaïb, joueurs du mois d'Avril!|trans-title=Kylian Mbappé and Khalid Boutaïb, players of the month of April! |url=http://www.unfp.org/2017/05/kylian-mbappe-et-khalid-boutaib-joueurs-du-mois-davril/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514093757/http://www.unfp.org/2017/05/kylian-mbappe-et-khalid-boutaib-joueurs-du-mois-davril/|archive-date=14 May 2017|access-date=11 May 2017 |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr}}</ref> March 2018,<ref name="POTM2">{{cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=Mbappé et Bozok, joueurs du mois de Mars!|trans-title=Mbappé and Bozok, players of the month of March! |url=http://www.unfp.org/2018/04/mbappe-et-bozok-joueurs-du-mois-de-mars/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053614/http://www.unfp.org/2018/04/mbappe-et-bozok-joueurs-du-mois-de-mars/|archive-date=19 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018 |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr}}</ref> August 2018,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unfp.org/2018/09/kylian-mbappe-joueur-du-mois-daout-de-la-ligue-1-conforama/ |title=Kylian Mbappé, joueur du mois d'août de la Ligue 1 Conforama ! |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, Ligue 1 Conforama player of the month for August! |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr |date=24 September 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref> February 2019,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unfp.org/2019/03/kylian-mbappe-joueur-du-mois-de-fevrier/ |title=Kylian Mbappé, joueur du mois de février ! |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, player of the Month for February! |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr |date=11 March 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> February 2021,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unfp.org/2021/03/kylian-mbappe-joueur-du-mois-de-fevrier-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats/ |title=Kylian Mbappé, joueur du mois de février de la Ligue 1 Uber Eats ! |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, player of the month for February in Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr |date=18 March 2021 |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> August 2021,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unfp.org/2021/09/kylian-mbappe-joueur-du-mois-daout-la-ligue-1-uber-eats/ |title=Kylian Mbappé, joueur du mois d'août de la Ligue 1 Uber Eats ! |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, player of the month for August in Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr |date=23 September 2021 |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref> February 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unfp.org/2022/03/kylian-mbappe-joueur-du-mois-de-fevrier-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats-2/ |title=Kylian Mbappé, joueur du mois de février de la Ligue 1 Uber Eats ! |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, player of the month for February in Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr |date=17 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref> November/December 2022,<ref>{{cite web |date=19 January 2023 |title=Kylian Mbappé, joueur du mois de novembre-décembre de la Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, player of the month for November–December in Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |url=https://www.unfp.org/2023/01/kylian-mbappe-joueur-du-mois-de-novembre-decembre-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats/ |access-date=19 January 2023 |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr }}</ref> February 2023,<ref>{{cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=Kylian Mbappé, joueur du mois de février de la Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, player of the month for February in Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |url=https://www.unfp.org/2023/03/kylian-mbappe-joueur-du-mois-de-fevrier-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats-3/ |access-date=14 March 2023 |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr}}</ref> October 2023,<ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 2023 |title=Kylian Mbappé, joueur du mois d'octobre de la Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, Ligue 1 Uber Eats player of the month for October! |url=https://www.unfp.org/2023/11/kylian-mbappe-joueur-du-mois-doctobre-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr}}</ref> November 2023<ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=Kylian Mbappé, joueur du mois de novembre de la Ligue 1 Uber Eats! |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, Ligue 1 Uber Eats player of the month for November! |url=https://www.unfp.org/2023/12/kylian-mbappe-joueur-du-mois-de-novembre-de-la-ligue-1-uber-eats/ |access-date=12 December 2023 |publisher=National Union of Professional Footballers |language=fr}}</ref> *[[UEFA Champions League#Awards|UEFA Champions League Team of the Season]]: [[2016–17 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|2016–17]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2476068.html |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |publisher=UEFA |date=5 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613184644/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2476068.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2019–20 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|2019–20]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-07|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=2019–20 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|reason= }},<ref>{{cite news |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0260-103d6b6179e6-7a1932c7a58c-1000--uefa-champions-league-squad-of-the-season |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August 2020 |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829033313/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0260-103d6b6179e6-7a1932c7a58c-1000--uefa-champions-league-squad-of-the-season/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite news |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0269-12688c451cdd-b6efcb4ce948-1000--champions-league-all-star-squad/ |publisher=UEFA |date=31 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> [[2021–22 UEFA Champions League#Team of the season|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite news |title=2021/22 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0275-154650014aef-02a394f30379-1000--official-team-of-the-season/ |publisher=UEFA |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> *[[FIFPRO#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|FIFA FIFPRO World 11]]: [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2018#FIFA FIFPro World11|2018]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beaard |first1=Raymond |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/de-gea-kante-mbappe-in-world-11/en/ |title=De Gea, Kante and Mbappe in World 11 |date=24 September 2018 |publisher=FIFPro |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025843/https://www.fifpro.org/news/de-gea-kante-mbappe-in-world-11/en/ |archive-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2019#FIFA FIFPro Men's World11|2019]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-men-s-world-11-2018-2019/en/ |title=VAN DIJK AMONG FOUR DEBUTANTS IN MEN'S WORLD 11 |publisher=FIFPRO World Players' Union |date=23 September 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924000410/https://fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-men-s-world-11-2018-2019/en/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2022#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|2022]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Messi makes World 11 history as Benzema earns maiden inclusion |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifpro-mens-world-11-2022-benzema-cancelo-casemiro-courtois-de-bruyne-haaland-hakimi-mbappe-messi-modric-van-dijk |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=FIFA |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}</ref> [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2023|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Messi extends record as City stars dominate Men's World 11 |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/fifpro-mens-world-11-lionel-messi-manchester-city |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[FIFA]] |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115212649/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/fifpro-mens-world-11-lionel-messi-manchester-city |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Golden Boy (award)|Golden Boy]]: 2017<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/golden-boy-results-kylian-mbappe-marcus-rashford-gabriel-jesus-ousmane-dembele-a8015266.html |title=Kylian Mbappe wins Golden Boy but Marcus Rashford and Gabriel Jesus cause confusion |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722173953/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/golden-boy-results-kylian-mbappe-marcus-rashford-gabriel-jesus-ousmane-dembele-a8015266.html |url-status=live}}</ref> *[[FIFA World Cup Golden Boot]]: [[2022 FIFA World Cup#Awards|2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2022 |title=Mbappe pips Messi to Golden Boot |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/kylian-mbappe-wins-golden-boot-top-goalscorers-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=FIFA}}</ref> *[[FIFA World Cup Golden Ball|FIFA World Cup Silver Ball]]: [[2022 FIFA World Cup#Awards|2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2022 |title=Messi makes Golden Ball history |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/lionel-messi-argentina-wins-golden-ball-award-best-player-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=FIFA}}</ref> *[[FIFA World Cup]] [[FIFA World Cup awards#FIFA Young Player Award|Young Player Award]]: [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/modric-wins-world-cup-golden-ball-as-mbappe-named-best-young/1ncg3c919qhyc10fh64y812byk |title=Modric wins Golden Ball as Mbappé named best young player |website=Goal |publisher=Perform Group |date=15 July 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210603/http://www.goal.com/en/news/modric-wins-world-cup-golden-ball-as-mbappe-named-best-young/1ncg3c919qhyc10fh64y812byk |url-status=live}}</ref> *[[FIFA World Cup All-Star Team|FIFA World Cup Dream Team]]: [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dreamteam.fifa.com/en/home |title=FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team |publisher=FIFA |date=18 July 2018 |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626225201/https://dreamteam.fifa.com/en/home |archive-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> *Kopa Trophy: [[2018 Ballon d'Or#Kopa Trophy|2018]]<ref>{{cite web |date=3 December 2018 |title=Kylian Mbappé est le vainqueur du premier Trophée Kopa|trans-title=Kylian Mbappé is the winner of the first Kopa Trophy |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Kylian-mbappe-est-le-vainqueur-du-premier-trophee-kopa/964949|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627054608/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Kylian-mbappe-est-le-vainqueur-du-premier-trophee-kopa/964949|archive-date=27 June 2019|access-date=3 December 2018 |website=France Football |language=fr}}</ref> *[[IFFHS World Team|IFFHS Men's World Team]]: 2018,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-2018-the-men-world-team-2018/ |title=IFFHS AWARDS – THE MEN WORLD TEAM 2018 |publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics |date=1 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106194353/https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-2018-the-men-world-team-2018/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 2021,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1510 |title=FFHS MEN'S WORLD TEAM OF THE YEAR 2021 |publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics |date=7 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207073547/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1510 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2465 |title=IFFHS MEN'S WORLD TEAM 2022 |publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics |date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111083043/https://iffhs.com/posts/2465 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2023<ref>{{cite web|date=4 January 2024|title=IFFHS MEN'S WORLD TEAM 2023|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3299|access-date=4 January 2024|publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403032531/https://iffhs.com/posts/3299|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[IFFHS World's Best Top Goal Scorer]]: 2022<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 January 2023|title=IFFHS AWARDS 2022 – MEN'S WORLD BEST GOAL SCORER|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2448|access-date=3 January 2023|publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322023858/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2448|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[French Player of the Year]]: 2018,<ref>{{cite news |date=25 December 2018 |title=A lire cette semaine dans France Football : Kylian Mbappé (PSG) est élu joueur français de l'année 2018|trans-title=To read this week in France Football: Kylian Mbappé (PSG) is elected French player of the year 2018 |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/A-lire-cette-semaine-dans-france-football-kylian-mbappe-psg-est-elu-joueur-francais-de-l-annee-2018/971956|access-date=26 December 2018 |website=France Football |language=fr}}</ref> 2019,<ref>{{cite news |date=23 December 2019 |title=Mbappé, élu joueur français de l'année, en exclusivité dans FF: "Les gens pensent que Kylian a changé"|trans-title=Mbappé, elected French player of the year, in exclusivity in FF: "People think that Kylian changed" |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Mbappe-elu-joueur-francais-de-l-annee-en-exclusivite-dans-ff-les-gens-pensent-que-kylian-a-change/1093032|access-date=23 December 2019 |website=France Football |language=fr}}</ref> 2022<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2022 |title=PSG star Mbappe wins French league's best player award for 3rd time |url=https://www.france24.com/en/sport/20220516-psg-star-mbappe-wins-french-league-s-best-player-award-for-3rd-time|access-date=1 April 2023 |website=france24.com |language=en}}</ref> *[[UEFA Team of the Year]]: [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2018|2018]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2589223.html |title=UEFA.com fans' Team of the Year 2018 revealed |publisher=UEFA |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713090104/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2589223.html |url-status=live}}</ref> * [[European Sports Magazines#ESM Team of the Year|ESM Team of the Year]]: [[European Sports Magazines#2022–23|2022–23]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Jamie |date=2023-08-01 |title=ESM Team of the 2022-23 Season |url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/world-soccer-latest/esm-team-of-the-2022-23-season-414771 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=World Soccer |language=en}}</ref> *[[List of Ligue 1 top scorers|Ligue 1 top goalscorer]]: [[2018–19 Ligue 1|2018–19]],<ref name="ligue1history">{{cite web |url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/ligue-1/1104487/mbappe-ensures-psg-make-ligue-1-history-despite-defeat/ |title=Mbappe ensures PSG make Ligue 1 history despite defeat |website=Fox Sports Asia |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525140939/https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/ligue-1/1104487/mbappe-ensures-psg-make-ligue-1-history-despite-defeat/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2019–20 Ligue 1|2019–20]],<ref name="2019–20 Ligue 1 top scorer">{{cite web |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/kylian-mbappe-and-angel-di-maria-top-scorer-and-top-assist-provider |title=Kylian Mbappé and Angel Di Maria: top scorer and top assist provider |publisher=Paris Saint-Germain F.C. |date=1 May 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611084210/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/kylian-mbappe-and-angel-di-maria-top-scorer-and-top-assist-provider |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2020–21 Ligue 1|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/kylian-mbappe-a-record-breaking-season-psg-paris-saint-germain-lfp-unfp-2021 |title=Kylian Mbappé: a record-breaking season |publisher=Paris Saint-Germain F.C. |date=25 May 2021 |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216094559/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/kylian-mbappe-a-record-breaking-season-psg-paris-saint-germain-lfp-unfp-2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[2021–22 Ligue 1|2021–22]],<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=21 May 2022 |title=Kylian Mbappé, une saison historique |trans-title=Kylian Mbappé, a historical season |url=https://www.ligue1.fr/Articles/ACTU/2022/05/21/kylian-mbappe-une-saison-historique |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=Ligue 1 |language=fr |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728201802/https://www.ligue1.fr/Articles/ACTU/2022/05/21/kylian-mbappe-une-saison-historique |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=21 May 2022 |title=Meilleur buteur, meilleur passeur : Mbappé officiellement sacré ! |trans-title=Top scorer, top assist provider: Mbappé already crowned! |url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/content/meilleur-buteur-meilleur-passeur-mbappe-officiellement-sacre |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=Paris Saint-Germain F.C. |language=fr |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730102242/https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/content/meilleur-buteur-meilleur-passeur-mbappe-officiellement-sacre |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2022–23 Ligue 1|2022–23]]<ref name="2022–23 Ligue 1 top scorer">{{cite news |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/kylian-mbappe-crowned-as-ligue-1-s-top-scorer-paris-saint-germain-ligue-1-2022-2023 |title=Kylian Mbappé crowned as Ligue 1's top scorer |publisher=Paris Saint-Germain F.C. |date=3 June 2023 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604060235/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/kylian-mbappe-crowned-as-ligue-1-s-top-scorer-paris-saint-germain-ligue-1-2022-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Ligue 1]] top assist provider: [[2021–22 Ligue 1|2021–22]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> *[[Globe Soccer Awards#Best Player of the Year Award|Globe Soccer Best Player of the Year]]: 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Wall of Fame 2021 |url=https://www.globesoccer.com/awards/walloffame/?awarding_year=2021 |website=Globe Soccer |access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref> *[[Onze d'Or|Onze de Bronze]]: 2019<ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=ONZE D'OR 2019: SADIO MANÉ SACRÉ MEILLEUR JOUEUR DE LA SAISON!|trans-title=GOLDEN ELEVEN 2019: SADIO MANÉ CHOSEN BEST PLAYER OF THE SEASON |url=http://www.onzemondial.com/premier-league/onze-d-or-2019--sadio-mane-sacre-meilleur-joueur-de-la-saison-189237|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616121341/http://www.onzemondial.com/premier-league/onze-d-or-2019--sadio-mane-sacre-meilleur-joueur-de-la-saison-189237|archive-date=16 June 2019|access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Onze Mondial |language=fr}}</ref> *[[UEFA Nations League Finals]] Golden Boot: [[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals|2021]],<ref name="2021 Nations League Top Scorer">{{cite news |date=10 October 2021 |title=UEFA Nations League finals top scorer: Kylian Mbappé |publisher=UEFA |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/026e-137297f2e715-0d7aed764ef3-1000/ |access-date=10 October 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117163245/https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/026e-137297f2e715-0d7aed764ef3-1000/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2024 *Gerd Müller Trophy: 2024 *Ballon d'Or third place: 2023 '''Orders''' *[[Knight of the Legion of Honour]]: 2018<ref>{{cite journal |date=1 January 2019 |title=Décret du 31 décembre 2018 portant promotion et nomination |trans-title=Decree of 31 December 2018 on promotion and appointment |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000037909703 |journal=Official Journal of the French Republic |volume=2019 |issue=1 |id=PRER1835394D |access-date=28 November 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} *{{Sports links}} {{Navboxes | title = France squads | bg = #002395 | fg = white | bordercolor = #ED2939 | list1 = {{France squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}} {{France squad UEFA Euro 2020}} {{France squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}} {{France squad UEFA Euro 2024}} }} {{Navboxes | title = Awards | bg = gold | fg = navy | list1 = {{FIFA World Cup top scorers}} {{FIFA World Cup Best Young Player}} {{European Golden Shoe}} {{Kopa Trophy}} {{Ligue 1 top scorers}} {{UEFA Champions League top scorers}} {{La Liga top scorers}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mbappe, Kylian}} [[Category:1998 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Footballers from Paris]] [[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Real Madrid players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2024 players]] j0bf3sept2jvkdm082to2e6lrolhfeu 0 655629 10967149 10701237 2026-08-19T02:24:32Z ~2026-34345-29 1819795 10967149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} '''''The Lion King''''' is a 2019 American [[musical]] [[adventure]] [[comedy]]-[[drama]] movie written by Jeff Nathanson, and directed and produced by [[Jon Favreau]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Disney and Jon Favreau Joining Forces on "The Lion King"|url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-jon-favreau-the-lion-king/|access-date=September 28, 2016|work=The Walt Disney Company|date=September 28, 2016}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1994 animated movie of the [[The Lion King|same name]] and was produced by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. The movie stars the voices of [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], [[John Oliver]], [[Eric Andre]], [[Florence Kasumba]], [[Donald Glover]], [[Beyoncé]], [[James Earl Jones]], [[Billy Eichner]], [[Seth Rogen]], [[John Kani]], [[Amy Sedaris]] and [[Alfre Woodard]] with [[Keegan-Michael Key]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lion-king-alfre-woodard-cast-as-simbas-mom-disney-movie-1027011|title=Alfre Woodard Joins Disney's 'The Lion King' (Exclusive)|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|date=August 7, 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thewrap.com/john-kani-rafiki-lion-king/|last1=Gonzalez|first1=Umberto|last2=Verhoeven|first2=Beatrice|title='Lion King' Rafiki Casting: John Kani, 'Civil War' Star, to Play Wise Baboon (Exclusive)|work=TheWrap|date=August 7, 2017|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> [[Hans Zimmer]] composed the [[movie score]]. There is an original song by [[Elton John]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/confidential/elton-john-set-rake-article-1.3660427|title=Elton John will make millions with live-action remake of ''The Lion King''|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=November 28, 2017|access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref> Much of the main cast signed on in early-2017. Filming of the movie began that summer at a [[movie studio]] in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://screenrant.com/lion-king-disney-filming-start-synopsis/|last=Lammers|first=Timothy|title=Disney's Live-Action The Lion King Starts Production This Summer|publisher=[[Screen Rant]]|date=March 18, 2017|access-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref> The movie was released on July 19, 2019, the 25th anniversary of the animated classic.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lesnick|first1=Silas|title=Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/841525-disney-movie-schedule|access-date=April 25, 2017|work=ComingSoon.net|date=April 25, 2017}}</ref> Before [[inflation]], it was one of the [[List of highest-grossing animated films|highest grossing animated movies yet made]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb title|6105098}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lion King, The (2019)}} [[Category:2019 adventure movies]] [[Category:2019 comedy-drama movies]] [[Category:2019 musical movies]] [[Category:Disney movie remakes]] [[Category:2010s American adventure movies]] [[Category:American comedy-drama movies]] [[Category:2010s American musical movies]] {{movie-stub}} [[Category:Movies about father–son relationships]] [[Category:Movies about lions]] [[Category:Movies about hyaenas]] [[Category:Movies about meerkats]] [[Category:Movies about pigs]] [[Category:Movies about monkeys]] [[Category:Movies about coups d'état]] [[Category:Movies about dictators]] [[Category:Movies based on plays by William Shakespeare]] [[Category:Movies composed by Hans Zimmer]] [[Category:Movies set in Africa]] [[Category:Movies directed by Jon Favreau]] [[Category:The Lion King]] 2vw4bko4o8o0cjh4cp474v5qhi2k2hf 10 659468 10967140 10919969 2026-08-19T01:33:10Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10967140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=24829 |ed=27809 |created=1 |deleted=3715 |revdel=150 |eventdel=3 |restored=42 |blocked=1253 |protected=101 |unprotected=0 |rights=55 |reblock=80 |unblock=8 |modify=13 |filter=1 |merge=2 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=148 |style={{{style|}}}}} ddaxkffr5vjwj0gh4i42r74uy1gcu4n 0 660942 10966696 10966466 2026-08-18T15:40:45Z ~2026-40382-02 1839773 /* Current Programmes */ 10966696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CITV logo 2026.svg|thumb|CITV logo from 2026]] '''CITV''' (formerly known as '''Watch It!''') (Short for '''Children's ITV''') is a British [[programming block]] and, a [[television channel]]. It was broadcast by [[Sky Digital]], [[Virgin Media]], and [[Freesat]]. It was launched on 17 December 1981 as Watch It! until 3 January 1983 as Children's ITV. It became available on [[Freeview]] in May 2006. It was also released on [[Sky]] in May and [[NTL]] on 6 June. Both the analogue and the Sky versions were released on Virgin Media's [[Virtual Menu]] on 19 May 2007. The analogue version was removed from the platform in 2011 and only the Sky version remained available on the platform's [[Virtual Menu]]. Today, it is a [[programming block]] on [[ITV2]], replacing teleshopping. At 9:00 AM on 30 June 1995 the CITV channel stopped broadcasting on ITV1 (playing TV shows) But It Returned On June 6, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=CITV channel closes as ITVX Kids streaming service launches |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/66570523 |website=BBC Newsround |accessdate=25 March 2024 |date=21 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ITV children's channel CITV will close in September |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a44860231/citv-axe-date/ |website=Digital Spy |accessdate=25 March 2024 |date=20 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is CITV shutting down? ITV children’s channel to close as ITVX Kids launches online - what shows will be on it |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/citv-shutting-down-itv-children-144500546.html |website=Yahoo News |accessdate=25 March 2024 |date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325210347/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/citv-shutting-down-itv-children-144500546.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Saorview Channel 77 == Programmes == Some of the programmes shown on CITV were ''[[Horrid Henry|Horrid Henry]]'', ''[[Mr. Bean: The Animated Series]]'', ''[[Thunderbirds Are Go|Thunderbirds Are Go]]'', and ''[[Sooty]]''. A number of other programmes are sourced from different broadcasters internationally. == Current Programmes == * ''[[The Adventures of Mansour: Age of Al]]'' * [[Ariel (TV series)|Ariel]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * ''Badjelly'' * ''[[Batwheels]] (also on [[Cartoonito]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]])'' * ''[[Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!|Be Cool, Scooby Doo]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]])'' * ''[[Bugs Bunny Builders]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]], [[Cartoonito]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]])'' * ''[[Builder Brothers Dream Factory|Builder Brother Dream Factory]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]])'' * [[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in The Hat Know a Lot About That]] (moved in [[Pop (British and Irish TV channel)|Pop]]) * [[Cars on the Road]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Jr]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * ''[[Descendants: Wicked World]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * ''[[Don't Unleash the Beast]]'' * ''[[Gabby's Dollhouse]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]] and [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]])'' * ''[[Grizzy and the Lemmings]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * [[Hamster and Gretel]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * ''[[Hotel Transylvania: The Series|Hotal Transylvana The Series]] (moved in [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]])'' * ''[[Inspector Gadget]]'' * ''[[Jade Armor]]'' * ''[[Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous|Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' ° ''[[Jurassic World Chaos Theory]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' *[[Lego]] ** ''[[Lego Jurassic World Legend of Isla Nublar]] (moved in [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]])'' ** ''[[Lego Friends The Next Chapter]] (moved in [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[Pop (British and Irish TV channel)|Pop]])'' * ''[[Looney Tunes Cartoons|Looney Tunes Cartoon]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * ''[[Lego Ninjago]]'' ** ''[[Lego Ninjago: Secrets of the Forbidden Spinjitzu]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' ** ''[[Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]], [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' ** [[Ninjago: Dragons Rising]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]], [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] ) * ''[[Lloyd of The Flies]]'' * ''[[Makeaway Takeaway]]'' * ''[[Masha & the Bear]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]], [[Cartoonito]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]] )'' ** ''[[Masha's Spooky Stones]]'' ** ''[[Masha's Tales]]'' * ''[[Megamind Rules]]'' * ''[[Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]], [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]])'' * ''[[Mission Employabie]]'' * ''[[Monsters at Work]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]] in [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * ''[[Mr. Bean: The Animated Series]] (also on [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] and [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]])'' * Mystery Lane (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * ''[[Overlord and the Underwoods]] (also on [[Nickelodeon]])'' * ''[[Pingu in the City]]'' * ''[[Pokémon]]'' ** ''[[Pokémon Masters Journey: The Series]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' ** ''[[Pokémon Ultimate Journey: The Series]]'' ** ''[[Pokémon Horizons: The Series]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * ''[[Power Rangers]]'' ** ''[[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers]]'' (Re-lgnition, also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]], [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * ''[[Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * [[Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Scooby Doo Show]] * [[Sooty!|Sooty]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Spidey and His Amazing Friends (2021 TV series)|Spidey and His Amazing Friends]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]], [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[SpongeBob SquarePants]] (also on [[Nickelodeon]], [[Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)|Nicktoons]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[SuperKitties]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]], [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Super Wings]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]] (also on [[Nickelodeon]], [[Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)|Nicktoons]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Teen Titans Go!]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Guava Juice Show]] * [[The Loud House]] (also on [[Nickelodeon]], [[Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)|Nicktoons]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Owl House]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]], [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Rubbish World of Dave Spud]] (also on [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Sound Collector]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Tom and Jerry in New York]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]]) * [[Thunderbirds Are Go]] * [[Totally Spies!]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]]) * [[Uncorn Academy]] (also on [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[X-Men '97]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]]) * [[Zombies: The Re-Animated Series]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]], [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) == Former Programmes == ==References== {{Reflist}} {{UK television channels|state=collapsed}} [[Category:British television channels]] [[Category:1983 establishments in England]] [[Category:2006 establishments in England]] {{TV-stub}} ds8plbd5k4342xs3r54n5sklfz5i3q5 10966725 10966696 2026-08-18T16:00:53Z ~2026-40382-02 1839773 /* Current Programmes */ 10966725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CITV logo 2026.svg|thumb|CITV logo from 2026]] '''CITV''' (formerly known as '''Watch It!''') (Short for '''Children's ITV''') is a British [[programming block]] and, a [[television channel]]. It was broadcast by [[Sky Digital]], [[Virgin Media]], and [[Freesat]]. It was launched on 17 December 1981 as Watch It! until 3 January 1983 as Children's ITV. It became available on [[Freeview]] in May 2006. It was also released on [[Sky]] in May and [[NTL]] on 6 June. Both the analogue and the Sky versions were released on Virgin Media's [[Virtual Menu]] on 19 May 2007. The analogue version was removed from the platform in 2011 and only the Sky version remained available on the platform's [[Virtual Menu]]. Today, it is a [[programming block]] on [[ITV2]], replacing teleshopping. At 9:00 AM on 30 June 1995 the CITV channel stopped broadcasting on ITV1 (playing TV shows) But It Returned On June 6, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=CITV channel closes as ITVX Kids streaming service launches |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/66570523 |website=BBC Newsround |accessdate=25 March 2024 |date=21 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ITV children's channel CITV will close in September |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a44860231/citv-axe-date/ |website=Digital Spy |accessdate=25 March 2024 |date=20 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is CITV shutting down? ITV children’s channel to close as ITVX Kids launches online - what shows will be on it |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/citv-shutting-down-itv-children-144500546.html |website=Yahoo News |accessdate=25 March 2024 |date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325210347/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/citv-shutting-down-itv-children-144500546.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Saorview Channel 77 == Programmes == Some of the programmes shown on CITV were ''[[Horrid Henry|Horrid Henry]]'', ''[[Mr. Bean: The Animated Series]]'', ''[[Thunderbirds Are Go|Thunderbirds Are Go]]'', and ''[[Sooty]]''. A number of other programmes are sourced from different broadcasters internationally. == Current Programmes == * ''[[The Adventures of Mansour: Age of Al]]'' * [[Ariel (TV series)|Ariel]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * ''Badjelly'' * ''[[Batwheels]] (also on [[Cartoonito]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]])'' * ''[[Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!|Be Cool, Scooby Doo]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]])'' * ''[[Bugs Bunny Builders]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]], [[Cartoonito]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]])'' * ''[[Builder Brothers Dream Factory|Builder Brother Dream Factory]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]])'' * [[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in The Hat Know a Lot About That]] (moved in [[Pop (British and Irish TV channel)|Pop]]) * [[Cars on the Road]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Jr]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[Cocomelon]] (also on [[Cartoonito]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * ''[[Descendants: Wicked World]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * ''[[Don't Unleash the Beast]]'' * ''[[Gabby's Dollhouse]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]] and [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]])'' * ''[[Grizzy and the Lemmings]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * [[Hamster and Gretel]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * ''[[Hotel Transylvania: The Series|Hotal Transylvana The Series]] (moved in [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]])'' * ''[[Inspector Gadget]]'' * ''[[Jade Armor]]'' * ''[[Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous|Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' ° ''[[Jurassic World Chaos Theory]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' *[[Lego]] ** ''[[Lego Jurassic World Legend of Isla Nublar]] (moved in [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]])'' ** ''[[Lego Friends The Next Chapter]] (moved in [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[Pop (British and Irish TV channel)|Pop]])'' * ''[[Looney Tunes Cartoons|Looney Tunes Cartoon]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * ''[[Lego Ninjago]]'' ** ''[[Lego Ninjago: Secrets of the Forbidden Spinjitzu]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' ** ''[[Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]], [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' ** [[Ninjago: Dragons Rising]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]], [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] ) * ''[[Lloyd of The Flies]]'' * ''[[Makeaway Takeaway]]'' * ''[[Masha & the Bear]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]], [[Cartoonito]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]] )'' ** ''[[Masha's Spooky Stones]]'' ** ''[[Masha's Tales]]'' * ''[[Megamind Rules]]'' * ''[[Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]], [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]])'' * ''[[Mission Employabie]]'' * ''[[Monsters at Work]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]] in [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * ''[[Mr. Bean: The Animated Series]] (also on [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] and [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]])'' * Mystery Lane (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * ''[[Overlord and the Underwoods]] (also on [[Nickelodeon]])'' * ''[[Pingu in the City]]'' * ''[[Pokémon]]'' ** ''[[Pokémon Masters Journey: The Series]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' ** ''[[Pokémon Ultimate Journey: The Series]]'' ** ''[[Pokémon Horizons: The Series]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * ''[[Power Rangers]]'' ** ''[[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers]]'' (Re-lgnition, also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]], [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * ''[[Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]])'' * [[Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Scooby Doo Show]] * [[Sooty!|Sooty]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Spidey and His Amazing Friends (2021 TV series)|Spidey and His Amazing Friends]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]], [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[SpongeBob SquarePants]] (also on [[Nickelodeon]], [[Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)|Nicktoons]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[SuperKitties]] (also on [[Disney Junior (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Junior]], [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Super Wings]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]] (also on [[Nickelodeon]], [[Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)|Nicktoons]] and [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Teen Titans Go!]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Guava Juice Show]] * [[The Loud House]] (also on [[Nickelodeon]], [[Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)|Nicktoons]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Owl House]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]], [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Rubbish World of Dave Spud]] (also on [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[The Sound Collector]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[Tom and Jerry in New York]] (also on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]]) * [[Thunderbirds Are Go]] * [[Totally Spies!]] (also on [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]]) * [[Uncorn Academy]] (also on [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[Vegesaurs]] (also on [[CITV|Mini CITV]]) * [[X-Men '97]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) * [[Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens]] (also on [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]]) * [[Zombies: The Re-Animated Series]] (also on [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]], [[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]] and [[CITV|Breakfast in CITV]]) == Former Programmes == ==References== {{Reflist}} {{UK television channels|state=collapsed}} [[Category:British television channels]] [[Category:1983 establishments in England]] [[Category:2006 establishments in England]] {{TV-stub}} 01f7t9pr80qx5wk6hzawl39cqsurk1o 0 669119 10966633 10610450 2026-08-18T14:27:23Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966633 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pat Riley.jpg|right|200px]] '''Patrick James "Pat" Riley''' (born March 20, 1945) is an American basketball coach and former player in the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). He has been the team president of the [[Miami Heat]] since 1995 and head coach on four seperate tenures (1981 through 1990, 1991 through 1995, 1995 through 2003, and 2005 through 2008). When he was a basketball player, he played for the [[Houston Rockets|San Diego Rockets]], [[Los Angeles Lakers]] and the [[Phoenix Suns]]. Riley was born in [[Rome, New York]], but raised in [[Schenectady, New York]].<ref>[https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=riley-001leo Lee Riley]. baseball-reference.com</ref><ref>Heisler, Mark (1995-01-09). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_n2_v219/ai_16005645/ The fire from within: Pat Riley's relationship with his father provides a window into the life of the NBA's most-celebrated coach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415212624/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_n2_v219/ai_16005645/ |date=2010-04-15 }}. Findarticles.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-28.</ref> He studied at the [[University of Kentucky]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.nba.com/coachfile/pat_riley/ NBA.com Coaches – Pat Riley] {{US-sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Riley, Pat}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American basketball players]] [[Category:Houston Rockets players]] [[Category:Los Angeles Lakers players]] [[Category:National Basketball Association coaches]] [[Category:Phoenix Suns players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from New York (state)]] [[Category:Shooting guards]] [[Category:People from Rome, New York]] [[Category:People from Schenectady, New York]] sguh2f9azxqgvp0qcvb5khm12m0517v 0 677868 10966834 9597488 2026-08-18T17:11:23Z Canadachick 1633172 10966834 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Power sleep 2mm cropped.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Power symbol|Sleep mode symbol]]]] '''Sleep mode''' is a low power mode that some electronic devices use to [[energy conservation|save power]] while they are on. Some electronic devices that are able to use sleep mode include [[TV]]s, [[computer]]s, and [[remote control]]s. During sleep mode, the electronic device will use very little power while they are still running. This allows the user to be able to turn the electronic device back on immediately even if the electronic device is running with less power than normal. It's also known as "standby mode." In this mode, the screen and hard disks turn off to save power. But, the memory (RAM) keeps working to remember things. The main processor (CPU) slows down to use less power too. When you touch a key or move the mouse, the computer wakes up quickly and is ready to use again. There are other modes like power-down and hybrid sleep for saving power too.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of sleep mode|url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/sleep-mode|access-date=2024-05-08|website=PCMAG|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Technology]] 8q4ybjp3z372ly5s6fty2vdc4k9khqd 0 690994 10967068 8294279 2026-08-18T23:26:26Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Swiss town | subject_name = Prez-vers-Noréaz | municipality_name = Prez-vers-Noréaz | municipality_type = former | image_photo = Prez-vers-Noréaz administration communale.jpg | image_caption = The municipal administration of Prez-vers-Noréaz | imagepath_coa = Prez-vers-Noréaz-coat of arms.svg|pixel_coa= | map = Karte Gemeinde Prez-vers-Noréaz.png | languages = French | canton = Fribourg | iso-code-region = CH-FR | district = [[Saane (district)|Saane]] |coordinates = {{coord|46|47|N|7|1|E|display=inline,title}} | postal_code = 1746 | municipality_code = 2221 | area = 5.71 | elevation = 646|elevation_description= | population = {{Swiss populations NC|CH-FR|2221}} | populationof = {{Swiss populations YM|CH-FR}} | popofyear = {{Swiss populations Y|CH-FR}} | website = www.prez-vers-noreaz.ch | mayor = |mayor_asof=|mayor_party= | mayor_title = Syndic |list_of_mayors = | places = | demonym = | neighboring_municipalities= [[Avry]], [[Corserey]], [[La Brillaz]], [[Montagny, Fribourg|Montagny]], [[Noréaz]] | twintowns = }} '''Prez-vers-Noréaz''' was a [[municipality]] in [[Saane (district)|Saane]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Fribourg (canton)|Fribourg]] in [[Switzerland]]. On 1 January 2020, the municipalities [[Corserey]], [[Noréaz]] and Prez-vers-Noréaz joined to become the new municipality [[Prez, Switzerland|Prez]].<ref name="Fusion">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/grundlagen/agvch.assetdetail.8846320.html |title=Angekündigte Änderungen 2019 |publisher=Bundesamt für Statistik |work=[[Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz]] |date=2019-06-19 |access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat-inline}} * [http://www.prez-vers-noreaz.ch Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310064701/http://www.prez-vers-noreaz.ch/ |date=2011-03-10 }} {{in lang|fr}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prez-vers-Noreaz}} [[Category:Former municipalities of Fribourg]] {{Switzerland-stub}} 8vr2d9fqyeylq4upqx5m397gzi2299q 0 704579 10966606 10118684 2026-08-18T13:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Park City, Kansas |settlement_type = [[City]] <!-- Images --> |image_skyline = |image_caption = |image_flag = Flag of Park City, Kansas.svg |image_seal = <!-- Maps --> |image_map = Sedgwick_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Park_City_Highlighted.svg |map_caption = Location within [[Sedgwick County, Kansas|Sedgwick County]] and [[Kansas]] |image_map1 = Map of Sedgwick Co, Ks, USA.png |map_caption1 = [[Kansas Department of Transportation|KDOT]] map of [[Sedgwick County, Kansas|Sedgwick County]] ([[:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png|legend]]) <!-- Location --> |coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/> |coordinates = {{coord|37|47|57|N|97|19|20|W|region:US-KS_type:city|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kansas]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Kansas|County]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Sedgwick County, Kansas|Sedgwick]] |subdivision_type3 = [[List of townships in Kansas|Township]] |subdivision_name3 = <!-- Established --> |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1953 |established_title1 = [[Platted]] |established_date1 = |established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date2 = 1980 |named_for = <!-- Government --> |government_footnotes = |government_type = <!-- [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]] --> |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- City Administrator --> |leader_name1 = <!-- Area --> |area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020"/> |area_total_sq_mi = 9.90 |area_land_sq_mi = 9.88 |area_water_sq_mi = 0.02 |area_total_km2 = 25.65 |area_land_km2 = 25.60 |area_water_km2 = 0.05 |unit_pref = Imperial <!-- Elevation --> |elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/> |elevation_ft = 1365 <!-- Population --> |population_footnotes = <ref name="DP1"/> |population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] |population_total = 8333 |pop_est_footnotes = |pop_est_as_of = |population_est = |population_density_sq_mi = auto |population_density_km2 = auto <!-- General information --> |timezone = [[Central Time Zone|CST]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = CDT |utc_offset_DST = -5 |postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s |postal_code = 67147, 67204, 67219 |area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]] |area_code = [[Area code 316|316]] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 20-54450 <ref name="GNIS"/> |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS ID]] |blank1_info = 473849 <ref name="GNIS">{{cite gnis2|473849|Park City, Kansas}}</ref> |website = {{URL|https://www.parkcityks.com/|parkcityks.com}} }} '''Park City''' is a city in [[Sedgwick County, Kansas]], United States. It is a [[suburb]] of [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]]. In [[2020 United States Census|2020]], 8,333 people lived there.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: Park City city, Kansas|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/parkcitycitykansas|access-date=November 18, 2023}}</ref> ==Geography== Park City is at {{coord|37|47|57|N|97|19|20|W|type:city}} (37.799119, -97.322110).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] says that the city has a total area of {{convert|9.90|sqmi|sqkm|2}}. Of that, {{convert|9.88|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.02|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_20.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=November 18, 2023}}</ref> ==People== {{US Census population |align=left |1990= 5050 |2000= 5814 |2010= 7297 |2020= 8333 |estyear= |estimate= |estref= |align-fn=center |footnote=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060208103743/http://www.census.gov:80/prod/www/abs/decennial/ U.S. Decennial Census]<br/>2010-2020<ref name="QF"/> }} Park City is part of the [[Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area]]. ===2020 census=== The 2020 [[census]] says that there were 8,333 people, 3,042 households, and 2,268 families living in Park City. Of the households, 76.4% owned their home and 23.6% rented their home. The median age was 32.8 years. Of the people, 78.4% were [[White Americans|White]], 4.9% were [[African Americans|Black]], 1.5% were [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 1.3% were [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 3.6% were from some other race, and 10.3% were two or more races. [[Hispanic]] or [[Latino]] of any race were 10.7% of the people.<ref name="DP1">{{cite web|title=DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=160XX00US2054450|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=November 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name="P16">{{cite web|title=P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDHC2020.P16?g=160XX00US2054450|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 2, 2024}}</ref> ===2010 census=== The 2010 [[census]]<ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-07-06}}</ref> says that there were 7,297 people, 2,659 households, and 2,039 families living in Park City. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category|Park City, Kansas}} ;City * [http://www.parkcityks.com/ City of Park City] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213095255/http://www.lkm.org/directory/cities.php?ID=625 Park City - Directory of Public Officials] ;Schools * [http://www.usd259.com/ USD 259] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709103123/http://www.usd259.com/ |date=2016-07-09 }}, local school district * [http://www.usd262.net/ USD 262], local school district ;Maps * [http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/park%20city.pdf Park City Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716214558/http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/park%2520city.pdf |date=2019-07-16 }}, KDOT {{Sedgwick County, Kansas}} {{Kansas}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Cities in Kansas]] idcmw13gjplhgdkh4ob08zbpc5243cs 0 713708 10966543 10966062 2026-08-18T12:42:18Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10966543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Peggy Webber | image = Peggy Webber in Dragnet (The Big Gap).jpg | image_size = | caption = Webber in a 1955 episode of ''[[Dragnet (1951 TV series)|Dragnet]]'' | birth_name = Margaret Webber | birth_date = {{birth date|1925|9|15}} | birth_place = [[Laredo, Texas]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|8|15|1925|9|15}} | death_place = [[Napa, California]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1937-2019 }} '''Margaret "Peggy" Webber''' (September 15, 1925 &ndash; August 15, 2026) was an American actress.<ref name="scifi">{{cite book|last1=Weaver|first1=Tom|title=A Sci-Fi Swarm and Horror Horde: Interviews with 62 Filmmakers|date=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786458318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50AbUfJS6OkC&dq=%22Treasures+of+Literature%22+Webber&pg=PA191|page=191|access-date=2 August 2016|language=en}}</ref> Her screen debut came in the 1946 movie ''[[Her Adventurous Night]]''. Other notable roles include Mrs. Alice Rice in the 1952 movie ''[[Submarine Command]]'' and Miss Dennerly in ''[[The Wrong Man]]'', directed by [[Alfred Hitchcock]].<ref name="PW">{{cite web | url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/radio-theaters-peggy-webber-is-90-and-cooler-than-you-5534031 | title=Radio theater's Peggy Webber is 90 – and cooler than you | date=6 May 2015 | publisher=Los Angeles Weekly | access-date=August 2, 2015}}</ref> Webber [[centenarian|turned 100]] in September 2025. She died on August 15, 2026 at a retirement home in [[Napa, California]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Mike |date=2026-08-17 |title=Peggy Webber, Prolific Radio Actress Who Worked for Orson Welles and Alfred Hitchcock on Film, Dies at 100 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/peggy-webber-dead-radio-actress-orson-welles-hitchcock-1236675526/ |access-date=2026-08-17 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|0916423|Peggy Webber}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Webber, Peggy}} [[Category:1925 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American radio actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:Actors from Texas]] [[Category:American centenarians]] {{US-actor-stub}} 0qh6mxfitmgaiwievq4ea31tff0mwn8 0 715750 10966817 9625790 2026-08-18T17:00:02Z Canadachick 1633172 10966817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Synovial sarcoma | synonyms = Malignant synovioma | image = Monophasic synovial sarcoma - high mag.jpg | caption = [[Micrograph]] of a monophasic synovial sarcoma. The histologic appearance is non-specific and overlaps with [[Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor|MPNST]] and [[fibrosarcoma]]. [[H&E stain]]. | pronounce = | field = [[Oncology]] | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} A '''synovial sarcoma''' (also known as: '''malignant synovioma'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578568/synovioma |title=Synovioma|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date= 20 May 2012}}</ref>) is a rare form of [[cancer]] which occurs mainly in the arms or legs, and affects tissue around the joints. It is a slow growing cancer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Synovial Sarcoma: What Is It, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prognosis|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22012-synovial-sarcoma|access-date=2024-05-22|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en}}</ref> and a type of [[soft-tissue sarcoma]]. The name "synovial sarcoma" was created early in the 20th century, as some researchers thought that the microscopic similarity of some tumors to [[synovium]].<ref name="atlas_2002">{{cite book|editor=Raphael E. Pollock|title=Soft Tissue Sarcomas|url=https://archive.org/details/softtissuesarcom0000poll|series=American Cancer Society Atlas of Clinical Oncology|year=2002|publisher=BC Decker|isbn=155009128X}}</ref> It affects about 1,000 people each year. It is most often seen in people under age 30 and more common in males. The survival rate is 75% at 1 years to 45% at 5 years, but this does not mean a patient with synovial sarcoma will only live from 1 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Survival for soft tissue sarcomas|url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/survival|access-date=2024-05-22|website=www.cancerresearchuk.org|language=en}}</ref> Unfortunately, synovial sarcoma can come back many years later. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Cancer]] {{med-stub}} kq0iyz8kzehhmmstcyczip131e19sor 3 716174 10966562 9068873 2026-08-18T13:11:03Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Warning: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966562 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Amalia Fuentes== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Amalia Fuentes]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. 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In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. 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Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Sevim Gözay== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Sevim Gözay]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Sevim Gözay]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. 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Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) == August 2026 == [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please stop making bad pages. If you keep doing so, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from making and changing pages on Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create3 --> ''You've been warned before about copy and pasting articles from the English Wikipedia. Please follow the guidelines already provided to you about properly bringing an article over.'' [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:11, 18 August 2026 (UTC) 5x1d5vw15gm5slsnznnjre7xv6u4gou 10966989 10966562 2026-08-18T21:13:45Z Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos 799790 /* August 2026 */ 10966989 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Amalia Fuentes== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Amalia Fuentes]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Amalia Fuentes}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:大诺史|<font color="#DC143C">大</font><font color="#FFC40C">诺</font><font color="#00A550">史</font>]] <small>([[User talk:大诺史|<font color="blue">Talk/留言/토론/Discussion</font>]])</small> 05:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC) == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Sevim Gözay== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Sevim Gözay]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Sevim Gözay]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 09:59, 2 March 2021 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) fuh6hzw8d67ycewesatikp7rim9scvp 10967040 10966989 2026-08-18T22:16:05Z Garsh2 1475106 Final warning: Creating inappropriate pages on [[Jason Arday]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967040 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Amalia Fuentes== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Amalia Fuentes]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Amalia Fuentes}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:大诺史|<font color="#DC143C">大</font><font color="#FFC40C">诺</font><font color="#00A550">史</font>]] <small>([[User talk:大诺史|<font color="blue">Talk/留言/토론/Discussion</font>]])</small> 05:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC) == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Sevim Gözay== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Sevim Gözay]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Sevim Gözay]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 09:59, 2 March 2021 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) == August 2026 == [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''last warning''' you will get for the bad pages you have made. The next time you make a bad page, like [[:Jason Arday]], you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create4 --> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:16, 18 August 2026 (UTC) hu2ri6dlc4anlto9h113rstjcgdzu5i 10967041 10967040 2026-08-18T22:18:30Z Garsh2 1475106 /* August 2026 */ Reply 10967041 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Amalia Fuentes== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Amalia Fuentes]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Amalia Fuentes}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:大诺史|<font color="#DC143C">大</font><font color="#FFC40C">诺</font><font color="#00A550">史</font>]] <small>([[User talk:大诺史|<font color="blue">Talk/留言/토론/Discussion</font>]])</small> 05:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC) == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Sevim Gözay== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Sevim Gözay]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Sevim Gözay]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 09:59, 2 March 2021 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) == August 2026 == [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''last warning''' you will get for the bad pages you have made. The next time you make a bad page, like [[:Jason Arday]], you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create4 --> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:16, 18 August 2026 (UTC) :Please read the guidelines for bringing pages from the English Wikipedia, [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia]]. You cannot merely copy and paste. If you continue to copy and paste, you will be blocked from creating new pages. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:18, 18 August 2026 (UTC) e4mzlrn1kcozw97bd58cjn5ydm1r8q2 10967048 10967041 2026-08-18T22:37:41Z Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos 799790 /* August 2026 */ 10967048 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Amalia Fuentes== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Amalia Fuentes]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Amalia Fuentes}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:大诺史|<font color="#DC143C">大</font><font color="#FFC40C">诺</font><font color="#00A550">史</font>]] <small>([[User talk:大诺史|<font color="blue">Talk/留言/토론/Discussion</font>]])</small> 05:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC) == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Sevim Gözay== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Sevim Gözay]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Sevim Gözay]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 09:59, 2 March 2021 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) fuh6hzw8d67ycewesatikp7rim9scvp 10967049 10967048 2026-08-18T22:37:55Z Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos 799790 /* RfD nomination of Sevim Gözay */ 10967049 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Amalia Fuentes== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Amalia Fuentes]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Amalia Fuentes}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:大诺史|<font color="#DC143C">大</font><font color="#FFC40C">诺</font><font color="#00A550">史</font>]] <small>([[User talk:大诺史|<font color="blue">Talk/留言/토론/Discussion</font>]])</small> 05:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC) == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) 9jmghmzvexxi0qegyfrup01h5z1q14u 10967050 10967049 2026-08-18T22:38:20Z Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos 799790 /* Quick deletion of Amalia Fuentes */ 10967050 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) dhhyu8mfhj2hhksjt7rq0ijxky5pk14 10967076 10967050 2026-08-18T23:51:57Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 You have been indefinitely blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967076 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) == August 2026 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left]] You have been '''blocked indefinitely''' from changing Wikipedia in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]] over and over again. If you think this block is unfair, you may ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private, please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:51, 18 August 2026 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block3 --> qdndccjvgj46e5pvi74hhjp7d0k3miu 10967182 10967076 2026-08-19T04:04:42Z Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos 799790 /* August 2026 */ 10967182 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) == August 2026 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left]] You have been '''blocked indefinitely''' from changing Wikipedia in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]] over and over again. If you think this block is unfair, you may ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private, please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:51, 18 August 2026 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block3 --> I request a review and lifting of my block. I apologize for the changes made on my user talk page and for the persistent article edits I initiated; this will not happen again. I ask that the indefinite block be reviewed and lifted, or that the duration of the block be reduced.--[[User:Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos]] ([[User talk:Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos#top|talk]]) 04:04, 19 August 2026 (UTC) 81kxx3l23cwy0bfo9lsx4k1531e2otn 10967336 10967182 2026-08-19T08:17:25Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* August 2026 */ Reply 10967336 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) == August 2026 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left]] You have been '''blocked indefinitely''' from changing Wikipedia in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]] over and over again. If you think this block is unfair, you may ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private, please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:51, 18 August 2026 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block3 --> I request a review and lifting of my block. I apologize for the changes made on my user talk page and for the persistent article edits I initiated; this will not happen again. I ask that the indefinite block be reviewed and lifted, or that the duration of the block be reduced.--[[User:Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos]] ([[User talk:Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos#top|talk]]) 04:04, 19 August 2026 (UTC) :What about the logged out insult on my page? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 08:17, 19 August 2026 (UTC) fkwd51252axtmbcfioj8owkjq2ardh9 10967385 10967336 2026-08-19T09:59:42Z Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos 799790 /* August 2026 */ 10967385 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2019 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages, such as [[:Patrick Ward]]. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> [[User:Computer Fizz|Computer Fizz]] ([[User talk:Computer Fizz|talk]]) 06:17, 15 October 2019 (UTC) == November 2019 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Amalia Fuentes]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC) == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Wikipedia:Most wanted articles|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|rollingbarrels]] ([[User talk:FNAFPUPPETMASTER|talk]]) 04:16, 16 December 2019 (UTC) | style="vertical-align: top; padding: 1em;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|150px|link=|alt=]] |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> == January 2020 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Anna Senkoro]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:05, 14 January 2020 (UTC) == December 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Your recent change to the page [[:Belinda Bozzoli]] appears to have added wrong information and has been removed. If you think the information that you added was correct, please [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|provide a source]] for the change or discuss it on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests that you wish to make. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-error1 --> ''She was not born in 1965! '' [[User:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[User talk:Lefcentreright|talk]]) 10:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> —[[User:Yahya|<strong><span style="color: #000;">Yahya</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:Yahya#top|<span style=" color: #360;">talk</span>]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yahya|<span style="color: #306;">contribs.</span>]]) 04:59, 16 August 2021 (UTC) == July 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Gregory Itzin]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) == August 2026 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left]] You have been '''blocked indefinitely''' from changing Wikipedia in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]] over and over again. If you think this block is unfair, you may ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private, please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:51, 18 August 2026 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block3 --> I request a review and lifting of my block. I apologize for the changes made on my user talk page and for the persistent article edits I initiated; this will not happen again. I ask that the indefinite block be reviewed and lifted, or that the duration of the block be reduced.--[[User:Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos]] ([[User talk:Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos#top|talk]]) 04:04, 19 August 2026 (UTC) :What about the logged out insult on my page? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 08:17, 19 August 2026 (UTC) *I didn’t do anything to your page, sir. I don’t know anything about this—there are millions of users here. I just created an article and deleted some posts from my own message page. It won’t happen again. I’m sorry, and I’d appreciate it if you could unblock me. I didn’t mean any harm.--[[User:Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos|Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos]] ([[User talk:Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos#top|talk]]) 09:59, 19 August 2026 (UTC) frgqae5a10wl244j50xupw7d8vsbt5p 3 720176 10966565 10641186 2026-08-18T13:17:19Z MediaWiki message delivery 337219 /* Growth/Newsletters/36 */ new section 10966565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{trout me}} {{Archive box |search=yes |collapsible=yes | bot=MiszaBot |age=90 | title=[[Help:Archiving a talk page|Archives]]<!-- --> ([[{{#titleparts:{{TALKPAGENAME}}|1}}/Archive index|index]])| {{Nowrap|'''2020''': {{Archives by months|2020}}}} }} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Jakesyl/Archives/%(year)s/%(monthname)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} {{trout me}} == Growth News, April 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless]] The Growth team will now send quarterly reports to keep you in the loop. Growth team weekly updates [[mw:Growth/Growth team updates|are available on wiki]] (in English) if you want to know more about our day-to-day work. If you want to receive more general updates about technical activity happening across the Wikimedia movement (including Growth work), we encourage you to [[metawiki:Tech/News|subscribe to Tech News]]. === Community Configuration === Growth features are currently configurable at <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. This quarter we are working on making [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Community configuration|Community Configuration]] accessible for other MediaWiki developers while also moving Growth feature configuration to the new CommunityConfiguration extension. An early version of Community Configuration can be tested at [https://es.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Especial:CommunityConfiguration Spanish Beta Wikipedia]. We plan to release the new Community Configuration extension to pilot wikis (Arabic and Spanish Wikipedia) in early May, 2024. The first non-Growth team feature to utilize Community Configuration will be [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]]. In parallel with the development, the Growth team will propose Community Configuration usage guidelines, Community Configuration design guidelines, and provide technical documentation. === Experiment Results === [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add an image/Experiment analysis, March 2024|'''Add a Image experiment analysis results''']] The Growth team conducted an experiment to assess the impact of the “[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add an image|Add an Image]]” structured task on the Newcomer Homepage's "Suggested Edits" module. This analysis finds that the Add an Image structured task leads to an increase in newcomer participation on the mobile web platform, particularly by making constructive (non-reverted) article edits: * The likelihood that mobile web newcomers make their first article edit (+17.0% over baseline) * The likelihood that they are retained as newcomers (+24.3% over baseline) * The number of edits they make during their first two weeks on the wiki (+21.8% over baseline) * A lower probability of the newcomers' edits will be reverted (-3.3% over baseline). [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Personalized praise experiment results|'''Personalized praise experiment results''']] This feature was developed for Mentors as part of the Growth team's [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement|Positive Reinforcement project]]. When A/B testing on Spanish Wikipedia, we found ''no significant impact'' on retention, but we found a ''significant positive impact'' on newcomer productivity. However, we concluded that the results weren’t positive enough to justify the time investment from Mentors. We plan to discuss this feature with our pilot wikis, and consider further improvements before scaling this feature further. Meanwhile, communities willing to test the feature can ask to have it deployed. ([[phab:T361763|T361763]]) [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newcomer experience projects#Scaling the new donor Thank you page to English Wikipedia|'''English donors encouraged to try editing''']] As in previous years, donors were directed to a Thank you page after donation ([https://thankyou.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank%20You/en?country=US example]). However, this year we tested a new “Try editing Wikipedia,” call to action on the Thank You page. This call to action linked to a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&geEnabled=1&campaign=typage-in-en-2023 unique account creation page]. From this account creation page we were able to track Registrations and Activation (editing for the first time). During the English banner campaign, the Donor Thank you page led to 4,398 new accounts, and 441 of those accounts went on to constructively edit within 24 hours. ([[phab:T352900|T352900]]) == Growth News, July 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless]] === Community Configuration === The Growth team released [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Community configuration|Community Configuration]] at all Wikipedias. You can access it at <code>Special:CommunityConfiguration</code>. This new special page replaces <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. For now, all Growth features can be configured using Community Configuration. Configuration for [[mw:Moderator Tools/Automoderator|AutoModerator]] ([[phab:T365046|T365046]]) and other features will be available in the future. You can help with translations. The interface translation is done [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-communityconfiguration&language=&filter=&action=translate at Translatewiki.net]. You can also help [[mw:Help:Community Configuration|translate the documentation]]. If you attend [[wikimania:2024:Wikimania|Wikimania 2024]], please join us for the session about [https://wikimania.eventyay.com/2024/talk/CJKJT8/ Community configuration's future]! === Current work === [[mw:Growth/Community Updates|'''Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module''']] We will add a new Community Configurable module to the Newcomer Homepage that will allow communities to highlight specific events, projects, campaigns, and initiatives. We have released a simple version available to beta wikis. We will conduct an A/B test at [[mw:Growth/FAQ#pilot|our pilot wikis]] using the new [[labsconsole:Metrics_Platform|Metrics Platform]]. We still welcome community feedback on initial designs and plans, in any language at [[mw:Talk:Growth/Community Updates|our project talk page]]. === Future work === '''[[mw:Growth/Constructive activation experimentation|Increase constructive activation on mobile]]''' As part of the [[mw:Growth/Annual Plan 2024-2025|Growth team 2024/2025 Annual Plan]], the Growth team will explore various ways to increase the percentage of newcomers who successfully start editing. Editing a Wikipedia page requires too much context and patience. It means many trial and error for newcomers to contribute, meaning a steeper learning curve and potential discouraging reverts. To support a new generation of volunteers, we will increase the number and availability of smaller, structured, and more task-specific editing workflows (E.g. [[mw:Edit check|Edit Check]] and [[mw:Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks|Structured Tasks]]). The Growth team will primarily focus on Structured Tasks, while working closely with the [[Editing team|Editing team]] to ensure our work integrates well with Edit Check. == Growth News, October 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] === Current work === [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community Updates|'''Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module''']] We will add a new module to the Newcomer Homepage that will allow communities to highlight specific events, projects, campaigns, and initiatives. We have released a simple version on beta wikis and we will soon start an A/B test on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#pilot|our pilot wikis]]. This module will only display on the Newcomer Homepage if communities decide to utilize it, so learn [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|how to configure the Community Updates module]], or share your thoughts on [[mw:Talk:Growth/Community Updates|the project's talk page]]. [[File:Design one for surfacing structured tasks.png|thumb|One design concept aimed to increase constructive activation]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation|'''Constructive activation experimentation''']] After showcasing [https://www.figma.com/proto/gog5jsPm40hNRAuyYPpaf0/Wikimania-2024-%E2%80%94-Surfacing-structured-tasks?node-id=24-2102&node-type=canvas&t=Qi6ekdUstnd3flDa-0&scaling=min-zoom&content-scaling=fixed&page-id=0%3A1&starting-point-node-id=24%3A2102 early design ideas] at Wikimania, we conducted [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Design|user testing of design prototypes]]. We now aim to engage communities in further discussions and plan to run a targeted experiment, presenting a structured task within the reading view to logged-in new account holders with zero edits. '''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]''' This Community Configuration extension was developed to help communities customize wiki features to meet their unique needs. The Growth team is now helping other Wikimedia Foundation teams make their products configurable: * The Moderation Tools team now provides Community Configuration for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]]. ([[phab:T365046|T365046]]) * Certain [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension settings will be configurable soon. ([[phab:T328171|T328171]]) === Future work === As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Annual Plan 2024-2025|Growth team annual plan]], we will continue to investigate ways to increase constructive activation on mobile, while also working with Data Products to move forward A/B testing functionality via the [[wikitech:Metrics_Platform|Metrics Platform]]. === Community events === * Growth team members presented ''Community Configuration: Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together'' at Wikimania ([https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1zFMP-_-j6AlcuC_2b32-zdpmvlAO8_SWOtg9mZXCNPI/edit#slide=id.g2cbe13544d8_5_15 slides]). The [https://www.youtube.com/live/govhrZZjV6s?t=3962s session recording is available to watch on YouTube]. This session provided an update on the Community Configuration project and introduced details about the upcoming features that communities will soon be able to configure. Representatives from the Moderator Tools, Editing, Web, and Campaigns teams shared their plans for utilizing Community Configuration in the future. Following these presentations, the WMF Growth team's [[:User:Trizek (WMF)|Benoît Evellin]] and [[:User:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)|Martin Urbanec]] answered audience questions. * [[:User:Dyolf77 (WMF)|Habib Mhenni]] gave a presentation of how mentorship works at WikiIndaba 2024. [[:File:How to became a mentor, Growth feature, Wiki Indaba 2024.webm|The recording is available]]. == Growth Newsletter #33 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth_team_logo_-_Icon_only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === [[mw:Growth/Constructive activation experimentation|Constructive Activation Experiments]] === This year, the Growth team is exploring ways to help more new account holders start editing—and do so constructively, meaning their edits are not reverted. Our latest experiments include: * '''Gradual rollout of "Add a Link" at English Wikipedia''' – We are gradually introducing the "Add a Link" structured task to newcomers at English Wikipedia ([[phab:T386029|T386029]]). This serves as a natural A/B test to measure its impact on activation, retention, and revert rates ([[phab:T382603|T382603]]). Previous experiments on pilot wikis showed that "Add a Link" increases newcomer participation, particularly by helping them make constructive (non-reverted) edits. * '''Testing in-article suggestions for first-time editors''' – Many new account holders want to contribute but don’t know where to start. To help, we’re piloting a feature that surfaces structured task suggestions directly in an article’s read view for brand-new editors ([[phab:T385343|T385343]]). These suggestions will appear for logged-in users with no edits, providing a clear, simple way to begin contributing that is surfaced while they read. === [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|Community Updates]] === Newcomers often struggle to find their place in Wikipedia’s collaborative environment. While experienced editors easily discover events like edit-a-thons and writing campaigns, newcomers often miss out. * To bridge this gap, we launched the '''Community Updates''' module for the Newcomer Homepage. This module is disabled by default, allowing Community Admins to decide how (or if) to use it. * If your community hosts events, consider setting up a Community Update to engage and welcome newcomers! [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives|Learn more on Diff]]. To configure, visit Special:CommunityConfiguration. === [[mw:Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] === Community Configuration is now available across all wikis, including non-Wikipedia projects ([[phab:T383910|T383910]]). Community Configuration allows admins to customize various features like Growth features and Automoderator for their communities, and more recently the Babel extension now allows admins to modify configuration: * '''Babel customization''' – Admins can now configure Babel settings ([[phab:T374348|T374348]]), including category naming, automatic category creation, and more. See an example on [[commons:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel|Wikimedia Commons]]. * '''Upcoming configurable features''' – Projects exploring community configuration options include: '''[[metawiki:Incident_Reporting_System|Incident Reporting System]]''' ([[phab:T374113|T374113]]) and '''[[phab:T384444|Cite backlinks]]''' ([[phab:T378807|T378807]]). === [[mw:Growth/Feature summary#Mentorship 2|Mentorship]] === Mentors play a key role in guiding new editors. If you’re interested in mentoring, or turning mentorship on at your wiki, check out the [[mw:Growth/FAQ#Mentorship|Mentorship FAQ]] * Starting February 17, 100% of new accounts at English Wikipedia will be assigned a mentor ([[phab:T384505|T384505]]). * At Spanish Wikipedia, on 50% of newcomers get a mentor. Experienced contributors are encouraged to [[:es:Especial:Gestionar_mentores|join mentorship]] so that Spanish Wikipedia can provide a mentor to all new users. == Growth News #34 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Mentoring new editors === In February, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Mentorship 2|Mentorship]] was successfully rolled out to 100% of newcomers on English Wikipedia. Following this milestone, we collaborated with Spanish Wikipedia to expand Mentorship coverage to 70% of new accounts, with plans to reach 85% soon unless concerns are raised by mentors. ([[phab:T394867|T394867]]) === “Add a Link” Task – Iteration and Experimentation === Our efforts to improve and scale the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|“Add a Link” structured task]] continued across multiple fronts: * '''Community Feedback & Model Improvements''': We’ve responded to community concerns with targeted changes: ** Restricting access to newer accounts ([[phab:T393688|T393688]]) ** Some links types were removed to align with recommendations written in the English Wikipedia Manual of Style ([[phab:T390683|T390683]]) ** Allowing communities to limit “Add a Link” to newcomers ([[phab:T393771|T393771]]) ** The model used to suggest the links was improved to ease its training ([[phab:T388258|T388258]]) * '''English Wikipedia rollout and A/B test''': We increased the rollout to 20% of newcomers, with analysis underway. Preliminary data suggests this feature makes new account holders more likely to complete an unreverted edit. ([[phab:T386029|T386029]], [[phab:T382603|T382603]]) * '''Surfacing Structured Tasks''': An experiment where we show “add a link” suggestions to newly registered users while they are reading an article is running on pilot wikis (French, Persian, Indonesian, Portuguese, Egyptian Arabic). Initial results are under analysis. ([[phab:T386029|T386029]]) === Newcomer Engagement Features === * '''“Get Started” notification''': Engineering is in progress for a new notification (Echo/email) to encourage editing among newcomers with zero edits. Early research shows this type of nudge is effective. ([[phab:T392256|T392256]]) * '''Confirmation email:''' We are exploring ways to simplify and improve the initial account confirmation email newly registered users receive. ([[phab:T215665|T215665]]) === Community Configuration Enhancements === Communities can now manage which namespaces are eligible for Event Registration via [[mw:Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. ([[phab:T385341|T385341]]) === Annual Planning === The Wikimedia Foundation’s 2025–2026 Annual Plan is taking shape. The Growth and Editing teams will focus on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Product_&_Technology_OKRs#Contributor_Experiences_(WE1)|'''Contributor Experiences (WE1)''' objective]], with a focus on increasing '''constructive edits''' by editors with fewer than 100 cumulative contributions. == Growth/Newsletters/36 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Recent releases === ====Account creation experiments==== Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results. * An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]]) * A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) *A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]] *We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a "reveal password" option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase). ====Revise Tone structured task==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone. In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis. ====Automated mentor list cleanup==== Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees). Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active. We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]]. ====Growth features for Wikidata==== Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel. === Work in progress === [[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]] ====Home==== The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage. Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment. === Research === The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community: * [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:17, 18 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=30870183 --> p94r8g1nhwu6fqwusz1cdl172revoj4 0 724507 10966873 10511498 2026-08-18T17:26:09Z Canadachick 1633172 10966873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Scott Island.jpg|thumb|200px|Scott island]] '''Scott Island''' is an island at the [[Ross Sea]], [[Southern Ocean]],<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288306.1982.10421508</ref> 505 kilometers (310 miles) northeast of Cape Adare, the northeastern tip of Victoria Land, [[Antarctica]], lies a small island. It measures 565 meters (618 yards) in length from north to south and varies in width from 130 meters (140 yards) to 340 meters (370 yards), reaching a height of 54 meters (177 feet) and covering an area of 4 hectares (9.9 acres). The Hagits Pillar, a stack reaching 62 meters (203 feet) in height and 50 meters (55 yards) in [[diameter]], resulting in an area of less than 0.2 hectares (0.5 acres), is located 250 meters (270 yards) west of the island. The island has two small coves with beaches, surrounded by steep cliffs on the rest of the island. One cove is located on the northeastern coast, and the other is opposite the Hagits Pillar on the western coast of the island. == Features == A notable feature of Scott Island is the Hagits Pillar, a rock stack located 250 meters (820 feet) west of the island. The pillar stands at a height of 62 meters (203 feet) and has a diameter of 50 meters (164 feet). == Climate == The climate of Scott Island is polar, with strong winds, low temperatures, and limited sunlight during the winter months. The island is surrounded by sea ice for much of the year, and the surrounding waters are home to a variety of marine life. == Research and exploration == Scott Island has been the subject of scientific research and exploration, with studies focusing on the island's [[geology]], wildlife, and climate. The island's remote location and unique environment make it an important site for researchers seeking to understand the natural systems of Antarctica. == References == {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://marineornithology.org/PDF/24/24_12.pdf Birds observed at Scott Island, Ross Sea, Antarctica] *Gerhard Wörner and Giovanni Orsi (1990). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090902210215/http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Polarforsch1990_2_5.pdf Volcanic observations on Scott Island in the Antarctic Ocean], ''Polarforschung'', 60 (2), 82–83. {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Islands]] [[Category:Antarctica]] [[Category:Southern Ocean]] jkchz4muj2e43cqszsbzq35rxacorj2 0 727736 10967053 10966107 2026-08-18T22:41:20Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Preity Zinta | image = Preity Zinta grace the GQ Best Dressed Awards 2018 (4).jpg | caption = Zinta in 2018 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1975|1|31}} | birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] | alma_mater = {{ill|St. Bede's College, Shimla|lt=|en|St. Bede's College, Shimla|WD=}} | occupation = Actress, producer, entrepreneur | years_active = 1996&ndash;present<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20010611-after-preity-zinta-and-hrishita-bhatt-latest-liril-girl-tara-sharma-gets-lucky-775094-2001-06-11|title=After Preity Zinta and Hrishita Bhatt, latest Liril girl Tara Sharma gets lucky|website=India Today|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> | spouse = {{marriage|Gene Goodenough|2016}} | children = 2 | works = [[Preity Zinta filmography|Full list]] | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta|Full list]] }} '''Preity Zinta'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/preity-zinta-adds-her-husbands-name-her-name-103014470.html|title=Preity Zinta Adds Her Husband's Name To Her Name, After 2 Years Of Marriage, Just Like Sonam K Ahuja|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=8 June 2018|access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> (pronounced {{IPA-hns|ˈpriːt̪i ˈzɪɳʈaː|}}; born 31 January 1975) is an Indian actress and businesswoman. She is best known for her work in [[Bollywood|Hindi movies]]. After she finished university, where she studied [[English literature]] and [[Psychology|criminal psychology]], Zinta became an actress. Her first movie roles were in ''[[Dil Se..]]'' in 1998, followed by a role in ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian movie)|Soldier]]'' in the same year. For these two movies she won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut. She is known for her role as a teenage single mother in ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' (2000). She also got a lot of praise for her roles in films like ''Sangharsh'' (1999), ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' (2001), ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001), ''Dil Hai Tumhaara'' (2002), and ''Armaan'' (2003). She won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her performance in the drama ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003). She played leading roles in the [[science fiction]] film ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' (2003) and the romantic drama ''Veer-Zaara'' (2004). These two films were the biggest hits in [[India]] in 2003 and 2004. She also played other roles like a modern Indian woman in both ''Salaam Namaste'' (2005) and ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006). These films were big hits in India and in other countries. In 2008 she acted in her first movie made outside India. It was a [[Canada|Canadian]] drama called ''Heaven on Earth''. She won the Silver Hugo Award for Best Actress for this role. After that, she paused with acting for several years. She made only a few movies later. One of them was ''Ishkq in Paris'' (2013), which she also produced herself. Zinta also works as a [[television]] presenter and a [[Actor|stage performer]], and she helps [[Social cause|social causes]]. From 2004 to 2005, she wrote a column for [[BBC]] News Online. She started a film company called PZNZ Media. Since 2008 she has been one of the owners of the [[cricket]] team [[Punjab Kings]], which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]]. In 2017 she also became the owner of a [[South Africa|South African]] cricket team, the Stellenbosch Kings. In India, Zinta is known for saying what she thinks in public. This has sometimes caused arguments. In 2004 there was a court case against the [[film producer]] Bharat Shah. Many witnesses changed what they had said, but Zinta did not change her statements about [[Organized crime|organised crime]]. She was given the Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Award for this. ==Early life== Preity Zinta was born on 31 January 1975 in [[Shimla]], a town in the north Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].'''<ref name="Tribune-birth">{{cite news|author=Joshi, Shriniwas|date=16 March 2007|title=Glamour girls from Himachal Pradesh|newspaper=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070316/hp1.htm}}</ref>''' She has two brothers. Her father was in the army, but he died in a car crash when she was thirteen. Her mother was badly hurt in the same crash and could not get out of bed for two years. Zinta has said this changed her life and made her grow up quickly.'''<ref name="rediff2000">{{cite web|author=Khubchandani, Lata|date=22 May 2000|title=I had this illusion that filmstars are like kings and queens|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/22preity.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref>''' She went to school in Shimla. Zinta studied [[English literature]] at university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/happy-birthday-preity-zinta-rare-unseen-childhood-cute-photos-841720-2017-01-31/6 |title= Happy Birthday Preity Zinta: Unseen photos from her childhood that you cannot afford to miss |newspaper=India Today |date=31 January 2017|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> She then took a second degree in criminal [[psychology]]. After this she started working as a model and appeared in [[Advertising|television adverts]].'''<ref name="Zinta the PM">{{cite news|author=Sharma, Mandvi|date=24 June 2006|title='I would've been the PM'|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>''' == Movie career == Zinta became an actress in 1998. Her first movies were ''Dil Se..'' and ''Soldier'', and she won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut for them.<ref name="Zinta the PM" /> She became well known for playing a teenage single mother in ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' (2000). Her best years were between 2003 and 2006. She won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003). Her movies Koi... Mil Gaya (2003) and Veer-Zaara (2004) were the biggest hits in India in those two years.<ref name="boi2003">{{cite web|title=Box Office 2003|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2003&pageId=4|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="boiworld">{{cite web|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=2026-08-17|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021202725/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008 Zinta acted in her first movie made outside India, a [[Canada|Canadian]] drama called ''Heaven on Earth''. She won a best actress award at the [[Chicago]] International Film Festival for this role.<ref name="Chicago">{{cite web|title=Awards 2008|url=http://www.chicagofilmfestival.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/CIFFSite.woa/wa/pages/Awards%202008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105225422/http://www.chicagofilmfestival.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/CIFFSite.woa/wa/pages/Awards%202008|archive-date=5 January 2009|access-date=27 January 2009|publisher=Chicago International Film Festival}}</ref> After that she stopped acting for several years. She made a few movies later, including ''Ishkq in Paris'' (2013), which she also produced. In 2018 she returned to acting. == Other work == Since 2008, Zinta has been one of the owners of the [[cricket]] team Punjab Kings, which plays in the Indian Premier League.<ref name="ipl">{{cite news|date=24 January 2008|title=SRK, Preity Zinta, Ambani, Mallya win IPL bids|newspaper=Hindustan Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-cricket-topstories/srk-ambani-mallya-win-ipl-bids/article1-271517.aspx|access-date=17 August 2026|archive-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217111610/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-cricket-topstories/srk-ambani-mallya-win-ipl-bids/article1-271517.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also owns a South African cricket team.<ref name="stellenbosch">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-09-08|title=T20 Global League: Kings XI Punjab’s Preity Zinta to own Stellenbosch team|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/t20-global-league-kings-xi-punjab-s-preity-zinta-to-own-stellenbosch-team/story-P5yRdH4ikelEFKwIWuzhkL.html|access-date=2026-08-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> From 2004 to 2005 she wrote columns for [[BBC]] News Online.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|author=Zinta, Preity|date=29 January 2004|title=The changing face of Bollywood|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3445467.stm}}</ref> She has also worked as a [[television]] presenter.<ref name="tvhost">{{cite news|author=Aikara, Anita|date=18 March 2011|title=Girl, interrupted|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/girl-interrupted/763879/0}}</ref> Preity Zinta publicly supports ACT (Against Child Trafficking), and has worked with [[Melanne Verveer]] on the global campaign.<ref name="orphans">{{cite magazine|date=23 March 2009|title=Preity Zinta to look after 34 orphans|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/preity-zinta-to-look-after-34-orphans-42445-2009-03-22|magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/a185606/preity-zinta-combating-child-trafficking/ |title= Preity Zinta combating child trafficking |newspaper=Digital Spy |date=6 November 2009 |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref> In 2009 she began paying for the education of 34 girls from an orphanage.'''<ref name="orphans" />''' == Personal life == Zinta was in a relationship with the businessman Ness Wadia from 2005 to 2009.<ref name="wadia">{{cite news|author=Shaikh, Jamal|date=3 February 2005|title=Preity woman's man|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/preity-womans-man/articleshow/1010644.cms}}</ref> On 29 February 2016, Zinta married her American partner Gene Goodenough. They had two children in 2021 by [[surrogacy]]. Their children are twins, a boy and a girl.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Raghuvanshi|first1=Aakanksha|date=18 November 2021|title=Preity Zinta And Gene Goodenough Welcome Twins Via Surrogacy|publisher=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/preity-zinta-and-gene-goodenough-welcome-twins-via-surrogacy-2615453|access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> Zinta moved to [[Los Angeles]] after her marriage, she often visits India.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 January 2021|title='Felt helpless and powerless': Preity Zinta on her family's Covid-19 battle|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/felt-helpless-and-powerless-preity-zinta-on-her-familys-covid-19-battle/articleshow/80210864.cms?from=mdr|access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> As of 2025, the family spends time in both [[Hollywood]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/preity-zinta-says-gene-goodenough-lucked-out-marrying-an-indian-woman-1503409175.html |title= Preity Zinta says Gene Goodenough ‘lucked out’ marrying an Indian woman |newspaper=The Statesman |date=8 March 2025 |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> In 2003, Zinta was a witness in a court case against the film producer Bharat Shah, who was said to have links with [[Organized crime|organised crime]]. Other witnesses changed what they had said earlier, but Zinta did not, and she was given a national bravery award for this.'''<ref name="hostile">{{cite web|date=30 September 2003|title=Except Preity, everyone turned hostile|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/30shah.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="bravery">{{cite news|date=13 March 2003|title=This Preity woman is brave too|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/This-Preity-woman-is-brave-too/articleshow/40195013.cms}}</ref>'''[[File:Preity Zinta at ACT (Against Child Trafficking) (2).jpg | thumb | right | Zinta at ACT with Verveer in 2012.]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zinta, Preity}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Indian movie actors]] [[Category:Indian television actors]] [[Category:Indian businesspeople]] [[Category:Indian movie producers]] [[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]] 9qgj3auuhn3nhfw3lur5bu78xugfa4n 0 728141 10966649 10966355 2026-08-18T14:50:47Z ~2026-44974-33 1856608 /* Guest */ 10966649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Sofia the First''''' is an American animated television series that premiered on November 18, 2012, produced by [[Disney Television Animation]] for [[Disney Channel]] and [[Disney Junior]]. Jamie Mitchell is the director and executive producer and Craig Gerber serves as creator, story editor, and producer. The show follows the adventures of Sofia, voiced by Ariel Winter. Sofia becomes a princess when her mother, Miranda, marries King Roland II of Enchancia. The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch. The show had its final episode on September 8, 2018. The Theme song is sung by [[Ariel Winter]]. == Voice cast and characters == Main article: List of ''Sofia the First'' characters === Main === * Ariel Winter as Princess Sofia * Kai Harris as Prince Zane * Aaliyah Magcasi as Princess Camila * Mela Pietropaolo as Princess Layla === Recurring === * Sara Ramirez as Queen Miranda ** Andrea Rose Guzman as Young Miranda * Travis Willingham as King Roland II * Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber * Yonas Kibreab as Prince James * Jess Harnell as Cedric the Sorcerer * Wayne Brady as Clover * Tim Gunn as Baileywick * Eric Stonestreet as Minimus * Nate Torrence as Pepper * Matthew Lamb as Prince Devin * Eva Ariel Binder as Princess Zaria * Ari Elizabeth Johnson as Princess Thandi * Marcel Nahapetian as Prince Farhad * Ashton Frank as Prince Reginald * Julie Nathanson as Miss Nettle * Beanie Feldstein as Wildfyre * Yvette Nicole Brown as Lady Saddlespur * James Monroe Iglehart as Lord Primrose * Jeremy Swift as Mr. Muddykins * Tony Hale as Mimsy Fizzlewick * Eden Espinosa as Zandrya * Grey DeLisle as Miss Gigglesby * Dee Bradley Baker as Goo Monsters * Monia Ayachi as Queen Nadia * Marwan Salama as King Kareem * Rhett Morgan as Prince Haruki * Henry Witcher as Rufus * TBA as Princess Mayari * TBA as Princess Linh === Guest === * Julie Nathanson as Portrait * Ashley Eckstein as Mia * Meghan Strange as Robin * Julie Nathanson as Unicorn * Jess Harnell as Scroll * Julie Nathanson as Spectators * Mick Wingert as Additional Voices * Richard Kind as Ember * Isabella Acres as Jade * Diamond White as Ruby Hanshaw * Sasha Knight as Village Kid * Stephanie Koenig as Tomato * John Ross Bowie as Chauncey * Max Mittelman as Carrot * Max Mittelman as Lilygnome * Ethan Slater as Nutmeg * Jeremy Jordan as Sage * Rachel Bloom as Queen Zora * Nat Faxon as King Ziggy * Belle Adams as Rapunzel * Dee Bradley Baker as Maximus * Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana * Aimee Carrero as Elena * Cinderella * Fairy Godmother * Aurora * Jasmine * Ariel * Snow White * Sofia the First * Luncia * Fa Mulan * Whatnaught * Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather {{Disney Junior}} [[Category:2010s American animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American musical comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American preschool education television series]] [[Category:2012 American animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2018 American animated television series endings]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:American animated television series about children]] [[Category:American children's animated adventure television series]] [[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated musical television series]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:Annie Award–winning television shows]] [[Category:Disney Jr. original programming]] [[Category:Television series about princesses]] [[Category:Television series about witchcraft]] [[Category:Television series by Disney]] [[Category:Television series set in fictional countries]] {{tv-stub}} 5yh3s4bppe74cveh079792qevstav9d 10966653 10966649 2026-08-18T14:53:14Z ~2026-44974-33 1856608 /* Voice cast and characters */ 10966653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Sofia the First''''' is an American animated television series that premiered on November 18, 2012, produced by [[Disney Television Animation]] for [[Disney Channel]] and [[Disney Junior]]. Jamie Mitchell is the director and executive producer and Craig Gerber serves as creator, story editor, and producer. The show follows the adventures of Sofia, voiced by Ariel Winter. Sofia becomes a princess when her mother, Miranda, marries King Roland II of Enchancia. The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch. The show had its final episode on September 8, 2018. The Theme song is sung by [[Ariel Winter]]. == Voice cast and characters == Main article: List of ''Sofia the First'' characters === Main === * Ariel Winter as Princess Sofia * Kai Harris as Prince Zane * Aaliyah Magcasi as Princess Camila * Mela Pietropaolo as Princess Layla === Recurring === * Sara Ramirez as Queen Miranda ** Andrea Rose Guzman as Young Miranda * Travis Willingham as King Roland II * Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber * Yonas Kibreab as Prince James * Jess Harnell as Cedric the Sorcerer * Wayne Brady as Clover * Tim Gunn as Baileywick * Eric Stonestreet as Minimus * Nate Torrence as Pepper * Matthew Lamb as Prince Devin * Eva Ariel Binder as Princess Zaria * Ari Elizabeth Johnson as Princess Thandi * Marcel Nahapetian as Prince Farhad * Ashton Frank as Prince Reginald * Julie Nathanson as Miss Nettle * Beanie Feldstein as Wildfyre * Yvette Nicole Brown as Lady Saddlespur * James Monroe Iglehart as Lord Primrose * Jeremy Swift as Mr. Muddykins * Tony Hale as Mimsy Fizzlewick * Eden Espinosa as Zandrya * Grey DeLisle as Miss Gigglesby * Dee Bradley Baker as Goo Monsters * Monia Ayachi as Queen Nadia * Marwan Salama as King Kareem * Rhett Morgan as Prince Haruki * Henry Witcher as Rufus * TBA as Princess Mayari * TBA as Princess Linh === Guest === * Julie Nathanson as Portrait * Ashley Eckstein as Mia * Meghan Strange as Robin * Julie Nathanson as Unicorn * Jess Harnell as Scroll * Julie Nathanson as Spectators * Mick Wingert as Additional Voices * Richard Kind as Ember * Isabella Acres as Jade * Diamond White as Ruby Hanshaw * Sasha Knight as Village Kid * Stephanie Koenig as Tomato * John Ross Bowie as Chauncey * Max Mittelman as Carrot * Max Mittelman as Lilygnome * Ethan Slater as Nutmeg * Jeremy Jordan as Sage * Rachel Bloom as Queen Zora * Nat Faxon as King Ziggy * Belle Adams as Rapunzel * Dee Bradley Baker as Maximus * Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana * Aimee Carrero as Elena * Cinderella * Fairy Godmother * Aurora * Jasmine * Ariel * Snow White * Sofia the First * Luncia * Fa Mulan * Whatnaught * Belle * Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather {{Disney Junior}} [[Category:2010s American animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American musical comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American preschool education television series]] [[Category:2012 American animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2018 American animated television series endings]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:American animated television series about children]] [[Category:American children's animated adventure television series]] [[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated musical television series]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:Annie Award–winning television shows]] [[Category:Disney Jr. original programming]] [[Category:Television series about princesses]] [[Category:Television series about witchcraft]] [[Category:Television series by Disney]] [[Category:Television series set in fictional countries]] {{tv-stub}} 8mqpm54bm0zwg69q0cvb1q6e3buavkk 10966660 10966653 2026-08-18T14:56:26Z ~2026-44974-33 1856608 /* Guest */ 10966660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Sofia the First''''' is an American animated television series that premiered on November 18, 2012, produced by [[Disney Television Animation]] for [[Disney Channel]] and [[Disney Junior]]. Jamie Mitchell is the director and executive producer and Craig Gerber serves as creator, story editor, and producer. The show follows the adventures of Sofia, voiced by Ariel Winter. Sofia becomes a princess when her mother, Miranda, marries King Roland II of Enchancia. The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch. The show had its final episode on September 8, 2018. The Theme song is sung by [[Ariel Winter]]. == Voice cast and characters == Main article: List of ''Sofia the First'' characters === Main === * Ariel Winter as Princess Sofia * Kai Harris as Prince Zane * Aaliyah Magcasi as Princess Camila * Mela Pietropaolo as Princess Layla === Recurring === * Sara Ramirez as Queen Miranda ** Andrea Rose Guzman as Young Miranda * Travis Willingham as King Roland II * Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber * Yonas Kibreab as Prince James * Jess Harnell as Cedric the Sorcerer * Wayne Brady as Clover * Tim Gunn as Baileywick * Eric Stonestreet as Minimus * Nate Torrence as Pepper * Matthew Lamb as Prince Devin * Eva Ariel Binder as Princess Zaria * Ari Elizabeth Johnson as Princess Thandi * Marcel Nahapetian as Prince Farhad * Ashton Frank as Prince Reginald * Julie Nathanson as Miss Nettle * Beanie Feldstein as Wildfyre * Yvette Nicole Brown as Lady Saddlespur * James Monroe Iglehart as Lord Primrose * Jeremy Swift as Mr. Muddykins * Tony Hale as Mimsy Fizzlewick * Eden Espinosa as Zandrya * Grey DeLisle as Miss Gigglesby * Dee Bradley Baker as Goo Monsters * Monia Ayachi as Queen Nadia * Marwan Salama as King Kareem * Rhett Morgan as Prince Haruki * Henry Witcher as Rufus * TBA as Princess Mayari * TBA as Princess Linh === Guest === * Julie Nathanson as Portrait * Ashley Eckstein as Mia * Meghan Strange as Robin * Julie Nathanson as Unicorn * Jess Harnell as Scroll * Julie Nathanson as Spectators * Mick Wingert as Additional Voices * Richard Kind as Ember * Isabella Acres as Jade * Diamond White as Ruby Hanshaw * Sasha Knight as Village Kid * Stephanie Koenig as Tomato * John Ross Bowie as Chauncey * Max Mittelman as Carrot * Max Mittelman as Lilygnome * Ethan Slater as Nutmeg * Jeremy Jordan as Sage * Rachel Bloom as Queen Zora * Nat Faxon as King Ziggy * Belle Adams as Rapunzel * Dee Bradley Baker as Maximus * Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana * Aimee Carrero as Elena * Cinderella * Fairy Godmother * Aurora * Jasmine * Ariel * Snow White * Sofia the First * Lucinda * Fa Mulan * Whatnaught * Belle * Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather {{Disney Junior}} [[Category:2010s American animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American musical comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American preschool education television series]] [[Category:2012 American animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2018 American animated television series endings]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:American animated television series about children]] [[Category:American children's animated adventure television series]] [[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated musical television series]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:Annie Award–winning television shows]] [[Category:Disney Jr. original programming]] [[Category:Television series about princesses]] [[Category:Television series about witchcraft]] [[Category:Television series by Disney]] [[Category:Television series set in fictional countries]] {{tv-stub}} hcw8e9b4g159te4rd3uq50n3s0pv74u 10967422 10966660 2026-08-19T11:44:30Z ~2026-45379-60 1857946 /* Voice cast and characters */ 10967422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Sofia the First''''' is an American animated television series that premiered on November 18, 2012, produced by [[Disney Television Animation]] for [[Disney Channel]] and [[Disney Junior]]. Jamie Mitchell is the director and executive producer and Craig Gerber serves as creator, story editor, and producer. The show follows the adventures of Sofia, voiced by Ariel Winter. Sofia becomes a princess when her mother, Miranda, marries King Roland II of Enchancia. The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch. The show had its final episode on September 8, 2018. The Theme song is sung by [[Ariel Winter]]. == Voice cast and characters == Main article: List of ''Sofia the First'' characters === Main === * Ariel Winter as Princess Sofia * Kai Harris as Prince Zane * Aaliyah Magcasi as Princess Camila * Mela Pietropaolo as Princess Layla === Recurring === * Sara Ramirez as Queen Miranda ** Andrea Rose Guzman as Young Miranda * Travis Willingham as King Roland II * Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber * Yonas Kibreab as Prince James * Jess Harnell as Cedric the Sorcerer * Wayne Brady as Clover * Tim Gunn as Baileywick * Eric Stonestreet as Minimus * Nate Torrence as Pepper * Matthew Lamb as Prince Devin * Eva Ariel Binder as Princess Zaria * Ari Elizabeth Johnson as Princess Thandi * Marcel Nahapetian as Prince Farhad * Ashton Frank as Prince Reginald * Julie Nathanson as Miss Nettle * Beanie Feldstein as Wildfyre * Yvette Nicole Brown as Lady Saddlespur * James Monroe Iglehart as Lord Primrose * Jeremy Swift as Mr. Muddykins * Tony Hale as Mimsy Fizzlewick * Eden Espinosa as Zandrya * Grey DeLisle as Miss Gigglesby * Dee Bradley Baker as Goo Monsters * Monia Ayachi as Queen Nadia * Marwan Salama as King Kareem * Rhett Morgan as Prince Haruki * Henry Witcher as Rufus * TBA as Princess Mayari * TBA as Princess Linh === Guest === * Julie Nathanson as Portrait * Ashley Eckstein as Mia * Meghan Strange as Robin * Julie Nathanson as Unicorn * Jess Harnell as Scroll * Julie Nathanson as Spectators * Mick Wingert as Additional Voices * Richard Kind as Ember * Isabella Acres as Jade * Diamond White as Ruby Hanshaw * Sasha Knight as Village Kid * Stephanie Koenig as Tomato * John Ross Bowie as Chauncey * Max Mittelman as Carrot * Max Mittelman as Lilygnome * Ethan Slater as Nutmeg * Jeremy Jordan as Sage * Rachel Bloom as Queen Zora * Nat Faxon as King Ziggy * Belle Adams as Rapunzel * Dee Bradley Baker as Maximus * Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana * Aimee Carrero as Elena * Cinderella * Aurora * Jasmine * Ariel * Snow White * Sofia the First * Lucinda * Fa Mulan * Whatnaught * Belle * Fairy Godmother * Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather {{Disney Junior}} [[Category:2010s American animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American musical comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American preschool education television series]] [[Category:2012 American animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2018 American animated television series endings]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:American animated television series about children]] [[Category:American children's animated adventure television series]] [[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated musical television series]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:Annie Award–winning television shows]] [[Category:Disney Jr. original programming]] [[Category:Television series about princesses]] [[Category:Television series about witchcraft]] [[Category:Television series by Disney]] [[Category:Television series set in fictional countries]] {{tv-stub}} i1nhjd3aey661cr3mlixp3heg8hsmh5 10967423 10967422 2026-08-19T11:55:29Z ~2026-45379-60 1857946 /* Voice cast and characters */ 10967423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Sofia the First''''' is an American animated television series that premiered on November 18, 2012, produced by [[Disney Television Animation]] for [[Disney Channel]] and [[Disney Junior]]. Jamie Mitchell is the director and executive producer and Craig Gerber serves as creator, story editor, and producer. The show follows the adventures of Sofia, voiced by Ariel Winter. Sofia becomes a princess when her mother, Miranda, marries King Roland II of Enchancia. The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch. The show had its final episode on September 8, 2018. The Theme song is sung by [[Ariel Winter]]. == Voice cast and characters == Main article: List of ''Sofia the First'' characters === Main === * Ariel Winter as Princess Sofia * Kai Harris as Prince Zane * Aaliyah Magcasi as Princess Camila * Mela Pietropaolo as Princess Layla === Recurring === * Sara Ramirez as Queen Miranda ** Andrea Rose Guzman as Young Miranda * Travis Willingham as King Roland II * Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber * Yonas Kibreab as Prince James * Jess Harnell as Cedric the Sorcerer * Wayne Brady as Clover * Tim Gunn as Baileywick * Eric Stonestreet as Minimus * Nate Torrence as Pepper * Matthew Lamb as Prince Devin * Eva Ariel Binder as Princess Zaria * Ari Elizabeth Johnson as Princess Thandi * Marcel Nahapetian as Prince Farhad * Ashton Frank as Prince Reginald * Julie Nathanson as Miss Nettle * Beanie Feldstein as Wildfyre * Yvette Nicole Brown as Lady Saddlespur * James Monroe Iglehart as Lord Primrose * Jeremy Swift as Mr. Muddykins * Tony Hale as Mimsy Fizzlewick * Eden Espinosa as Zandrya * Grey DeLisle as Miss Gigglesby * Dee Bradley Baker as Goo Monsters * Monia Ayachi as Queen Nadia * Marwan Salama as King Kareem * Rhett Morgan as Prince Haruki * Henry Witcher as Rufus * TBA as Princess Mayari * TBA as Princess Linh * Merit Leighton as Lucinda * Lauren Lapkus as Charmsie === Guest === * Julie Nathanson as Portrait * Ashley Eckstein as Mia * Meghan Strange as Robin * Julie Nathanson as Unicorn * Jess Harnell as Scroll * Julie Nathanson as Spectators * Mick Wingert as Additional Voices * Richard Kind as Ember * Isabella Acres as Jade * Diamond White as Ruby Hanshaw * Sasha Knight as Village Kid * Stephanie Koenig as Tomato * John Ross Bowie as Chauncey * Max Mittelman as Carrot * Max Mittelman as Lilygnome * Ethan Slater as Nutmeg * Jeremy Jordan as Sage * Rachel Bloom as Queen Zora * Nat Faxon as King Ziggy * Belle Adams as Rapunzel * Dee Bradley Baker as Maximus * Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana * Aimee Carrero as Elena * Cinderella * Aurora * Jasmine * Ariel * Snow White * Sofia the First * Fa Mulan * Whatnaught * Belle * Fairy Godmother * Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather {{Disney Junior}} [[Category:2010s American animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American musical comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American preschool education television series]] [[Category:2012 American animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2018 American animated television series endings]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:American animated television series about children]] [[Category:American children's animated adventure television series]] [[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated musical television series]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:Annie Award–winning television shows]] [[Category:Disney Jr. original programming]] [[Category:Television series about princesses]] [[Category:Television series about witchcraft]] [[Category:Television series by Disney]] [[Category:Television series set in fictional countries]] {{tv-stub}} nzfgc9tpbx8t22l4s9uttzyegu68ayr 0 733997 10967158 10869913 2026-08-19T03:11:26Z ~2026-45253-54 1857780 10967158 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dana White in June 2025 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|White in [[Baku]], 2025]] {{Infobox Person | name = Dana White | nationality = American | height = 5 ft 11 in }} '''Dana Frederick White Jr.''' (born July 28, 1969) is a [[European Americans|European-American]] businessman. He is the current president of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC). The UFC is the largest [[mixed martial arts]] (MMA) organization in the world. Under the leadership of White, the UFC has become a multi-billion dollar company and very popular across the globe. White's [[net worth]] is reportedly [[US $]]500 million. White was born in [[Manchester, Connecticut]]. He grew up in [[Ware, Massachusetts]]. He has been married to Anne Stella since 1996. The couple have three children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gq.com.au/men-of-the-year/event-coverage/everything-you-need-to-know-about-dana-white-before-his-gq-moty-appearance/image-gallery/8bffcf37a156c06986e40adb07fe6557|title=Everything You Need To Know About Dana White Before His GQ MOTY Appearance|last=Nash|first=Brad|date=November 9, 2018|website=GQ|access-date=January 25, 2020}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name|1831502}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:White, Dana}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Connecticut]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Massachusetts]] [[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship]] itg2voyhxdrqzaksmmh4a1n2ctz3nht 0 752602 10966615 8330512 2026-08-18T13:58:32Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10966615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Phyllida Law | post-nominals = [[OBE]] | image = PhyllidaLaw05.jpg | caption = Law in [[London]], 2005 | birthname = Phyllida Ann Law | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|5|8|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|8||1932|5|8|df=y}} | death_place = | nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]] | occupation = Actress | yearsactive = 1958–2024 | spouse = {{marriage|[[Eric Thompson]]|1957|1982|reason=died}} | children = [[Emma Thompson]]<br/>[[Sophie Thompson]] }} '''Phyllida Ann Law''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE}} (8 May 1932 &ndash; August 2026) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] actress. Her movie credits include ''[[Peter's Friends]]'' (1992), ''[[Much Ado About Nothing (1993 movie)|Much Ado About Nothing]]'' (1993), ''[[Emma (1996 theatrical movie)|Emma]]'' (1996), ''[[The Winter Guest]]'' (1997) and ''[[Nanny McPhee]]'' (2005). Law was born in [[Glasgow]]. She was married to actor [[Eric Thompson]] from 1957 until his death in 1982. Their daughters, [[Emma Thompson|Emma]] and [[Sophie Thompson]], are both actresses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/phyllida-law-got-have-funeral-afternoon-curtain-230pm-people/|title=Phyllida Law: 'I've got to have my funeral in the afternoon, curtain up 2.30pm, so people can get to the theatre afterwards'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 July 2017|access-date=20 April 2020|author=Lambert, Victoria}}</ref> Law died in August 2026 at the age of 94.<ref name=guardiandeath>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2026/aug/18/phyllida-law-performer-stage-screen-dies ''The Guardian'', "Phyllida Law, prolific performer across stage and screen, dies aged 94"], 18 August 2026. Retrieved 18 August 2026.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Law, Phyllida}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Glasgow]] [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Radio actors]] [[Category:Scottish movie actors]] [[Category:Scottish stage actors]] [[Category:Scottish television actors]] [[Category:Scottish voice actors]] {{actor-stub}} d6zeyy2day2a11gst4exuhdu89x5mqc 10966617 10966615 2026-08-18T13:58:59Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 removed [[Category:Living people]]; added [[Category:2026 deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Phyllida Law | post-nominals = [[OBE]] | image = PhyllidaLaw05.jpg | caption = Law in [[London]], 2005 | birthname = Phyllida Ann Law | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|5|8|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|8||1932|5|8|df=y}} | death_place = | nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]] | occupation = Actress | yearsactive = 1958–2024 | spouse = {{marriage|[[Eric Thompson]]|1957|1982|reason=died}} | children = [[Emma Thompson]]<br/>[[Sophie Thompson]] }} '''Phyllida Ann Law''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE}} (8 May 1932 &ndash; August 2026) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] actress. Her movie credits include ''[[Peter's Friends]]'' (1992), ''[[Much Ado About Nothing (1993 movie)|Much Ado About Nothing]]'' (1993), ''[[Emma (1996 theatrical movie)|Emma]]'' (1996), ''[[The Winter Guest]]'' (1997) and ''[[Nanny McPhee]]'' (2005). Law was born in [[Glasgow]]. She was married to actor [[Eric Thompson]] from 1957 until his death in 1982. Their daughters, [[Emma Thompson|Emma]] and [[Sophie Thompson]], are both actresses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/phyllida-law-got-have-funeral-afternoon-curtain-230pm-people/|title=Phyllida Law: 'I've got to have my funeral in the afternoon, curtain up 2.30pm, so people can get to the theatre afterwards'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 July 2017|access-date=20 April 2020|author=Lambert, Victoria}}</ref> Law died in August 2026 at the age of 94.<ref name=guardiandeath>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2026/aug/18/phyllida-law-performer-stage-screen-dies ''The Guardian'', "Phyllida Law, prolific performer across stage and screen, dies aged 94"], 18 August 2026. Retrieved 18 August 2026.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Law, Phyllida}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from Glasgow]] [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Radio actors]] [[Category:Scottish movie actors]] [[Category:Scottish stage actors]] [[Category:Scottish television actors]] [[Category:Scottish voice actors]] {{actor-stub}} fyvsu2pwd43q3m1z3fygkfhlykj97pm 10966758 10966617 2026-08-18T16:27:51Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Phyllida Law | post-nominals = [[OBE]] | image = PhyllidaLaw05.jpg | caption = Law in [[London]], 2005 | birthname = Phyllida Ann Law | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|5|8|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|7|27|1932|5|8|df=y}} | death_place = | nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]] | occupation = Actress | yearsactive = 1958–2024 | spouse = {{marriage|[[Eric Thompson]]|1957|1982|reason=died}} | children = [[Emma Thompson]]<br/>[[Sophie Thompson]] }} '''Phyllida Ann Law''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE}} (8 May 1932 &ndash; 27 July 2026) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] actress. Her movie credits include ''[[Peter's Friends]]'' (1992), ''[[Much Ado About Nothing (1993 movie)|Much Ado About Nothing]]'' (1993), ''[[Emma (1996 theatrical movie)|Emma]]'' (1996), ''[[The Winter Guest]]'' (1997) and ''[[Nanny McPhee]]'' (2005). Law was born in [[Glasgow]]. She was married to actor [[Eric Thompson]] from 1957 until his death in 1982. Their daughters, [[Emma Thompson|Emma]] and [[Sophie Thompson]], are both actresses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/phyllida-law-got-have-funeral-afternoon-curtain-230pm-people/|title=Phyllida Law: 'I've got to have my funeral in the afternoon, curtain up 2.30pm, so people can get to the theatre afterwards'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 July 2017|access-date=20 April 2020|author=Lambert, Victoria}}</ref> Law died on 27 July 2026 at the age of 94.<ref name=guardiandeath>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2026/aug/18/phyllida-law-performer-stage-screen-dies ''The Guardian'', "Phyllida Law, prolific performer across stage and screen, dies aged 94"], 18 August 2026. Retrieved 18 August 2026.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-18 |title=Phyllida Law: Actress who starred with daughters Emma and Sophie Thompson dies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr7kddmn97do |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Law, Phyllida}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from Glasgow]] [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Radio actors]] [[Category:Scottish movie actors]] [[Category:Scottish stage actors]] [[Category:Scottish television actors]] [[Category:Scottish voice actors]] {{actor-stub}} ajttbbs7zo6yi8f9nuqle41k7y77jsk 10966916 10966758 2026-08-18T18:31:07Z Spectritus 1299044 10966916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Phyllida Law | post-nominals = [[OBE]] | image = PhyllidaLaw05.jpg | caption = Law in [[London]], 2005 | birthname = Phyllida Ann Law | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|7|6|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|7|27|1932|7|6|df=y}} | death_place = | nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]] | occupation = Actress | yearsactive = 1958–2024 | spouse = {{marriage|[[Eric Thompson]]|1957|1982|reason=died}} | children = [[Emma Thompson]]<br/>[[Sophie Thompson]] }} '''Phyllida Ann Law''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE}} (6 July<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2026/aug/18/phyllida-law-obituary</ref> 1932 &ndash; 27 July 2026) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] actress. Her movie credits include ''[[Peter's Friends]]'' (1992), ''[[Much Ado About Nothing (1993 movie)|Much Ado About Nothing]]'' (1993), ''[[Emma (1996 theatrical movie)|Emma]]'' (1996), ''[[The Winter Guest]]'' (1997) and ''[[Nanny McPhee]]'' (2005). Law was born in [[Glasgow]]. She was married to actor [[Eric Thompson]] from 1957 until his death in 1982. Their daughters, [[Emma Thompson|Emma]] and [[Sophie Thompson]], are both actresses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/phyllida-law-got-have-funeral-afternoon-curtain-230pm-people/|title=Phyllida Law: 'I've got to have my funeral in the afternoon, curtain up 2.30pm, so people can get to the theatre afterwards'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 July 2017|access-date=20 April 2020|author=Lambert, Victoria}}</ref> Law died on 27 July 2026 at the age of 94.<ref name=guardiandeath>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2026/aug/18/phyllida-law-performer-stage-screen-dies ''The Guardian'', "Phyllida Law, prolific performer across stage and screen, dies aged 94"], 18 August 2026. Retrieved 18 August 2026.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-18 |title=Phyllida Law: Actress who starred with daughters Emma and Sophie Thompson dies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr7kddmn97do |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Law, Phyllida}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from Glasgow]] [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Radio actors]] [[Category:Scottish movie actors]] [[Category:Scottish stage actors]] [[Category:Scottish television actors]] [[Category:Scottish voice actors]] {{actor-stub}} fda1el3mpw7pxrcfprqw02k5jfj3jgf 0 757011 10966978 9205614 2026-08-18T20:29:48Z UsssÜr 1857621 /* */ she died 10966978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gloria Menezes cropped.jpg|right|200px]] '''Glória Menezes''', [[artistic name]] of '''Nicelde Soares Magalhães''' (born on October 19, 1934) was a [[Brazil]]ian actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zerohora.clicrbs.com.br/zerohora/jsp/default.jsp?section=Estilo%20de%20Vida&newsID=a2687097.xml|title=Glória Menezes se emociona ao retornar a Pelotas|date=October 16, 2009|work=Zero Hora|language=pt|access-date=August 6, 2010}}</ref> She was born in [[Pelotas]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. Menezes was best known for her role as Amelia in the [[telenovela]] ''[[Páginas da Vida]]''. From 1962 until his death in 2021, she was married to actor [[Tarcísio Meira]]. They had one child. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|0579510}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Glória}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Brazilian movie actors]] [[Category:Brazilian television actors]] [[Category:People from Rio Grande do Sul]] {{actor-stub}} ioue5emq6349acoxe9eqxwyfz2609eo 10966980 10966978 2026-08-18T20:42:19Z Fr33kman 15149 Undid revision 10966978 by [[Special:Contributions/UsssÜr|UsssÜr]] ([[User talk:UsssÜr|talk]]) 10966980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gloria Menezes cropped.jpg|right|200px]] '''Glória Menezes''', [[artistic name]] of '''Nicelde Soares Magalhães''' (born October 19, 1934) is a [[Brazil]]ian actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zerohora.clicrbs.com.br/zerohora/jsp/default.jsp?section=Estilo%20de%20Vida&newsID=a2687097.xml|title=Glória Menezes se emociona ao retornar a Pelotas|date=October 16, 2009|work=Zero Hora|language=pt|access-date=August 6, 2010}}</ref> She was born in [[Pelotas]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. Menezes was best known for her role as Amelia in the [[telenovela]] ''[[Páginas da Vida]]''. From 1962 until his death in 2021, she was married to actor [[Tarcísio Meira]]. They have one child. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|0579510}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Glória}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Brazilian movie actors]] [[Category:Brazilian television actors]] [[Category:People from Rio Grande do Sul]] {{actor-stub}} n3gb11z7nq1uk5cll0npkzwatrupukc 10967057 10966980 2026-08-18T23:02:11Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10967057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} [[File:Gloria Menezes cropped.jpg|right|200px]] '''Glória Menezes''', [[artistic name]] of '''Nicelde Soares Magalhães''' (19 October 1934 &ndash; 18 August 2026) was a [[Brazil]]ian actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zerohora.clicrbs.com.br/zerohora/jsp/default.jsp?section=Estilo%20de%20Vida&newsID=a2687097.xml|title=Glória Menezes se emociona ao retornar a Pelotas|date=October 16, 2009|work=Zero Hora|language=pt|access-date=August 6, 2010}}</ref> She was born in [[Pelotas]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. Menezes was best known for her role as Amelia in the [[telenovela]] ''[[Páginas da Vida]]''. From 1962 until his death in 2021, she was married to actor [[Tarcísio Meira]]. They had one child. Menezes died in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil on 18 August 2026, at the age of 92.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2026/08/18/atriz-gloria-menezes-morre-no-rio.ghtml|title=Glória Menezes, uma das maiores atrizes do país, morre no Rio aos 91 anos|date=August 18, 2026|work=G1|language=pt|access-date=August 18, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|0579510}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Glória}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Brazilian movie actors]] [[Category:Brazilian television actors]] [[Category:People from Rio Grande do Sul]] {{actor-stub}} g8h1mbhox3g4yx7rf5h6g7j0p2u4moi 10967059 10967057 2026-08-18T23:02:36Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10967059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} [[File:Gloria Menezes cropped.jpg|right|200px]] '''Glória Menezes''', [[artistic name]] of '''Nicelde Soares Magalhães''' (19 October 1934 &ndash; 18 August 2026) was a [[Brazil]]ian actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zerohora.clicrbs.com.br/zerohora/jsp/default.jsp?section=Estilo%20de%20Vida&newsID=a2687097.xml|title=Glória Menezes se emociona ao retornar a Pelotas|date=October 16, 2009|work=Zero Hora|language=pt|access-date=August 6, 2010}}</ref> She was born in [[Pelotas]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. Menezes was best known for her role as Amelia in the [[telenovela]] ''[[Páginas da Vida]]''. From 1962 until his death in 2021, she was married to actor [[Tarcísio Meira]]. They had one child. Menezes died in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil on 18 August 2026, at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2026/08/18/atriz-gloria-menezes-morre-no-rio.ghtml|title=Glória Menezes, uma das maiores atrizes do país, morre no Rio aos 91 anos|date=August 18, 2026|work=G1|language=pt|access-date=August 18, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|0579510}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Glória}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Brazilian movie actors]] [[Category:Brazilian television actors]] [[Category:People from Rio Grande do Sul]] {{actor-stub}} 1r0ppah3jaf0345jwbzndvs1kbhcgo6 0 758102 10966930 10952864 2026-08-18T18:53:03Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10966930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | genre = [[historical drama|Period]] [[sitcom]] | based_on = {{Based on|''[[The Big Bang Theory]]''|Chuck Lorre and [[Bill Prady]]}} | creator = {{Plainlist| * [[Chuck Lorre]] * [[Steven Molaro]] }} | director = | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Iain Armitage]] * [[Zoe Perry]] * [[Lance Barber]] * [[Montana Jordan]] * Raegan Revord * [[Jim Parsons]] * [[Annie Potts]]<!--Please note that although Potts and Hobby are credited on the show ahead of Jim Parsons, in this article they are listed below Parsons per the guideline in WP:TVCAST. The guideline says that actors who have not been credited as main cast for the entire series should be listed below those who are, and the order is by first credit as main cast. Potts was first credited as main cast on episode 3 of season 1, and Hobby was first credited as main cast on episode 2 of season 3. --> }} | narrated = Jim Parsons | theme_music_composer = [[Steve Burns]] | opentheme = "Mighty Little Man" by Steve Burns | endtheme = "Mighty Little Man" (instrumental) | composer = [[Jeff Cardoni]]<br />[[John Debney]] | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 7<!--Only increment as a new season premieres, per the documentation of the template.--> | num_episodes = 141<!--Only increment as a new episode premieres, per the documentation of the template.--> | list_episodes = List of Young Sheldon episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Steven Molaro * Jim Parsons * Todd Spiewak * Chuck Lorre * [[Steve Holland (writer)|Steve Holland]] * [[Jon Favreau]] (pilot only) }} | producer = [[Timothy Marx]] | location = | cinematography = Fred "Buzz" Feitshans IV | editor = Brian Merken | camera = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]] | runtime = 18–21 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * Chuck Lorre Productions * [[Warner Bros. Television]] }} | network = [[CBS]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2017|9|25}} | last_aired = {{End date|2024|5|16}} | related = ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' }} '''''Young Sheldon''''' is an American [[Comedy movie|comedy]] television series on [[CBS]] created by [[Chuck Lorre]] and [[Steven Molaro]]. The series is a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] [[prequel]] to ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'', and premiered as a special preview on September 25, 2017, and two days later, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes. On November 2, 2017, new episodes began airing weekly. The one-hour finale aired on May 16, 2024. ==Cast and characters== ===Main=== * [[Iain Armitage]] as [[Sheldon Cooper|Sheldon Lee Cooper]], a [[child prodigy]] who has exceptional skills in math and science. He decided to study physics around the same time as the show begins. While gifted, Sheldon lacks a full understanding of social skills and behaviors. He is Georgie's younger brother and Missy's fraternal older twin brother. He begins attending high school at age nine and college full-time at age 11, then earns his undergraduate degree and moves to California at age 14 in the final episode, where he begins his graduate studies at [[Caltech]], his future employer. ** [[Jim Parsons]] voices adult Sheldon Cooper (and also Sheldon Cooper in ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]''), who narrates the series by reflecting on his childhood. He has been considered an [[unreliable narrator]] by some observers because of continuity differences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Young Sheldon Continuity Errors Might Have a Simple Explanation After All |date=March 17, 2023 |url=https://startefacts.com/news/young-sheldon-continuity-errors-might-have-a-simple-explanation-after-all_a134 |access-date=March 5, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Young Sheldon Proves Sheldon Is Really A Pathological Liar On TBBT |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=October 24, 2022 |url=https://screenrant.com/young-sheldon-pathological-liar-big-bang-theory/ |access-date=March 5, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Young Sheldon Fans Think They Finally Understand The Show's Continuity Errors |date=March 17, 2023 |url=https://www.looper.com/1230922/young-sheldon-fans-think-they-finally-understand-the-shows-continuity-errors |access-date=March 5, 2024}}</ref> * [[Zoe Perry]] as [[Mary Cooper (The Big Bang Theory)|Mary Cooper]] (née Tucker), mother of Sheldon, Missy, and Georgie, and wife to George Sr. She is overprotective of her children, and she worries about them because of her own troubled past. She has a strong [[Southern Baptist]] faith, working at her local church, and often objects to Sheldon's [[atheism]]. Nevertheless, she deeply loves her son and wants to protect him for as long as she can. Perry's mother, [[Laurie Metcalf]], played Mary on ''The Big Bang Theory''. * [[Lance Barber]] as {{visible anchor|George Cooper Sr.}}, father of Sheldon, Missy, and Georgie; a [[Vietnam veteran]] and the head football coach at Medford High. George does not share Sheldon's intellect, which sometimes leads others, especially Meemaw, to question his genetic relationship to Sheldon. He is often at odds with his children and particularly struggles to understand Sheldon, but he does try to be a caring and responsible father. He often gets criticism by Mary on his alcohol intake. In the episodes leading up to the [[series finale]], he is offered a prestigious football coaching job at [[Rice University]], but dies of a heart attack shortly afterward. Barber appeared in a Season 5 episode of ''The Big Bang Theory'' as one of adult Sheldon's future roommate [[Leonard Hofstadter]]'s high school bullies, Jimmy Speckerman, before making an appearance via a 1990s videotape as his ''Young Sheldon'' character in a final season episode. * [[Montana Jordan]] as George Marshall "Georgie" Cooper Jr., older brother of Sheldon and Missy, and husband to Mandy. Georgie resents the attention his parents, especially his mother, pay to Sheldon. He does not do well at school and gets mocked and teased for it by the rest of the family, particularly [[Sheldon Cooper|Sheldon]] and Meemaw. He does not get along well with Sheldon and is tired of being compared to him. He attends Medford High with Sheldon and plays on the school's football team. At age 17, he drops out of school to work full-time and discovers a talent for sales that will lead him to become the wealthy owner of a tire store chain in ''The Big Bang Theory'', on which he is played by [[Jerry O'Connell]], appearing in the final portions of the penultimate season for Sheldon's wedding. In season 5, he becomes attracted to a weather forecaster named Mandy who is 12 years older than him, and unintentionally gets her pregnant. He starts acting more maturely and responsibly as he goes forward with raising their child and marrying her. * [[Raegan Revord]] as Melissa "Missy" Cooper, younger sister of George Jr, and younger twin sister of Sheldon. She teases Sheldon along with Georgie, but not as much. She does not share Sheldon's intelligence, but is very [[Emotional intelligence|perceptive]]. Missy sometimes feels ignored or left out by her mother by all the attention Mary gives Sheldon. Occasionally, she does not get along with Sheldon, but she finds in her twin brother a solid confidant and has admitted to not feeling as whole without him. She also shows love for her brother even though she constantly denies it. She is depicted as a popular girl in school with many friends, and has a history of boyfriends, including Marcus Larson played by London Cheshire. She discovers her talent for baseball in Season 3, when she asks her father to play with her. [[Courtney Henggeler]] plays adult Missy on ''The Big Bang Theory'', appearing twice: once in the first season during a visit to Sheldon's place where his roommates flirt with her for attention, and the other time in the penultimate season finale for his wedding, when she meets his future wife Amy. <!--Please note that although Potts is credited on the show ahead of Jim Parsons, in this article she is listed below Parsons per the guideline in WP:TVCAST. The guideline says that actors who have not been credited as main cast for the entire series should be listed below those who are, and the order is by first credit as main cast. Potts was first credited as main cast on episode 3 of season 1. --> * [[Annie Potts]] as Constance "Connie" Tucker, maternal grandmother of Sheldon, Missy, and Georgie, who refer to her as "Meemaw". She is a fun-loving woman who can be sarcastic and often mocks those around her, especially her son-in-law George. On the other hand, she is patient with and sometimes struggles to understand Sheldon, whom she affectionately calls "Moonpie", and advises Mary to trust that Sheldon will find his way. In the fourth season, she is said to be around 68. [[June Squibb]] plays old Connie in ''The Big Bang Theory''. * [[Matt Hobby]] as Pastor Jeff Difford (seasons 3–7; recurring seasons 1 & 2), the upbeat pastor at the Cooper family's Baptist church. Like Mary, he too sometimes has friction with Sheldon's irreligious side and often challenges Sheldon to explore their line of thought through logic exercises. <!--Matt Hobby is credited as a series regular in the episodes where he appears. Please do not remove--> * Wyatt McClure as William "Billy" Sparks (seasons 5–7; recurring seasons 1–4), the seemingly slow-witted son of Cooper family neighbors Herschel and Brenda Sparks. The pilot episode depicts him as Sheldon's nemesis, but he becomes much friendlier early in the series. He has an unrequited crush on Missy.<!--Wyatt McClure is credited as a series regular in the episodes where he appears. Please do not remove--> * [[Emily Osment]] as Amanda "Mandy" Elizabeth<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hinduja |first1=Soniya |title=Here's Every Young Sheldon Character Confirmed for the Spinoff So Far|url=https://movieweb.com/every-young-sheldon-character-confirmed-for-georgie-mandy-spinoff/ |website=MovieWeb |access-date=June 18, 2024|date=May 17, 2024}}</ref> McAllister (seasons 6 & 7;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/young-sheldon-emily-osment-promoted-series-regular-season-6-1235010404/|title='Young Sheldon': Emily Osment Upped To Series Regular For Season 6|work=Deadline Hollywood|first=Denise|last=Petski|date=April 27, 2022|accessdate=April 27, 2022|archivedate=April 27, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427170341/https://deadline.com/2022/04/young-sheldon-emily-osment-promoted-series-regular-season-6-1235010404/|url-status=live}}</ref> recurring season 5), a weather forecaster and waitress about 12 years older than Georgie, with whom she has a daughter they name after Connie, nicknaming her "CeeCee", before they are later married in season 7. === Recurring === * [[Wallace Shawn]] as [[List of The Big Bang Theory and Young Sheldon characters#Dr. John Sturgis|John Sturgis]], a college physics professor whose class Sheldon attends as his first college course. He dates Meemaw with Sheldon's encouragement in seasons 1 through 3. He ends their relationship after having a [[mental breakdown]] and spending some time in a [[psychiatric hospital]]. After being fired from a post working with a [[hadron]] [[super collider]], he works for a grocery store from late season 4 to early season 5 and gets fired again before returning to the university. Sheldon says he is the only adult who understands him and often refers to him as his mentor. * Ryan Phuong as [[Tam Nguyen]] (seasons 1–4 & 7), Sheldon's [[Vietnamese-American]] childhood best friend and classmate. Tam introduces Sheldon to many of his non-scientific interests, including comic books and role playing games. [[Robert Wu]] plays adult Tam on ''The Big Bang Theory''. * [[Billy Gardell]] as Herschel Sparks (seasons 1 & 2), Billy's father and Brenda's husband, who owns a garage and divorces his wife in season 4. In season 7, he is stated to have moved to [[New Jersey]] and now has a non-existent relationship with his son. * [[Melissa Peterman]] as Brenda Sparks, Billy's mother, Herschel's wife until season 4, and Mary's initial nemesis and eventual friend, who works at the bowling alley frequented by Meemaw. * Doc Farrow as Assistant Coach Wayne Wilkins, Sheldon's P.E. teacher and the former assistant, now head football coach at Medford High. He was originally going to be called "Roy", but was named "Wayne" as of the episode "Spock, Kirk, and Testicular Hernia". * [[Valerie Mahaffey]] as Victoria MacElroy (seasons 1–3), Sheldon's homeroom and English teacher at Medford High. * [[Danielle Pinnock]] as Evelyn Ingram (seasons 1–4), Sheldon's math teacher at Medford High. * [[Brian Stepanek]] as Hubert Givens, Sheldon's science teacher at Medford High. * [[Rex Linn]] as Tom Petersen, the principal of Medford High. * [[Sarah Baker (actress)|Sarah Baker]] as Cheryl Hutchins, the Medford High librarian. * [[Jason Alexander]] as Gene Lundy (seasons 1–5), Medford High School's resident drama teacher. * [[Nancy Linehan Charles]] as Peg (seasons 1–5 & 7), Pastor Jeff's chain-smoking secretary. * [[Chris Wylde]] as Glenn (seasons 1–3), the owner of the comic bookstore King Kong Comics. * [[Isabel May]] as Veronica Duncan (seasons 2 & 3), Georgie's Halloween date who is introduced in "[[Seven Deadly Sins]] and a Small [[Carl Sagan]]". Initially a delinquent from a troubled household, she becomes a Christian after witnessing the "[[lust]]" room in Mr. Lundy's haunted house and loses interest in Georgie, who continues trying to win her over. She starts liking Georgie but backs off after he starts dating Jana. * [[Ed Begley Jr.]] as Dr. Grant Linkletter (seasons 2–7), a colleague and friendly rival of Dr. Sturgis. He regularly pursues Connie but is continually rebuffed. * [[Mckenna Grace]] as [[Paige Swanson]] (seasons 2–6), a [[child prodigy]] who treats Sheldon as a friend but whom Sheldon views as a rival, although he shows some empathy when she explains her difficult living situation at home. * [[Andrea Anders]] as Linda Swanson (seasons 2–4 & 6), Paige's mother. * Mary Grill as Officer Robin (seasons 2, 3 & 7), Pastor Jeff's second wife, who works as a police officer. * [[Craig T. Nelson]] as Dale Ballard (seasons 3–7), Missy's baseball coach and Meemaw's new boyfriend after Dr. Sturgis breaks up with her;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/young-sheldon-craig-t-nelson-recur-season-3-cbs-comedy-series-1202732165/|title='Young Sheldon': Craig T. Nelson To Play A Coach On CBS Comedy Series|first=Denise|last=Petski|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=September 11, 2019|accessdate=October 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928162515/https://deadline.com/2019/09/young-sheldon-craig-t-nelson-recur-season-3-cbs-comedy-series-1202732165/|archivedate=September 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> he owns a sporting goods store and hires Georgie and George to work there. * [[Reba McEntire]] as June (seasons 3–5 & 7), Dale's ex-wife, the local hairdresser whom Meemaw befriends. * Ava Allan as Jana Owens (seasons 3–5), Georgie's girlfriend after he gives up pursuing Veronica. They break up over Georgie's decision to drop out of school. * London Cheshire as Marcus Larson (seasons 3–4), Missy's boyfriend. * [[Wendie Malick]] as President Linda Hagemeyer (seasons 4–7), the president of the East Texas Tech, Sheldon's university. * [[Dan Byrd]] as Pastor Rob (seasons 5 & 6), a young, unorthodox pastor hired by Pastor Jeff to teach Sunday school. He and Mary appear to become mutually interested in one another during the fifth season, which upsets George. * Caleb Emery as Darren (season 5), one of Sheldon's new college dormitory neighbors who shares an interest in video games along with Oscar and Sheldon. * Ivan Mok as Oscar (season 5), one of Sheldon's college dormitory neighbors who shares an interest in video games along with Darren and Sheldon. * [[Rachel Bay Jones]] as Audrey McAllister (seasons 6 & 7), Mandy's mother<ref name="RBJonesandWSasso"/> * [[Will Sasso]] as Jim McAllister (seasons 6 & 7), Mandy's father, who owns an auto service shop specializing in tires, which Georgie will eventually take over and transform into the Dr. Tire store chain in ''The Big Bang Theory''.<ref name="RBJonesandWSasso">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/young-sheldon-rachel-bay-jones-will-sasso-cast-cbs-1235155439/|title='Young Sheldon': Rachel Bay Jones & Will Sasso Join CBS Comedy As Recurring|work=Deadline Hollywood|first=Katie|last=Campione|date=October 26, 2022|accessdate=October 26, 2022|archivedate=October 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026202025/https://deadline.com/2022/10/young-sheldon-rachel-bay-jones-will-sasso-cast-cbs-1235155439/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Sofia Rosinsky]] as Tonya (season 6), Pastor Jeff's niece.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paramount Press Express|url=https://www.paramountpressexpress.com/search/results?q=sofia%20rosinsky|accessdate=January 8, 2024|website=www.paramountpressexpress.com}}</ref> === Guest === * John Hartman as Dr. Jeremy Goetsch, the [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]] Sheldon sees when he has [[phagophobia]] and when he loses at the Medford High science fair.<!-- The link was to gentleman who's 68 years old, whilst the actor who plays Young Sheldon's psychiatrist is only about half that age, maybe in his early 30s. --> * [[Ray Liotta]] as Vincent, Meemaw's [[bookie]]. * [[Jason Kravits]] as Dr. Ronald Hodges, a NASA engineer and college roommate of Mr. Givens. He makes a presentation about his work to Mr. Givens' science class, which intrigues Sheldon to solve the challenges of [[reusable launch system]]s. * Dave Florek as Dr. Karl Eberland, Sheldon's doctor. * [[Karly Rothenberg]] as Mrs. Janice Veazey, Dr. Hodges' secretary. * [[Frances Conroy]] as Dr. Flora Douglas, headmaster of the boarding school Sheldon briefly attends. * [[Harry Groener]] as Elliot Douglas, Dr. Douglas' husband. * Paul Yen as Le Nguyen, Tam's father. He runs Medford Mart with his wife. * VyVy Nguyen as Trang Nguyen, Tam's mother and Mr. Nguyen's wife. * [[Phil Morris (actor)|Phil Morris]] as the voice of One and [[Anjali Bhimani]] as the voice of Zero in a dream Sheldon has. * [[Richard Kind]] as Ira Rosenbloom, one of Meemaw's boyfriends. * [[Zuleyka Silver]] as Selena, Pastor Jeff's ex-wife. * [[Anjelika Washington]] as Libby, an eleventh grade student who aspires to be a geologist and whom Sheldon and Tam befriend. * [[Ella and Mia Allan]] as Bobbi Sparks, Billy Sparks' younger sister with a reputation for tormenting Sheldon. * [[Cleo King]] as Mrs. Costello, a Medford High School counselor * [[Michael Cudlitz]] as a NASA supervisor who appears in Sheldon's daydream sequence. * [[Josh Cooke]] as Barry Swanson, Paige's father. * [[Ella Anderson]] as Erica Swanson, Paige's sister, who bonds with Georgie and Missy because they share common experiences being siblings of child prodigies * [[Paul Fusco]] appears as [[ALF (TV series)|ALF]] in "A Race of Superhumans and a Letter to Alf" when he reads Missy's letter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20181210cbs15/ |title=Listings – YOUNG SHELDON on CBS |website=[[The Futon Critic]] |access-date=March 1, 2019 }}</ref> * Mauricio Lara as Ricky, Sheldon's hospital roommate in "A Tummy Ache and a Whale of a Metaphor"{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} * [[John Rubinstein]] as Rabbi Schneiderman,<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Rubinstein |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/john-rubinstein/credits/3030551239/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> a rabbi who talks Sheldon out of converting to Judaism. * [[Benjamin Stockham]] as Preston. * [[Maree Cheatham]] as Dorothy, Veronica's grandmother. * [[Diedrich Bader]] as the voice of [[Batman]] in one of Sheldon's daydreams. * [[Steve Burns]] as Nathan. Burns also is the performer of the show's theme song. * [[Taylor Spreitler]] as Sam, a member of Sheldon's project group. * Nolan Bateman as Keith, a member of Sheldon's project group. * [[Louie Anderson]] as Ralph, the owner of a trophy shop where Mary wants to buy one for Missy. * [[Ryan Stiles]] as Dr. Bowers, Sheldon's dentist. * [[Melanie Lynskey]] as Professor Dora Ericson, Sheldon's college philosophy professor. * [[Dave Foley]] as Gary O'Brien, Sheldon's university benefactor. * [[David Hasselhoff]] as himself. * [[Julia Pace Mitchell]] as Darlene Wilkins, Coach Wilkins' wife who is revealed by Coach Wilkins to be cheating on him in the episode "An Ugly Car, an Affair and Some Kickass Football". * [[Diane Ladd]], [[Alan Rachins]] and [[Marla Gibbs]] as Hortense, Vern and Doris, Meemaw's friends. * [[Bill Fagerbakke]] as Jake, a police officer and Dale Ballard's acquaintance. Fagerbakke and Craig T. Nelson were previously costars on the sitcom ''[[Coach (TV series)|Coach]]''. * [[Lance Reddick]] as Professor Boucher, a stern former [[United States Army|Army]] engineer and a professor of engineering at Sheldon's university. * [[Ming-Na Wen]] as Dr. Carol Lee, a physicist from UC Berkeley brought in to lead a project that Sheldon, Dr. Sturgis, and Dr. Linkletter are working on. * [[Octavia Spencer]] as Officer Rhonda Thomason, Meemaw's Probation Officer. Similarly to Barber, Spencer previously appeared in an episode of ''The Big Bang Theory'' as a DMV employee who gives Sheldon his driver's permit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Young Sheldon cameo solves Big Bang Theory's biggest plot hole |date=May 7, 2024 |url=https://www.dexerto.com/tv-movies/young-sheldon-cameo-solves-big-bang-theory-plot-hole-2697848/ |access-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> === Original cast cameos === * [[Mayim Bialik]] as [[Amy Farrah Fowler]], Sheldon's wife and the mother of their son, [[Leonard Cooper]], and an unnamed daughter. This role is reprised from ''The Big Bang Theory''. She appears as part of the narration. She also physically reprises her role in the ''Young Sheldon'' series finale. * [[Kaley Cuoco]] as the voice of the pool water in one of Sheldon's nightmares. Cuoco previously played [[Penny (The Big Bang Theory)|Penny]] in ''The Big Bang Theory''. Sheldon alludes to Penny in the series finale as the babysitter of his children, who sparks his daughter's interest in acting classes. * [[Simon Helberg]] as [[Howard Wolowitz]], an aerospace engineer and one of Sheldon's adulthood friends. This role is reprised from ''The Big Bang Theory''. He appears as a narrator in the fifth [[season premiere]] on an episode detailing the origin of Sheldon's tryst with engineering. * [[Bob Newhart]] as Arthur Jeffries, a scientist who plays the title character of ''Professor Proton'', Sheldon's favorite [[educational television]] series. The character is an homage to [[Watch Mr. Wizard|Mr. Wizard]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/11/07/big-bang-theory-bill-nye/|title='Big Bang Theory': Bill Nye's preview|first=Erin|last=Strecker|date=November 7, 2013|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=October 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017152118/https://ew.com/article/2013/11/07/big-bang-theory-bill-nye/|archive-date=October 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Newhart reprises his portrayal of the character from ''The Big Bang Theory''. * [[Melissa Tang]] as Ms. Fenley, a music teacher at Sheldon's high school. Tang had previously played the character Mandy Chao in an episode of ''The Big Bang Theory''. * [[Vernee Watson-Johnson|Vernee Watson]] as Nurse Althea Robinson, who nurses George when he suffers a mild [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and then to Sheldon when he has his gall bladder removed. Watson reprises her portrayal of the character from ''The Big Bang Theory'', including its pilot. * [[Elon Musk]] makes a [[cameo appearance]] in the episode "[[#ep6|A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®]]" in a [[flashforward]] scene set 27 years into the future. He had also appeared in an episode of ''The Big Bang Theory''. * [[Stephen Hawking]] as himself (voice-only). Hawking previously guest-starred as himself in a recurring role in ''The Big Bang Theory''. * [[Penn Jillette]] and [[Teller (magician)|Teller]] as Pimple and Pus, Sheldon's imaginary personifications of his first pimple and its pus, who appear when he begins going through puberty, and promise to return before exploding into nothingness when Missy helps her brother pop his pimple. Teller also appeared in multiple episodes of ''The Big Bang Theory'' as Sheldon's father-in-law Larry Fowler. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2010s American sitcoms]] [[Category:2017 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2020s American sitcoms]] [[Category:2024 American television series endings]] [[Category:American television spin-offs]] [[Category:Television series about families]] [[Category:Television series about siblings]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] {{tv-stub}} qr5pxz2hwtcmrg8ofgi9b5mwqugyvka 0 759082 10967055 10956930 2026-08-18T22:50:36Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox official post | post = President | body = the National Assembly of the Lao People's Democratic Republic | native_name = | insignia = | insigniasize = 100px | insigniacaption = | insigniaalt = | flag = | flagsize = 125px | flagalt = | flagborder = | flagcaption = | image = | imagesize = | alt = | imagecaption = | incumbent = Vacant | acting = | incumbentsince = 8 August 2026 | department = [[National Assembly of Laos]] | style = | type = [[Speaker (politics)|Presiding officer]] | status = | abbreviation = | member_of = | reports_to = | residence = | seat = | nominator = | appointer = National Assembly of Laos | appointer_qualified = | termlength = | termlength_qualified = | constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Laos]] | precursor = | formation = | first = | last = | abolished = | superseded_by = | succession = | unofficial_names = | deputy = | salary = | website = | footnotes = }} This is a list of people who were the President of the [[National Assembly of Laos]]. ==Presidents of the Supreme People's Assembly== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan=2| Portrait ! rowspan=2| Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan=3| Term of office ! colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[List of political parties in Laos|Political party]] ! rowspan=2| Notes |- ! Took office ! Left office ! Time in office |- ! 1 | [[File:Souphanouvong1978.jpg|80px]] | [[Souphanouvong]]<br>{{lang|lo|ສຸພານຸວົງ}}<br>{{small|(1909–1995)}} | 2 December 1975 | 25 November 1986 | {{age in years and days|1975|12|2|1986|11|25}} ! style="background:{{party color|Lao People's Revolutionary Party}}" | | [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] | <ref name="appf">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170512072411/http://www.na.gov.la/appf17/na_history.html Asia Pacific Parliamentary Forum. Brief History of the National Assembly of Laos]</ref><ref name="nationalassembly">{{Cite web |url=http://www.na.gov.la/index.php?r=site/detailcontent&id=85&left=196 |title=Speakers |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025195321/http://na.gov.la/index.php?r=site/detailcontent&id=85&left=196 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! – | | [[Sisomphone Lovansay]]<br>{{lang|lo|ສີສົມພອນ ລໍວັນໄຊ}}<br>{{small|(1916–1993)<br>''Acting''}} | 25 November 1986 | 1988 | {{age in years|1986|1988}} years ! style="background:{{party color|Lao People's Revolutionary Party}}" | | [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] | <ref>{{cite book |last1=Publications |first1=Europa |title=A Political Chronology of South East Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tpuqK15kWAC |publisher=Routledge |language=en |date=2 September 2003|isbn=9781135356590 }}</ref> |- ! 2 | | [[Nouhak Phoumsavanh]]<br>{{lang|lo|ໜູຮັກ ພູມສະຫວັນ}}<br>{{small|(1910–2008)}} | 1 June 1989 | 25 November 1992 | {{age in years and days|1989|6|1|1992|11|25}} ! style="background:{{party color|Lao People's Revolutionary Party}}" | | [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] | <ref name="appf" /><ref name="nationalassembly" /> |} ==Presidents of the National Assembly== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan=2| Portrait ! rowspan=2| Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan=3| Term of office ! colspan=2 rowspan=2| Party ! rowspan=2| Notes |- ! Took office ! Left office ! Time in office |- ! 1 | | [[Samane Vignaket]]<br>{{lang|lo|ສະໝານ ວິຍະເກດ}}<br>{{small|(1927–2016)}} | 25 February 1993 | 2005 | {{age in years|1993|2005}} years ! style="background:{{party color|Lao People's Revolutionary Party}}" | | [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] | <ref name="appf" /><ref name="nationalassembly" /> |- ! 2 | [[File:Thongsing Thammavong 2012.jpg|80px]] | [[Thongsing Thammavong]]<br>{{lang|lo|ທອງສິງ ທຳມະວົງ}}<br>{{small|(born 1944)}} | 8 June 2006 | 23 December 2010 | {{age in years and days|2006|6|8|2010|12|23}} ! style="background:{{party color|Lao People's Revolutionary Party}}" | | [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] | <ref name="appf" /><ref name="nationalassembly" /> |- ! 3 | [[File:PanyYathotou.jpg|80px]] | [[Pany Yathotou]]<br>{{lang|lo|ປານີ ຢາທໍ່ຕູ້}}<br>{{small|(born 1951)}} | 23 December 2010 | 22 March 2021 | {{age in years and days|2010|12|23|2021|3|22}} ! style="background:{{party color|Lao People's Revolutionary Party}}" | | [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] | <ref name="nationalassembly" /> |- ! 4 | [[File:Xaysomphone Phomvihane.jpg|80px]] | [[Saysomphone Phomvihane]]<br>{{lang|lo|ໄຊ​ສົມ​ພອນ ພົມວິຫານ}}<br>{{small|(1956–2026)}} | 22 March 2021 | 8 August 2026 | {{age in years and days|2021|3|22|2026|8|8}} ! style="background:{{party color|Lao People's Revolutionary Party}}" | | [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] | <ref name="nationalassembly" /> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Presidents of the National Assembly of Laos}} [[Category:Presidents of the National Assembly (Laos)| ]] {{Multistub|politics|Asia}} tcku5zw7gwm269iuzm9i06mwm13rirh 0 759341 10966889 10602837 2026-08-18T17:37:17Z Canadachick 1633172 10966889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{NPOV|date=May 2020}} {{orphan|date=May 2020}} }} On 16 April 2020, a [[Gundas]] group [[Lynching|lynched]] two [[Hindu]] [[Sadhu|Sadhus]] and their driver in Gadchinchale, [[Palghar District]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The incident was fuelled by [[WhatsApp]] rumours of [[Theft|thieves]] operating in the area during the countrywide [[2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|coronavirus lockdown]]. The [[vigilante]] group of [[Village|villagers]] had mistaken the three passengers as thieves and killed them. [[Policemen]] who intervened were also attacked; Four policemen and a senior police officer were injured. As of 4 May, 115 villagers had been [[Arrest|arrested]] by the Maharashtra police on charges of [[murder]] and an investigation was ongoing. After the incident, rumours were spread increasing religious tension. On 22 April, Maharashtra Home Minister, [[Anil Deshmukh]] posted a complete list of people arrested, stating that none of the arrested were [[Muslim]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palghar-lynching-india-arrests-110-suspends-police-officers-rumor-fuelled-slayings-3-men/|title=110 arrested over latest deadly lynch mob attack in India|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Press Trust of India|title=Five more arrested in Palghar lynching case, 115 so far|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/five-more-arrested-in-palghar-lynching-case-1673383-2020-05-01|date=May 1, 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> The government said that both the attackers and the victims were of same religion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/palghar-mob-lynching-anil-deshmukh-releases-list-of-101-people-arrested/articleshow/75288323.cms|title=Palghar mob lynching: Anil Deshmukh releases list of 101 people arrested|date=April 22, 2020|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-date=2020-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512185458/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/palghar-mob-lynching-anil-deshmukh-releases-list-of-101-people-arrested/articleshow/75288323.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Palghar mob lynching, 2020}} [[Category:2020 in India]] [[Category:April 2020 events]] [[Category:Lynching]] [[Category:Maharashtra]] [[Category:Murder in 2020]] [[Category:Murder in India]] {{Asia-stub}} 6zgz3fh97xep60tg2aie6k4yb5xyqw5 0 779940 10966866 8934616 2026-08-18T17:22:02Z Canadachick 1633172 10966866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: Carmont derailment figure 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The crash site the day after the accident]] The '''Stonehaven derailment''' was a [[railway]] [[accident]]. It happened at around 09:40 [[British Summer Time|BST]] on 12 August 2020. It happened near Carmont. Carmont is west of [[Stonehaven]]. They are in [[Aberdeenshire]], in [[Scotland]]. At least three people died. Six others were injured. It was the first train derailment in the [[United Kingdom]] to kill people since the [[Grayrigg derailment]] in February 2007. It was the worst crash involving an [[InterCity 125]] train since the [[Ufton Nervet rail crash|Ufton Nervet collision]]. That was in 2004.<ref name="BTP">{{cite web |title=Three people have sadly died following train derailment - Scotland |url=https://media.btp.police.uk/r/17325/three_people_have_sadly_died_following_train_dera |publisher=British Transport Police |access-date=12 August 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The accident was caused by a [[landslide]].<ref name=Scotsman120820>{{Cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/scottish-train-delays-scotrail-cancels-nearly-200-services-amid-flooding-after-thunderstorms-2939671 |title=Scottish train delays: ScotRail cancels nearly 200 services amid flooding after thunderstorms |first=Conor |last=Marlborough |publisher=JPI Media |work=The Scotsman |access-date=12 August 2020 }}</ref> Mud slid onto the tracks. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2020 in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:2020s in Scotland]] [[Category:August 2020 events]] [[Category:2020 disasters in Europe]] [[Category:Railway accidents in Europe]] [[Category:Aberdeenshire]] {{Multistub|history|UK}} 01is4ccsv3lcy1js8m6ns1cyfmbdrhb 0 783860 10966913 10441058 2026-08-18T18:28:06Z ~2026-45285-67 1857568 /* */ 10966913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}} {{Use British English|date=August 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = Joel Glazer | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|03|31}} | birth_place = [[Rochester, New York]] | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | nationality = American | education = | occupation = | known_for = Co-owner of the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]<br> Co-owner of [[Manchester United F.C.]] | networth = | children = | spouse = | parents = Linda and [[Malcolm Glazer]] | family = [[Avram Glazer]]<br>[[Bryan Glazer]] | website = }} '''Joel Glazer''' (born 1967) is part of the parasitic Glazer family. The family controls [[First Allied Corporation]] and [[HRG Group]], the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] of the [[National Football League|NFL]], and [[England]]'s [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United Football Club]]. The family is based in [[Florida]]. ==Early life and education== Glazer was born to Linda and [[Malcolm Glazer]], American businessman and billionaire.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/feb/11/comment.football The Guardian: "The Guardian profile: Malcolm Glazer" by Nils Pratley] February 10, 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.com/2004/12/26/Tampabay/The_owner__the_enigma.shtml Tampa Bay Times: "The owner, the enigma" By SCOTT BARANCIK and DAMIAN CRISTODERO] December 26, 2004</ref> Glazer got a degree in [[interdisciplinary studies]] from [[American University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]. He is the joint [[Chairman]] of the [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] board with his brother [[Avram Glazer|Avram]]. Malcolm Glazer, Joel and Avram's father, [[wikt:appoint|appointed]] them. Joel Glazer is married to Angela Glazer. They have two children: Dylan and Zoey Glazer. ==Career== During the 2002 off-season, Joel worked with brothers Edward and Bryan. They [[wikt:hire|hired]] one of the new coaching stars in the [[National Football League|NFL]] in [[Jon Gruden]]. Gruden was the first non-[[rookie]] [[head coach]] in the history of the NFL to lead his team to the [[Super Bowl]] in his first season with a new team.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.glazerfamilyfoundation.org/our-programs | title=Joel Glazer biography | publisher=Glazer Family Foundation | access-date=July 4, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409104113/http://www.glazerfamilyfoundation.org/our-programs | archive-date=April 9, 2012 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Glazer has helped to lead the design for the [[Franchising|franchise's]] new {{convert|145000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} training place. He promised a "world-class facility" that will be the finest in the National Football League.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/03/18/Bucs/One_Buc_palace.shtml | title=One Buc Palace | newspaper=St. Petersburg Times | access-date=April 4, 2007}}</ref> The facility opened in time for the 2006 NFL season. It was built on the former Tampa Bay Center mall site across the street from [[Raymond James Stadium]]. Since the team started in 1976, Tampa Bay has been based for the last 30 seasons at [[One Buccaneer Place]], a training facility located near the [[Tampa International Airport]]. ==Related pages== *[[Glazer ownership of Manchester United]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-bus}} {{s-bef|before=[[Roy Gardner (businessman)|Sir Roy Gardner]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Manchester United F.C.]] chairman|years=2005&ndash;|regent1=[[Avram Glazer]]|years1=2005&ndash;}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glazer, Joel}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Rochester, New York]] [[Category:Jewish American sportspeople]] [[Category:Jewish billionaires]] [[Category:Jewish businesspeople]] [[Category:Glazer family|Joel]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Rochester, New York]] rdfakzdmpnnsnzt3khbt784vnn1g344 10966992 10966913 2026-08-18T21:17:25Z Peterdownunder 17988 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45285-67|~2026-45285-67]] ([[User talk:~2026-45285-67|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by CountryANDWestern. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}} {{Use British English|date=August 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = Joel Glazer | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|03|31}} | birth_place = [[Rochester, New York]] | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | nationality = American | education = | occupation = | known_for = Co-owner of the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]<br> Co-owner of [[Manchester United F.C.]] | networth = | children = | spouse = | parents = Linda and [[Malcolm Glazer]] | family = [[Avram Glazer]]<br>[[Bryan Glazer]] | website = }} '''Joel Glazer''' (born 1967) is part of the Glazer family. The family controls [[First Allied Corporation]] and [[HRG Group]], the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] of the [[National Football League|NFL]], and [[England]]'s [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United Football Club]]. The family is based in [[Florida]]. ==Early life and education== Glazer was born to Linda and [[Malcolm Glazer]], American businessman and billionaire.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/feb/11/comment.football The Guardian: "The Guardian profile: Malcolm Glazer" by Nils Pratley] February 10, 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.com/2004/12/26/Tampabay/The_owner__the_enigma.shtml Tampa Bay Times: "The owner, the enigma" By SCOTT BARANCIK and DAMIAN CRISTODERO] December 26, 2004</ref> Glazer got a degree in [[interdisciplinary studies]] from [[American University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]. He is the joint [[Chairman]] of the [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] board with his brother [[Avram Glazer|Avram]]. Malcolm Glazer, Joel and Avram's father, [[wikt:appoint|appointed]] them. Joel Glazer is married to Angela Glazer. They have two children: Dylan and Zoey Glazer. ==Career== During the 2002 off-season, Joel worked with brothers Edward and Bryan. They [[wikt:hire|hired]] one of the new coaching stars in the [[National Football League|NFL]] in [[Jon Gruden]]. Gruden was the first non-[[rookie]] [[head coach]] in the history of the NFL to lead his team to the [[Super Bowl]] in his first season with a new team.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.glazerfamilyfoundation.org/our-programs | title=Joel Glazer biography | publisher=Glazer Family Foundation | access-date=July 4, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409104113/http://www.glazerfamilyfoundation.org/our-programs | archive-date=April 9, 2012 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Glazer has helped to lead the design for the [[Franchising|franchise's]] new {{convert|145000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} training place. He promised a "world-class facility" that will be the finest in the National Football League.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/03/18/Bucs/One_Buc_palace.shtml | title=One Buc Palace | newspaper=St. Petersburg Times | access-date=April 4, 2007}}</ref> The facility opened in time for the 2006 NFL season. It was built on the former Tampa Bay Center mall site across the street from [[Raymond James Stadium]]. Since the team started in 1976, Tampa Bay has been based for the last 30 seasons at [[One Buccaneer Place]], a training facility located near the [[Tampa International Airport]]. ==Related pages== *[[Glazer ownership of Manchester United]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-bus}} {{s-bef|before=[[Roy Gardner (businessman)|Sir Roy Gardner]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Manchester United F.C.]] chairman|years=2005&ndash;|regent1=[[Avram Glazer]]|years1=2005&ndash;}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glazer, Joel}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Rochester, New York]] [[Category:Jewish American sportspeople]] [[Category:Jewish billionaires]] [[Category:Jewish businesspeople]] [[Category:Glazer family|Joel]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Rochester, New York]] foki7e5lpchxsxyelfev6yw62ke6jzz 0 808085 10966723 9889810 2026-08-18T15:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pelle Svensson.jpg|right|200px]] '''Per Oskar "Pelle" Svensson''' (6 February 1943 – 17 December 2020) was a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman wrestler]] and [[lawyer]]. He won a silver medal at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] and two gold medals at the [[FILA Wrestling World Championships|World Championships]] in 1970 and 1971.<ref name=sr>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417203444/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sv/per-svensson-1.html Per Svensson]. sports-reference.com</ref><ref name=sok>[http://sok.se/idrottare/idrottare/p/per-svensson.html Per Svensson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025164237/https://sok.se/idrottare/idrottare/p/per-svensson.html |date=2020-10-25 }}. Swedish Olympic Committee</ref> Svensson was born in [[Sollefteå]], [[Sweden|Sweden, then moved to Chicago Illinois]] Svensson died on 17 December 2020 from [[cancer]] in [[Sundsvall]], Sweden at the age of 77.<ref>[https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/wedB7o Pelle Svensson är död] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Svensson, Pelle}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Swedish lawyers]] [[Category:Swedish wrestlers]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Sweden]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Sweden]] {{sports-bio-stub}} gxzwd88cvedminbagno2dcy3hcmq0m8 0 817913 10966931 7351948 2026-08-18T18:53:15Z Carsten Steger 1109570 Aerial image of Mont-Dauphin inserted. 10966931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune|name=Mont-Dauphin|intercommunality=Guillestre|population date={{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}|population={{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}|area km2=0.58|elevation max m=1035|elevation min m=898|elevation m=1050|coordinates={{coord|44.67|6.6244|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|term=2008&ndash;2014|commune status=[[Communes of France|Commune]]|mayor=Gilbert Fioletta|postal code=05600|INSEE=05082|canton=Guillestre|arrondissement=Briançon|image coat of arms=Blason MontDauphin.svg|caption=Fort|image=Aerial image of Mont-Dauphin (view from the east).jpg|population footnotes={{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}}}'''Mont-Dauphin''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Hautes-Alpes]] [[Departments of France|department]]. It is known for the Fortress of Mont-Dauphin. The fortress was listed as a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2008. == Population == {{Historical populations|1793|52=114|38=706|39=1906|40=810|41=1911|42=745|43=1921|44=127|45=1926|46=162|47=1931|48=129|49=1936|50=169|51=1946|53=1954|36=617|62=83|68=142|67=2008|66=87|65=1999|64=73|63=1990|61=1982|54=505|60=67|59=1975|58=59|57=1968|56=142|55=1962|37=1901|35=1896|365|17=1851|1800|219|1806|327|1821|307|1831|378|1836|394|1841|669|1846|589|18=474|34=788|27=1876|33=1891|32=510|31=1886|30=398|29=1881|28=355|26=493|19=1856|25=1872|24=518|23=1866|22=657|21=1861|20=835|align=left}}{{Clear left}} == Transport == === Road === The D137 and D137T roads pass through the commune. == References == <references /> {{France-geo-stub}} [[Category:Communes in Hautes-Alpes]] n3a46c4y4v27m26645a69gwyzggsemr 0 820576 10967143 10863994 2026-08-19T01:54:36Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967143 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:QueerSportSplit_logo.png|alt=QueerSportSplit logo|thumb|QueerSportSplit logo]] [[File:2016 Split prosvjed podrške kurikularnoj reformi QSS 1000 flags.jpg|thumb|Protest using 1.000 knitted flags from QSS work in Split, 2016 ]] '''Queer Sport Split''' (short: '''QSS''') is a [[Charitable organization|charity organization]] from [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Croatia]]. It has a focus on the [[sport]], [[culture]] and [[leisure]] of the [[LGBT|LGBTIQ+]] community. It also works in [[education]] and [[research]] on the sports and LGBTIQ+ topics. It was registered in 2011 and is the longest running local LGBTIQ+ organization in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-09|title=Slobodna Dalmacija - Splićanin: Nije moj problem to što sam peder, već što sam nezaposlen|url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/splicanin-nije-moj-problem-to-sto-sam-peder-vec-sto-sam-nezaposlen-169779|access-date=2021-02-12|website=slobodnadalmacija.hr|language=hr-hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Tonči Kranjčević Batalić, splitski umjetnik, kustos i LGBT aktivist: Svaki oblik javnog djelovanja je politički!|url=https://www.crol.hr/index.php/politika-aktivizam/6003-toni-kranjevi-batali-splitski-umjetnik-kustos-i-lgbt-aktivist-svaki-oblik-javnog-djelovanja-je-politiki?rCH=2|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-12|website=www.crol.hr}}</ref> [[File:2019_BeyondBinaries_at_EdinbroughPride.jpg|thumb|Beyond Binaries project team at Pride in Edinburgh, 2019 ]] == Local activities and relevance == QSS does activities like: excursions and [[hiking]], bocce, recreational [[swimming]] and socializing programs like 'Sport i pivo', 'PlesnjaQ' and 'Domaćinstvo' for [[LGBT |LGBTIQ+]] community. Screenings and [[Presentation|presentations]] are organized to inform and inspire participants. QSS helps organizing [[Split Pride]] and running of [[:hr:LGBT centar Split|LGBT Center Split]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-18|title=Slobodna Dalmacija - LGBT centar Split: Gašenjem udruge Rišpet nije dovedeno u pitanje organiziranje gay parade|url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/split/lgbt-centar-split-gasenjem-udruge-rispet-nije-dovedeno-u-pitanje-organiziranje-gay-parade-628740|access-date=2021-02-12|website=slobodnadalmacija.hr|language=hr-hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-19|title=Slobodna Dalmacija - Split je konačno dobio 'pošteni' queer party, a heteroseksualci su totalno dobrodošli!|url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/drustvena-mreza/split-je-konacno-dobio-posteni-queer-party-a-heteroseksualci-su-totalno-dobrodosli-464357|access-date=2021-02-12|website=slobodnadalmacija.hr|language=hr-hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137391766_10|title=LGBT Activism and the Making of Europe: A Rainbow Europe?|last=Moss|first=Kevin|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-39176-6|editor-last=Ayoub|editor-first=Phillip M.|series=Gender and Politics series|location=London|pages=212–232|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137391766_10|editor-last2=Paternotte|editor-first2=David}}</ref> [[File:2020-Split-QSS-Vogue-workshop-ballroom-rehearsal.jpg|thumb|Vogue workshop ball rehearsal Split, 2020]] It does art in public space,<ref>{{Cite web|title=tisuću zastavica...|url=https://tisucuzastavica.wordpress.com/|access-date=2021-02-12|website=tisuću zastavica...|language=hr}}</ref> with international artists like [[Maria Molteni]] who writes:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soft Hajduk w/Queer Sport Split|url=http://www.mariamolteni.com/soft-hajduk-wqueer-sport-split|access-date=2021-02-12|website=MARIA MOLTENI|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maria Molteni / Common Field|url=https://www.commonfield.org/network/1902/maria-molteni|access-date=2021-02-12|website=www.commonfield.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306062358/https://www.commonfield.org/network/1902/maria-molteni|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''"Since 2011, Queer Sport Split has organized gatherings and interventions with “soft activism”: activism that intervenes in the public space of the city through [[Crochet|crocheting]] and [[knitting]]. The first such intervention was during the planning of Split Pride in 2012, where knit flags pointed to the right of all citizens to [[public space]], rights which the LGBTIQ population was denied by the local government. In 2014, Queer Sport Split held the Marathon On Needles, a public [[knit-in]], to promote access to public space, [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] activism, and social participation."'' In last few years it does [[ballroom]] culture and [[vogue]] dance events in cooperation with [[CLUBTURE]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clubture|url=https://www.clubture.org/arhivska-mapa/projekt/110|access-date=2021-02-11|website=www.clubture.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Split is voguing + FOTO – LGBT Centar Split|url=https://lgbtcentarflomaster.hr/2020/10/27/split-is-voguing-foto/|access-date=2021-02-11|language=hr|archive-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203223651/https://lgbtcentarflomaster.hr/2020/10/27/split-is-voguing-foto/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=MJ|title=Strike a pose: Okušajte se u kategorijama new way i vogue femme|url=https://ezadar.net.hr/zabava/3920650/strike-a-pose-okusajte-se-u-kategorijama-new-way-i-vogue-femme/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=ezadar.net.hr|language=hr}}</ref> == International activities and networks == In 2012 it co-organized an international conference ''Contesting/Contexting SPORT 2012'', with [[:en:EPAS|EPAS]] (part of [[Council of Europe]]), [[w:EGLSF|EGLSF]] (European Gay and Lesbian Federation) and [[qSPORT - Zagreb]]. It contributes to large international exhibitions<ref>{{Cite web|title=contesting/contexting SPORT 2016|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/10866/contesting-contexting-sport-2016/|access-date=2021-02-12|website=www.e-flux.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=contesting/contexting SPORT 2016 (2016) – nGbK Archive|url=https://archiv.ngbk.de/en/projekte/contesting-contexting-sport-2016/|access-date=2021-02-12|website=archiv.ngbk.de|archive-date=2021-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304222358/https://archiv.ngbk.de/en/projekte/contesting-contexting-sport-2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Publication|publications]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=EPAS (Council of Europe) brochure on LGBT inclusion in sport|url=https://edoc.coe.int/en/lgbt/6959-lgbt-inclusion-in-sport.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> In 2018-2019 it was the leading [[:en:Erasmus+|Erasmus+]] research project 'Beyond Binaries' with five other LGBTIQ+ sport organizations, in collaboration with institutions, networks and initiatives active in research and sport work. ''<nowiki/>'The project aims to create understanding for the highly limiting societal effects that the gender segregation unfolds, especially for and by examining the experiences of members of the LGBTQI+ community.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=About this project {{!}} BEYOND BINARIES Erasmus+ project (B2 E+)|url=https://b2.queersport.info/project/b2/about|access-date=2021-02-11|website=b2.queersport.info|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417221339/https://b2.queersport.info/project/b2/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''<nowiki/>'' In 2019-2021 it was part of ''Rainbow Youth for Sporting Equity'' - a research and education project by LEAP Sports Scotland and European University Sport Association<ref>{{Cite web|title=RYSE partners meet in Split {{!}} EUSA|url=https://www.eusa.eu/news?ryse-partners-meet-in-split|access-date=2021-02-12|website=www.eusa.eu}}</ref> and project ''CEEyouSPORT'' led by EGLSF.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patrikainen|first=Erika|date=2019-09-16|title=EGLSF Project "CEEYOUSPORT"|url=https://www.eglsf.info/projects/ceeyou/eglsf-project-ceeyousport/|access-date=2021-02-12|website=EGLSF.info|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308033024/https://www.eglsf.info/projects/ceeyou/eglsf-project-ceeyousport/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is part of regional network ERA and is their contact point for Croatia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LGBTI Equal Rights Association for Western Balkans and Turkey {{!}} LGBTI Equal Rights Association for Western Balkans and Turkey|url=https://www.lgbti-era.org/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.lgbti-era.org|archive-date=2019-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119162431/https://www.lgbti-era.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:2018_GayGames_BeyondBinaries_project_pose_SubversiveSirens.jpg|thumb|Beyond Binaries work with synchro team Subversive Sirens at GayGames, Paris, 2018 ]] == Bibliography == * ''CROATIA - Country report for use in Canadian refugee claims based on persecution on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity'', 2015 Publisher: University of Toronto, Faculty of Law: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Working Group. [https://ihrp.law.utoronto.ca/utfl_file/count/documents/WorkingGroup_Clinic/IHRP&#x20;SOGI&#x20;Croatia&#x20;Report&#x20;FINAL&#x20;2015.pdf]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * ''INADEQUATE PROTECTION homophobic and transphobic hate crimes in Croatia,'' 2012 Publisher: Amnesty International. [https://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/Attachments/inadequate_protection.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306062359/https://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/Attachments/inadequate_protection.pdf |date=2021-03-06 }} * ''O SUZBIJANJU HOMOFOBIJE I TRANSFOBIJE TE VRŠNJAČKOG NASILJA NAD LGBTIQ UČENICIMA/ICAMA, Priručnik za nastavnike/ice i stručne suradnike/ice'', 2016 Publisher: Lori, ISBN 978-953-59135-1-1 [https://lori.hr/images/stories/download/Prirucnik_2016_LORI.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023104532/https://www.lori.hr/images/stories/download/Prirucnik_2016_LORI.pdf |date=2020-10-23 }} ==Other websites== *[http://www.qss.hr/ Homepage of QSS] *[http://split-2012.qsport.info/ Contesting/Contexting SPORT 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302211022/http://split-2012.qsport.info/ |date=2021-03-02 }} *[https://b2.QueerSport.info/project/b2/ Beyond Binaries Erasmus+ research project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411123844/https://b2.queersport.info/project/b2/ |date=2021-04-11 }} *[https://www.poslovna.hr/lite/queer-sport-split/1310899/subjekti.aspx?lang=en Administrative info of QSS] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:LGBT]] [[Category:Split]] gutn2u6c0oma5yqfjhiuavgwphu1rak 0 838148 10967168 10747547 2026-08-19T03:42:05Z FD950 752027 changed to dmy 10967168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person |name=Lim Bo Seng |birth_date={{Birth date|1909|4|27|df=yes}} |death_date={{Death date and age|1944|6|29|1909|4|27|df=yes}} |placeofburial=MacRitchie Reservoir, Singapore |allegiance=Republic of China |branch=[[Force 136]]|serviceyears=1942–1944 |battles=[[World War II]]}} '''Lim Bo Seng''' (27 April 1909 – 29 June 1944) was a Chinese resistance fighter based in [[Singapore]] and Malaya during [[World War II]]. Before World War II started, Lim Bo Seng was a well-known business man in the Chinese community in Singapore and Malaya. When the war between China and [[Japan]] began in 1937, he helped raise money for China and stopped buying Japanese goods. After Japan took over Singapore in 1942, Lim went to [[India]] and joined [[Force 136]], a group that worked with the British to spy and fight against the Japanese in Malaya. In 1944, the Japanese caught him in Malaya. He died in prison because of torture and bad treatment. After the war ended, his body was brought back to Singapore and buried near MacRitchie Reservoir. Today, people remember him as a war hero. In 1954, a memorial was built at Esplanade Park to honor him. == In stories and shows == In 1998, Asiapac Books made a comic book ({{ISBN|981-229-067-2}}) about Lim’s life. Clara Show wrote it, and Chu Yi Min made the pictures.<ref name="Asiapac Books">{{cite book|url=http://www.asiapacbooks.com/product.asp?pid=50|title=LIM BO SENG: Singapore's Best-known War Hero|author=Clara Show|publisher=Asiapac|year=1998|isbn=981-229-067-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428040255/http://www.asiapacbooks.com/product.asp?pid=50|archive-date=2007-04-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1997, a TV channel in Singapore called TCS Channel 8 showed a show named ''The Price of Peace''. It was about the time when Japan was in charge of Singapore. An actor from Singapore, Rayson Tan, played Lim as a main character in the story.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stars Of The Price Of Peace Look Back At James Lye's Iconic Shirtless Scene & Are As Impressed As Ever|url=https://www.8days.sg/entertainment/local/james-lye-price-peace-reunion-752061|access-date=2023-10-31|website=8days|language=en}}</ref> In 1999, another TV channel, TCS Channel Five, showed the same story but in English. In June 2025, a play called ''Marshal Lim Bo Seng'' was shown in Singapore. It was part of the first Traditional Chinese Opera Festival. The play was made by Lin Jia and a group called Datang Arts and Cultural Troupe. It told the story of Lim, who fought against the enemy during the war. The play used old-style singing and acting. Some of Lim’s letters were changed into songs. The show helped people remember what he did. The festival was run by the Singapore Chinese Culture Centre and the National Arts Council.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lin|first=Meiling|date=2025-06-04|title=首届传统戏曲节本月揭幕 五方言剧种轮流登场|trans-title=The first Traditional Opera Festival will kick off this month, with five regional dialect drama genres taking turns to perform.|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20250604-6564613|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605021736/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20250604-6564613|archive-date=2025-06-05|access-date=2025-06-11|website=www.zaobao.com.sg|publisher=[[Lianhe Zaobao]]|language=zh}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1909 births]] [[Category:1944 deaths]] {{bio-stub}} 66q8wj1s2i69s0k12l4r4393emjtcbs 0 843278 10966783 9686817 2026-08-18T16:50:13Z Canadachick 1633172 10966783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wētā''' (also spelled '''weta''') is the [[common name]] for a group of about 70 [[insect]] species in the families [[Anostostomatidae]] and [[Rhaphidophoridae]]. They are found in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wetageta.massey.ac.nz/|title=WētāGeta|last=Phoenix Group Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics|date=31 January 2020|website=Massey University|access-date=2020-02-10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They are giant flightless crickets, and some are among the heaviest insects in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Trewick|first1=Steve|title=NZ wild life : introducing the weird and wonderful character of natural New Zealand|last2=Morgan-Richards|first2=Mary|publisher=Penguin|year=2014|isbn=9780143568896|location=Auckland, New Zealand|oclc=881301862}}</ref> Wētā are preyed on by introduced mammals, and some species are now critically endangered. ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Orthoptera]] [[Category:Animals of New Zealand]] ev3p81w16luimraedrt9xbso7pg3hc5 0 843289 10966801 10882513 2026-08-18T16:56:50Z Canadachick 1633172 10966801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg|thumb|249x249px|A peace movement poster: [[Flag of Israel|Israeli]] and [[Flag of Palestine|Palestinian flags]] and the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] words for ''peace''. This picture has been used by many groups that support a two-state solution to the conflict.]] The '''two-state solution''' to the [[Israel–Palestine conflict]] usually means a plan for an independent [[State of Palestine]] alongside the [[Israel|State of Israel]] in the territory of the former [[Mandatory Palestine]], west of the [[Jordan River]]. The boundary between the two states is still controversial and under negotiation, with Palestinian and Arab leadership. The rest of the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine (including [[Jerusalem]]) which did not form part of the Palestinian state would continue to be part of Israel.<ref name="Morris2008p66">{{cite book|author=Benny Morris|title=1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|pages=66, 67, 72|isbn=9780300126969|quote=" p.66, at 1946 "The League demanded independence for Palestine as a "unitary" state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews." ; p.67, at 1947 "The League’s Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called "aggression", "without mercy". The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance "in manpower, money and equipment" should the United Nations endorse partition." ; p. 72, at December 1947 "The League vowed, in very general language, "to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine"}}</ref> The two-state solution is supported by many countries, as well as the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref name="CBC News-2024">{{Cite news|date=1 February 2024|title=Palestinian Authority ready to work with an Israeli government that backs two-state solution: PM Shtayyeh|website=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/palestinian-authority-two-state-solution-israeli-government-1.7102024|accessdate=3 September 2024}}</ref> Israel does not support the idea, although it has in the past.<ref name="Magid-2024">{{Cite web|last=Magid|first=Jacob|date=2024-07-18|title=Knesset overwhelmingly passes motion rejecting Palestinian statehood, days before PM's US trip|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/knesset-overwhelmingly-passes-motion-rejecting-palestinian-statehood-days-before-pms-us-trip/|access-date=2024-08-18|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> == History == [[File:UNGA Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine Annex A Plan of Partition with Economic Union.gif|thumb|UN Partition Plan for Palestine, 1947]] The first proposal for a separate [[Jew|Jewish]] and [[Arab people|Arab]] state in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] was made by the [[:en:Peel_Commission|Peel Commission]] report in 1937.<ref name="Morris-2009a">{{Citation|last=Morris|first=Benny|title=The History of One-State and Two-State Solutions|date=2009-04-28|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1np7rh.7|work=One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict|pages=28–160|publisher=Yale University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1np7rh.7|isbn=978-0-300-15604-1|access-date=2024-06-28|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1947, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted a [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|partition plan for Palestine]], dividing it into a Jewish state and Palestinian state, with [[Jerusalem]] under international control. Most [[Zionism|Zionist]] groups accepted the plan, because they thought it was a first step towards [[Irredentism|expanding their territory]], while the [[:en:Arab_Higher_Committee|Arab Higher Committee]], the [[Arab League]], Arab leaders and independent Arab governments rejected it because Arabs made up a two-thirds majority in Palestine and owned most of the land, and said that dividing Palestine broke the principle of national [[self-determination]] in the UN charter.<ref>{{Citation|title=The 1947 Partition Plan|date=2022|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/international-law-and-the-arabisraeli-conflict/1947-partition-plan/BF9BEE2E6380D9CEAD0C710C6AC51C63|work=International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict|pages=93–101|editor-last=Sabel|editor-first=Robbie|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108762670.006|isbn=978-1-108-48684-2|access-date=2023-10-31|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This would lead to the [[1947–1949 Palestine war|1948 Palestine war]]. After the war, the State of Israel [[Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel|was established]] on the land given to the Jewish state, as well as 60% of the land that was supposed to go to the Arab state. Israel also took control of [[:en:West_Jerusalem|West Jerusalem]], which was supposed to be part of the international zone, and [[Jordan]] took control of [[East Jerusalem]] and the [[West Bank]] of the [[Jordan River]], while [[Egypt]] occupied the [[Gaza Strip]]. Nowadays, the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestine Liberation Organisation]] (PLO) has accepted the idea of two states since the 1982 Arab Summit, as long as there would be a Palestinian state in the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem.<ref name="CBC News-20242" /> In 2017, [[Hamas]] updated their charter that accepts the idea of a Palestinian state with these borders, but without [[International recognition of Israel|recognising Israel]]. East Jerusalem was annexed from Jordan and remains in Israel ever since, with Jerusalem as Israel's [[capital city]]. At the moment, there is no two-state solution being negotiated between Israel and Palestine. The [[Palestinian Authority]] accepts the two-state solution, and Israel once accepted it, but now rejects it. [[Prime Minister of Israel|Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] disagrees with the idea.<ref name="Azulay-2015" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-01|title=Palestinians furious over Netanyahu claims that Israel must 'crush' statehood ambitions|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-748435|access-date=2024-07-26|website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|language=en|issn=0792-822X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-26|title=Netanyahu's call to block creation of Palestinian state sparks fury, condemnation|url=https://arab.news/ju7du|access-date=2024-07-26|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> Former Israeli prime ministers [[Ehud Barak]] and [[Ehud Olmert]] in late 2023 expressed support for a two-state solution.<ref name="Cortellessa-2023">{{Cite magazine|last=Cortellessa|first=Eric|date=2023-11-06|title=Former Israeli Prime Minister: Israel's Endgame in Gaza Should be a Palestinian State|url=https://time.com/6332127/israel-palestine-war-ehud-barak/|magazine=[[TIME]]|access-date=2023-12-21|archive-date=2024-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217202000/https://time.com/6332127/israel-palestine-war-ehud-barak/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Palestine (country)|State of Palestine]] claims the territories of the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem but is currently [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied by Israel]], which is illegal according to [[international law]]. The biggest points of disagreement between Israelis and [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]] are the borders between Israel and Palestine (although it is usually based on the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]) status of [[Jerusalem]], the [[Israeli settlements]] and the [[:en:Palestinian_right_of_return|right to return]] of [[Palestinian refugees]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Related pages== *[[Zionism#Current views|Zionism]] {{multistub|Asia|politics|history}} [[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]] nihuofkiahkfzgqrj6gclmxn2i6h2xv 3 845378 10967307 10521020 2026-08-19T07:30:32Z 아만다엔피 1857853 /* */ This user has been globally banned 10967307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WMF-legal banned user}} {{talkpage}} [[Category:User en-N]] [[Category:User nl-N]] {{archive box collapsible|auto=yes}} Welcome to my talk page! If you need anything, [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User%20talk:Hockeycatcat&action=edit&section=new leave me a message], and I'll get back to you as soon as possible. New messages at the bottom, please. Make sure to sign your messages with four tildes ({{code|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}). == Hey == I already updated the username and I wanted to talk to you about how a business owner and entrepreneur with the register branch can be added to wiki it’s not fair that you guys just allow people to delete to delete it without giving them a chance to updated or provide proof or [[Special:Contributions/2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F|2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F]] ([[User talk:2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F|talk]]) 06:31, 23 September 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F}} The page you created is advertising. There is no mention of why the subject is [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]], and the article is written like an [[Wikipedia:Spam|advertisement]]. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 06:45, 23 September 2022 (UTC) == the grey text fix on [[User talk:208.87.241.21]] is not meant to be disruptive. == The problem was that the text was all grey, and I had to fix the problem. Fixing Formatting on talk pages is not meant to be disruptive editing. [[Special:Contributions/2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1|2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1]] ([[User talk:2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1|talk]]) 10:00, 6 October 2022 (UTC) :Replied on your talk page, {{u|2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1}}. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 10:06, 6 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} IPs can't be pinged :) --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 13:25, 16 October 2022 (UTC) {{ping|Ferien}} I didn’t know this, thanks for letting me know! [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 23:59, 16 October 2022 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Keyword golden ration|ts=06:56, 15 October 2022 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:56, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore}} [[File:Farm-Fresh eye.png|20px]] '''Seen''', thank you, added your reasoning to my RfD nom reason. {{smiley}} [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 07:15, 15 October 2022 (UTC) == George Floyd == I'm not sure if the edits that you rollbacked can be classified as vandalism. Although, I'm sure that the edits are related to a creation banned article (also see my QD log or related deletion log), so I think the reverts are acceptable. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:03, 16 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore}} I agree that I should've pressed "non-constructive" instead, but I think that the edits randomly start talking about some pastor somewhere that wasn't previously mentioned anywhere else. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:05, 16 October 2022 (UTC) == Related to Article == Hey i want to know how to delete a Wikipedia page. [[User:Divyakhty|Divyakhty]] ([[User talk:Divyakhty|talk]]) 13:20, 16 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|Divyakhty}} If a page you created has been nominated for Quick Deletion, an administrator will delete it if it meets the criteria. Learn more at [[WP:Deletion policy]]. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 14:37, 16 October 2022 (UTC) == Comment == Re [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2022/Just_Urbane_(magazine)&diff=next&oldid=8514242 this edit]: it isn't necessary to ping admins on RFDs like that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 10:18, 27 October 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Auntof6}} No worries. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 10:23, 27 October 2022 (UTC) == Hehe, oops... == I thought I removed that part. Also I don't know where that qd came from. It just got there. [[en:WP:Oops Defense|Oops]], I guess! [[User:Angerxiety|<span style="color: darkblue">Angerxiety</span>]][[User:Angerxiety/Ediot|<span style="color: red"><sup>the ediot</sup></span>]] ([[User talk:Angerxiety|chat?]] ⋅ [[Special:Contributions/Angerxiety|contribs <s>to society</s>]]) 05:40, 6 November 2022 (UTC) :{{u|Angerxiety}}, no worries at all! The mysteries of Wikipedia... [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 05:42, 6 November 2022 (UTC) == Mario Tennis Aces == I will rewrite it [[User:Peyton010|Peyton010]] ([[User talk:Peyton010|talk]]) 05:53, 6 November 2022 (UTC) :No problem, I will retract my QD request and give you time to edit. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 05:56, 6 November 2022 (UTC) OK <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Peyton010|Peyton010]] ([[User talk:Peyton010#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton010|contribs]]) </small> == RFD voters at [[WP:RFCU]] == There are many RFD voters at here. Maybe using account names as a section name can make things easier to handle. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:12, 7 November 2022 (UTC) :Hi {{u|MathXplore}}, you are right about that. Thanks for merging those, by the way. The next time I make an RFCU I will properly name the section. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:20, 7 November 2022 (UTC) == ? == What exactly was going on with RedWarn [[Special:Diff/8564651|here]]? RedWarn getting too excited about Christmas and forgetting what month it is?? --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:50, 30 November 2022 (UTC) :{{re|Ferien}} That's funny! When I gave that warning, it was already December where I am, so I guess RedWarn was just pulling the date from my device. Season's greetings, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 00:37, 1 December 2022 (UTC) ::That makes a lot more sense! Perhaps it should grab the date onwiki at that time though. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 07:26, 1 December 2022 (UTC) == Merry Christmas!! == Dear User, Merry Christmas🥮🥮 🍫🍫🍫🍰🍰E-treats for you🍰🍰🍰🍫🍫🍫🥮 Wish to Jesus for you and your family safe and led a happy life! Best Wishes! DRC --<b>[[User:DRC-B5|<span style="color: violet">Dibyojyoti</span>]]<sup>''[[User talk:DRC-B5|<span style="color:red">let's chat</span>]]''</sup></b> 16:00, 25 December 2022 (UTC) :{{re|DRC-B5}} A (belated) Merry Christmas to you and your family as well! Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 14:53, 26 December 2022 (UTC) == Thank you == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Special Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Impressive work [[User:Chandradeva|Chandradeva]] ([[User talk:Chandradeva|talk]]) 12:16, 30 November 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == No longer a memory! Woo hoo! Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 12:11, 15 February 2024 (UTC) :{{re|PotsdamLamb}} Wow! Congratulations on getting unblocked! Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:25, 15 February 2024 (UTC) ::Glad to see you are still somewhat active. Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 12:37, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == UBX Redwarn == Hiyas Hockey! Since we do not use the interface here on SEWP, would you be so kind as to remove it so I can request deletion of it? You are the only one using it. Please ping me with your answer so I know. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 13:23, 4 April 2024 (UTC) :Removed! Feel free to request deletion now. :) [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:46, 4 April 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks! Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 13:46, 4 April 2024 (UTC) == Requests for unblock == Hi, Hockeycatcat. I noticed that you removed an unblock request from an IP talk page. Please let the admins take care of those, even when they are clearly in bad faith. The admins are elected to manage such things and to take the heat if the user gets abusive. If other people remove the user's post, they can be accused of interfering with communication with the admins. Besides that, if bad unblock requests are removed, we sometimes won't see them and therefore won't know to take action (such as removing talk page access -- which was done in this case, but it doesn't happen in all). Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:30, 21 May 2024 (UTC) :Hi, {{u|Auntof6}}! Thank you for letting me know about this, that makes complete sense. I haven't edited Wikipedia for a while, I probably knew this at some point. Luckily MathXplore was keeping an eye on Recent Changes with me. Thanks again for reminding me :) Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:30, 21 May 2024 (UTC) == Why were you banned? == Hi, when i was looking through your userpage i noticed you got CU (checkuser???) blocked from English WP. Why did you even get banned there? You even had a barnstar! All i know is when looking to your English WP User Everyone Mourned your loss and some of them even raged at the declined appeal you made… [[User:Milanjan10|Milanjan10]] ([[User talk:Milanjan10|talk]]) 12:09, 23 May 2024 (UTC) :Hello, {{u|Milanjan10}}. I don't feel comfortable discussing that at this time. I have been advised against discussing it by a certain lamb. I hope you understand. Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC) ::2 Latin Letters: Oh. [[User:Milanjan10|Milanjan10]] ([[User talk:Milanjan10|talk]]) 12:19, 23 May 2024 (UTC) == reply == As I explained in my first revert, I removed unsourced additions. [[special:diff/9560904]] [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 13:46, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :Hello, IP. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. I have added a reference. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:49, 24 May 2024 (UTC) == Hello, Hockeycatcat! == Do you have the ability to look over my drafted Wikipedia page? I drafted it not too long ago, and it is called Matthew Hodges, who is a collegiate men's basketball player. Thank you. [[User:Jay Arebee Oh Eight|Jay Arebee Oh Eight]] ([[User talk:Jay Arebee Oh Eight|talk]]) 02:51, 18 September 2025 (UTC) :Hello, {{ping|Jay Arebee Oh Eight}}! I have looked over your edits and it looks like you haven’t published any drafts yet. I may not be the best person to ask this as I have not been active on this project for a while. You can create your draft by clicking here: [[User:Jay Arebee Oh Eight/Draft:Matthew Hodges]]. Make sure to read [[WP:Notability]] and remember to cite your sources! Look at other articles about basketball players and take inspiration from those to make sure that yours will be accepted. That’s all the advice I can give you. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 04:18, 18 September 2025 (UTC) mpjsbq35xr5dzg09ecdegxbdlg1owlc 10967308 10967307 2026-08-19T07:30:50Z Hockeycatcat 1070632 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/아만다엔피|아만다엔피]] ([[User talk:아만다엔피|talk]]) to last version by Hockeycatcat 10521020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} [[Category:User en-N]] [[Category:User nl-N]] {{archive box collapsible|auto=yes}} Welcome to my talk page! If you need anything, [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User%20talk:Hockeycatcat&action=edit&section=new leave me a message], and I'll get back to you as soon as possible. New messages at the bottom, please. Make sure to sign your messages with four tildes ({{code|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}). == Hey == I already updated the username and I wanted to talk to you about how a business owner and entrepreneur with the register branch can be added to wiki it’s not fair that you guys just allow people to delete to delete it without giving them a chance to updated or provide proof or [[Special:Contributions/2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F|2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F]] ([[User talk:2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F|talk]]) 06:31, 23 September 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F}} The page you created is advertising. There is no mention of why the subject is [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]], and the article is written like an [[Wikipedia:Spam|advertisement]]. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 06:45, 23 September 2022 (UTC) == the grey text fix on [[User talk:208.87.241.21]] is not meant to be disruptive. == The problem was that the text was all grey, and I had to fix the problem. Fixing Formatting on talk pages is not meant to be disruptive editing. [[Special:Contributions/2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1|2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1]] ([[User talk:2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1|talk]]) 10:00, 6 October 2022 (UTC) :Replied on your talk page, {{u|2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1}}. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 10:06, 6 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} IPs can't be pinged :) --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 13:25, 16 October 2022 (UTC) {{ping|Ferien}} I didn’t know this, thanks for letting me know! [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 23:59, 16 October 2022 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Keyword golden ration|ts=06:56, 15 October 2022 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:56, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore}} [[File:Farm-Fresh eye.png|20px]] '''Seen''', thank you, added your reasoning to my RfD nom reason. {{smiley}} [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 07:15, 15 October 2022 (UTC) == George Floyd == I'm not sure if the edits that you rollbacked can be classified as vandalism. Although, I'm sure that the edits are related to a creation banned article (also see my QD log or related deletion log), so I think the reverts are acceptable. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:03, 16 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore}} I agree that I should've pressed "non-constructive" instead, but I think that the edits randomly start talking about some pastor somewhere that wasn't previously mentioned anywhere else. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:05, 16 October 2022 (UTC) == Related to Article == Hey i want to know how to delete a Wikipedia page. [[User:Divyakhty|Divyakhty]] ([[User talk:Divyakhty|talk]]) 13:20, 16 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|Divyakhty}} If a page you created has been nominated for Quick Deletion, an administrator will delete it if it meets the criteria. Learn more at [[WP:Deletion policy]]. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 14:37, 16 October 2022 (UTC) == Comment == Re [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2022/Just_Urbane_(magazine)&diff=next&oldid=8514242 this edit]: it isn't necessary to ping admins on RFDs like that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 10:18, 27 October 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Auntof6}} No worries. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 10:23, 27 October 2022 (UTC) == Hehe, oops... == I thought I removed that part. Also I don't know where that qd came from. It just got there. [[en:WP:Oops Defense|Oops]], I guess! [[User:Angerxiety|<span style="color: darkblue">Angerxiety</span>]][[User:Angerxiety/Ediot|<span style="color: red"><sup>the ediot</sup></span>]] ([[User talk:Angerxiety|chat?]] ⋅ [[Special:Contributions/Angerxiety|contribs <s>to society</s>]]) 05:40, 6 November 2022 (UTC) :{{u|Angerxiety}}, no worries at all! The mysteries of Wikipedia... [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 05:42, 6 November 2022 (UTC) == Mario Tennis Aces == I will rewrite it [[User:Peyton010|Peyton010]] ([[User talk:Peyton010|talk]]) 05:53, 6 November 2022 (UTC) :No problem, I will retract my QD request and give you time to edit. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 05:56, 6 November 2022 (UTC) OK <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Peyton010|Peyton010]] ([[User talk:Peyton010#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton010|contribs]]) </small> == RFD voters at [[WP:RFCU]] == There are many RFD voters at here. Maybe using account names as a section name can make things easier to handle. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:12, 7 November 2022 (UTC) :Hi {{u|MathXplore}}, you are right about that. Thanks for merging those, by the way. The next time I make an RFCU I will properly name the section. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:20, 7 November 2022 (UTC) == ? == What exactly was going on with RedWarn [[Special:Diff/8564651|here]]? RedWarn getting too excited about Christmas and forgetting what month it is?? --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:50, 30 November 2022 (UTC) :{{re|Ferien}} That's funny! When I gave that warning, it was already December where I am, so I guess RedWarn was just pulling the date from my device. Season's greetings, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 00:37, 1 December 2022 (UTC) ::That makes a lot more sense! Perhaps it should grab the date onwiki at that time though. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 07:26, 1 December 2022 (UTC) == Merry Christmas!! == Dear User, Merry Christmas🥮🥮 🍫🍫🍫🍰🍰E-treats for you🍰🍰🍰🍫🍫🍫🥮 Wish to Jesus for you and your family safe and led a happy life! Best Wishes! DRC --<b>[[User:DRC-B5|<span style="color: violet">Dibyojyoti</span>]]<sup>''[[User talk:DRC-B5|<span style="color:red">let's chat</span>]]''</sup></b> 16:00, 25 December 2022 (UTC) :{{re|DRC-B5}} A (belated) Merry Christmas to you and your family as well! Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 14:53, 26 December 2022 (UTC) == Thank you == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Special Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Impressive work [[User:Chandradeva|Chandradeva]] ([[User talk:Chandradeva|talk]]) 12:16, 30 November 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == No longer a memory! Woo hoo! Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 12:11, 15 February 2024 (UTC) :{{re|PotsdamLamb}} Wow! Congratulations on getting unblocked! Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:25, 15 February 2024 (UTC) ::Glad to see you are still somewhat active. Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 12:37, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == UBX Redwarn == Hiyas Hockey! Since we do not use the interface here on SEWP, would you be so kind as to remove it so I can request deletion of it? You are the only one using it. Please ping me with your answer so I know. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 13:23, 4 April 2024 (UTC) :Removed! Feel free to request deletion now. :) [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:46, 4 April 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks! Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 13:46, 4 April 2024 (UTC) == Requests for unblock == Hi, Hockeycatcat. I noticed that you removed an unblock request from an IP talk page. Please let the admins take care of those, even when they are clearly in bad faith. The admins are elected to manage such things and to take the heat if the user gets abusive. If other people remove the user's post, they can be accused of interfering with communication with the admins. Besides that, if bad unblock requests are removed, we sometimes won't see them and therefore won't know to take action (such as removing talk page access -- which was done in this case, but it doesn't happen in all). Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:30, 21 May 2024 (UTC) :Hi, {{u|Auntof6}}! Thank you for letting me know about this, that makes complete sense. I haven't edited Wikipedia for a while, I probably knew this at some point. Luckily MathXplore was keeping an eye on Recent Changes with me. Thanks again for reminding me :) Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:30, 21 May 2024 (UTC) == Why were you banned? == Hi, when i was looking through your userpage i noticed you got CU (checkuser???) blocked from English WP. Why did you even get banned there? You even had a barnstar! All i know is when looking to your English WP User Everyone Mourned your loss and some of them even raged at the declined appeal you made… [[User:Milanjan10|Milanjan10]] ([[User talk:Milanjan10|talk]]) 12:09, 23 May 2024 (UTC) :Hello, {{u|Milanjan10}}. I don't feel comfortable discussing that at this time. I have been advised against discussing it by a certain lamb. I hope you understand. Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC) ::2 Latin Letters: Oh. [[User:Milanjan10|Milanjan10]] ([[User talk:Milanjan10|talk]]) 12:19, 23 May 2024 (UTC) == reply == As I explained in my first revert, I removed unsourced additions. [[special:diff/9560904]] [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 13:46, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :Hello, IP. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. I have added a reference. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:49, 24 May 2024 (UTC) == Hello, Hockeycatcat! == Do you have the ability to look over my drafted Wikipedia page? I drafted it not too long ago, and it is called Matthew Hodges, who is a collegiate men's basketball player. Thank you. [[User:Jay Arebee Oh Eight|Jay Arebee Oh Eight]] ([[User talk:Jay Arebee Oh Eight|talk]]) 02:51, 18 September 2025 (UTC) :Hello, {{ping|Jay Arebee Oh Eight}}! I have looked over your edits and it looks like you haven’t published any drafts yet. I may not be the best person to ask this as I have not been active on this project for a while. You can create your draft by clicking here: [[User:Jay Arebee Oh Eight/Draft:Matthew Hodges]]. Make sure to read [[WP:Notability]] and remember to cite your sources! Look at other articles about basketball players and take inspiration from those to make sure that yours will be accepted. That’s all the advice I can give you. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 04:18, 18 September 2025 (UTC) i0obw5qx51up8l0sh0ez1vlsmzwi8o8 10967309 10967308 2026-08-19T07:35:36Z 아만다엔피 1857853 10967309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WMF-legal banned user}} {{talkpage}} [[Category:User en-N]] [[Category:User nl-N]] {{archive box collapsible|auto=yes}} Welcome to my talk page! If you need anything, [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User%20talk:Hockeycatcat&action=edit&section=new leave me a message], and I'll get back to you as soon as possible. New messages at the bottom, please. Make sure to sign your messages with four tildes ({{code|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}). == Hey == I already updated the username and I wanted to talk to you about how a business owner and entrepreneur with the register branch can be added to wiki it’s not fair that you guys just allow people to delete to delete it without giving them a chance to updated or provide proof or [[Special:Contributions/2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F|2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F]] ([[User talk:2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F|talk]]) 06:31, 23 September 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F}} The page you created is advertising. There is no mention of why the subject is [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]], and the article is written like an [[Wikipedia:Spam|advertisement]]. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 06:45, 23 September 2022 (UTC) == the grey text fix on [[User talk:208.87.241.21]] is not meant to be disruptive. == The problem was that the text was all grey, and I had to fix the problem. Fixing Formatting on talk pages is not meant to be disruptive editing. [[Special:Contributions/2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1|2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1]] ([[User talk:2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1|talk]]) 10:00, 6 October 2022 (UTC) :Replied on your talk page, {{u|2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1}}. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 10:06, 6 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} IPs can't be pinged :) --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 13:25, 16 October 2022 (UTC) {{ping|Ferien}} I didn’t know this, thanks for letting me know! [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 23:59, 16 October 2022 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Keyword golden ration|ts=06:56, 15 October 2022 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:56, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore}} [[File:Farm-Fresh eye.png|20px]] '''Seen''', thank you, added your reasoning to my RfD nom reason. {{smiley}} [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 07:15, 15 October 2022 (UTC) == George Floyd == I'm not sure if the edits that you rollbacked can be classified as vandalism. Although, I'm sure that the edits are related to a creation banned article (also see my QD log or related deletion log), so I think the reverts are acceptable. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:03, 16 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore}} I agree that I should've pressed "non-constructive" instead, but I think that the edits randomly start talking about some pastor somewhere that wasn't previously mentioned anywhere else. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:05, 16 October 2022 (UTC) == Related to Article == Hey i want to know how to delete a Wikipedia page. [[User:Divyakhty|Divyakhty]] ([[User talk:Divyakhty|talk]]) 13:20, 16 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|Divyakhty}} If a page you created has been nominated for Quick Deletion, an administrator will delete it if it meets the criteria. Learn more at [[WP:Deletion policy]]. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 14:37, 16 October 2022 (UTC) == Comment == Re [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2022/Just_Urbane_(magazine)&diff=next&oldid=8514242 this edit]: it isn't necessary to ping admins on RFDs like that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 10:18, 27 October 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Auntof6}} No worries. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 10:23, 27 October 2022 (UTC) == Hehe, oops... == I thought I removed that part. Also I don't know where that qd came from. It just got there. [[en:WP:Oops Defense|Oops]], I guess! [[User:Angerxiety|<span style="color: darkblue">Angerxiety</span>]][[User:Angerxiety/Ediot|<span style="color: red"><sup>the ediot</sup></span>]] ([[User talk:Angerxiety|chat?]] ⋅ [[Special:Contributions/Angerxiety|contribs <s>to society</s>]]) 05:40, 6 November 2022 (UTC) :{{u|Angerxiety}}, no worries at all! The mysteries of Wikipedia... [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 05:42, 6 November 2022 (UTC) == Mario Tennis Aces == I will rewrite it [[User:Peyton010|Peyton010]] ([[User talk:Peyton010|talk]]) 05:53, 6 November 2022 (UTC) :No problem, I will retract my QD request and give you time to edit. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 05:56, 6 November 2022 (UTC) OK <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Peyton010|Peyton010]] ([[User talk:Peyton010#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton010|contribs]]) </small> == RFD voters at [[WP:RFCU]] == There are many RFD voters at here. Maybe using account names as a section name can make things easier to handle. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:12, 7 November 2022 (UTC) :Hi {{u|MathXplore}}, you are right about that. Thanks for merging those, by the way. The next time I make an RFCU I will properly name the section. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:20, 7 November 2022 (UTC) == ? == What exactly was going on with RedWarn [[Special:Diff/8564651|here]]? RedWarn getting too excited about Christmas and forgetting what month it is?? --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:50, 30 November 2022 (UTC) :{{re|Ferien}} That's funny! When I gave that warning, it was already December where I am, so I guess RedWarn was just pulling the date from my device. Season's greetings, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 00:37, 1 December 2022 (UTC) ::That makes a lot more sense! Perhaps it should grab the date onwiki at that time though. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 07:26, 1 December 2022 (UTC) == Merry Christmas!! == Dear User, Merry Christmas🥮🥮 🍫🍫🍫🍰🍰E-treats for you🍰🍰🍰🍫🍫🍫🥮 Wish to Jesus for you and your family safe and led a happy life! Best Wishes! DRC --<b>[[User:DRC-B5|<span style="color: violet">Dibyojyoti</span>]]<sup>''[[User talk:DRC-B5|<span style="color:red">let's chat</span>]]''</sup></b> 16:00, 25 December 2022 (UTC) :{{re|DRC-B5}} A (belated) Merry Christmas to you and your family as well! Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 14:53, 26 December 2022 (UTC) == Thank you == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Special Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Impressive work [[User:Chandradeva|Chandradeva]] ([[User talk:Chandradeva|talk]]) 12:16, 30 November 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == No longer a memory! Woo hoo! Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 12:11, 15 February 2024 (UTC) :{{re|PotsdamLamb}} Wow! Congratulations on getting unblocked! Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:25, 15 February 2024 (UTC) ::Glad to see you are still somewhat active. Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 12:37, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == UBX Redwarn == Hiyas Hockey! Since we do not use the interface here on SEWP, would you be so kind as to remove it so I can request deletion of it? You are the only one using it. Please ping me with your answer so I know. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 13:23, 4 April 2024 (UTC) :Removed! Feel free to request deletion now. :) [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:46, 4 April 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks! Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 13:46, 4 April 2024 (UTC) == Requests for unblock == Hi, Hockeycatcat. I noticed that you removed an unblock request from an IP talk page. Please let the admins take care of those, even when they are clearly in bad faith. The admins are elected to manage such things and to take the heat if the user gets abusive. If other people remove the user's post, they can be accused of interfering with communication with the admins. Besides that, if bad unblock requests are removed, we sometimes won't see them and therefore won't know to take action (such as removing talk page access -- which was done in this case, but it doesn't happen in all). Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:30, 21 May 2024 (UTC) :Hi, {{u|Auntof6}}! Thank you for letting me know about this, that makes complete sense. I haven't edited Wikipedia for a while, I probably knew this at some point. Luckily MathXplore was keeping an eye on Recent Changes with me. Thanks again for reminding me :) Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:30, 21 May 2024 (UTC) == Why were you banned? == Hi, when i was looking through your userpage i noticed you got CU (checkuser???) blocked from English WP. Why did you even get banned there? You even had a barnstar! All i know is when looking to your English WP User Everyone Mourned your loss and some of them even raged at the declined appeal you made… [[User:Milanjan10|Milanjan10]] ([[User talk:Milanjan10|talk]]) 12:09, 23 May 2024 (UTC) :Hello, {{u|Milanjan10}}. I don't feel comfortable discussing that at this time. I have been advised against discussing it by a certain lamb. I hope you understand. Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC) ::2 Latin Letters: Oh. [[User:Milanjan10|Milanjan10]] ([[User talk:Milanjan10|talk]]) 12:19, 23 May 2024 (UTC) == reply == As I explained in my first revert, I removed unsourced additions. [[special:diff/9560904]] [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 13:46, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :Hello, IP. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. I have added a reference. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:49, 24 May 2024 (UTC) == Hello, Hockeycatcat! == Do you have the ability to look over my drafted Wikipedia page? I drafted it not too long ago, and it is called Matthew Hodges, who is a collegiate men's basketball player. Thank you. [[User:Jay Arebee Oh Eight|Jay Arebee Oh Eight]] ([[User talk:Jay Arebee Oh Eight|talk]]) 02:51, 18 September 2025 (UTC) :Hello, {{ping|Jay Arebee Oh Eight}}! I have looked over your edits and it looks like you haven’t published any drafts yet. I may not be the best person to ask this as I have not been active on this project for a while. You can create your draft by clicking here: [[User:Jay Arebee Oh Eight/Draft:Matthew Hodges]]. Make sure to read [[WP:Notability]] and remember to cite your sources! Look at other articles about basketball players and take inspiration from those to make sure that yours will be accepted. That’s all the advice I can give you. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 04:18, 18 September 2025 (UTC) mpjsbq35xr5dzg09ecdegxbdlg1owlc 10967331 10967309 2026-08-19T08:06:04Z Morkoz 1740067 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/아만다엔피|아만다엔피]] ([[User talk:아만다엔피|talk]]) to last version by Hockeycatcat 10521020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} [[Category:User en-N]] [[Category:User nl-N]] {{archive box collapsible|auto=yes}} Welcome to my talk page! If you need anything, [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User%20talk:Hockeycatcat&action=edit&section=new leave me a message], and I'll get back to you as soon as possible. New messages at the bottom, please. Make sure to sign your messages with four tildes ({{code|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}). == Hey == I already updated the username and I wanted to talk to you about how a business owner and entrepreneur with the register branch can be added to wiki it’s not fair that you guys just allow people to delete to delete it without giving them a chance to updated or provide proof or [[Special:Contributions/2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F|2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F]] ([[User talk:2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F|talk]]) 06:31, 23 September 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|2600:8801:37F8:FC00:5D4A:1E09:9DFB:686F}} The page you created is advertising. There is no mention of why the subject is [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]], and the article is written like an [[Wikipedia:Spam|advertisement]]. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 06:45, 23 September 2022 (UTC) == the grey text fix on [[User talk:208.87.241.21]] is not meant to be disruptive. == The problem was that the text was all grey, and I had to fix the problem. Fixing Formatting on talk pages is not meant to be disruptive editing. [[Special:Contributions/2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1|2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1]] ([[User talk:2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1|talk]]) 10:00, 6 October 2022 (UTC) :Replied on your talk page, {{u|2601:5CD:4100:4DE0:F5C4:1359:BC44:6FE1}}. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 10:06, 6 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} IPs can't be pinged :) --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 13:25, 16 October 2022 (UTC) {{ping|Ferien}} I didn’t know this, thanks for letting me know! [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 23:59, 16 October 2022 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Keyword golden ration|ts=06:56, 15 October 2022 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:56, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore}} [[File:Farm-Fresh eye.png|20px]] '''Seen''', thank you, added your reasoning to my RfD nom reason. {{smiley}} [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 07:15, 15 October 2022 (UTC) == George Floyd == I'm not sure if the edits that you rollbacked can be classified as vandalism. Although, I'm sure that the edits are related to a creation banned article (also see my QD log or related deletion log), so I think the reverts are acceptable. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:03, 16 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore}} I agree that I should've pressed "non-constructive" instead, but I think that the edits randomly start talking about some pastor somewhere that wasn't previously mentioned anywhere else. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:05, 16 October 2022 (UTC) == Related to Article == Hey i want to know how to delete a Wikipedia page. [[User:Divyakhty|Divyakhty]] ([[User talk:Divyakhty|talk]]) 13:20, 16 October 2022 (UTC) :{{re|Divyakhty}} If a page you created has been nominated for Quick Deletion, an administrator will delete it if it meets the criteria. Learn more at [[WP:Deletion policy]]. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 14:37, 16 October 2022 (UTC) == Comment == Re [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2022/Just_Urbane_(magazine)&diff=next&oldid=8514242 this edit]: it isn't necessary to ping admins on RFDs like that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 10:18, 27 October 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Auntof6}} No worries. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 10:23, 27 October 2022 (UTC) == Hehe, oops... == I thought I removed that part. Also I don't know where that qd came from. It just got there. [[en:WP:Oops Defense|Oops]], I guess! [[User:Angerxiety|<span style="color: darkblue">Angerxiety</span>]][[User:Angerxiety/Ediot|<span style="color: red"><sup>the ediot</sup></span>]] ([[User talk:Angerxiety|chat?]] ⋅ [[Special:Contributions/Angerxiety|contribs <s>to society</s>]]) 05:40, 6 November 2022 (UTC) :{{u|Angerxiety}}, no worries at all! The mysteries of Wikipedia... [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 05:42, 6 November 2022 (UTC) == Mario Tennis Aces == I will rewrite it [[User:Peyton010|Peyton010]] ([[User talk:Peyton010|talk]]) 05:53, 6 November 2022 (UTC) :No problem, I will retract my QD request and give you time to edit. [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 05:56, 6 November 2022 (UTC) OK <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Peyton010|Peyton010]] ([[User talk:Peyton010#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton010|contribs]]) </small> == RFD voters at [[WP:RFCU]] == There are many RFD voters at here. Maybe using account names as a section name can make things easier to handle. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:12, 7 November 2022 (UTC) :Hi {{u|MathXplore}}, you are right about that. Thanks for merging those, by the way. The next time I make an RFCU I will properly name the section. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:20, 7 November 2022 (UTC) == ? == What exactly was going on with RedWarn [[Special:Diff/8564651|here]]? RedWarn getting too excited about Christmas and forgetting what month it is?? --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:50, 30 November 2022 (UTC) :{{re|Ferien}} That's funny! When I gave that warning, it was already December where I am, so I guess RedWarn was just pulling the date from my device. Season's greetings, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 00:37, 1 December 2022 (UTC) ::That makes a lot more sense! Perhaps it should grab the date onwiki at that time though. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 07:26, 1 December 2022 (UTC) == Merry Christmas!! == Dear User, Merry Christmas🥮🥮 🍫🍫🍫🍰🍰E-treats for you🍰🍰🍰🍫🍫🍫🥮 Wish to Jesus for you and your family safe and led a happy life! Best Wishes! DRC --<b>[[User:DRC-B5|<span style="color: violet">Dibyojyoti</span>]]<sup>''[[User talk:DRC-B5|<span style="color:red">let's chat</span>]]''</sup></b> 16:00, 25 December 2022 (UTC) :{{re|DRC-B5}} A (belated) Merry Christmas to you and your family as well! Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 14:53, 26 December 2022 (UTC) == Thank you == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Special Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Impressive work [[User:Chandradeva|Chandradeva]] ([[User talk:Chandradeva|talk]]) 12:16, 30 November 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == No longer a memory! Woo hoo! Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 12:11, 15 February 2024 (UTC) :{{re|PotsdamLamb}} Wow! Congratulations on getting unblocked! Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:25, 15 February 2024 (UTC) ::Glad to see you are still somewhat active. Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 12:37, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == UBX Redwarn == Hiyas Hockey! Since we do not use the interface here on SEWP, would you be so kind as to remove it so I can request deletion of it? You are the only one using it. Please ping me with your answer so I know. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 13:23, 4 April 2024 (UTC) :Removed! Feel free to request deletion now. :) [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:46, 4 April 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks! Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 13:46, 4 April 2024 (UTC) == Requests for unblock == Hi, Hockeycatcat. I noticed that you removed an unblock request from an IP talk page. Please let the admins take care of those, even when they are clearly in bad faith. The admins are elected to manage such things and to take the heat if the user gets abusive. If other people remove the user's post, they can be accused of interfering with communication with the admins. Besides that, if bad unblock requests are removed, we sometimes won't see them and therefore won't know to take action (such as removing talk page access -- which was done in this case, but it doesn't happen in all). Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:30, 21 May 2024 (UTC) :Hi, {{u|Auntof6}}! Thank you for letting me know about this, that makes complete sense. I haven't edited Wikipedia for a while, I probably knew this at some point. Luckily MathXplore was keeping an eye on Recent Changes with me. Thanks again for reminding me :) Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:30, 21 May 2024 (UTC) == Why were you banned? == Hi, when i was looking through your userpage i noticed you got CU (checkuser???) blocked from English WP. Why did you even get banned there? You even had a barnstar! All i know is when looking to your English WP User Everyone Mourned your loss and some of them even raged at the declined appeal you made… [[User:Milanjan10|Milanjan10]] ([[User talk:Milanjan10|talk]]) 12:09, 23 May 2024 (UTC) :Hello, {{u|Milanjan10}}. I don't feel comfortable discussing that at this time. I have been advised against discussing it by a certain lamb. I hope you understand. Regards, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 12:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC) ::2 Latin Letters: Oh. [[User:Milanjan10|Milanjan10]] ([[User talk:Milanjan10|talk]]) 12:19, 23 May 2024 (UTC) == reply == As I explained in my first revert, I removed unsourced additions. [[special:diff/9560904]] [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 13:46, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :Hello, IP. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. I have added a reference. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 13:49, 24 May 2024 (UTC) == Hello, Hockeycatcat! == Do you have the ability to look over my drafted Wikipedia page? I drafted it not too long ago, and it is called Matthew Hodges, who is a collegiate men's basketball player. Thank you. [[User:Jay Arebee Oh Eight|Jay Arebee Oh Eight]] ([[User talk:Jay Arebee Oh Eight|talk]]) 02:51, 18 September 2025 (UTC) :Hello, {{ping|Jay Arebee Oh Eight}}! I have looked over your edits and it looks like you haven’t published any drafts yet. I may not be the best person to ask this as I have not been active on this project for a while. You can create your draft by clicking here: [[User:Jay Arebee Oh Eight/Draft:Matthew Hodges]]. Make sure to read [[WP:Notability]] and remember to cite your sources! Look at other articles about basketball players and take inspiration from those to make sure that yours will be accepted. That’s all the advice I can give you. Cheers, [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 04:18, 18 September 2025 (UTC) i0obw5qx51up8l0sh0ez1vlsmzwi8o8 0 849796 10966604 10023078 2026-08-18T13:48:10Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966604 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Parents Music Resource Center''' (PMRC) was an [[United States|American]] [[organization]]. It was established in 1985. The founders of this organization were Pam Howar, [[Tipper Gore]] (the wife of [[Al Gore]]), Sally Nevius and Susan Baker.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Parents Music Resource Center|publisher=Popular Music|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/853600|access-date=June 16, 2021}}</ref> Their stated goal was increasing parental control over the access of children of music that had [[violence|violent themes]], sexual lyrics, themes of drugs or other substandard behaviors in the lyrics by labeling [[studio album]]s under [[Parental Advisory]] stickers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Censorship|publisher=Deflem|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/853600|access-date=June 16, 2021}}</ref> ==Actions== As a method for tackling the problem, the PMRC wanted a voluntary move by the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] or the music industry. PMRC wanted them to develop a similar rating system to the [[Motion Picture Association of America]]. Other recommendations by the PMRC which appeared in an article in the ''[[Washington Post]]'' were: printing warnings and song lyrics on album covers, forcing record stores to put albums having explicit covers under the counters. ==Filthy Fifteen== The PMRC made a list of fifteen songs in music. At that time, they found the songs the most objectionable. These songs are listed under the "Filthy Fifteen" list by the PMRC, with the reasons for which the songs are listed.<ref>{{cite web|title=We're Not Gonna Take It|publisher=The Eastern Michigan University|url=https://commons.emich.edu/honors/551|access-date=June 16, 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !scope="col"|# !scope="col"|Artist !scope="col"|Song title !scope="col"|Lyrical content |- | 1 | [[Prince (artist)|Prince]] | "[[Darling Nikki]]" | Sex/Masturbation |- | 2 | {{sortname|Sheena|Easton}} | "[[Sugar Walls]]" | Sex |- | 3 | [[Judas Priest]] | "[[Defenders of the Faith|Eat Me Alive]]" | Sex/Violence |- | 4 | [[Vanity (performer)|Vanity]] | "[[Strap On 'Robbie Baby']]" | Sex |- | 5 | [[Mötley Crüe]] | "[[Bastard (song)|Bastard]]" | Violence/Language |- | 6 | [[AC/DC]] | "[[Back in Black|Let Me Put My Love Into You]]" | Sex |- | 7 | [[Twisted Sister]] | "[[We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song)|We're Not Gonna Take It]]" | Violence |- | 8 | [[Madonna]] | "[[Dress You Up]]" | Sex |- | 9 | [[W.A.S.P. (band)|W.A.S.P.]] | "[[Animal (Fuck Like a Beast)]]" | Sex/Language/Violence |- | 10 | [[Def Leppard]] | "[[High 'n' Dry (Saturday Night)]]" | Drug and alcohol use |- | 11 | [[Mercyful Fate]] | "[[Melissa (Mercyful Fate album)|Into the Coven]]" | Occult |- | 12 | [[Black Sabbath]] | "[[Trashed (Black Sabbath song)|Trashed]]" | Drug and alcohol use |- | 13 | [[Mary Jane Girls]] | "[[In My House (song)|In My House]]" | Sex |- | 14 | [[Venom (band)|Venom]] | "[[Possessed (Venom album)|Possessed]]" | Occult |- | 15 | {{sortname|Cyndi|Lauper}} | "[[She Bop]]" | Sex/Masturbation |} ==The Parental Advisory sticker== On November 1, 1985, the RIAA agreed to put "Parental Advisory" stickers on certain releases at their own discretion. Many record stores wouldn't sell albums having the label (for example: [[Walmart]]). Others limited the sales of such albums to adults. ==Musician/singer reaction== * ''The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech... Just Watch What You Say!'', the 1989 album from [[United States|American]] [[rapper]] [[Ice-T]], goes against Tipper Gore. One song on the album, "Freedom of Speech", is an extended attack on Gore. * The liner notes of [[Sonic Youth]]'s 1990 album ''Goo'' have a [[cartoon]] with a caption saying: "SMASH THE PMRC".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mustang LP|publisher=Sonic Youth|url=http://www.sonicyouth.com/mustang/lp/lp08h.jpg|access-date=June 16, 2021|archive-date=July 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710170149/http://www.sonicyouth.com/mustang/lp/lp08h.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> * The [[Aerosmith]] song "F.I.N.E.", from their 1989 studio album ''Pump'', talks about Tipper Gore in the line "Even Tipper thinks I'm alright." This song has references to [[sexual intercourse|sex]].<ref>{{cite web|title=F.I.N.E.|publisher=AOR|url=https://genius.com/2823715?|access-date=June 16, 2021}}</ref> Other musicians or singers, including [[Eminem]], [[Rage Against the Machine]] and [[Megadeth]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Controversies in the United States]] [[Category:1985 establishments in the United States]] 4lqgfssxdmokia984nfkxpm9l8v6drc 0 850224 10966966 10930116 2026-08-18T19:59:39Z ~2026-34815-29 1857606 /* Leader of the Opposition */ A statement from Sarah Pochin MP - representative of the real Opposition. 10966966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | image = Official portrait of Kemi Badenoch MP crop 3, 2024 (cropped).jpg | caption = Official portrait, 2024 | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MP}} | office = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] | monarch = [[Charles III]] | deputy = | primeminister = [[Keir Starmer]]<br>[[Andy Burnham]] | term_start = 2 November 2024 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Rishi Sunak]] | successor = | office1 = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] | deputy1 = | term_start1 = 2 November 2024 | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = Rishi Sunak | successor1 = | office3 = [[Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | primeminister3 = Rishi Sunak | term_start3 = 7 February 2023 | term_end3 = 5 July 2024 | predecessor3 = [[Grant Shapps]]{{efn|As Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.}} | successor3 = [[Jonathan Reynolds]] | office4 = [[President of the Board of Trade]] | primeminister4 = [[Liz Truss]]<br />Rishi Sunak | term_start4 = 6 September 2022 | term_end4 = 5 July 2024 | predecessor4 = [[Anne-Marie Trevelyan]] | successor4 = Jonathan Reynolds | office5 = [[Minister for Women and Equalities]] | primeminister5 = Rishi Sunak | term_start5 = 26 October 2022 | term_end5 = 5 July 2024 | predecessor5 = [[Nadhim Zahawi]]{{efn|As Minister for Equalities.}} | successor5 = [[Bridget Phillipson]] | office6 = [[Secretary of State for International Trade]] | primeminister6 = [[Liz Truss]]<br />Rishi Sunak | term_start6 = 6 September 2022 | term_end6 = 7 February 2023 | predecessor6 = Anne-Marie Trevelyan | successor6 = ''Office abolished'' {{collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Junior ministerial offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office1 = [[Minister of State for Local Government, Faith and Communities]] | primeminister1 = [[Boris Johnson]] | term_start1 = 16 September 2021 | term_end1 = 6 July 2022 | predecessor1 = [[Luke Hall (politician)|Luke Hall]] | successor1 = [[Paul Scully]] | office2 = [[Minister of State for Equalities]]{{efn|As Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State from 2020 to September 2021.}} | primeminister2 = Boris Johnson | term_start2 = 14 February 2020 | term_end2 = 6 July 2022 | predecessor2 = [[Susan Williams, Baroness Williams of Trafford|The Baroness Williams of Trafford]] | successor2 = [[Amanda Solloway]] | office3 = [[Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury]] | primeminister3 = Boris Johnson | term_start3 = 13 February 2020 | term_end3 = 16 September 2021 | predecessor3 = [[Simon Clarke (politician)|Simon Clarke]] | successor3 = [[Helen Whately]] | office4 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families]] | primeminister4 = Boris Johnson | term_start4 = 27 July 2019 | term_end4 = 13 February 2020{{efn|[[Michelle Donelan]] was appointed on 4 September 2019 as an additional Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families to cover the portfolio during Badenoch's maternity leave.}} | predecessor4 = [[Nadhim Zahawi]] | successor4 = [[Vicky Ford]] {{collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Shadow Cabinet posts |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office2 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government]] | leader2 = Rishi Sunak | term_start2 = 8 July 2024 | term_end2 = 2 November 2024 | predecessor2 = [[Angela Rayner]] | successor2 = {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} | office7 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br /> for [[North West Essex (UK Parliament constituency)|North West Essex]] <br />{{nobold|[[Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency)|Saffron Walden]] (2017–2024)}} | term_start7 = 8 June 2017 | term_end7 = | majority7 = 2,610 (4.8%) | predecessor7 = [[Alan Haselhurst]] | successor7 = | office8 = [[London Assembly|Member of the London Assembly]]<br />as the [[List of London Assembly constituencies|4th Additional Member]] | assembly8 = [[London Assembly|London]] | term_start8 = 5 May 2016 | term_end8 = 8 June 2017 | predecessor8 = [[Gareth Bacon]] | successor8 = [[Susan Hall]] | office9 = Member of the London Assembly<br />as the [[List of London Assembly constituencies|9th Additional Member]] | term_start9 = 16 September 2015 | term_end9 = 5 May 2016 | predecessor9 = [[Victoria Borwick]] | successor9 = [[Shaun Bailey (London politician)|Shaun Bailey]] | birth_name = Olukemi Olufunto Adegoke | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|1|2|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], London, England | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] | spouse = {{marriage|Hamish Badenoch|September 2012}} | children = 3 | education = {{ubl|[[University of Sussex]] ([[MEng]])|[[Birkbeck, University of London]] ([[LLB]])}} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Software engineer|Consultant}} | website = {{URL|kemibadenoch.org.uk}} | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Kemi Badenoch debates socialism vs capitalism.ogg|title=Kemi Badenoch's voice|type=speech|description=Badenoch speaks in a debate on [[socialism]] versus [[capitalism]]<br />Recorded 28 May 2018}} }} '''Olukemi Olufunto Badenoch''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|d|n|ɒ|k}} {{Respell|BAYD|nok}}; ''[[née]]'' '''Adegoke'''; born 2 January 1980) is a [[British people|British]] [[politician]] who has been the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] and [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] since 2024. She has been the [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency)|Saffron Walden]] since 2017. She was the [[Secretary of State for International Trade]] and [[President of the Board of Trade]] from 2022 until 2024. She also was the [[Minister for Equalities|Minister for Women and Equalities]] from 2022 to 2024. She served in [[Boris Johnson]]'s second government as Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury and the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Equalities at the [[Government Equalities Office]] from 2020 to 2022. ==Personal life== Badenoch was born in [[Wimbledon, London]]. Her parents are of [[Nigeria]]n origin. Her childhood was spent in part [[Lagos]] and the [[United States]]. She returned to the United Kingdom at the age of 16. She is married to Hamish Badenoch. The couple have three children.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/kemi-badenoch-new-vicechairman-of-the-conservatives-talks-about-her-fight-to-recruit-a-more-diverse-a3777211.html|title=Kemi Badenoch: New vice-chairman of the Conservatives talks about her fight to recruit a more diverse range of MPs|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=27 February 2018|access-date=19 June 2021|last=Murphy|first=Joe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062833/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/kemi-badenoch-new-vicechairman-of-the-conservatives-talks-about-her-fight-to-recruit-a-more-diverse-a3777211.html|archive-date=22 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Conservative leadership candidacies== [[File:Official portrait of Mrs Kemi Badenoch crop 2.jpg|thumb|Badenoch's first official portrait as an MP]] {{main|July–September 2022 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election|2024 Conservative Party leadership election (UK)}} In July 2022, Badenoch announced her candidacy for [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] in the [[July–September 2022 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election|2022 leadership election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mikhailova|first=Anna|date=8 July 2022|title=Now Kemi Badenoch launches a leadership campaign in tomorrow’s Times..|url=https://twitter.com/AVMikhailova/status/1545507252643168256|access-date=8 July 2022|website=Twitter}}</ref> She was eliminated in the fourth round of voting on 19 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2022/jul/19/tory-leadership-race-live-sunak-truss-mordaunt-badenoch-mps-vote-latest|title=Tory leadership race live: Kemi Badenoch eliminated as Rishi Sunak tops poll of MPs|publisher=The Guardian|date=19 July 2022|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> Badenoch was seen as a [[frontrunner]] in the [[2024 Conservative Party leadership election (UK)|2024 Conservative Party leadership election]] early on in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kemi Badenoch has double the support of Suella Braverman among members to be next Tory leader, poll suggests |url=https://news.sky.com/story/kemi-badenoch-has-double-the-support-of-suella-braverman-among-members-to-be-next-tory-leader-poll-suggests-13175817 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> On 28 July 2024, she announced she was running in the election to be the new Tory leader and [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cw0yr7pyzneo|title=Kemi Badenoch announces bid to become Tory leader|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=28 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/kemi-badenoch-suella-braverman-tory-leadership-contest-b2587355.html|title=Kemi Badenoch launches Tory leadership bid as Suella Braverman withdraws from contest|publisher=The Independent|accessdate=28 July 2024}}</ref> After several rounds of voting, she faced [[Robert Jenrick]]. In the Member's vote, Badenoch defeated Jenrick with 56.5% of the vote on 31 October 2024. She was then declared the winner of the race, and thus Leader of the Conservative Party on 2 November.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/what-kemi-badenochs-victory-means-for-the-tories/ | title=What Kemi Badenoch's victory means for the Conservatives | newspaper=The Spectator| date= 2 November 2024| last1=Balls| first1=Katy}}</ref> == Leader of the Opposition == In her acceptance speech on 2 November 2024, Badenoch promised to "renew" the Conservative Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Kemi Badenoch's speech in full as Tory leader: 'The time has come to tell the truth' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/kemi-badenoch-full-speech-tory-leader-race-win-b2640120.html |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> She became the first Black leader of any major UK political party and the fourth woman to lead the Conservative Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Kemi Badenoch wins Tory leadership election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/nov/02/kemi-badenoch-wins-tory-leadership-election |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, after the agreement to return the Chagos Archipelago located in the British Indian Ocean Territory to Mauritius, Kemi Badenoch called the agreement "terrible", "and why on earth" should British taxpayers pay for tax cuts in Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2025 |title=Tories accuse PM of funding tax cuts for Mauritians |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c39x8ly827yo.amp |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> == A statement from Sarah Pochin, MP == As Reform are the true party of the Opposition, I had a meeting with the Honourable Lady in which she accepted defeated and admitted our superiority. We had fought but found understanding, but then the negress stumbled on her promise, took her proverbial shotgun and blew her black brains out all over our agreement! The negroid leader is no conservative and is no opposition leader! And we at Reform fear no retribution from this shegroid, not by my own God, nor any other evil emissaries dispatched from the bowels of the Earth, by whatever bundle of bloody fecking feathers and house cat teeth.... the niggher race, bows down to! Our hands are clean and my heart is quiet. She must do the right thing and surrender the role to our dear leader Nigel Farage. I require a senior cabinet position as we will be swept into power - but I will not tolerate any more negroid deceptions from this Nigerian in British clothes! ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} *{{UK MP links |parliament=mrs-kemi-badenoch/4597 |publicwhip=Kemi_Badenoch |theywork=kemi_badenoch}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Badenoch, Kemi}} [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies]] [[Category:Politicians from London]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–2024]] {{bio-stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Black British people]] [[Category:UK MPs 2024–present]] [[Category:Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)]] [[Category:Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)]] [[Category:Presidents of the Board of Trade]] kfx048cymnxlrkx4z17c57kra21men0 10966967 10966966 2026-08-18T20:00:07Z Der-Wir-Ing 404478 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-34815-29|~2026-34815-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-34815-29|talk]]) to last version by TDKR Chicago 101: not providing a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] ([[WP:CITE]], [[WP:RS]]) 10930116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | image = Official portrait of Kemi Badenoch MP crop 3, 2024 (cropped).jpg | caption = Official portrait, 2024 | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MP}} | office = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] | monarch = [[Charles III]] | deputy = | primeminister = [[Keir Starmer]]<br>[[Andy Burnham]] | term_start = 2 November 2024 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Rishi Sunak]] | successor = | office1 = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] | deputy1 = | term_start1 = 2 November 2024 | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = Rishi Sunak | successor1 = | office3 = [[Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | primeminister3 = Rishi Sunak | term_start3 = 7 February 2023 | term_end3 = 5 July 2024 | predecessor3 = [[Grant Shapps]]{{efn|As Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.}} | successor3 = [[Jonathan Reynolds]] | office4 = [[President of the Board of Trade]] | primeminister4 = [[Liz Truss]]<br />Rishi Sunak | term_start4 = 6 September 2022 | term_end4 = 5 July 2024 | predecessor4 = [[Anne-Marie Trevelyan]] | successor4 = Jonathan Reynolds | office5 = [[Minister for Women and Equalities]] | primeminister5 = Rishi Sunak | term_start5 = 26 October 2022 | term_end5 = 5 July 2024 | predecessor5 = [[Nadhim Zahawi]]{{efn|As Minister for Equalities.}} | successor5 = [[Bridget Phillipson]] | office6 = [[Secretary of State for International Trade]] | primeminister6 = [[Liz Truss]]<br />Rishi Sunak | term_start6 = 6 September 2022 | term_end6 = 7 February 2023 | predecessor6 = Anne-Marie Trevelyan | successor6 = ''Office abolished'' {{collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Junior ministerial offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office1 = [[Minister of State for Local Government, Faith and Communities]] | primeminister1 = [[Boris Johnson]] | term_start1 = 16 September 2021 | term_end1 = 6 July 2022 | predecessor1 = [[Luke Hall (politician)|Luke Hall]] | successor1 = [[Paul Scully]] | office2 = [[Minister of State for Equalities]]{{efn|As Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State from 2020 to September 2021.}} | primeminister2 = Boris Johnson | term_start2 = 14 February 2020 | term_end2 = 6 July 2022 | predecessor2 = [[Susan Williams, Baroness Williams of Trafford|The Baroness Williams of Trafford]] | successor2 = [[Amanda Solloway]] | office3 = [[Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury]] | primeminister3 = Boris Johnson | term_start3 = 13 February 2020 | term_end3 = 16 September 2021 | predecessor3 = [[Simon Clarke (politician)|Simon Clarke]] | successor3 = [[Helen Whately]] | office4 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families]] | primeminister4 = Boris Johnson | term_start4 = 27 July 2019 | term_end4 = 13 February 2020{{efn|[[Michelle Donelan]] was appointed on 4 September 2019 as an additional Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families to cover the portfolio during Badenoch's maternity leave.}} | predecessor4 = [[Nadhim Zahawi]] | successor4 = [[Vicky Ford]] {{collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Shadow Cabinet posts |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office2 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government]] | leader2 = Rishi Sunak | term_start2 = 8 July 2024 | term_end2 = 2 November 2024 | predecessor2 = [[Angela Rayner]] | successor2 = {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} | office7 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br /> for [[North West Essex (UK Parliament constituency)|North West Essex]] <br />{{nobold|[[Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency)|Saffron Walden]] (2017–2024)}} | term_start7 = 8 June 2017 | term_end7 = | majority7 = 2,610 (4.8%) | predecessor7 = [[Alan Haselhurst]] | successor7 = | office8 = [[London Assembly|Member of the London Assembly]]<br />as the [[List of London Assembly constituencies|4th Additional Member]] | assembly8 = [[London Assembly|London]] | term_start8 = 5 May 2016 | term_end8 = 8 June 2017 | predecessor8 = [[Gareth Bacon]] | successor8 = [[Susan Hall]] | office9 = Member of the London Assembly<br />as the [[List of London Assembly constituencies|9th Additional Member]] | term_start9 = 16 September 2015 | term_end9 = 5 May 2016 | predecessor9 = [[Victoria Borwick]] | successor9 = [[Shaun Bailey (London politician)|Shaun Bailey]] | birth_name = Olukemi Olufunto Adegoke | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|1|2|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], London, England | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] | spouse = {{marriage|Hamish Badenoch|September 2012}} | children = 3 | education = {{ubl|[[University of Sussex]] ([[MEng]])|[[Birkbeck, University of London]] ([[LLB]])}} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Software engineer|Consultant}} | website = {{URL|kemibadenoch.org.uk}} | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Kemi Badenoch debates socialism vs capitalism.ogg|title=Kemi Badenoch's voice|type=speech|description=Badenoch speaks in a debate on [[socialism]] versus [[capitalism]]<br />Recorded 28 May 2018}} }} '''Olukemi Olufunto Badenoch''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|d|n|ɒ|k}} {{Respell|BAYD|nok}}; ''[[née]]'' '''Adegoke'''; born 2 January 1980) is a [[British people|British]] [[politician]] who has been the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] and [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] since 2024. She has been the [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency)|Saffron Walden]] since 2017. She was the [[Secretary of State for International Trade]] and [[President of the Board of Trade]] from 2022 until 2024. She also was the [[Minister for Equalities|Minister for Women and Equalities]] from 2022 to 2024. She served in [[Boris Johnson]]'s second government as Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury and the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Equalities at the [[Government Equalities Office]] from 2020 to 2022. ==Personal life== Badenoch was born in [[Wimbledon, London]]. Her parents are of [[Nigeria]]n origin. Her childhood was spent in part [[Lagos]] and the [[United States]]. She returned to the United Kingdom at the age of 16. She is married to Hamish Badenoch. The couple have three children.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/kemi-badenoch-new-vicechairman-of-the-conservatives-talks-about-her-fight-to-recruit-a-more-diverse-a3777211.html|title=Kemi Badenoch: New vice-chairman of the Conservatives talks about her fight to recruit a more diverse range of MPs|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=27 February 2018|access-date=19 June 2021|last=Murphy|first=Joe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062833/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/kemi-badenoch-new-vicechairman-of-the-conservatives-talks-about-her-fight-to-recruit-a-more-diverse-a3777211.html|archive-date=22 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Conservative leadership candidacies== [[File:Official portrait of Mrs Kemi Badenoch crop 2.jpg|thumb|Badenoch's first official portrait as an MP]] {{main|July–September 2022 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election|2024 Conservative Party leadership election (UK)}} In July 2022, Badenoch announced her candidacy for [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] in the [[July–September 2022 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election|2022 leadership election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mikhailova|first=Anna|date=8 July 2022|title=Now Kemi Badenoch launches a leadership campaign in tomorrow’s Times..|url=https://twitter.com/AVMikhailova/status/1545507252643168256|access-date=8 July 2022|website=Twitter}}</ref> She was eliminated in the fourth round of voting on 19 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2022/jul/19/tory-leadership-race-live-sunak-truss-mordaunt-badenoch-mps-vote-latest|title=Tory leadership race live: Kemi Badenoch eliminated as Rishi Sunak tops poll of MPs|publisher=The Guardian|date=19 July 2022|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> Badenoch was seen as a [[frontrunner]] in the [[2024 Conservative Party leadership election (UK)|2024 Conservative Party leadership election]] early on in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kemi Badenoch has double the support of Suella Braverman among members to be next Tory leader, poll suggests |url=https://news.sky.com/story/kemi-badenoch-has-double-the-support-of-suella-braverman-among-members-to-be-next-tory-leader-poll-suggests-13175817 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> On 28 July 2024, she announced she was running in the election to be the new Tory leader and [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cw0yr7pyzneo|title=Kemi Badenoch announces bid to become Tory leader|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=28 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/kemi-badenoch-suella-braverman-tory-leadership-contest-b2587355.html|title=Kemi Badenoch launches Tory leadership bid as Suella Braverman withdraws from contest|publisher=The Independent|accessdate=28 July 2024}}</ref> After several rounds of voting, she faced [[Robert Jenrick]]. In the Member's vote, Badenoch defeated Jenrick with 56.5% of the vote on 31 October 2024. She was then declared the winner of the race, and thus Leader of the Conservative Party on 2 November.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/what-kemi-badenochs-victory-means-for-the-tories/ | title=What Kemi Badenoch's victory means for the Conservatives | newspaper=The Spectator| date= 2 November 2024| last1=Balls| first1=Katy}}</ref> == Leader of the Opposition == In her acceptance speech on 2 November 2024, Badenoch promised to "renew" the Conservative Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Kemi Badenoch's speech in full as Tory leader: 'The time has come to tell the truth' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/kemi-badenoch-full-speech-tory-leader-race-win-b2640120.html |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> She became the first Black leader of any major UK political party and the fourth woman to lead the Conservative Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Kemi Badenoch wins Tory leadership election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/nov/02/kemi-badenoch-wins-tory-leadership-election |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, after the agreement to return the Chagos Archipelago located in the British Indian Ocean Territory to Mauritius, Kemi Badenoch called the agreement "terrible", "and why on earth" should British taxpayers pay for tax cuts in Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2025 |title=Tories accuse PM of funding tax cuts for Mauritians |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c39x8ly827yo.amp |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} *{{UK MP links |parliament=mrs-kemi-badenoch/4597 |publicwhip=Kemi_Badenoch |theywork=kemi_badenoch}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Badenoch, Kemi}} [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies]] [[Category:Politicians from London]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–2024]] {{bio-stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Black British people]] [[Category:UK MPs 2024–present]] [[Category:Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)]] [[Category:Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)]] [[Category:Presidents of the Board of Trade]] 1jto3tp2tmroeuzy15qigorf968m5y5 0 853692 10966782 8382925 2026-08-18T16:49:42Z Canadachick 1633172 10966782 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Humpbackwhale singing.webm|thumb|300px|thumbtime=0:22|alt=A whale singing and diving.|[[Humpback whale]]s are well known for their songs. Click the arrow to play the video, which includes audio.]] '''Whale sounds''' (or '''vocalization''') are used by [[Whale|whales]] for [[communication]]. Whales can make different kinds of sounds, including growling and singing. The [[song]] of whales is a regular sound made by some whales (for example, [[Mysticeti|baleen whale]]). [[Humpback whale]]s make long, complicated songs. Some whales can sing and some cannot.<ref name=NatGeo>{{cite news|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=July 7, 2021|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/whales-dont-spray-water-from-their-blowholes-and-other-myths-debunked|title=Whales don't spray water from their blowholes and other myths debunked|author=Melissa Hobson|date=June 21, 2021}}</ref> Scientists are not sure what the songs do. Whales as young as one month old make some songs. Among humpback wales, the male adults sing much more than other whales do, so scientists think it might be males [[Sexual_selection#Competition_between_males_and_females|competing for mates]].<ref name=BBCS>{{cite magazine|magazine=BBC Science Focus Magazine|accessdate=July 7, 2021|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/whale-song/|title=How humpback whales communicate through a hidden global network of song|author=Thomas Ling|date=June 22, 2021}}</ref> Unlike humans, whales do not pass air through [[vocal cord]]s to make sounds. Bubbles do not rise up from a whale as it makes sounds. Some scientists think whales push air through holes inside their heads, called sinuses. They push the air across tissue called "phonic lips" or "vocal folds."<ref name=BBCS /> Due to their life in the water, whales and other [[Marine mammal|marine mammals]] are very dependent on [[Acoustics|acoustic]] communication. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Biology-stub}} [[Category:Animal communication]] [[Category:Cetaceans]] [[Category:Whales|vocal]] kevoml4buqebsq89uxihlp192dqfhz0 0 854893 10966848 9789652 2026-08-18T17:15:14Z Mistico Dois 877214 New painters. 10966848 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[famous]] Italian [[painter]]s. ==Previous [[millennium]]== *[[Coppo di Marcovaldo]] (d. around 1276) *[[Cimabue]] (d. 1302) *[[Duccio]] (d. 1319) *[[Pietro Cavallini]] (d. around 1330) *[[Giotto di Bondone]] (d. 1337) *[[Masaccio]] (d. 1428) *[[Masolino da Panicale]] (d. 1447) *[[Fra Angelico]] (d. 1455) *[[Lorenzo Ghiberti]] (d. 1455) *[[Paolo Uccello]] (d. 1475) *[[Antonello da Messina]] (d. 1479) *[[Andrea del Verrocchio]] (d. 1488) *[[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] (d. 1494) *[[Benozzo Gozzoli]] (d. 1497) *[[Francesco Botticini]] (d. 1498) *[[Antonio del Pollaiuolo]] (d. 1498) *[[Andrea Mantegna]] (d. 1506) *[[Cosimo Rosselli]] (d. after 1506) *[[Gentile Bellini]] (d. 1507) *[[Sandro Botticelli]] (d. 1510) *[[Giorgione]] (d. 1510) *[[Donato Bramante]] (d. 1514) *[[Giovanni Bellini]] (d. 1516) *[[Leonardo Da Vinci]] (d. 1519) *[[Raphael]] (d. 1520) *[[Perugino]] (d. 1523) *[[Luca Signorelli]] (d. 1523) *[[Pietro Perugino]] (d. 1524) *[[Andrea del Sarto]] (d. 1530) *[[Giulio Romano]] (d. 1546) *[[Michelangelo]] (d. 1564) *[[Daniele da Volterra]] (d. 1566) *[[Giorgio Vasari]] (d. 1574) *[[Titian]] (d. 1576) *[[Paolo Veronese]] (d. 1588) *[[Tintoretto]] (d. 1594) *[[Agostino Carracci]] (d. 1602) *[[Caravaggio]] (d. 1610) *[[Federico Barocci]] (d. 1612) *[[Artemisia Gentileschi]] (d. 1652) *[[Giovanni Francesco Romanelli]] (d. 1662) *[[Pietro Martorana]] (d. 1759) *[[Giuseppe Castiglione (painter)]] (d. 1766), *[[Giambattista Pittoni]] (d. 1767) *[[Canaletto]] (d. 1768) *[[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] (d. 1770) *[[Bernardo Bellotto]] (d. 1780) *[[Pietro Longhi]] (d. 1785) *[[Franz Caucig]] (d. 1828) *[[Giovanni Carnovali]] (d. 1873) *[[Tranquillo Cremona]] (d. 1878) *[[Francesco Hayez]] (d. 1882) *[[Giuseppe De Pisis]] (d. 1884) *[[Francesco Filippini]] (d. 1895) *[[Giuseppe Bertini]] (d. 1898) *[[Amedeo Modigliani]] (d. 1920) *[[Giovanni Boldini]] (d. 1931) *[[Achille Beltrame]] (d. 1945) *[[Giovanni Colmo]] (d. 1947) *[[Vincenzo Irolli]] (d. 1949) *[[Giorgio Morandi]] (d. 1964) *[[Gino Severini]] (d. 1966) *[[Dante Parini]] (d. 1969) *[[Giannino Castiglioni|Giannino "Gio" Castiglioni]] (d. 1971) *[[Giuseppe Caselli]] (d. 1976) *[[Giorgio de Chirico]] (d. 1978) *[[Gabriele Patriarca (painter)|Gabriele Patriarca]] (d. 1988) ==New millenium== *[[Giovan Francesco Gonzaga]] (d. 2007) *[[Roberto Venturoni]] (d. 2011) *[[Alessandro Kokocinski]] (d. 2017), Italian-Argentine painter *[[Jannis Kounellis]] (d. 2017) *[[Trento Longaretti]] (d. 2017) *[[Gillo Dorfles]] (d. 2018) *[[Aldo Tambellini]] (d. 2020), Italian-American painter *[[Franco Battiato]] (d. 2021) *[[Vittore Bocchetta]] (d. 2021) *[[Paolo Salvati]] (d. 2014) *[[Ugo Nespolo]] (1941-) *[[Umberto Pettinicchio]] (1943-) *[[Renzo Eusebi]] (1946-) *[[Paola Romano]] (1951-) *[[Francesco Clemente]] (1952-) *[[Generoso Pompa]], or "Gene" ([[pseudonym]]) (1952-) *[[Maurizio Delvecchio]] (1962-) *[[Antonio Servillo]] (1964-) *[[Paola Epifani]], or "Rabarama" (pseudonym) (1969-) *[[Antonello Spadafora]] (1979-) ==Sources== {{Reflist}} {{clear}} {{list-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Italian painters}} [[Category:Italian painters|*]] [[Category:Lists of painters]] hezty3vjnvper6ik5ag8pfvq6jyklrt 10966849 10966848 2026-08-18T17:15:41Z Mistico Dois 877214 10966849 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[famous]] Italian [[painter]]s. ==Previous [[millennium]]== *[[Coppo di Marcovaldo]] (d. around 1276) *[[Cimabue]] (d. 1302) *[[Duccio]] (d. 1319) *[[Pietro Cavallini]] (d. around 1330) *[[Giotto di Bondone]] (d. 1337) *[[Masaccio]] (d. 1428) *[[Masolino da Panicale]] (d. 1447) *[[Fra Angelico]] (d. 1455) *[[Lorenzo Ghiberti]] (d. 1455) *[[Paolo Uccello]] (d. 1475) *[[Antonello da Messina]] (d. 1479) *[[Andrea del Verrocchio]] (d. 1488) *[[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] (d. 1494) *[[Benozzo Gozzoli]] (d. 1497) *[[Francesco Botticini]] (d. 1498) *[[Antonio del Pollaiuolo]] (d. 1498) *[[Andrea Mantegna]] (d. 1506) *[[Cosimo Rosselli]] (d. after 1506) *[[Gentile Bellini]] (d. 1507) *[[Sandro Botticelli]] (d. 1510) *[[Giorgione]] (d. 1510) *[[Donato Bramante]] (d. 1514) *[[Giovanni Bellini]] (d. 1516) *[[Leonardo Da Vinci]] (d. 1519) *[[Raphael]] (d. 1520) *[[Perugino]] (d. 1523) *[[Luca Signorelli]] (d. 1523) *[[Pietro Perugino]] (d. 1524) *[[Andrea del Sarto]] (d. 1530) *[[Giulio Romano]] (d. 1546) *[[Michelangelo]] (d. 1564) *[[Daniele da Volterra]] (d. 1566) *[[Giorgio Vasari]] (d. 1574) *[[Titian]] (d. 1576) *[[Paolo Veronese]] (d. 1588) *[[Tintoretto]] (d. 1594) *[[Agostino Carracci]] (d. 1602) *[[Caravaggio]] (d. 1610) *[[Federico Barocci]] (d. 1612) *[[Artemisia Gentileschi]] (d. 1652) *[[Giovanni Francesco Romanelli]] (d. 1662) *[[Pietro Martorana]] (d. 1759) *[[Giuseppe Castiglione (painter)]] (d. 1766), *[[Giambattista Pittoni]] (d. 1767) *[[Canaletto]] (d. 1768) *[[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] (d. 1770) *[[Bernardo Bellotto]] (d. 1780) *[[Pietro Longhi]] (d. 1785) *[[Franz Caucig]] (d. 1828) *[[Giovanni Carnovali]] (d. 1873) *[[Tranquillo Cremona]] (d. 1878) *[[Francesco Hayez]] (d. 1882) *[[Giuseppe De Nittis]] (d. 1884) *[[Francesco Filippini]] (d. 1895) *[[Giuseppe Bertini]] (d. 1898) *[[Amedeo Modigliani]] (d. 1920) *[[Giovanni Boldini]] (d. 1931) *[[Achille Beltrame]] (d. 1945) *[[Giovanni Colmo]] (d. 1947) *[[Vincenzo Irolli]] (d. 1949) *[[Giorgio Morandi]] (d. 1964) *[[Gino Severini]] (d. 1966) *[[Dante Parini]] (d. 1969) *[[Giannino Castiglioni|Giannino "Gio" Castiglioni]] (d. 1971) *[[Giuseppe Caselli]] (d. 1976) *[[Giorgio de Chirico]] (d. 1978) *[[Gabriele Patriarca (painter)|Gabriele Patriarca]] (d. 1988) ==New millenium== *[[Giovan Francesco Gonzaga]] (d. 2007) *[[Roberto Venturoni]] (d. 2011) *[[Alessandro Kokocinski]] (d. 2017), Italian-Argentine painter *[[Jannis Kounellis]] (d. 2017) *[[Trento Longaretti]] (d. 2017) *[[Gillo Dorfles]] (d. 2018) *[[Aldo Tambellini]] (d. 2020), Italian-American painter *[[Franco Battiato]] (d. 2021) *[[Vittore Bocchetta]] (d. 2021) *[[Paolo Salvati]] (d. 2014) *[[Ugo Nespolo]] (1941-) *[[Umberto Pettinicchio]] (1943-) *[[Renzo Eusebi]] (1946-) *[[Paola Romano]] (1951-) *[[Francesco Clemente]] (1952-) *[[Generoso Pompa]], or "Gene" ([[pseudonym]]) (1952-) *[[Maurizio Delvecchio]] (1962-) *[[Antonio Servillo]] (1964-) *[[Paola Epifani]], or "Rabarama" (pseudonym) (1969-) *[[Antonello Spadafora]] (1979-) ==Sources== {{Reflist}} {{clear}} {{list-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Italian painters}} [[Category:Italian painters|*]] [[Category:Lists of painters]] f8f3sovvz6ce7ulif34cie7h3aqazgl 0 856854 10966897 10872533 2026-08-18T17:44:35Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Bashir_Gemayel_(cropped).png|Bashir_Gemayel_(cropped).png]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Pymouss|Pymouss]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Bashir Gemayel (cropped).png|]]. 10966897 wikitext text/x-wiki ==List of officeholders== ===State of Greater Lebanon, part of the French Mandate (1926–1943)=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! rowspan="2" | No. ! rowspan="2" | Portrait ! rowspan="2" | Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! rowspan="2" | Elected ! colspan="2" | Term of office ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Political party |- ! Took office ! Left office |- | 1 | [[File:Charles Debbas portrait.jpg|100px]] | [[Charles Debbas]]<br>{{lang|ar|شارل دباس}}<br>{{small|(1885–1935)}} | — | 1 September 1926 | 2 January 1934 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | — | [[File:No image (male).svg|133x133px]] | [[Antoine Privat-Aubouard]]<br>{{lang|ar|أنطوان أوبوار}}<br>{{small|(1874–1934)}} | — | 2 January 1934 | 30 January 1934 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | 2 | [[File:Habib Pasha Saad - Official portrait.png|153x153px]] | [[Habib Pacha Es-Saad]]<br>{{lang|ar|حبيب باشا السعد}}<br>{{small|(1867–1942)}} | — | 30 January 1934 | 20 January 1936 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | 3 | [[File:Émile Eddé Official portrait.jpg|145x145px]] | [[Émile Eddé]]<br>{{lang|ar|إميل أده}}<br>{{small|(1886–1949)}} | [[1936 Lebanese presidential election|1936]] | 20 January 1936 | 4 April 1941 | [[Lebanese National Bloc|National Bloc]] ! style="background-color:#00529F;" | |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | [[File:Pierre-Georges Arlabosse.jpg|100px]] | [[Pierre-Georges Arlabosse]]<br>{{lang|ar|بيار جورج أرلابوس}}<br>{{small|(1891–1950)}} | — | 4 April 1941 | 9 April 1941 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | 4 | [[File:Alfred Naqqache Portrait.jpg|133x133px]] | [[Alfred Naqqache|Alfred Georges Naccache]]<br>{{lang|ar|ألفرد جورج النقاش}}<br>{{small|(1887–1978)}} | — | 9 April 1941 | 18 March 1943 | [[Kataeb Party]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|Kataeb Party}};" | |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | [[File:Ayoub Thabit.png|100px]] | [[Ayoub Tabet]]<br>{{lang|ar|أيوب تابت}}<br>{{small|(1884–1951)}} | — | 19 March 1943 | 21 July 1943 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | 5 | [[File:Petro Trad (cropped).jpg|100px]] | [[Petro Trad]]<br>{{lang|ar|بيترو طراد}}<br>{{small|(1876–1947)}} | — | 22 July 1943 | 21 September 1943 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | 6 | [[File:Bechara elkhoury.jpg|100px]] | [[Bechara El Khoury|Bechara Khoury]]<br>{{lang|ar|بشارة الخوري}}<br>{{small|(1890–1964)}} | — | 21 September 1943 | 11 November 1943 | [[Constitutional Bloc (Lebanon)|Constitutional Bloc]] ! style="background-color:DarkRed;" | |} ===Lebanese Republic (1943–present)=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! rowspan="2" | No. ! rowspan="2" | Portrait ! rowspan="2" | Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! rowspan="2" | Elected ! colspan="2" | Term of office ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Political party |- ! Took office ! Left office |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | [[File:Eddé Portrait.jpg|100px]] | [[Émile Eddé]]<br>{{lang|ar|إميل أده}}<br>{{small|(1886–1949)}} | — | 11 November 1943 | 22 November 1943 | [[Lebanese National Bloc|National Bloc]] ! style="background-color:#00529F;" | |- | 6 | [[File:Bechara elkhoury.jpg|100px]] | [[Bechara El Khoury|Bechara Khoury]]<br>{{lang|ar|بشارة الخوري}}<br>{{small|(1890–1964)}} | [[1943 Lebanese presidential election|1943]]<br>[[1948 Lebanese presidential election|1948]] | 22 November 1943 | 18 September 1952 | [[Constitutional Bloc (Lebanon)|Constitutional Bloc]] ! style="background-color:DarkRed;" | |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | [[File:General Fouad Chehab.png|100px]] | [[Fouad Chehab]]<br>{{lang|ar|فؤاد شهاب}}<br>{{small|(1902–1973)}} | — | [[Military Cabinet of Fouad Chehab|18 September 1952]] | 22 September 1952 | [[Military Cabinet of Fouad Chehab|Military]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|Military rule}};" | |- | rowspan="2" |7 | rowspan="2" |[[File:Camille chamoun.jpg|100px]] | rowspan="2" |[[Camille Chamoun]]<br>{{lang|ar|كميل شمعون}}<br>{{small|(1900–1987)}} | rowspan="2" |[[1952 Lebanese presidential election|1952]] | rowspan="2" |23 September 1952 | rowspan="2" |22 September 1958 |[[Constitutional Bloc (Lebanon)|Constitutional Bloc]] ! style="background-color:DarkRed;" | |- |[[National Liberal Party (Lebanon)|National Liberal Party]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|National Liberal Party (Lebanon)}};" | |- | 8 | [[File:Fouad Chehab 34.jpg|159x159px]] | [[Fouad Chehab]]<br>{{lang|ar|فؤاد شهاب}}<br>{{small|(1902–1973)}} | [[1958 Lebanese presidential election|1958]] | 23 September 1958 | 22 September 1964 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | 9 | [[File:Charles Helou president.jpg|139x139px]] | [[Charles Helou]]<br>{{lang|ar|شارل حلو}}<br>{{small|(1913–2001)}} | [[1964 Lebanese presidential election|1964]] | 23 September 1964 | 22 September 1970 | [[Chehabism|Chehabist]] ! style="background-color:Grey;" | |- | 10 | [[File:Suleiman Frangieh - FOCR.jpg|100px]] | [[Suleiman Frangieh]]<br>{{lang|ar|سليمان فرنجية}}<br>{{small|(1910–1992)}} | [[1970 Lebanese presidential election|1970]] | 23 September 1970 | 22 September 1976 | [[Marada Movement]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|Marada Movement}};" | |- | 11 | [[File:Elias Sarkis.png|137x137px]] | [[Élias Sarkis]]<br>{{lang|ar|إلياس سركيس}}<br>{{small|(1924–1985)}} | [[1976 Lebanese presidential election|1976]] | 23 September 1976 | 22 September 1982 | [[Chehabism|Chehabist]] ! style="background-color:Grey;" | |- | 12 | | [[Bachir Gemayel]]<br>{{lang|ar|بشير الجميل}}<br>{{small|(1947–1982)}} | [[August 1982 Lebanese presidential election|1982<br>(Aug)]] | ''23 August 1982'' | ''[[Assassination of Bachir Gemayel|14 September 1982]]'' | [[Kataeb Party]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|Kataeb Party}};" | |- | 13 | [[File:Amine Gemayel.jpg|100px]] | [[Amine Gemayel]]<br>{{lang|ar|أمين الجميل}}<br>{{small|(born 1942)}} | [[September 1982 Lebanese presidential election|1982<br>(Sep)]] | 23 September 1982 | 22 September 1988 | [[Kataeb Party]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|Kataeb Party}};" | |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | [[File:Selim el Hoss old.png|100px]] | [[Selim al-Hoss|Selim Hoss]]<br>{{lang|ar|سليم الحص}}<br>{{small|(born 1929)}} | — | 22 September 1988 | 5 November 1989 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | [[File:Michel Aoun - 1988.jpg|100px]] | [[Michel Aoun]]<br>{{lang|ar|ميشال عون}}<br>{{small|(born 1933)}} | — | [[Military Cabinet of Michel Aoun|22 September 1988]] | 13 October 1990 | [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Military]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|Military rule}};" | |- ! colspan="8" |[[File:Flag of Lebanon.png|25x25px]] [[Second Lebanese Republic]] |- | 14 | [[File:René Moawad - 1988.jpg|100px]] | [[René Moawad]]<br>{{lang|ar|رينيه معوض}}<br>{{small|(1925–1989)}} | [[5 November 1989 Lebanese presidential election|1989<br>(5 Nov)]] | 5 November 1989 | 22 November 1989 | [[Independence Movement (Lebanon)|Independence Movement]] ! style="background:Red;" | |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | [[File:Selim el Hoss old.png|100px]] | [[Selim al-Hoss|Selim Hoss]]<br>{{lang|ar|سليم الحص}}<br>{{small|(born 1929)}} | — | 22 November 1989 | 24 November 1989 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | 15 | [[File:Elias Hraoui President.jpg|100px]] | [[Elias Hrawi]]<br>{{lang|ar|إلياس الهراوي}}<br>{{small|(1926–2006)}} | [[24 November 1989 Lebanese presidential election|1989<br>(24 Nov)]] | 24 November 1989 | 24 November 1998 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- | 16 | [[File:Lebanon.EmileLahoud.01.jpg|100px]] | [[Émile Lahoud]]<br>{{lang|ar|إميل لحود}}<br>{{small|(born 1936)}} | [[1998 Lebanese presidential election|1998]] | 24 November 1998 | 24 November 2007 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | [[File:Fouad Siniora EPP Congress 5446 (cropped).jpg|100px]] | [[Fouad Siniora]]<br>{{lang|ar|فؤاد السنيورة}}<br>{{small|(born 1943)}} | — | 24 November 2007 | 25 May 2008 | [[Future Movement]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|Future Movement}};" | |- | 17 | [[File:Michel Suleiman 2012.jpeg|100px]] | [[Michel Suleiman]]<br>{{lang|ar|ميشال سليمان}}<br>{{small|(born 1948)}} | [[2008 Lebanese presidential election|2008]] | 25 May 2008 | 25 May 2014 | colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | [[File:David Cameron meets with Prime Minister Salam, of Lebanon, at the Syria Conference (cropped).jpg|100px]] | [[Tammam Salam]]<br>{{lang|ar|تمّام سلام}}<br>{{small|(born 1945)}} | — | 25 May 2014 | 31 October 2016 | [[Future Movement]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|Future Movement}};" | |- | 18 | [[File:Michel Aoun, February 2020 (cropped).jpg|100px]] | [[Michel Aoun]]<br>{{lang|ar|ميشال عون}}<br>{{small|(born 1933)}} | [[2014–2016 Lebanese presidential election|2016]] | 31 October 2016 | 31 October 2022 | [[Free Patriotic Movement]] ! style="background-color:{{party color|Free Patriotic Movement}};" | |-style="background-color:#E6E6AA" | — | | [[Najib Mikati]]<br>{{lang|ar|نجيب ميقاتي}}<br>{{small|(born 1955)}} | — | 31 October 2022 | 9 January 2025 | [[Azm Movement]] ! style="background-color:#93308F;" | |- |19 |[[File:Gen. Joseph K. Aoun Participates in a Wreath-Laying at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (cropped).jpg|132x132px]] |[[Joseph Aoun]]<br>{{lang|ar|جوزيف عون}}<small>(born 1964)</small><br> |2022–2025 |9 January 2025 |Incumbent |Military ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Military}};" | |} ==Related pages== * [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]] {{Lebanon topics}} [[Category:Presidents of Lebanon| ]] [[Category:Politics of Lebanon]] [[Category:1943 establishments in Lebanon]] [[Category:Lists of national presidents|Lebanon]] [[Category:Lists of political office-holders in Lebanon|Presidents]] [[Category:Lebanon politics-related lists]] ckmb74qinxdzghntvo2uqv0e05hwflu 0 859156 10966886 10738831 2026-08-18T17:34:56Z Canadachick 1633172 10966886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox official post | post = Parliamentarian | body = the [[United States Senate]] | insignia = Seal of the United States Senate.svg | insigniacaption = Seal of the United States Senate | image = Elizabethmacdonough.png | incumbent = [[Elizabeth MacDonough]] | acting = | incumbentsince = 2012 | department = [[United States Senate]] | type = Parliamentarian | member_of = Senate Dais | reports_to = | nominator = | appointer = [[Senate Majority Leader]] | appointer_qualified = | termlength = Serves at the pleasure of the Majority Leader | termlength_qualified = | constituting_instrument = [[Standing Rules of the United States Senate]] | formation = 1935 | first = Charles Watkins | salary = $172,500<ref>{{cite web |first=Ida A. |last=Brudnick |title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances: In Brief |url=https://www.senate.gov/CRSpubs/9c14ec69-c4e4-4bd8-8953-f73daa1640e4.pdf |work=[[Congressional Research Service]] |date=April 11, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref> }} The '''Parliamentarian of the United States Senate''' is the official advisor to the [[United States Senate]]. Their job is to talk about and protect the original meaning of the [[Standing Rules of the United States Senate]] and [[parliamentary procedure]]. == List of Parliamentarians == The following have served as Senate Parliamentarian:<ref>{{cite book|title=Senate procedure and practice|url=https://archive.org/details/senateprocedurep00gold|last=Gold|first=Martin|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7425-6305-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/senateprocedurep00gold/page/n23 11]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! {{abbr|No.|Number}} || Years || Parliamentarian |- | 1 | 1935–1964<ref name="Crs">{{cite web|last1=Heitshusen|first1=Valerie|title=Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20544.pdf|website=Congressional Research Service|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227082931/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20544.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[Charles L. Watkins]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/First_Official_Parliamentarian.htm |title=First Official Parliamentarian |work=[[United States Senate]]}}</ref> |- | 2 | 1964–1974 || [[Floyd Riddick]] |- | 3 | 1974–1981 || [[Murray Zweben]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/09/18/murray-zweben/271a5d52-814f-45f9-af26-9dfbb1907451/ |title=Murray Zweben |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=September 24, 2000}}</ref> |- | 4a | 1981–1987 || [[Robert Dove]] |- | 5a | 1987–1995 || [[Alan Frumin]] |- | 4b | 1995–2001 || [[Robert Dove]] |- | 5b | 2001–2012 || [[Alan Frumin]] |- | 6 | 2012–present || [[Elizabeth MacDonough]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0212/72526_Page3.html|publisher=[[Politico]]|title=Elizabeth MacDonough is Senate's first female parliamentarian|first=David|last=Rogers|ref=Crs |date=February 6, 2012|access-date=April 12, 2014}}</ref> |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Parliamentarians of the United States Senate|*]] {{US-stub}} lumg2f7sakgiy8ophqjzuvzoqiajfe7 0 859325 10966963 9617192 2026-08-18T19:54:04Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10966963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Frank Beard | image = Frank Beard 2014 (cropped).jpg | caption = Beard performing with [[ZZ Top]] in 2014 | birth_name = Frank Lee Beard | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|6|11}} | birth_place = [[Frankston, Texas]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|8|17|1949|6|11}} | death_place = [[Richmond, Texas]], U.S. | instrument = {{flatlist| * Drums * percussion }} | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hard rock]] * [[blues rock]] * [[rock music|rock]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Songwriter * musician }} | years_active = 1969–2025 | label = {{flatlist| * [[Rhino Entertainment|Rhino]] * [[RCA Records|RCA]] * [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] * [[London Records|London]] }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[ZZ Top]] * [[American Blues]] * The Cellar Dwellars * The Hustlers a * The Warlocks }} | website = }} '''Frank Lee Beard''' (born June 11, 1949 &ndash; August 17, 2026) was an American rock musician. He was the drummer in the American [[Rock music|rock]] band [[ZZ Top]].<ref name="ZZTop HallofFame RS magazine interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-2004-zz-top-20040225|title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2004: ZZ Top: Texas blooze men celebrate thirty years of fuzz|last=Dansby|first=Andrew|date=February 25, 2004|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann S. Wenner, editor and publisher|access-date=June 22, 2011|location=Copyright 2011|archive-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035656/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-2004-zz-top-20040225|url-status=dead}}</ref> Before joining ZZ Top, Beard was a member of a fake version of the British band [[The Zombies]]. He was also part of The Outlaws with later ZZ Top member [[Dusty Hill]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/news/strange-weird/article/ZZ-Top-s-Dusty-Hill-and-Frank-Beard-once-7961317.php|title=ZZ Top's Dusty Hill and Frank Beard once masqueraded as British rock act the Zombies|first=Craig|last=Hlavaty|date=June 3, 2016|website=Chron.com|access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> Beard died on August 17, 2026 under [[hospice care]] at his ranch in [[Richmond, Texas]] at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/08/18/frank-beard-zz-top-dies/91311435007/|title=ZZ Top drummer Frank Beard dies at 77|publisher=USA Today|date=August 18, 2026|accessdate=August 18, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beard, Frank}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:American rock drummers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American blues musicians]] [[Category:American songwriters]] [[Category:Musicians from Texas]] [[Category:Writers from Texas]] [[Category:ZZ Top]] {{US-bio-stub}} ozjslxvktox4lnndo9bbm7xe47y8zrw 10966964 10966963 2026-08-18T19:54:13Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10966964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Frank Beard | image = Frank Beard 2014 (cropped).jpg | caption = Beard performing with [[ZZ Top]] in 2014 | birth_name = Frank Lee Beard | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|6|11}} | birth_place = [[Frankston, Texas]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|8|17|1949|6|11}} | death_place = [[Richmond, Texas]], U.S. | instrument = {{flatlist| * Drums * percussion }} | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hard rock]] * [[blues rock]] * [[rock music|rock]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Songwriter * musician }} | years_active = 1969–2025 | label = {{flatlist| * [[Rhino Entertainment|Rhino]] * [[RCA Records|RCA]] * [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] * [[London Records|London]] }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[ZZ Top]] * [[American Blues]] * The Cellar Dwellars * The Hustlers a * The Warlocks }} | website = }} '''Frank Lee Beard''' (June 11, 1949 &ndash; August 17, 2026) was an American rock musician. He was the drummer in the American [[Rock music|rock]] band [[ZZ Top]].<ref name="ZZTop HallofFame RS magazine interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-2004-zz-top-20040225|title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2004: ZZ Top: Texas blooze men celebrate thirty years of fuzz|last=Dansby|first=Andrew|date=February 25, 2004|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann S. Wenner, editor and publisher|access-date=June 22, 2011|location=Copyright 2011|archive-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035656/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-2004-zz-top-20040225|url-status=dead}}</ref> Before joining ZZ Top, Beard was a member of a fake version of the British band [[The Zombies]]. He was also part of The Outlaws with later ZZ Top member [[Dusty Hill]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/news/strange-weird/article/ZZ-Top-s-Dusty-Hill-and-Frank-Beard-once-7961317.php|title=ZZ Top's Dusty Hill and Frank Beard once masqueraded as British rock act the Zombies|first=Craig|last=Hlavaty|date=June 3, 2016|website=Chron.com|access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> Beard died on August 17, 2026 under [[hospice care]] at his ranch in [[Richmond, Texas]] at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/08/18/frank-beard-zz-top-dies/91311435007/|title=ZZ Top drummer Frank Beard dies at 77|publisher=USA Today|date=August 18, 2026|accessdate=August 18, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beard, Frank}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:American rock drummers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American blues musicians]] [[Category:American songwriters]] [[Category:Musicians from Texas]] [[Category:Writers from Texas]] [[Category:ZZ Top]] {{US-bio-stub}} dfkpgzq5yidw5algxs0nv79fb9q6u7m 10966965 10966964 2026-08-18T19:54:34Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 removed [[Category:Living people]]; added [[Category:2026 deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Frank Beard | image = Frank Beard 2014 (cropped).jpg | caption = Beard performing with [[ZZ Top]] in 2014 | birth_name = Frank Lee Beard | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|6|11}} | birth_place = [[Frankston, Texas]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|8|17|1949|6|11}} | death_place = [[Richmond, Texas]], U.S. | instrument = {{flatlist| * Drums * percussion }} | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hard rock]] * [[blues rock]] * [[rock music|rock]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Songwriter * musician }} | years_active = 1969–2025 | label = {{flatlist| * [[Rhino Entertainment|Rhino]] * [[RCA Records|RCA]] * [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] * [[London Records|London]] }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[ZZ Top]] * [[American Blues]] * The Cellar Dwellars * The Hustlers a * The Warlocks }} | website = }} '''Frank Lee Beard''' (June 11, 1949 &ndash; August 17, 2026) was an American rock musician. He was the drummer in the American [[Rock music|rock]] band [[ZZ Top]].<ref name="ZZTop HallofFame RS magazine interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-2004-zz-top-20040225|title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2004: ZZ Top: Texas blooze men celebrate thirty years of fuzz|last=Dansby|first=Andrew|date=February 25, 2004|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann S. Wenner, editor and publisher|access-date=June 22, 2011|location=Copyright 2011|archive-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035656/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-2004-zz-top-20040225|url-status=dead}}</ref> Before joining ZZ Top, Beard was a member of a fake version of the British band [[The Zombies]]. He was also part of The Outlaws with later ZZ Top member [[Dusty Hill]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/news/strange-weird/article/ZZ-Top-s-Dusty-Hill-and-Frank-Beard-once-7961317.php|title=ZZ Top's Dusty Hill and Frank Beard once masqueraded as British rock act the Zombies|first=Craig|last=Hlavaty|date=June 3, 2016|website=Chron.com|access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> Beard died on August 17, 2026 under [[hospice care]] at his ranch in [[Richmond, Texas]] at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/08/18/frank-beard-zz-top-dies/91311435007/|title=ZZ Top drummer Frank Beard dies at 77|publisher=USA Today|date=August 18, 2026|accessdate=August 18, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beard, Frank}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:American rock drummers]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:American blues musicians]] [[Category:American songwriters]] [[Category:Musicians from Texas]] [[Category:Writers from Texas]] [[Category:ZZ Top]] {{US-bio-stub}} a9g2jwez5p22eki57qbzq7snpvblm0b 0 862058 10966814 7718015 2026-08-18T16:59:23Z Canadachick 1633172 10966814 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''synthetic radioisotope''' is a [[radioactive isotope]] that has been man made. Examples of some synthetic radioisotopes include [[Tennessine]] atoms and some [[Uranium]] atoms. Most of the [[actinides]], [[Technetium]], [[Promethium]] and more have radioisotopes. They are unstable, radioactive, and dangerous. [[Category:Isotopes]] {{multistub|chem|phys}} 27wi3bvvsnwcnxzhjk62ak8ho6z0q5q 10966816 10966814 2026-08-18T16:59:54Z Canadachick 1633172 10966816 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''synthetic radioisotope''' is a [[radioactive isotope]] that has been man made. Examples of some synthetic radioisotopes include [[Tennessine]] atoms and some [[Uranium]] atoms. Most of the [[actinides]], [[Technetium]], [[Promethium]] and more have radioisotopes. They are unstable, radioactive, and dangerous. [[Category:Isotopes]] {{multistub|chem|physics}} 4alqytmea8tdcdrwzmcdhvg899z3r24 10 863124 10967139 10966254 2026-08-19T01:33:04Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10967139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=96945 |ed=104062 |created=4 |deleted=9419 |revdel=1140 |eventdel=61 |restored=450 |blocked=3714 |protected=444 |unprotected=63 |rights=273 |reblock=177 |unblock=21 |modify=61 |filter=67 |merge=0 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=413 |style={{{style|}}}}} 9yfqpjt4kset7poaomhioapffekkevw 2 871509 10967305 9929902 2026-08-19T07:23:50Z Hockeycatcat 1070632 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Columns in 30 minutes or less]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967305 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by myself ([[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]]) using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If I no longer wish to keep this log, I can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for quick deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. 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notified {{user|Aeiouy1234567890}} 08:24, 19 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Md Abu Yousuf]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:28, 19 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Appiness]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Volgaden}} 09:19, 19 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:True and the Rainbow Kingdom Blood Gore and Death]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.71.230.196}} 09:26, 19 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Hanging scale]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.86.114.169}} 10:18, 19 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Pedro I of Brazil]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|146.90.254.41}} 08:50, 20 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Tyggegummi]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|80.196.225.50}} 08:53, 20 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Alfie (name)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|217.181.23.102}} 09:33, 20 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Internal clock]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.219.7.183}} 09:56, 20 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Rodrigues solitaire]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|41.113.141.252}} 15:49, 20 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Unit of Elite, Code name UEForces]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|190.189.3.244}} 15:52, 20 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Nelson Mandela old]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|80.62.237.116}} 07:09, 21 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Alveolar nasal]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|155.33.135.0}} 07:10, 21 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Abhinav Kumar]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|88.131.216.189}} 07:22, 21 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Louis Jensen (forfatter)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|185.46.38.250}} 10:32, 21 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Game engine]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|213.105.8.90}} 11:12, 21 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:User talk:90.224.199.50]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2A01:B340:81:12AE:8176:93CA:E44:A61A}} 11:14, 21 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Pripyat]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 14:05, 21 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Small talk]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G8|G8]]); notified {{user|159.171.152.21}} 09:48, 22 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Source (game engine)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|62.252.9.74}} 12:04, 22 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Breach of the peace]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:02, 22 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Ptolemy XV of Egypt]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.113.185.88}} 15:38, 22 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:George Bryan Porter]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|136.228.52.4}} 16:09, 22 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Priyanshupandey828122]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Priyanshupandey828122}} 04:31, 23 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Corinthian War]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|37.210.240.178}} 06:33, 23 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Dc Themmi (Singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 06:37, 23 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Dc Themmi (Singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 06:37, 23 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Musab]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|195.18.187.108}} 09:00, 23 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Charlie Strap And The Froggy Ball Flying High (movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:06, 23 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Charlie Strap And The Froggy Ball (movie)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|85.115.37.201}} 09:08, 23 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2.139.164.235}} 11:07, 23 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Saint-Pierre, Réunion]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|192.101.255.237}} 14:26, 24 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Burt’s Ice Cream Shop]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|47.19.31.213}} 14:39, 24 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Longest paragraph]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2607:FA49:AF45:C500:4DA6:7945:E737:425E}} 14:39, 24 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Raja Nahar Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Ankush jaat bhall}} 15:17, 24 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Coliseu]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:06, 26 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Bicycle lighting]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|37.30.18.23}} 14:37, 26 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Handbrake]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|37.30.18.23}} 14:37, 26 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:International Transport Forum]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|37.30.18.23}} 14:38, 26 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:John Lamont]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|46.226.2.45}} 09:27, 27 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Puck of Pook's Hill]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:EC4A:CD00:3963:6AB8:8181:FED6}} 09:56, 27 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Harvard Mark I]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.92.168.110}} 10:10, 27 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Assbanana]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2A01:B340:80:5295:E0C7:B7A2:1FB7:2F95}} 11:06, 27 September 2021 (UTC) === October 2021 === # [[:Presidio modelo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|77.88.116.90}} 11:43, 1 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:BanX]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:12, 1 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Ionize]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4063:4EAE:4E8B:0:0:338A:3703}} 11:52, 2 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Ips]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|116.251.216.100}} 11:17, 3 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Stanley and Martin]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|RicardoAmazingPro}} 11:30, 3 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Punch line]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|24.114.72.68}} 09:59, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Epidídimo]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2800:CD0:5F43:1900:612F:B7A4:FD22:1A65}} 10:00, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Afzal Khan (British politician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.23.237.197}} 11:04, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:James Dunn (Australian politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|85.19.187.102}} 11:05, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kingfield Stadium]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|88.215.34.112}} 10:07, 6 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Togo nationality]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|51.148.86.153}} 10:07, 6 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Call of Duty: Warzone]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.194.75.205}} 11:25, 6 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:List of Roman and Byzantine Emperors]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Jan12shamil}} 11:07, 24 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:New York v. United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|74.114.87.65}} 11:31, 30 October 2021 (UTC) === November 2021 === # [[:Mace Coronel]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|100.38.156.29}} 09:05, 7 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kylie]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1002:B017:D2D:19FC:89C3:43E:EFDB}} 09:10, 7 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:Linda]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1002:B017:D2D:19FC:89C3:43E:EFDB}} 09:10, 7 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:Template:Hockeypooppoop]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2A01:B340:80:6077:3D78:61A3:FF72:CDB2}} 09:43, 7 November 2021 (UTC) === January 2022 === # [[:The Twilight Saga (film series)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|69.144.246.78}} 04:50, 5 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Randhirsingh06011993]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Randhirsingh06011993}} 05:02, 5 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Broad River Roasters]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Broad River Roasters}} 06:22, 5 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:LOL (disambiguation)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|ImprovingSimpleWiki}} 10:11, 9 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Napoleone Bonaparte]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.57.77.189}} 11:39, 9 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Cordoue]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|102.101.216.234}} 11:40, 9 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|183.82.204.64}} 12:00, 9 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Yahya Jamaaoui]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:26, 9 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Spania]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|85.19.187.103}} 07:26, 11 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Moo]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|64.43.50.40}} 10:10, 11 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User talk:BadgerFartFart]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 10:15, 11 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Lapidazione]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|5.170.212.69}} 07:30, 15 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Arsh YT]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Arsh YT}} 07:30, 15 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User talk:タテホアスペルガー]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 07:32, 15 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User talk:タテホアスペ]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 07:49, 15 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Ribozome]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|41.116.75.108}} 08:21, 15 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Ribozome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|41.116.75.108}} 08:22, 15 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Matru Pal]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|Premjeep}} 10:29, 15 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Origin of the Universe]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|124.52.60.213}} 10:32, 15 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Universe hypothesis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|124.52.60.213}} 09:37, 16 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Allu Aravind]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:33, 17 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Jigyanshu Chanana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Jigyanshu Chanana}} 06:01, 17 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:184.66.240.87]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|184.66.240.87}} 06:38, 18 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Randalism]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:15, 18 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Bavarian Army]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 04:56, 21 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Namibian local and regional elections, 2015]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|180.248.210.249}} 05:33, 21 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:XE60 ( New Flyer Xcelsior )]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 06:07, 21 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:XN40 ( New Flyer Xcelsior )]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 06:07, 21 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:XE40 ( New Flyer Xcelsior )]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 06:07, 21 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:XD40 ( New Flyer Xcelsior )]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 06:07, 21 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:XD60 (New Flyer Xcelsior )]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 06:07, 21 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Deadpan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.246.29.150}} 08:42, 23 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Deadpan]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|87.246.29.150}} 08:55, 23 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Literacy in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.23.250.114}} 10:20, 25 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Kimsa-Sok (Entrepreneur)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:24, 25 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:DZOZ-DTV]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:4451:4157:E900:65D4:2EE:34F3:E082}} 11:27, 25 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Poesia comica]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 06:23, 26 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Regno Unito]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 06:23, 26 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Sus]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 03:32, 29 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Bafoulabe]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.87.59.12}} 03:37, 29 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Marvelous MMW]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Everipediaa}} 08:07, 30 January 2022 (UTC) === February 2022 === # [[:Xuantong Emperor]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 10:27, 6 February 2022 (UTC) # [[:Luxemburgism]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|85.92.163.179}} 11:09, 9 February 2022 (UTC) # [[:Globalism]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|85.92.163.179}} 11:09, 9 February 2022 (UTC) # [[:Phrabat Somdet Phra Paramendra Ramadhibodi Srisinra Maha Vajiralongkorn Mahisara Bhumibol Rajavarangkura Kitisirisumburna Adulyadej Sayamindradhipeshra Rajavarodom Borommanat Pobitra Phra Vajira Klao Chao Yu Hua]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 13:06, 15 February 2022 (UTC) === March 2022 === # [[:Dino cars]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|85.92.177.205}} 10:04, 2 March 2022 (UTC) # [[:Acclamation]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|122.108.43.199}} 00:04, 3 March 2022 (UTC) # [[:Subaru Forester]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|131.242.30.119}} 00:36, 3 March 2022 (UTC) === April 2022 === # [[:Andrew Madley]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|41.33.151.132}} 10:46, 3 April 2022 (UTC) # [[:Abbas I of Persia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 9 April 2022 (UTC) # [[:Soundproofing]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.56.242.53}} 14:16, 25 April 2022 (UTC) # [[:Guinness]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|77.86.45.1}} 11:16, 26 April 2022 (UTC) # [[:Elijah lovejoy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.112.3.21}} 14:32, 26 April 2022 (UTC) # [[:Riven]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 14:37, 26 April 2022 (UTC) === May 2022 === # [[:User:Kamen rider zero one]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 10:18, 16 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:GIR]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|104.153.241.68}} 15:30, 16 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:Junk Rapper]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|Drdreisandre}} 05:49, 18 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:"Humpy Bong"]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|62.119.136.218}} 06:50, 18 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:National park of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 03:03, 19 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:National library of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 03:06, 19 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:National saint of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 03:06, 19 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:National carbonated drink of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 03:06, 19 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:National residency of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 03:06, 19 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:WUAh]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:1851:8018:44C7:4DD:C453:5E59:8BA2}} 13:46, 21 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of Graeco-Armenian states, dynasties and countries]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:15, 27 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of Graeco-Armenian states, dynasties and countries]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:16, 28 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of Armenian states, dynasties and countries]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:21, 28 May 2022 (UTC) === June 2022 === # [[:Talk:Republic of Western Armenia]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 15:20, 1 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Looney Tunes Cartoons]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:8001:1900:2128:D955:BF40:A786:3D06}} 10:28, 7 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of Graeco-Armenian states, dynasties and countries]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 10:37, 7 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Özlem Sarıkaya Yurt]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:32, 8 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Louane (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|72.142.126.50}} 17:56, 9 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Golden orb weaver]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:40B:8503:4060:792B:DABB:D008:98AD}} 13:00, 10 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Pg sahil]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Pg sahil}} 17:40, 14 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Ivan III of Russia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Breanna Ackerman}} 16:06, 19 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Baby, I'm so into you You got that something What can I do? (song)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.17.164.44}} 07:41, 26 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Alabama (state song)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|209.93.249.73}} 09:06, 26 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Shah Arya]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:08, 26 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Arenegado]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Arenegado}} 10:42, 26 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Paris syndrome]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|37.72.113.10}} 09:14, 28 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Lancet MMR autism fraud]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|217.180.35.8}} 14:32, 29 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of Armenian states, dynasties and countries]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:38, 29 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Cool for the Summer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|24.239.93.121}} 16:14, 30 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Champion hey hey hey hey hey]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.239.93.121}} 16:16, 30 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:National Saint of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.74.71.132}} 16:21, 30 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:National Islamic hero of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.74.71.132}} 16:21, 30 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:National Chorus of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 16:21, 30 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Xiaolin Chronicles]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|177.131.26.220}} 16:34, 30 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Danger Pandit Ankit Tripathi]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4063:6C02:1CA5:0:0:A98B:B608}} 16:56, 30 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:Danger Pandit Ankit]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4063:6C02:1CA5:0:0:A98B:B608}} 16:57, 30 June 2022 (UTC) === July 2022 === # [[:Wikipédia:Accueil principal]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|89.85.89.162}} 16:28, 1 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Whose Line Is It Anyway? (2013 American TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 04:32, 2 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:List of Sesame Street Muppets]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|204.14.15.125}} 05:15, 2 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Category:User gay]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|115.96.104.191}} 05:22, 2 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Sesame Ed characters]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|204.14.15.125}} 05:32, 2 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Sesame Ed characters]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|204.14.15.125}} 05:34, 2 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:JDSN]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 03:15, 3 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Flag Painters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|202.84.42.187}} 04:45, 3 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Chobblesome]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|1.120.150.61}} 10:14, 3 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Sahnil B]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:39, 3 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Red Giant Movies]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:38, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Ghanta Naveen Babu]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:39, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Valimai]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:39, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Clifford the Big Red Dog (film)]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:3632:1E00:1408:7A7E:6F67:C079}} 06:42, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Michael Spina]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:49, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Josephs Quartzy (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:53, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:JDSN]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 07:05, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Elsabe De Wet]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:3632:1E00:1408:7A7E:6F67:C079}} 07:19, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Sinem Kiracı Yılmaz]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|85.101.46.167}} 10:40, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Elsabe De Wet]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 10:43, 4 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Nickelodeon Vs 2K: Infinite]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 02:20, 5 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Street Fighter Vs WWE]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 02:20, 5 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Nickelodeon Vs 2K]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 02:20, 5 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Gingerwood Drive]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 02:30, 5 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Natali Germanotta]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|122.56.78.111}} 02:46, 5 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Majhe Pati Saubhagyawati]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|49.32.130.155}} 05:51, 5 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Boris Johnson legend]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|81.128.236.38}} 10:29, 6 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Boris Johnson legend]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|81.128.236.38}} 10:29, 6 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Egor Rice]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 11:23, 6 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Hindu Mahasabha]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.168.23.46}} 10:48, 7 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|49.32.185.75}} 07:50, 9 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Rabindranath Tagore]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Bhadani}} 16:10, 9 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Tuol Sleng prison]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2001:569:7D18:9700:E94C:AD6C:44FA:D6CA}} 04:46, 10 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Jimmy Michie]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Callum J C Cranmer}} 20:16, 10 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Minions/]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|112.205.93.91}} 08:51, 11 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Unhextrium]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2001:448A:404A:6A53:D9B4:C2EB:2A6E:1D4F}} 10:25, 11 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Google has been bankrupt]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|213.65.124.237}} 11:54, 11 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:WFS]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Hockeycatcat}} 11:55, 11 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:EYEYEYEYEYEYEYEYEYEYEY¤EY']]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|213.65.124.237}} 12:11, 11 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:VfB Pößneck]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|78.143.220.97}} 12:42, 11 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Amateur Football League]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|94.140.141.104}} 16:08, 16 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Zemant]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Zemant}} 09:57, 17 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Sajith Premadasa]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|79.114.225.121}} 10:15, 17 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Category:1800s architecture]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:43, 17 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Man of Action Studios]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2402:8100:30AB:6DA4:2712:C54A:6F76:3673}} 10:58, 17 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Breach discography]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 13:59, 19 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Hamster & Gretel]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:C:7212:0:0:0:6}} 14:12, 19 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Hamster & Gretel]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:387:C:7212:0:0:0:6}} 14:21, 19 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:यदुवंश]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:5AC3:E80F:A3AD:37C8:6B3A:5700}} 15:07, 19 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Broomrape]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.60.254.36}} 10:31, 20 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Cambodia]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Megasfagas}} 15:30, 22 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Dan Abdo (animator)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|2601:2C4:47F:40E0:100F:396F:374A:E22A}} 15:37, 22 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Regular Show “Adult Party Cartoon”]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 15:42, 22 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:T.O.T.S.]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:12, 22 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:6 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.167.226.11}} 01:23, 23 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Gora123456]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 04:36, 23 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Global warming (correct information)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2604:3D08:D17B:F020:14BA:81A5:DBB0:FD}} 15:10, 23 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Global warming (correct information)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|209.52.88.43}} 16:21, 23 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Global warming (correct information)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|70.68.168.129}} 17:24, 23 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:ZDNet]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2409:4051:4E90:1C1A:0:0:72C9:214}} 05:58, 24 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Vincent Abbot]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 14:10, 24 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:My Name Is Khan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.255.7.34}} 08:35, 26 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Manuel Manos Gonzalbo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:32, 26 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Atheroma]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|BaileYael}} 06:14, 27 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Aryan National Army]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 20:23, 27 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Hashim Tariq Bhat]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:38, 28 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:511]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|DerekSquared}} 06:45, 28 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Kamariya]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Uday singh jadeja}} 07:49, 28 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Category:National sports teams of the United States]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2407:7000:9D91:8558:ECDD:FBBC:3C4A:F061}} 09:01, 28 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Names of large numbers]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 11:56, 28 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Names for sets of chemical elements]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 11:59, 28 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Synod]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|68.15.125.183}} 15:09, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:List of Governor of Madhesh Province (Nepal)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2400:1A00:BD20:3A49:1C4A:9033:2393:5DCB}} 15:49, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Have A Orange!]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|170.79.193.121}} 16:08, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Rahul Borole]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:26, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Rahul Borole]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 17:20, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Help:RB]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 17:20, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Bridget Bond]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|174.207.36.41}} 17:22, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Angel Gostosa]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|174.207.36.41}} 17:23, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:South Euclid Walmart shoppers, workers not allowed to leave store, due to police activity]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|174.207.36.41}} 17:24, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Raju and Bam Trucking]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|174.207.36.41}} 17:25, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Lion Ricus eating pervert Tolgahan]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|88.229.39.173}} 17:39, 29 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Marsman]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.210.102.65}} 09:22, 30 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Hockeycatcat]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|203.210.102.65}} 09:26, 30 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:TimedText talk:Demonstration.ogg.en-gb.srt]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Hockeycatcat}} 10:15, 31 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Western Punjab (Pakistan)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|80.2.177.207}} 14:12, 31 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Amir Zobdeh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:20, 31 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Justin yav sony]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Graciv0}} 22:35, 31 July 2022 (UTC) # [[:Template:Np2/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 22:39, 31 July 2022 (UTC) === August 2022 === # [[:Northeast Woodlands]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 15:05, 1 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Southeast Wodlands]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 15:05, 1 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Nanda Kishor Pun]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2400:1A00:BDE0:6969:38F6:663:E165:A350}} 15:11, 1 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Erin tarimci]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 21:12, 3 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Tugrul]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 09:44, 9 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Loona]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|UkuleleLiv}} 16:43, 13 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:2E]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|209.35.173.31}} 06:11, 14 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:MISS GALAXY 1E]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|209.35.173.31}} 06:17, 14 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Konami]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.119.67.98}} 06:24, 14 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:PornHub]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|YppEGDwho}} 08:47, 14 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Oaliur Rahman Sadaf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Oaliur Rahman Sadaf}} 09:22, 14 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Paramount Network (international)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2A02:CE0:1800:2BAA:F0F6:D4AE:3315:CA45}} 10:03, 14 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Category:Movies set in islands]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 16:01, 14 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:111.88.84.182/Al Nafi]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G6|G6]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Abdullahkhanrajput}} 16:01, 14 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:User talk:111.88.84.182/Al Nafi]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:03, 14 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Dismember]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 07:43, 15 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Dismemberment]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 07:44, 15 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:List of Indian film families]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:61BF:3BEF:5A2A:2A40:6A49:E270}} 10:11, 15 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Hello Kitty murder case]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|BookwormStudies}} 10:12, 15 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Television in the Philippines]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|175.176.29.96}} 10:24, 15 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Why Did You Come Goblin Hill?]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 10:53, 15 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Why Did You Come to Goblin Hill?]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|92.46.239.78}} 10:58, 15 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Why Did You Come to Goblin Hill?]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:02, 15 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Dangal (TV channel)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.0.172.218}} 10:06, 16 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Varun Dave]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|49.14.119.101}} 13:11, 20 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Template talk:NBA roster header]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Alextigers}} 02:55, 21 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Monik999a]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Monik999a}} 08:34, 23 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Kai Bailey]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Anogenyogan721}} 07:18, 29 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Angus MacLane]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:21, 29 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:BIS Registration Services In India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 08:45, 29 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:RTÉ Four]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|82.13.179.91}} 09:05, 29 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Skfaizanbeed]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Skfaizanbeed}} 14:15, 31 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Merina people]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|37.211.73.29}} 14:49, 31 August 2022 (UTC) # [[:Huffmasters]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B003:9FED:21AE:930E:B9D1:DB27}} 15:40, 31 August 2022 (UTC) === September 2022 === # [[:Category:Articles containing Uighur-language text]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:28, 1 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Kik Messenger]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|32.142.187.150}} 15:50, 1 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:W3Schools]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|173.205.97.16}} 15:54, 1 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Peter Fitzgerald (politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.153.227.38}} 05:36, 2 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Peter Fitzgerald (politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|203.153.227.38}} 05:36, 2 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Mark Burns Stinky and Disgusting Breath and Spit]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|189.176.252.156}} 05:58, 2 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Iiiiii]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A01:CB14:91:4800:E4CC:A378:F4AC:C565}} 10:38, 3 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Assassination of Cristina Fernandez]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 05:02, 4 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Murder of of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 05:07, 4 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Assassination of Cristina Fernández]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 05:09, 4 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Species diversity]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 10:29, 4 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Re-Animator]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:1C31:5666:2CBA:12BC:3132:1EFF}} 12:38, 4 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Trump (disambiguation)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A3|A3]], [[WP:QD#G6|G6]]); notified {{user|Axolotl is a Pokemon}} 13:34, 4 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fractal cities]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|203.160.91.61}} 07:37, 5 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fishhook Theory]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|85.31.139.150}} 09:49, 5 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Government of South Africa]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2A00:1851:4:3A8D:ADB0:CF3C:312E:8E84}} 13:34, 5 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Economy of Bangladesh]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|103.216.57.54}} 15:09, 5 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Jonas Bergström (skådespelare)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|85.115.37.201}} 15:16, 5 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:NewView.Ar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:03, 6 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:World Animal Day]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:2:5F03:D98B:E171:4C0C:917C}} 13:13, 6 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Longest word in English]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:2F0B:B408:5000:54B6:9D27:7F8A:7AA5}} 13:42, 6 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Bhumihar brahmins]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|103.208.70.147}} 14:18, 6 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Constitution of Nigeria]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:F790:5DB0:D548:6A3F:A426:248}} 12:24, 7 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Roblox doors]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.203.25.1}} 12:49, 7 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox pornstar]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|185.69.144.73}} 12:55, 7 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Laredo Taco Company]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B050:BED2:C4B0:12B7:AFAF:9E60}} 12:58, 7 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Category:Sects of Hinduism]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 13:01, 7 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:132 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|78.110.139.14}} 09:53, 8 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:A. B. M Sohel Rashid]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 14:24, 8 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:A. B. M Abdur Rahim]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 14:41, 8 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|James1088}} 10:46, 18 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|James1088}} 11:00, 18 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Grilled sards]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 11:58, 18 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Duck Dick Enterprises]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|162.155.9.250}} 12:04, 18 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Academy amaro]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|5.122.176.183}} 13:39, 19 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Dartmouth high school]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Zachary Benoit}} 13:44, 19 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Transaero Airlines]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.135.124.82}} 13:47, 19 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Elisabetta II del Regno Unito]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|79.12.106.122}} 14:30, 19 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Coronation of Elizabeth II]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|49.193.48.66}} 08:49, 20 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Nizozemska]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|188.2.23.184}} 14:25, 21 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Very Large Array]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|77.190.191.54}} 13:10, 22 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Όμηρος]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|79.167.120.249}} 13:11, 22 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 13:55, 22 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Spotted predatory katydid]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:40B:8502:6680:E0C4:B89A:5AD4:748A}} 14:03, 22 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Albert King]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|82.47.95.178}} 23:36, 22 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Jainishia]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|InfoBusinessLH}} 06:13, 23 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Jainishia]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 15:41, 23 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:John J.R]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|208.184.165.135}} 15:42, 23 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Accademia, Venice]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|104.225.165.194}} 07:54, 26 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Purushottam Kumar Sharma]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:21, 26 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:National mineral of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:28F0:E1D8:6561:BD3A}} 04:42, 28 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:National cry of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:28F0:E1D8:6561:BD3A}} 04:42, 28 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Adrianne Baugh (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 04:57, 28 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Indigenous peoples in Brazil]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|50.204.46.84}} 04:47, 29 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Demon core]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.60.253.137}} 07:24, 29 September 2022 (UTC) # [[:Pero (settlement)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 07:28, 29 September 2022 (UTC) === October 2022 === # [[:Hubert Gough]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.150.116.254}} 09:54, 6 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.150.116.254}} 09:57, 6 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|5.150.116.254}} 09:57, 6 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Arthur Currie]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|5.150.116.254}} 09:58, 6 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:People Who Lick a Flashlight]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|96.77.206.10}} 01:52, 8 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Emily Lillie Sticking Out Her Tongue]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|96.77.206.10}} 01:56, 8 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Haley Eichhorn Sticking Out Her Tongue]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|96.77.206.10}} 02:01, 8 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:User talk:TabbyGarf Posts Nudes]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Fehufanga}} 02:47, 8 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Bigotgate]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.181.23.102}} 09:49, 11 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Monde arabe]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|41.225.141.235}} 13:52, 12 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Film score]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|146.255.109.158}} 13:53, 12 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Category:Anti-Mafia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:36, 14 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Lady Charlotte Eagles]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|51.179.102.170}} 09:37, 15 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Borodino-class battlecruiser]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:52, 16 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Jozsef Varadi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:40, 16 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Mohsen Avid]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Medellin fa}} 12:32, 16 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Djalma Santos]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nameless User~simplewiki}} 12:04, 17 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Transplanting]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|92.42.56.4}} 12:16, 17 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Lists of television channels in India]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ.}} 12:23, 17 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Category:Anti-Mafia]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:03, 18 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Nissan Versa]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.58.102.210}} 11:08, 18 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Category:Infectious disease deaths in Rhode Island]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 03:04, 19 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Category:Infectious disease deaths in Rhode Island]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 09:49, 19 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Arie Haan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Gabriel.yiad}} 10:02, 19 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Shivam Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:31, 19 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Shivlekh Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:31, 20 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:File system API]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|62.255.99.57}} 09:45, 20 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Orlando Street Shooter]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 09:49, 20 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Hitler cabinet]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|5.150.116.254}} 09:58, 20 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Ashiesh Roy]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|2409:4063:4E04:7B63:BF4B:88E8:31EE:7A75}} 12:29, 20 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Rosy-collared]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 03:26, 21 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Constitution of Slovakia (1939)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|71.221.159.83}} 04:40, 22 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Devilraj (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:47, 22 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Nickelodeon historical first partial loss nickelodeon promos 1997]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2603:9001:A00:207D:A07C:3A5:61D9:2A3C}} 01:58, 24 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Orbit of the Moon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|168.9.35.217}} 16:46, 24 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Cap (sport)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|SikiWtideI}} 04:00, 26 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:I Want Know What Love Is]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 04:32, 26 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Md Sunnat Ali Mollik]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:42, 26 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Heks]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|91.90.65.236}} 09:11, 27 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Bozhidar]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|91.90.65.236}} 09:16, 27 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Factorial of a number in assembly language]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|61.3.217.210}} 09:17, 27 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Team Kunnamkulam]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|61.3.217.210}} 09:25, 27 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Hoku]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|2601:81:4300:4FA0:0:0:0:9582}} 00:02, 28 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Runway Influence]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Muhammedpro}} 00:31, 28 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Nathan's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|208.66.198.19}} 00:45, 28 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Runway Waiters]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Muhammedpro}} 01:23, 28 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Amacaaib]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:50, 28 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Cuisine espagnole]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|93.22.183.28}} 11:29, 28 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Jim Henson Television Network]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2A00:5400:E053:5A64:297F:A41F:7E92:FEBC}} 17:32, 30 October 2022 (UTC) # [[:Jim Henson Theaters]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 17:36, 30 October 2022 (UTC) === November 2022 === # [[:Mario Tennis Aces]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Peyton010}} 05:50, 6 November 2022 (UTC) # [[:Younes bashiri]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:29, 6 November 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Chinese mathematics]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 10:05, 9 November 2022 (UTC) # [[:Canard de Vaucanson]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|92.154.46.184}} 10:05, 9 November 2022 (UTC) # [[:Organisme génétiquement modifié]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|86.238.28.231}} 17:16, 11 November 2022 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Jimin]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 15:41, 17 November 2022 (UTC) # [[:Sari Katha]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:28, 18 November 2022 (UTC) # [[:Baseball World Cup]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|104.225.171.176}} 16:03, 23 November 2022 (UTC) # [[:Storia di Milano]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.3.113.219}} 10:34, 24 November 2022 (UTC) # [[:1+2+...+n]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 11:51, 28 November 2022 (UTC) === December 2022 === # [[:EAZY-G]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:12, 8 December 2022 (UTC) === January 2023 === # [[:Michael Armand Hammer]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:53, 22 January 2023 (UTC) # [[:EGSY8p7]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|199.164.68.145}} 15:28, 24 January 2023 (UTC) # [[:User:154.47.75.109]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 10:14, 26 January 2023 (UTC) === March 2023 === # [[:User:Blessed Article/Marvelous MMW]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Blessed Article}} 11:29, 11 March 2023 (UTC) === April 2023 === # [[:Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2607:FB91:1308:A7:67FF:C509:AA42:1C97}} 07:06, 6 April 2023 (UTC) # [[:Definition of Terms]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|136.158.25.136}} 05:18, 16 April 2023 (UTC) === May 2023 === # [[:Audi A6 e-tron]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|41.90.177.218}} 07:41, 1 May 2023 (UTC) === November 2023 === # [[:Charles Ndukauba]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Editing Wizard}} 08:25, 17 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:IFixIphone]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:04, 17 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Charles Ndukauba]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:05, 17 November 2023 (UTC) === May 2024 === # [[:Min (god)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|112.119.71.231}} 09:24, 18 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Shahzaib]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Ehsaasprogram}} 09:44, 18 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:DALL.E 2 and 3]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:08, 20 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Riverside hub]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:10, 20 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Edna DeVries]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|97.64.60.226}} 14:17, 20 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:ChocolateLr18]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|ChocolateLr18}} 11:07, 22 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Piggy handsome]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|94.175.206.94}} 13:32, 22 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Connector Economies]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:40F2:204E:B1B4:8000:0:0:0}} 13:33, 22 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cristiano ronaldo j]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:35, 22 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:William liegh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:35, 22 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:हनुमानगढ़ जिले के नवां गांव में राकेश चौहान लड़का मदीना खान लड़की गलत काम करते हुए पकड़ी गई]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|2409:40D4:157:B539:C8B3:2BFF:FE8B:5B0D}} 14:35, 22 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park and Mortuary]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|24.185.242.156}} 15:01, 23 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Road signs in Indonesia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.155.198.87}} 15:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Kalam Manpower]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kalam Manpower}} 16:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Yang Yuanqing]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|49.144.100.240}} 12:06, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Anhalt]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|50.170.105.74}} 13:29, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Tyrannocetus]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|179.68.192.184}} 13:36, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Woolly giraffe]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|179.68.192.184}} 13:37, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:1872 Scotland vs England football match]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|86.25.70.170}} 13:38, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Woolly giraffe]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|179.68.192.184}} 13:43, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Allied-occupied Austria]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.170.105.74}} 13:45, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Eurasian black vulture]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|179.68.192.184}} 13:46, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Megalonyx]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|179.68.192.184}} 14:13, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Notti Osama]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:00, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Connor and Jacob Freeman]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:13, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Joseph ossiegu]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:34, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Observer states]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 09:37, 25 May 2024 (UTC) === December 2024 === # [[:Salon Prive Magazine]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|49.37.116.117}} 05:49, 7 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Boxer movement]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:EE0:5175:3D80:91EE:210C:2AAD:C112}} 05:51, 7 December 2024 (UTC) === August 2026 === # [[:Columns in 30 minutes or less]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|아만다엔피}} 07:23, 19 August 2026 (UTC) rdzioqg2gqpg0wbyonhkuaxpxrtwjdl 0 872321 10966739 10966337 2026-08-18T16:08:32Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Killing of Gabby Petito | date = {{Plain list| * '''Killing of Petito''': * {{c.}} August 27, 2021 * '''Laundrie's [[suicide]]''': * {{c.}} September 13, 2021 }} | time = | location = [[Bridger]]–[[Teton National Forest]], [[Wyoming]], [[U.S.]] | coordinates = | type = [[Homicide]] by [[blunt trauma]] and [[strangulation]]<br/>[[Murder-suicide]] | motive = [[Unknown]] | fatalities = 2 (including the [[Perpetrator]]) | perpetrator = [[Brian Laundrie]] | victim = [[Gabby Petito]] | timezone = | trial = | convictions = | litigation = |target=[[Gabby Petito]]|weapon=[[Hands]]}} In August 2021, 22-year-old American [[vlogger]], '''Gabrielle "Gabby" Venora Petito''' was killed by her fiancé '''Brian Christopher Laundrie,''' while they were traveling together across the United States. The trip was planned to last for four months and began on July 2, 2021, but Petito disappeared on August 27. After Petito's disappearance, Laundrie became a [[suspect]] when he drove the van from [[Wyoming]] back to his parents' [[Florida]] home and did not want to talk with the police or press. He left his home on September 13 and was reported missing four days later. On September 19, Petito's remains were found in Wyoming's [[Bridger–Teton National Forest]]. An autopsy found that she was killed by [[Blunt trauma|blunt-force]] injuries to her head and neck and manual [[strangulation]]. After a month of going missing, Laundrie's skeletal remains were found in Florida's [[Myakkahatchee Creek Environmental Park]] on October 20. ==Background== Petito was traveling across the [[United States]] with her [[Engagement|fiancé]]. Her family lost contact with her in late August when she was in or near [[Grand Teton National Park]] in [[Wyoming]].<ref name="vanlife">{{cite news|date=September 15, 2021|title=A 'Vanlife' Couple Went on a Cross-Country Trip, but Only One Returned|last=Cramer|first=Maria|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/15/us/gabrielle-petito-missing-vanlife.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20210918220945/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/15/us/gabrielle-petito-missing-vanlife.html|archive-date=2021-09-18|access-date=2021-09-20}}</ref> Her fiancé, Brian Laundrie, was also missing and wanted by law enforcement for questioning in her disappearance and death.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite news|last=Moshtaghian|first=Artemis|last2=Alsharif|first2=Mirna|last3=Maxouris |first3=Christina|others=Jenn Selva, Ben Norbitz, Andy Rose and Claudia Dominguez|date=September 15, 2021|title=Police looking for missing woman Gabby Petito ask for her boyfriend's cooperation|publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/15/us/gabby-petito-missing/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918080701/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/15/us/gabby-petito-missing/index.html |archive-date=2021-09-18}}</ref> ===Body found=== On September 19, 2021, authorities said they found a body that matched Petito's. It was discovered in [[Bridger–Teton National Forest]], Wyoming.<ref name="Sutton Caldwell Andone 2021">{{cite news|last=Sutton|first=Joe|last2=Caldwell|first2=Travis|last3=Andone|first3=Dakin|others=Travis Caldwell, Andy Rose, Jenn Selva, Alta Spells, Shawn Nottingham, Christina Maxouris, Aya Elamroussi, Rob Frehse, MiSeon Lee and Deanna Hackney|date=2021-09-19|title=Human remains found in Wyoming are "consistent" with description of Gabby Petito, FBI says|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/19/us/gabby-petito-missing-sunday/index.html|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Reardon|first=Sophie|date=September 19, 2021|title=Body found in Wyoming "consistent with the description" of Gabby Petito, officials say|publisher=CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gabby-petito-wyoming-national-forest-body-found-live-stream-2021-09-19/|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2021-09-20|title=Gabby Petito: Body matching missing woman found in Wyoming|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58620272|access-date=2021-09-21|archive-date=September 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921060135/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58620272|url-status=live}}</ref> Two days later it was confirmed that the remains were Petito's and, based on reports from an [[autopsy]], it was reported that her cause of death was [[homicide]].<ref name="Sutton Caldwell Andone 2021"/> In October, her death was determined to have occurred three to four weeks before her body was found with the cause being homicide by [[strangulation]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=GRUVER|first=MEAD|date=October 12, 2021|title=Coroner: Gabby Petito strangled 3-4 weeks before body found|work=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/wyoming-jackson-homicide-76a586b5c3b9a0d1240d7f3b823b5b1d}}</ref> ==Brian Laundrie== Police officials searched for Petito's ex-fiance, Brian Laundrie, who went missing beginning on September 14. He was the main suspect in her death. On September 22, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] issued a warrant for Laundrie's arrest on charges of debit card [[fraud]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vera|first=Amir|title=The search for Gabby Petito's fiancé Brian Laundrie continues this week. Here's why it's been so hard to find him|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/20/us/brian-laundrie-search-gabby-petito/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=September 22, 2021|publisher=CNN|archive-date=September 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921205333/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/20/us/brian-laundrie-search-gabby-petito/index.html}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web|title=On September 22, 2021, the U.S. District Court of Wyoming issued a federal arrest warrant for Brian Christopher Laundrie pursuant to a Federal Grand Jury indictment related to Mr. Laundrie’s activities following the death of Gabrielle Petito.|url=https://twitter.com/fbidenver/status/1441155529393389568|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Twitter}}</ref> On October 20, Laundrie's remains and some of his belongings were found at a park in [[North Port, Florida|North Port]], [[Florida]], which had recently been underwater due to flooding.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haynes |first=Danielle |date=October 21, 2021|title=FBI IDs remains in Florida park as those of Brian Laundrie |work=[[United Press International]] |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2021/10/21/Brian-Laundrie-Gabby-Petito-remains/8851634853119/}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{cite web|title=Gabby Petito case: Full Utah bodycam video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCGsW41aQEw|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924113216/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCGsW41aQEw|archive-date=September 24, 2021|access-date=September 24, 2021}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Petito, Gabby}} [[Category:2021 crimes in the United States]] [[Category:August 2021 events]] [[Category:Deaths by person in the United States]] [[Category:2020s in Utah]] [[Category:21st century in Wyoming]] [[Category:September 2021 events]] [[Category:October 2021 events]] [[Category:Violence against women]] {{US-stub}} l89zkykde1scksr41qej8vcdusutp9r 0 875990 10967368 9160291 2026-08-19T09:00:29Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Rafael_Orozco_1992.jpg|Rafael_Orozco_1992.jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Wdwd|Wdwd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Rafael Orozco 1992.jpg|]]. 10967368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Rafael Orozco Maestre | image = | birth_name = Rafael José Orozco Maestre | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1954|3|24|mf=y}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1992|6|11|1954|3|24|mf=y}} | origin = [[Becerril]], [[Department of Cesar|Cesar]]<br />[[Colombia]] | instruments = [[Singing]] | genre = [[Vallenato]], [[Latin American music|Latin]] | occupation = singer | years_active = 1976&ndash;1992 | label = [[Codiscos]] | associated_acts = [[Diomedes Díaz]], [[Los Hermanos Zuleta]], [[Jorge Oñate]] | current_members = | past_members = }} '''Rafael José Orozco Maestre''' (March 24, 1954 – June 11, 1992) was a [[Colombia]]n [[vallenato]] [[singer]], [[songwriter]] and [[composer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Biografía de Rafael Orozco|url=https://www.elvallenato.com/artistas/biografia.php?artista=69&mas=Rafael%20Orozco%7Cauthor=ElVallenato.com%7Ctitle|accessdate=2016-05-05|work=Elvallenato.com}}</ref> Orozco Maestre died in [[Barranquilla]] at the age of 38, was killed by a shooter in front of his house.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los archivos judiciales sobre el asesinato del ídolo Rafael Orozco|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/barranquilla/rafael-orozco-el-idolo-vallenato-fue-asesinado-el-11-de-junio-de-1992-542057|accessdate=2020-10-11|work=eltiempo.com}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Orozco Maestre, Rafael}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:1992 deaths]] [[Category:Assassinated people]] [[Category:Colombian singers]] ayt1yom5pf3ceozkw8ll2s5ghcx2b8o 0 880976 10966867 10945579 2026-08-18T17:22:19Z Canadachick 1633172 10966867 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference''', also known as '''COP26''', was the 26th [[United Nations Climate Change conference]]. It is being held in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]], between 31&nbsp;October and 12&nbsp;November 2021.<ref name="govuk-newdates">{{cite web|date=28 May 2020|title=New dates agreed for COP26 United Nations Climate Change Conference|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-dates-agreed-for-cop26-united-nations-climate-change-conference|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2021|website=UK Government|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531022338/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-dates-agreed-for-cop26-united-nations-climate-change-conference}}</ref> The conference is the 26th [[Conference of the parties|Conference of the Parties]] (COP) to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] and the third meeting of the parties to the [[Paris Agreement]]. This conference is the first time that parties will commit to lower [[Greenhouse effect|greenhouse gas emissions]] and the raising temperatures of [[climate change]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.alfaenergygroup.com/the-importance-of-cop26/|title=The Importance of COP26|first=Nick|last=Fedson|date=21 August 2019|website=The Energy Compass|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730173920/https://blog.alfaenergygroup.com/the-importance-of-cop26/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was supposed to be held in November 2020, but was postponed because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last1=Dennis|first1=Brady|last2=Mooney|first2=Chris|title=Amid pandemic, U.N. cancels global climate conference|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/04/01/un-climate-coronavirus-cop26/|access-date=1 April 2020|newspaper=Washington Post|archive-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402010156/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/04/01/un-climate-coronavirus-cop26/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 September 2021, the first pledges and the first meeting of '''COP26''' had started. ==References.== {{reflist}} {{multistub|history|UK}} {{DEFAULTSORT:United Nations Climate Change Conference, 2021}} [[Category:2021 in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:2020s in Scotland]] [[Category:Glasgow]] [[Category:November 2021 events]] [[Category:October 2021 events]] [[Category:United Nations|2021 Climate Change Conference]] [[Category:Climate change]] 3vniz50eflepll9kbk5nb7qx2cgg16i 0 883667 10967394 10966458 2026-08-19T10:18:52Z Anshumaan thakar 1857914 /* Given name */ is a simple boy in anshuman 10967394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anshuman''' or Anshumaan is a given name and surname of [[Indian rupee|Indian]] origin. Anshuman is a popular Indian name that has been used for centuries. <u>Anshuman means greatest of all time also the name is derived from two [[Sanskrit]] words, "Anshu" and "Maan." Anshu means the greatest (or the best), while Maan means of all time .</u><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaktimat, Śaktimān, Śaktimat, Shaktiman: 11 definitions|date=15 February 2019 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shaktimat}}</ref> <u>Therefore, Anshuman means the greatest of all time i.e. G.O.A.T</u>.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2012-06-15|title=Amshuman, Aṃśumān, Anshuman: 4 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/amshuman|access-date=2023-03-14|website=www.wisdomlib.org|language=en}}</ref> This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=OACT|title=Popular Baby Names|url=https://www.ssa.gov/cgi-bin/popularnames.cgi|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.ssa.gov}}</ref> People with that name include: ==Surname== {{surname|Anshuman}} * [[Karan Anshuman]] (born 1980), Indian film writer, director, and producer ==Given name== {{given name|Anshuman}} * Anshuman Bhagat (born 1996), Indian writer * Anshuman Bhagawati (born 1978), Indian cricketer * [[:en:Anshuman_Gaekwad|Anshuman Gaekwad]] (1952–2024), Indian cricketer and coach * [[Anshuman Gaur]] (born 1974), Indian civil servant * [[Anshuman Gautam]] (born 1994), Indian cricketer * [[Anshu Jain|Anshuman Jain]] (1963–2022), Indian-born British business executive * [[Anshuman Jha]] (born 1986), Indian film and theatre actor * [[Anshuman Joshi]] (born 1996), Indian actor in Marathi cinema * [[Anshuman Mohanty]] (born 1986), Indian politician, engineer, entrepreneur and former information technician * [[Anshuman Nandi]] (born {{circa|2008}}), Indian drummer and child actor * [[Anshuman Pandey]] (born 1975), Indian cricketer * [[Anshuman Rath]] (born 1997), Hong Kong cricketer * [[Anshuman Singh (cricketer)]] (born 1999), Indian cricketer * [[Anshuman Singh (politician)]] (1935–2021), Indian judge and state governor * [[Anshuman Tiwari]] (born 1974), Indian journalist and editor * [[Anshuman Vichare]] (born 1975), Indian actor, director, producer and television personality * [[Anshuman Thakar]] (born 2009), A simple boy ==References== {{reflist}} 1wr2oeflnwy7anyju8so0ex0g8gfnou 10967399 10967394 2026-08-19T10:23:51Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Reverted to revision 10941895 by Citation bot: Remove non notable . ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anshuman''' or Anshumaan is a given name and surname of [[Indian rupee|Indian]] origin. Anshuman is a popular Indian name that has been used for centuries. <u>Anshuman means greatest of all time also the name is derived from two [[Sanskrit]] words, "Anshu" and "Maan." Anshu means the greatest (or the best), while Maan means of all time .</u><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaktimat, Śaktimān, Śaktimat, Shaktiman: 11 definitions|date=15 February 2019 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shaktimat}}</ref> <u>Therefore, Anshuman means the greatest of all time i.e. G.O.A.T</u>.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2012-06-15|title=Amshuman, Aṃśumān, Anshuman: 4 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/amshuman|access-date=2023-03-14|website=www.wisdomlib.org|language=en}}</ref> This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=OACT|title=Popular Baby Names|url=https://www.ssa.gov/cgi-bin/popularnames.cgi|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.ssa.gov}}</ref> People with that name include: ==Surname== {{surname|Anshuman}} * [[Karan Anshuman]] (born 1980), Indian film writer, director, and producer ==Given name== {{given name|Anshuman}} * Anshuman Bhagat (born 1996), Indian writer * Anshuman Bhagawati (born 1978), Indian cricketer * [[:en:Anshuman_Gaekwad|Anshuman Gaekwad]] (1952–2024), Indian cricketer and coach * [[Anshuman Gaur]] (born 1974), Indian civil servant * [[Anshuman Gautam]] (born 1994), Indian cricketer * [[Anshu Jain|Anshuman Jain]] (1963–2022), Indian-born British business executive * [[Anshuman Jha]] (born 1986), Indian film and theatre actor * [[Anshuman Joshi]] (born 1996), Indian actor in Marathi cinema * [[Anshuman Mohanty]] (born 1986), Indian politician, engineer, entrepreneur and former information technician * [[Anshuman Nandi]] (born {{circa|2008}}), Indian drummer and child actor * [[Anshuman Pandey]] (born 1975), Indian cricketer * [[Anshuman Rath]] (born 1997), Hong Kong cricketer * [[Anshuman Singh (cricketer)]] (born 1999), Indian cricketer * [[Anshuman Singh (politician)]] (1935–2021), Indian judge and state governor * [[Anshuman Tiwari]] (born 1974), Indian journalist and editor * [[Anshuman Vichare]] (born 1975), Indian actor, director, producer and television personality ==References== {{reflist}} ot2xt60ofisnfb8rr83spxl6xvpyl95 0 888291 10966661 10083146 2026-08-18T14:56:32Z Werner100359 106408 /* References */ 10966661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |name = Jonas Krumrey |image = FC Liefering gegen FC Blau-Weiß Linz (23. Mai 2021) 09.jpg |caption = Jonas Krumrey (2021) |fullname = |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|11|25|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Prien am Chiemsee]], Germany |height = 1.91 m |position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]] |currentclub = [[FC Liefering|Liefering]] |clubnumber = 34 |youthyears1 = –2016 |youthclubs1 = [[TSV 1860 Rosenheim]] |youthyears2 = 2016–2017 |youthclubs2 = [[FC Bayern Munich Junior Team|Bayern Munich]] |youthyears3 = 2017–2020 |youthclubs3 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] |years1 = 2020– |clubs1 = [[FC Liefering|Liefering]] |caps1 = 10 |goals1 = 0 |years2 = |nationalyears1 = |nationalteam1 = |nationalcaps1 = |nationalgoals1 = |nationalyears2 = |nationalteam2 = |nationalcaps2 = |nationalgoals2 = |nationalyears3 = |nationalteam3 = |nationalcaps3 = |nationalgoals3 = |club-update = 5 December 2021 |nationalteam-update = }} '''Jonas Krumrey''' (born 25 November 2003) is a German professional [[association football|footballer]]. He plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[2. Liga |Second league]] club [[FC Liefering|Liefering]]. ==Career == His career began with [[TSV 1860 Rosenheim]] and [[FC Bayern München]]. In 2017 he went on to the [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg Academy]]. Then he became 3rd goalkeeper of FC Liefering behind [[Daniel Antosch]] and [[Adam Stejskal]]. In the 2021-22 season he is the 2nd goalkeeper of Liefering. His debut for FC Liefering was on August 13, 2021. He played versus [[SKU Amstetten]]<ref>[http://wiki.salzburg12.at/4._Runde,_Saison_2021/22,_FC_Liefering_gegen_SKU_Amstetten FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref>as part of the Starting XI. In January 2023 he moved into Salzburg's Bundesliga squad. On June 14, 2023, he extended his contract there until 2027. In August 2024 he was loaned to Lyngby BK in Denmark. <ref>[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/aktuelles/news/jonas-krumrey-leihe-lyngby-bk Red Bull Salzburg] </ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|20 January 2022}}<ref>{{Soccerway|jonas-krumrey/567151/}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|Cup !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |[[FC Liefering|Liefering]] |2021-22 |[[2. Liga|2. Liga (Austria)]] |10||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||10||0 |- ! colspan="3" |'''Career total''' !10!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!10!!0 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commons category|Jonas Krumrey}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krumrey, Jonas}} [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:German footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:FC Red Bull Salzburg players]] [[ Category:Association football goalkeepers]] 6ci8vwlqguj8gszsrnnikiqb9e9zi09 0 890057 10966870 9032425 2026-08-18T17:24:31Z Canadachick 1633172 10966870 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lineage P.1 sequences by country as of 21 April 2021.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Total number of P.1 sequences by country as of 21 April 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lineage P.1|url=https://cov-lineages.org/global_report_P.1.html|access-date=2021-04-21|website=cov-lineages.org}}</ref><br> '''Legend:''' {{legend|#900000|1,000+ confirmed sequences}} {{legend|#c80200|500–999 confirmed sequences}} {{legend|#ee7070|100–499 confirmed sequences}} {{legend|#ffc0c0|2–99 confirmed sequences}} {{legend|#ffdfe0|1 confirmed sequence}} {{legend|#e0e0e0|None or no data available}} ]] The '''Gamma variant''', also known as '''lineage P.1''',{{efn|Other names include:<br />– '''20J/501Y.V3'''<br />– '''Variant of Concern 202101/02''' ('''VOC-202101/02''')<ref name="UK-VOC">{{Cite web|last=Public Health England|date=27 February 2021|title=Variants: distribution of cases data|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-variants-genomically-confirmed-case-numbers/variants-distribution-of-cases-data|access-date=2021-02-27|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref><br />– '''Brazilian variant''' or '''Brazil variant'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55676637 |title=Covid-19: Brazil virus already in UK 'not variant of concern', scientist says |date=15 January 2021 |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-one-of-two-brazilian-coronavirus-variants-detected-in-uk-says-virologist-12188419 |title=COVID-19: Virologist says Brazilian coronavirus variant detected in UK is not the one 'of concern' |date=15 January 2021 |website=news.sky.com |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>}} is one of the [[variants of SARS-CoV-2]], the virus that causes [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/third-concerning-coronavirus-variant-should-wake-call-world/ |title=Third concerning coronavirus variant should be a 'wake up call' to the world, experts warn |date=12 January 2021 |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=17 January 2021|last1=Newey |first1=Sarah }}</ref> This variant of SARS-CoV-2 was first detected by the [[National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Japan)|National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID)]] of Japan, on 6 January 2021 in four people who had arrived in [[Tokyo]] having visited [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], [[Brazil]], four days earlier.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Japan finds new coronavirus variant in travelers from Brazil |url=https://japantoday.com/category/national/corrected-update-3-japan-finds-new-coronavirus-variant-in-travellers-from-brazil |work=[[Japan Today]] |location=Japan |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-14}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{med-stub}} [[Category:COVID-19 pandemic]] 9dspzet7hps8z74verg8qygzazr098w 0 890515 10966531 8701443 2026-08-18T12:06:41Z Icodense 484975 linkfix 10966531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About||the district|Kulmbach (district)}} {{Infobox German location |type = Stadt |image_coa = DEU Kulmbach COA.svg |image_photo = 191Kulbachburg.jpg |image_caption = Plassenburg Castle |coordinates = {{coord|50|06|N|11|26|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kulmbach in KU.svg |state = Bayern |region = Oberfranken |district = Kulmbach |elevation = 325 |area = 92.77 |postal_code = 95312–95326 |area_code = 09221 |licence = KU |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 4 77 128 |divisions = 37 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = {{Official URL}} |mayor = Ingo Lehmann<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |Bürgermeistertitel = Lord Mayor |party = SPD }} '''Kulmbach''' is the capital of the district of [[Kulmbach (district)|Kulmbach]] in [[Bavaria]] in [[Germany]]. The town is famous for [[Plassenburg]] Castle, which houses the largest tin soldier museum in the world, and for its sausages, or ''[[Bratwurst|Bratwürste]]''. ==Geography== ===Place=== Kulmbach is in the middle of the Bavarian province of [[Upper Franconia]], about {{convert|25|km|1|abbr=off}} northwest of the city of [[Bayreuth]]. To the south of Kulmbach, the River [[Main (river)|Main]] begins at the convergence of its headstreams, the [[White Main]] and [[Red Main]]. ===Town districts === Kulmbach is divided into the following districts (with population in brackets<!-- as at 2006? -->): {| |valign="top"| *Innenstadt ("town center", 8,655) *Am Galgenberg (4,224) *Industriegebiet ("industrial park", 123) *Pörbitsch (754) *Blaich (2,029) *Kauernburg (584) *Weiher (639) *Herlas (526) *Forstlahm (622) *Leuchau (459) *Wickenreuth (68) *Mangersreuth (904) *Donnersreuth/Gössmannsreuth (103) *Ober-/Unterzettlitz (172) *Windischenhaig/Hitzmain/Affalterhof (320) *Katschenreuth (887) |valign="top"| *Melkendorf (730) *Seidenhof (451) *Burghaig (1,717) *Petzmannsberg (1,898) *Metzdorf (723) *Ziegelhütten (1,369) *Niederndobrach (214) *Höferänger (219) *Lehenthal (284) *Baumgarten (133) *Grafendobrach (167) *Lösau (126) *Kirchleus (288) *Ober-/Unterdornlach (194) *Altenreuth/Höfstetten (59) |} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Sources == * ''Deutscher Städteatlas'' (1989). Band: IV; 9 Teilband. Acta Collegii Historiae Urbanae Societatis Historicorum Internationalis - Serie C. Im Auftrag des Kuratoriums für vergleichende Städtegeschichte e.V. und mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, hrsg. von Heinz Stoob †, Wilfried Ehbrecht, Jürgen Lafrenz und Peter Johannek. Stadtmappe Kulmbach, Author: Friedrich Bernward Fahlbusch. {{ISBN|3-89115-039-3}}, Dortmund-Altenbeken 1989. * Bogner, Franz X. (2006). Der Obermain. Ein Luftbildporträt von Bayreuth bis Bamberg. Ellwanger-Verlag, Bayreuth, {{ISBN|3-925361-57-X}}. == Other websites == {{Commons|Kulmbach}} {{wikivoyage}} {{Wikisource|Topographia Franconiae (Franken): Culmbach|Kulmbach in the Topographia Franconiae (Mathäus Merian)}} * {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.landschaftsmuseum.de/Seiten/Info/Kulmbach-1.htm From the History of Kulmbach (Upper Main Landscape Museum)] * [http://80.152.234.131/cgi-bin/guestimage.html Live webcam with view of the market square] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410082438/http://80.152.234.131/cgi-bin/guestimage.html |date=2014-04-10 }} *{{HdBG GKZ|9477128}} * History of Kulmbach: [http://kulmbach.bayern-online.de/die-stadt/kultur/geschichte/] {{Cities and towns in Kulmbach (district)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kulmbach (district)]] o9squqoq5ywglbayqspyk43a7bknx4t 0 890924 10966862 10637280 2026-08-18T17:19:17Z Canadachick 1633172 10966862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loganair Flight 6780''' was a scheduled domestic flight from [[Aberdeen]] to [[Shetland]], which was struck by lightning while approaching Sumburgh Airport. The plane plummeted but the pilots were able to regain control within seconds of impact against the [[North Sea]]. The flight was emergency diverted to [[Aberdeen]]. {{Infobox aircraft occurrence |image= G-LGNO_IMG_8367_(30929470804).jpg | image_size      = | caption = G-LGNO, the aircraft involved in the incident | occurrence_type = Incident | date = {{startdate}} 15 December 2014 | summary = Lightning strike, autopilot error | site = [[Sumburgh]], [[Shetland Islands]] | coordinates = {{Coord|59|52|56|N|001|05|07|W|type:event|display=inline,title}} | aircraft_type = [[Saab 2000]] | aircraft_name = Spirit of Aberdeen | operator = [[Loganair]] | tail_number = G-LGNO | origin = [[Aberdeen Airport]] | destination = [[Sumburgh Airport]] | passengers = 30 | crew = 3 | fatalities = 0 | survivors = 33 }} The AAIB issued five safety recommendations to the EASA and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to prevent a loss of control due to the autopilot. The safety advisory recommends reviewing the autopilot design of aircraft certified by the rules of Part 25 and equivalent regulations, including the Saab 2000, and require modification if necessary to ensure that pilots do not pose potential danger when applying forces that conflict with the autopilot. ==Survivors== Shona Manson, one of the passengers on Flight 6780 said: "I'm not scared of flying, but it was very, very rough. If it were someone who is afraid of flying, it would be their worst nightmare." She also related that after landing, the captain came out of the cabin, looking a bit shaken, to speak to the passengers noting that the incident could have been much worse.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ovenstone|first=Bert|title=Shetland woman describes moment Aberdeen flight was hit by lightning|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeen/432893/shetland-woman-describes-moment-aberdeen-flight-hit-lightning/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=Press and Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> == Dramatization == The accident is featured in the first episode of Season 21 of ''Mayday,'' also known as ''Air Crash Investigation.'' The episode is titled "North Sea Nightmare".<ref name="mayday">{{Cite episode|title=North Sea Nightmare|series=[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]|station=[[National Geographic Channel]]|season=21|language=en|number=1}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2014 in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:2010s in Scotland]] [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the 2010s]] [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Europe]] [[Category:December 2014 events]] 8auvqphexjlmbwj8wrrlvgi0dsnkj72 0 893376 10966686 8670440 2026-08-18T15:23:34Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Paula Hawkins |image = Hawkins, Paula.jpg |jr/sr = United States Senator |state = [[Florida]] |term_start = January 1, 1981 |term_end = January 3, 1987 |predecessor = [[Richard Stone (politician)|Richard Stone]] |successor = [[Bob Graham]] |birth_name = Paula Fickes |birth_date = {{birth date|1927|1|24}} |birth_place = [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]], [[United States|U.S.]] |death_date = {{death date and age|2009|12|4|1927|1|24}} |death_place = [[Winter Park, Florida|Winter Park]], [[Florida]], [[United States|U.S.]] |party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |spouse = Gene Hawkins |children = 3 |education = [[Utah State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) }} '''Paula Hawkins''' (née '''Fickes'''; January 24, 1927 – December 4, 2009) was an American politician. She is the only woman elected to the [[U.S. Senate]] from [[Florida]]. She was the second woman ever elected to the Senate from the [[American South]]. She was the first woman in the country to be elected to a full Senate term without having a close family member who was in major public office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/politics/78523567.html|title=Congressman: Ex-Fla. Senator Paula Hawkins dies at 82 first Southern woman elected to the Senate|last=Schneider|first=Mike|date=December 4, 2009|work=(Minnesota) Star-Tribune|access-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309184147/http://www.startribune.com/politics/78523567.html|archive-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/orlandosentinel/obituary.aspx?n=paula-hawkins&pid=136954564&fhid=4109|title=Paula Hawkins|date=December 6, 2009}}</ref> She was in the Senate from 1981 until 1987 as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]. Hawkins died on December 4, 2009 at her home in [[Winter Park, Florida]] from problems caused by a fall, aged 82.<ref>[http://www.tampabay.com/news/obituaries/florida-sen-paula-hawkins-billed-as-the-housewife-from-maitland-dies-at-82/1056631 "Florida Sen. Paula Hawkins, billed as the 'housewife from Maitland', dies at 82"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208114549/http://www.tampabay.com/news/obituaries/florida-sen-paula-hawkins-billed-as-the-housewife-from-maitland-dies-at-82/1056631 |date=2009-12-08 }} Tampa Tribune, December 5, 2009</ref><ref name=Palm>Kam, Dara: [http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/paula-hawkins-floridas-first-female-u-s-senator-100847.html "Paula Hawkins, Florida's first female U.S. senator, dies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005081252/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/paula-hawkins-floridas-first-female-us-senator-d-1/nLmNK/ |date=2012-10-05 }} Palm Beach Post, December 4, 2009</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hawkins, Paula}} [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:2009 deaths]] [[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in the United States]] [[Category:United States senators from Florida]] [[Category:Politicians from Salt Lake City, Utah]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] {{US-bio-stub}} 2ijjjsghfu7j8ep67id0w3koxvsc4a8 0 905396 10967045 10966218 2026-08-18T22:29:36Z ~2026-45113-37 1857134 /* Natural numbers */ 10967045 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 (number)|268]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |- |[[270 (number)|270]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[272 (number)|272]] |[[273 (number)|273]] |[[274 (number)|274]] |[[275 (number)|275]] |[[276 (number)|276]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[278 (number)|278]] |[[279 (number)|279]] |- |[[280 (number)|280]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |[[282 (number)|282]] |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[284 (number)|284]] |[[285 (number)|285]] |[[286 (number)|286]] |[[287 (number)|287]] |[[288 (number)|288]] |[[289 (number)|289]] |- |[[290 (number)|290]] |[[291 (number)|291]] |[[292 (number)|292]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[294 (number)|294]] |[[295 (number)|295]] |[[296 (number)|296]] |[[297 (number)|297]] |[[298 (number)|298]] |[[299 (number)|299]] |- |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[301 (number)|301]] |[[302 (number)|302]] |[[303 (number)|303]] |[[304 (number)|304]] |[[305 (number)|305]] |[[306 (number)|306]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[308 (number)|308]] |[[309 (number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | | | |[[323 (number)|323]] | |[[325 (number)|325]] | | | | |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | | | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] | |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[3000 (number)|3000]] |[[4000 (number)|4000]] |[[5000 (number)|5000]] |[[6000 (number)|6000]] |[[7000 (number)|7000]] |[[8000 (number)|8000]] |[[9000 (number)|9000]] |- | |[[10,000]] |[[20,000]] |[[30,000]] |[[40,000]] |[[50,000]] |[[60,000]] |[[70,000]] |[[80,000]] |[[90,000]] |- ||[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[10,000,000,000|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[100,000,000,000|10<sup>11</sup>]] | | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10<sup>100</sup>]] and [[Googolplex|10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2<sup>2</sup>-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3<sup>3</sup>.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2<sup>16</sup> − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2<sup>16</sup>. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10<sup>''k''</sup>, where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000<sup>''m''</sup> !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-24</sup> |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-21</sup> |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-18</sup> |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-15</sup> |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-12</sup> |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10<sup>-9</sup> |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10<sup>-6</sup> |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10<sup>-3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10<sup>-2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10<sup>-1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10<sup>1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10<sup>2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10<sup>3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10<sup>6</sup> |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10<sup>9</sup> |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>12</sup> |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>15</sup> |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>18</sup> |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>21</sup> |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>24</sup> |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C<sub>2</sub> |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup> * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] e8t77efqigle1sksoaew9hz6mornzlr 10967046 10967045 2026-08-18T22:31:58Z ~2026-45113-37 1857134 /* Natural numbers */ 10967046 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 (number)|268]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |- |[[270 (number)|270]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[272 (number)|272]] |[[273 (number)|273]] |[[274 (number)|274]] |[[275 (number)|275]] |[[276 (number)|276]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[278 (number)|278]] |[[279 (number)|279]] |- |[[280 (number)|280]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |[[282 (number)|282]] |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[284 (number)|284]] |[[285 (number)|285]] |[[286 (number)|286]] |[[287 (number)|287]] |[[288 (number)|288]] |[[289 (number)|289]] |- |[[290 (number)|290]] |[[291 (number)|291]] |[[292 (number)|292]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[294 (number)|294]] |[[295 (number)|295]] |[[296 (number)|296]] |[[297 (number)|297]] |[[298 (number)|298]] |[[299 (number)|299]] |- |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[301 (number)|301]] |[[302 (number)|302]] |[[303 (number)|303]] |[[304 (number)|304]] |[[305 (number)|305]] |[[306 (number)|306]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[308 (number)|308]] |[[309 (number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | | | |[[323 (number)|323]] | |[[325 (number)|325]] | | | | |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | | | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] | |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[4000 (number)|4000]] |[[5000 (number)|5000]] |[[6000 (number)|6000]] |[[7000 (number)|7000]] |[[8000 (number)|8000]] |[[9000 (number)|9000]] |- | |[[10,000]] |[[20,000]] |[[30,000]] |[[40,000]] |[[50,000]] |[[60,000]] |[[70,000]] |[[80,000]] |[[90,000]] |- ||[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[10,000,000,000|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[100,000,000,000|10<sup>11</sup>]] | | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10<sup>100</sup>]] and [[Googolplex|10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2<sup>2</sup>-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3<sup>3</sup>.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2<sup>16</sup> − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2<sup>16</sup>. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10<sup>''k''</sup>, where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000<sup>''m''</sup> !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-24</sup> |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-21</sup> |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-18</sup> |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-15</sup> |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-12</sup> |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10<sup>-9</sup> |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10<sup>-6</sup> |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10<sup>-3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10<sup>-2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10<sup>-1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10<sup>1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10<sup>2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10<sup>3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10<sup>6</sup> |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10<sup>9</sup> |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>12</sup> |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>15</sup> |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>18</sup> |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>21</sup> |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>24</sup> |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C<sub>2</sub> |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup> * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] 3hf08u5cysfpjv7zoijud4gf6v1n7mw 10967047 10967046 2026-08-18T22:37:26Z ~2026-45113-37 1857134 /* Natural numbers */ 10967047 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 (number)|268]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |- |[[270 (number)|270]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[272 (number)|272]] |[[273 (number)|273]] |[[274 (number)|274]] |[[275 (number)|275]] |[[276 (number)|276]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[278 (number)|278]] |[[279 (number)|279]] |- |[[280 (number)|280]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |[[282 (number)|282]] |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[284 (number)|284]] |[[285 (number)|285]] |[[286 (number)|286]] |[[287 (number)|287]] |[[288 (number)|288]] |[[289 (number)|289]] |- |[[290 (number)|290]] |[[291 (number)|291]] |[[292 (number)|292]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[294 (number)|294]] |[[295 (number)|295]] |[[296 (number)|296]] |[[297 (number)|297]] |[[298 (number)|298]] |[[299 (number)|299]] |- |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[301 (number)|301]] |[[302 (number)|302]] |[[303 (number)|303]] |[[304 (number)|304]] |[[305 (number)|305]] |[[306 (number)|306]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[308 (number)|308]] |[[309 (number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | | | |[[323 (number)|323]] | |[[325 (number)|325]] | | | | |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | | | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] | |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[6000 (number)|6000]] |[[7000 (number)|7000]] |[[8000 (number)|8000]] |[[9000 (number)|9000]] |- | |[[10,000]] |[[20,000]] |[[30,000]] |[[40,000]] |[[50,000]] |[[60,000]] |[[70,000]] |[[80,000]] |[[90,000]] |- ||[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[10,000,000,000|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[100,000,000,000|10<sup>11</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000,000|10<sup>12</sup>]] | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10<sup>100</sup>]] and [[Googolplex|10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2<sup>2</sup>-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3<sup>3</sup>.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2<sup>16</sup> − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2<sup>16</sup>. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10<sup>''k''</sup>, where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000<sup>''m''</sup> !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-24</sup> |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-21</sup> |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-18</sup> |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-15</sup> |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-12</sup> |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10<sup>-9</sup> |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10<sup>-6</sup> |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10<sup>-3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10<sup>-2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10<sup>-1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10<sup>1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10<sup>2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10<sup>3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10<sup>6</sup> |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10<sup>9</sup> |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>12</sup> |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>15</sup> |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>18</sup> |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>21</sup> |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>24</sup> |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C<sub>2</sub> |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup> * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] lzzkqsymouz8aql8jy69t8dq6k7yru7 10967052 10967047 2026-08-18T22:40:47Z ~2026-45113-37 1857134 /* Natural numbers */ 10967052 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 (number)|268]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |- |[[270 (number)|270]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[272 (number)|272]] |[[273 (number)|273]] |[[274 (number)|274]] |[[275 (number)|275]] |[[276 (number)|276]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[278 (number)|278]] |[[279 (number)|279]] |- |[[280 (number)|280]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |[[282 (number)|282]] |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[284 (number)|284]] |[[285 (number)|285]] |[[286 (number)|286]] |[[287 (number)|287]] |[[288 (number)|288]] |[[289 (number)|289]] |- |[[290 (number)|290]] |[[291 (number)|291]] |[[292 (number)|292]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[294 (number)|294]] |[[295 (number)|295]] |[[296 (number)|296]] |[[297 (number)|297]] |[[298 (number)|298]] |[[299 (number)|299]] |- |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[301 (number)|301]] |[[302 (number)|302]] |[[303 (number)|303]] |[[304 (number)|304]] |[[305 (number)|305]] |[[306 (number)|306]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[308 (number)|308]] |[[309 (number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | | | |[[323 (number)|323]] | |[[325 (number)|325]] | | | | |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | | | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] | |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5040 (number)|5040]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[6000 (number)|6000]] |[[7000 (number)|7000]] |[[8000 (number)|8000]] |[[9000 (number)|9000]] |- | |[[10,000]] |[[20,000]] |[[30,000]] |[[40,000]] |[[50,000]] |[[60,000]] |[[70,000]] |[[80,000]] |[[90,000]] |- ||[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[10,000,000,000|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[100,000,000,000|10<sup>11</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000,000|10<sup>12</sup>]] | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10<sup>100</sup>]] and [[Googolplex|10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2<sup>2</sup>-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3<sup>3</sup>.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2<sup>16</sup> − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2<sup>16</sup>. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10<sup>''k''</sup>, where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000<sup>''m''</sup> !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-24</sup> |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-21</sup> |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-18</sup> |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-15</sup> |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-12</sup> |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10<sup>-9</sup> |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10<sup>-6</sup> |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10<sup>-3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10<sup>-2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10<sup>-1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10<sup>1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10<sup>2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10<sup>3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10<sup>6</sup> |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10<sup>9</sup> |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>12</sup> |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>15</sup> |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>18</sup> |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>21</sup> |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>24</sup> |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C<sub>2</sub> |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup> * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] 48gbph0fc22nbimhe2irkf8jufzisab 10967084 10967052 2026-08-19T00:08:53Z ~2026-45194-93 1857717 /* Natural numbers */ 10967084 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 (number)|268]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |- |[[270 (number)|270]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[272 (number)|272]] |[[273 (number)|273]] |[[274 (number)|274]] |[[275 (number)|275]] |[[276 (number)|276]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[278 (number)|278]] |[[279 (number)|279]] |- |[[280 (number)|280]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |[[282 (number)|282]] |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[284 (number)|284]] |[[285 (number)|285]] |[[286 (number)|286]] |[[287 (number)|287]] |[[288 (number)|288]] |[[289 (number)|289]] |- |[[290 (number)|290]] |[[291 (number)|291]] |[[292 (number)|292]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[294 (number)|294]] |[[295 (number)|295]] |[[296 (number)|296]] |[[297 (number)|297]] |[[298 (number)|298]] |[[299 (number)|299]] |- |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[301 (number)|301]] |[[302 (number)|302]] |[[303 (number)|303]] |[[304 (number)|304]] |[[305 (number)|305]] |[[306 (number)|306]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[308 (number)|308]] |[[309 (number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | | | |[[323 (number)|323]] | |[[325 (number)|325]] | | | | |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | | | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] | |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5040 (number)|5040]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[6000 (number)|6000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[6174]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[7000 (number)|7000]] |[[8000 (number)|8000]] |[[9000 (number)|9000]] |- | |[[10,000]] |[[20,000]] |[[30,000]] |[[40,000]] |[[50,000]] |[[60,000]] |[[70,000]] |[[80,000]] |[[90,000]] |- ||[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[10,000,000,000|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[100,000,000,000|10<sup>11</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000,000|10<sup>12</sup>]] | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10<sup>100</sup>]] and [[Googolplex|10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2<sup>2</sup>-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3<sup>3</sup>.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2<sup>16</sup> − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2<sup>16</sup>. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10<sup>''k''</sup>, where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000<sup>''m''</sup> !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-24</sup> |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-21</sup> |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-18</sup> |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-15</sup> |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-12</sup> |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10<sup>-9</sup> |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10<sup>-6</sup> |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10<sup>-3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10<sup>-2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10<sup>-1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10<sup>1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10<sup>2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10<sup>3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10<sup>6</sup> |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10<sup>9</sup> |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>12</sup> |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>15</sup> |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>18</sup> |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>21</sup> |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>24</sup> |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C<sub>2</sub> |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup> * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] l6831gjsgprk1v67bdp7i4nv4wt2w2i 10967107 10967084 2026-08-19T00:22:07Z ~2026-45314-79 1857725 /* Natural numbers */ 10967107 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 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|[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | | | |[[323 (number)|323]] | |[[325 (number)|325]] | | | | |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | | | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] | |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5040 (number)|5040]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[6000 (number)|6000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[6174]] | | | | | |- |[[7000 (number)|7000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[7744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[7825]] | | | | |- |[[8000 (number)|8000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[8128]] | |- | | |[[8192]] | | | | | | | |- |[[9000 (number)|9000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[9855]] | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[9999 (number)|9999]] |- | |[[10,000]] |[[20,000]] |[[30,000]] |[[40,000]] |[[50,000]] |[[60,000]] |[[70,000]] |[[80,000]] |[[90,000]] |- ||[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[10,000,000,000|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[100,000,000,000|10<sup>11</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000,000|10<sup>12</sup>]] | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10<sup>100</sup>]] and [[Googolplex|10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2<sup>2</sup>-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3<sup>3</sup>.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2<sup>16</sup> − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2<sup>16</sup>. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10<sup>''k''</sup>, where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000<sup>''m''</sup> !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-24</sup> |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-21</sup> |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-18</sup> |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-15</sup> |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-12</sup> |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10<sup>-9</sup> |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10<sup>-6</sup> |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10<sup>-3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10<sup>-2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10<sup>-1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10<sup>1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10<sup>2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10<sup>3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10<sup>6</sup> |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10<sup>9</sup> |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>12</sup> |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>15</sup> |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>18</sup> |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>21</sup> |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>24</sup> |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C<sub>2</sub> |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup> * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] 1we0x8xae565wvlpv61com7aezilw8r 10967109 10967107 2026-08-19T00:23:32Z ~2026-45314-79 1857725 /* Natural numbers */ 10967109 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 (number)|268]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |- |[[270 (number)|270]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[272 (number)|272]] |[[273 (number)|273]] |[[274 (number)|274]] |[[275 (number)|275]] |[[276 (number)|276]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[278 (number)|278]] |[[279 (number)|279]] |- |[[280 (number)|280]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |[[282 (number)|282]] |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[284 (number)|284]] |[[285 (number)|285]] |[[286 (number)|286]] |[[287 (number)|287]] |[[288 (number)|288]] |[[289 (number)|289]] |- |[[290 (number)|290]] |[[291 (number)|291]] |[[292 (number)|292]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[294 (number)|294]] |[[295 (number)|295]] |[[296 (number)|296]] |[[297 (number)|297]] |[[298 (number)|298]] |[[299 (number)|299]] |- |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[301 (number)|301]] |[[302 (number)|302]] |[[303 (number)|303]] |[[304 (number)|304]] |[[305 (number)|305]] |[[306 (number)|306]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[308 (number)|308]] |[[309 (number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | | | |[[323 (number)|323]] | |[[325 (number)|325]] | | | | |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | | | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] | |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5040 (number)|5040]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[6000 (number)|6000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[6174]] | | | | | |- |[[7000 (number)|7000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[7744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[7825]] | | | | |- |[[8000 (number)|8000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[8128 (number)|8128]] | |- | | |[[8192]] | | | | | | | |- |[[9000 (number)|9000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[9855]] | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[9999 (number)|9999]] |- | |[[10,000]] |[[20,000]] |[[30,000]] |[[40,000]] |[[50,000]] |[[60,000]] |[[70,000]] |[[80,000]] |[[90,000]] |- ||[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[10,000,000,000|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[100,000,000,000|10<sup>11</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000,000|10<sup>12</sup>]] | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10<sup>100</sup>]] and [[Googolplex|10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2<sup>2</sup>-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3<sup>3</sup>.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2<sup>16</sup> − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2<sup>16</sup>. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10<sup>''k''</sup>, where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000<sup>''m''</sup> !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-24</sup> |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-21</sup> |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-18</sup> |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-15</sup> |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-12</sup> |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10<sup>-9</sup> |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10<sup>-6</sup> |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10<sup>-3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10<sup>-2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10<sup>-1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10<sup>1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10<sup>2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10<sup>3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10<sup>6</sup> |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10<sup>9</sup> |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>12</sup> |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>15</sup> |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>18</sup> |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>21</sup> |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>24</sup> |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C<sub>2</sub> |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup> * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] ctyaef65yszay4knpniapb71fhqhfqu 10967115 10967109 2026-08-19T00:29:14Z ~2026-45314-79 1857725 /* Natural numbers */ 10967115 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 (number)|268]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |- |[[270 (number)|270]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[272 (number)|272]] |[[273 (number)|273]] |[[274 (number)|274]] |[[275 (number)|275]] |[[276 (number)|276]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[278 (number)|278]] |[[279 (number)|279]] |- |[[280 (number)|280]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |[[282 (number)|282]] |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[284 (number)|284]] |[[285 (number)|285]] |[[286 (number)|286]] |[[287 (number)|287]] |[[288 (number)|288]] |[[289 (number)|289]] |- |[[290 (number)|290]] |[[291 (number)|291]] |[[292 (number)|292]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[294 (number)|294]] |[[295 (number)|295]] |[[296 (number)|296]] |[[297 (number)|297]] |[[298 (number)|298]] |[[299 (number)|299]] |- |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[301 (number)|301]] |[[302 (number)|302]] |[[303 (number)|303]] |[[304 (number)|304]] |[[305 (number)|305]] |[[306 (number)|306]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[308 (number)|308]] |[[309 (number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | | | |[[323 (number)|323]] | |[[325 (number)|325]] | | | | |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | | | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] |[[366 (number)|366]] |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5040 (number)|5040]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[6000 (number)|6000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[6174]] | | | | | |- |[[7000 (number)|7000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[7744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[7825]] | | | | |- |[[8000 (number)|8000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[8128 (number)|8128]] | |- | | |[[8192]] | | | | | | | |- |[[9000 (number)|9000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[9855]] | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[9999 (number)|9999]] |- | |[[10,000]] |[[20,000]] |[[30,000]] |[[40,000]] |[[50,000]] |[[60,000]] |[[70,000]] |[[80,000]] |[[90,000]] |- ||[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[10,000,000,000|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[100,000,000,000|10<sup>11</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000,000|10<sup>12</sup>]] | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10<sup>100</sup>]] and [[Googolplex|10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2<sup>2</sup>-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3<sup>3</sup>.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2<sup>16</sup> − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2<sup>16</sup>. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10<sup>''k''</sup>, where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000<sup>''m''</sup> !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-24</sup> |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-21</sup> |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-18</sup> |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-15</sup> |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-12</sup> |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10<sup>-9</sup> |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10<sup>-6</sup> |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10<sup>-3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10<sup>-2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10<sup>-1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10<sup>1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10<sup>2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10<sup>3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10<sup>6</sup> |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10<sup>9</sup> |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>12</sup> |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>15</sup> |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>18</sup> |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>21</sup> |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>24</sup> |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C<sub>2</sub> |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup> * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] konk5dgxn5zwtncobgaycxg5il4iacv 10967117 10967115 2026-08-19T00:36:58Z ~2026-45314-79 1857725 /* Natural numbers */ 10967117 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 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|[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | | | |[[323 (number)|323]] | |[[325 (number)|325]] | | | | |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | | | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] |[[366 (number)|366]] |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[433 (number)|433]] | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5040 (number)|5040]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[6000 (number)|6000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[6174]] | | | | | |- |[[7000 (number)|7000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[7744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[7825]] | | | | |- |[[8000 (number)|8000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[8128 (number)|8128]] | |- | | |[[8192]] | | | | | | | |- |[[9000 (number)|9000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[9855]] | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[9999 (number)|9999]] |- | |[[10,000]] |[[20,000]] |[[30,000]] |[[40,000]] |[[50,000]] |[[60,000]] |[[70,000]] |[[80,000]] |[[90,000]] |- ||[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[10,000,000,000|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[100,000,000,000|10<sup>11</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000,000|10<sup>12</sup>]] | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10<sup>100</sup>]] and [[Googolplex|10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2<sup>2</sup>-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3<sup>3</sup>.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2<sup>16</sup> − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2<sup>16</sup>. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10<sup>''k''</sup>, where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000<sup>''m''</sup> !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-24</sup> |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-21</sup> |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-18</sup> |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-15</sup> |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10<sup>-12</sup> |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10<sup>-9</sup> |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10<sup>-6</sup> |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10<sup>-3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10<sup>-2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10<sup>-1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10<sup>1</sup> |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10<sup>2</sup> |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10<sup>3</sup> |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10<sup>6</sup> |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10<sup>9</sup> |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>12</sup> |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>15</sup> |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>18</sup> |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>21</sup> |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10<sup>24</sup> |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C<sub>2</sub> |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup> * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] mk0aakq8hygkox8n9430g3omfx0gx75 0 906088 10966759 10963244 2026-08-18T16:29:28Z ~2026-40794-11 1841423 /* */ 10966759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = TV3 | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = File:STMB_TV3.png | image_size = 200px | image_alt = | alt = | caption = | type = | country = [[Malaysia]]<br>[[Ireland]] | area = Malaysia<br>[[Singapore]]<br>[[Brunei]]<br>[[Thailand]] ([[South Thailand]], particularly [[Songkhla Province|Songkhla]], [[Narathiwat Province|Narathiwat]], [[Yala Province|Yala]] and [[Satun Province|Satun]])<br>[[Indonesia]] ([[West Kalimantan]], [[Riau Islands]], [[North Kalimantan]] and [[Riau]]) | network = | tv_stations = | tv_transmitters = | affiliates = | slogan = Sentiasa Bersamamu | headquarters = Balai Berita, Bangsar, [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] | language = [[Malay language|Malay]]<br>[[English language|English]]<br>[[Hindi]]<br>[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<br>[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]<br>[[Korean language|Korean]]<br>[[Thai language|Thai]]<br>[[Turkish language|Turkish]]<br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]] | languages = | picture_format = [[576i]] ([[4:3]]/[[SDTV]]) (1984-2017) [[1080i]] ([[16:9]]/[[HDTV]]) (since 2017) | timeshift_service = | owner = [[Media Prima]]<br>(Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad) | parent = | key_people = | sister_channels = [[NTV7]]<br>[[8TV (Malaysian TV network)|8TV]]<br>[[TV9 (Malaysian TV network)|TV9]] | founded = | founder = | launch_date = {{Launch date|1984|6|1|df=y}} | replaced = | closed_date = | replaced_by = | former_names = | terr_serv_1 = [[MYTV Broadcasting|MYTV]] | terr_chan_1 = Channel 103 (HD) | availability_note = (At time of closure) | terr_serv_2 = [[Saorview]] | terr_chan_2 = Channel 92 | website = {{URL|www.xtra.com.my}}<br>(Merged into Tonton Xtra's site, formerly tv3.com.my) (Malaysia only) | webcast = | child = | embed_header = | embedded = }} '''Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad''', operating as '''TV3''' (pronounced as '''''Tivi Tiga'''''), is a [[Bangsar]]-based [[Mass media in Malaysia|Malaysian]] [[free-to-air]] [[television channel]] owned by Malaysian [[media conglomerate]], [[Media Prima]]. The network is notable for opening the big doors for the launching of private TV stations in Malaysia and responsible for launching the careers of many well-known personalities in broadcasting fields. Since 2003, it also organised the Jom Heboh carnival to promote its brands and products. ==History== ===Setup=== As early as 1976, some members of parliament demanded the creation of a commercial television channel, but concerns were raised by the government over a potential loss of revenue from newspapers and magazines. A license was granted to Fleet Holdings, which was owned by Tun Dr. Abdul Daim Zainuddin in August 1983. Officials from CBS were in talks with Fleet Holdings executives regarding the development of broadcasting in the country. The plan was to produce 30% national content and air 70% international content, with the option to buy programmes produced by the government. Fleet Holdings, the publisher of the New Straits Times, was chosen due to its "capacity, capability and expertise". The channel, with a projected launch date of 1 January 1985, was budgeted at RM 45 million. One of the plans was to recapture urban audiences, who had escaped television in pursuit of other forms of entertainment, especially home video, a practice that, among the ethnic groups, was more prevalent in Chinese Malaysians. In November 1983, TV3 announced that its broadcasts would start ahead of schedule, at some point in 1984. Work for the transmitter at Bukit Besi started in February 1984, revealing the TV3 name to the public. In a surprise move, the channel later secured the rights to the 1984 Summer Olympics days later, to be held later in the year in Los Angeles. The decision still depended on whether or not the owners would start the channel on time. A prospective launch date of between June and July was then announced. ===Beginning of operations=== TV3 (Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad) officially began broadcasting in the Klang Valley (the area surrounding Kuala Lumpur, capital of Malaysia) in conjunction the Hijri date of the first day of the holy month of Ramadan year 1404 AH (1 June 1984) at 5:00pm local time. The deliberate choice of starting the channel during Ramadan was to test the openness of the Malaysian society. The television channel used to broadcast from a building in Jalan Liku, Bangsar, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur before it moved to Sri Pentas, Bandar Utama, Petaling Jaya, Selangor in 1995. Initially, the channel ran for seven hours a day - 5:00pm to 12:00am relying largely on television series produced mainly in the UK and the USA. The programming was mostly new to Malaysia, although some shows were already acquired by SBC (now Mediacorp) in neighboring Singapore. The channel initially had its coverage area limited to the Klang Valley, with plans to start increasing its coverage by the end of the year. Among the shows seen on the new service were Yellow Rose, Hill Street Blues (which SBC rejected), Just Our Luck and Scarecrow and Mrs King. There was also a dedicated slot for Chinese viewers (7 to 8pm), prime-time entertainment at the time RTM's channels were airing news and related programming, and movies in the last slot before closedown. Initially the channel, despite its entertainment format, was faced with criticism over the lack of news and documentaries, while clerics believed that the channel's lack of documentaries would have an adverse influence. Facing the moral controversies the channel had suffered, the channel added prayer calls (RTM had already done for its channels) and had plans to air the main news from RTM. In order to broadcast the news, TV3 needed permission from various organisations (ABU, Asiavision, Visnews, etc.). In late June 1984, the government was studying the effects to TV3 related to the permission of allowing private radio stations to be opened. 1 June 1984. TV3 is the first and oldest private television channel in Malaysia. In 1996, TV3 set up its four subsidiaries in Ghana in which it owns a 52.5% of equity stake for each of these subsidiaries. In 1997, TV3 and MetroVision was ordered by the Ministry of Information to relocate their transmitters to the Kuala Lumpur Tower. TV3 began 24 hour broadcasting on 31 August 1997 after the government realised that cable and satellite television stations that operate 24 hours have no negative effect to the population, something the government previously sceptical about for productivity reasons. TV3 had plans to start a second channel by the name of TV9 in 1997, unrelated to the present-day TV9. The application had yet to be received by the Information Ministry. In April 1998, TV3 and MRCB agreed to build studios and audiotorium in Shah Alam, costing RM 7.2 million and planned to be completed on 31 October 1998. TV3 would be the sole user of such facilities. MRCB will receive RM1.7 million from TV3's advertising income. In November 1998, TV3 decided to reduce its broadcast hours to just 12 hours for Mondays to Thursdays instead of 20 hours starting next month. In the financial results of MRCB ending 31 August 1998, TV3 recorded a loss of RM 82 million. TV3 become the first TV station in Malaysia and the Asian region when it introduces a 3D broadcast in 2001 for some of its programmes and international films. It also held a charity campaign known as Kurniaan Harapan (A Gift of Hope) in collaboration with the Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital and the Malaysian Association for the Blind (MAB) to raised funds for the visually-impaired. To coincide with the campaign, a 3D spectacles was on sale at selected Caltex, 7-Eleven, Courts Mammoth and TOPS outlets. The campaign took place from 28 January to 26 February 2001. On 22 September 2003, both Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad and The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad were spun off from Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad (MRCB), in which the latter had acquired from Renong Berhad in 1993 to form Media Prima Berhad. In 2004, TV3 celebrates its 20th anniversary and concurrently reintroduced 24-hour broadcast time, which has introduced a year before, in 2003. On 6 September 2007, TV3 along with its sister channels, ntv7, 8TV and TV9 made available for online viewing via Media Prima's newly-launched streaming service, Catch-Up TV, which later rebranded as Tonton. In 2008, TV3 through programs produced by it, dominates the list of 20 programs with higher viewership. During the Eid-ul-Fitr celebration in 2009, TV3 dominates 30 percent of entire viewership. In the first quarter of 2013, TV3 commands a 26% of market share in television audience. On 1 June 2024, TV3 celebrates its 40th anniversary. It also organised an event called Immersio: Inspirasi Generasi By TV3, which took place at the Telekom Museum prior to its anniversary celebration. Media Prima announced on 15 October 2024 that the news operations of all of its television networks, including TV3, will began broadcast at the company's Balai Berita starting 21 October after more than two decades operated at Sri Pentas, Bandar Utama. ==Programmes TV3== This is a list of television programmes broadcast by TV3 either currently broadcast or formerly broadcast on TV3 in Malaysia. ===Bananana! block=== * 44 Cats * Android Kikaider * Arthur * American Dragon: Jake Long (aired on 2013-2015) * Avatar: The Last Airbender * Bakugan Battle Planet * Bakugan (2023) * Barbie movie series * Barbie: Dreamtopia * Battle Claw (also on TV2) * Beyblade Series * Metal Fight Beyblade * Beyblade Burst * Beyblade X (Upcoming) * Blaze and the Monster Machines (also on [[TV2 (Malaysian TV network)|TV2]]) * BoBoiBoy * BoBoiBoy Galaxy * Bubble Guppies * Bunsen Is a Beast * Digimon Adventure * Dora the Explorer * Deer Squad * Ejen Ali (2016 - 2018, 2023) * Go, Diego, Go! * Kamen Rider Series * Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight * Kamen Rider Build * Kamen Rider Zi-O * Kamen Rider Zero-One * Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness (also airs on [[NTV7]]) * Larva * Lego series * Lego City Adventures * Lego Friends - Girls on A Mission * Lego Monkie Kid (also aired on [[NTV7]] & [[8TV]]) * Lego Ninjago * My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (formerly aired on NTV7) * Maggie & Bianca: Fashion Friends * Oggy and the Cockroaches (Season 1-7 Only) * Ollie and Friends * Paw Patrol * Penguins of Madagascar * Peppa Pig * Pokémon Series ** Pokémon Sun and Moon ** Pokémon Sun and Moon Ultra Adventures * Power Rangers **Power Rangers Dino Supercharge (rerun from NTV7 starting 7 February 2019) * The Powerpuff Girls (2016 reboot) * Postman Pat (Series 3-8) * Pony Life * Rabbids Invasion (formerly aired on NTV7) * Rat-A-Tat * Recess (aired on 2013) * Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles * Robot and Monster * Rolling with the Ronks! * Senario Toons * Shimmer and Shine * Sing & Dance with Barney *Special Rescue Exceedraft **SpongeBob SquarePants * StoryBots Super Songs * Superbook * Super Sentai * Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger (moved from NTV7 during repeat since 31 December 2018) * TaleSpin (aired on 2013) * Team Umizoomi * Teacher's Pet * Teletubbies (2015 series) * The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron * The Adventures of Kid Danger * The Amazing Awang Khenit * The Fairly OddParents * The Proud Family (aired on 2012-2013) * Thomas & Friends * Top Wing * Trolls: The Beat Goes On! * True and the Rainbow Kingdom * Turning Mecard Wallykazam! * Ben 10: Ultimate Alien **Ben 10: Omniverse * Sofia The First * The Troop * Victorious * Kim Possible (Also aired on NTV7, starting in June 2014) ===Japanese anime=== * Aikatsu! (Malaysian dubbed, and opening and closing theme are dubbed in Malaysia) * Aoashi * Astroboy * Atashinchi * Beyblade * Bleach * Blue Dragon (TV series) * Card Captor Sakura * Crush Gear Turbo * Date A Live * Detective Conan * Fullmetal Alchemist * Initial D * Lucy of the Southern Rainbow * Mirmo Zibang * Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch * Mon Colle Knights * My Annette * Naruto * Rurouni Kenshin * Samurai 7 * Super Doll Licca * Nanook's Great Hunt ===International programmes=== * Caught On Camera (MSNBC) (Reality Television - Documentary - News) * Changing Rooms Australia (Network Ten) * Disorderly Conduct: Video On Patrol (Spike) * Extreme Makeover Home Edition USA (ABC) * Human Weapon (History Channel) * Master in the House (SBS) * Most Daring (Court TV & truTV) * Most Shocking (Court TV & truTV) * MXC (Most Extreme Elimination Challenge) (Spike) * Top 20 Funniest (truTV) * The Titan Games (NBC) * Unbeatable Banzuke * WWE SmackDown * WWF SmackDown * World's Most Amazing Videos (NBC & Spike) * World's Wildest Police Videos (Spike) * World's Wildest Vacation Videos (truTV) ===English Series TV3=== * [[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.]] (ABC) * [[Cloak & Dagger (TV series)|Cloak & Dagger]] (Freeform) * [[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]] (CBS) * [[Dawson's Creek]] (The WB) * [[Grey's Anatomy]] (ABC) * [[Hannibal (TV series)|Hannibal]] (NBC) * [[Heroes]] (NBC) * [[Kyle XY]] (ABC Family) * [[NCIS]] (CBS) * [[NCIS: Los Angeles]] (CBS) * [[No Ordinary Family]] (ABC) * [[Prison Break]] (FOX) * [[Riverdale]] (The CW) * Runaways (Hulu) * [[Smallville]] (The CW) * [[Supernatural (American TV series)|Supernatural]] (The CW) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.xtra.com.my Official Website] {{Tv-stub}}{{Programs}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tv3 (Malaysia)}} [[Category:1984 establishments in Malaysia]] [[Category:Malaysian culture]] [[Category:Television networks]] cfz2jwj90pygq3ef152fyxsmbfqsjta 0 907526 10966781 10248707 2026-08-18T16:49:15Z Canadachick 1633172 10966781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2015_Tokyo_Marathon_wheelchair_racer.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_Tokyo_Marathon_wheelchair_racer.jpg|thumb|A men's wheelchair racer at the [[2015 Tokyo Marathon]]]] Wheelchair Race is a racing of [[Wheelchair]] in [[Track and field athletics|track]] and road races. Wheelchair racing is open to athletes with any qualifying type of disability, [[Amputation|amputees]], [[spinal cord]] injuries, [[cerebral palsy]] and partially sighted (when combined with another disability). Athletes are classified in accordance with the nature and severity of their disability or combinations of disabilities. {{Sport-stub}} [[Category:Sports for the disabled]] pznil18v2co93f8uqzz432hp05ascjw 0 910494 10966875 9918629 2026-08-18T17:26:36Z Canadachick 1633172 10966875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Rufoclanis jansei JH193 male up edi.jpg | image_caption = | genus = Rufoclanis | species = jansei | authority = (Vari, 1964)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cate-sphingidae.org/taxonomy/Rufoclanis/jansei.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331190511/http://www.cate-sphingidae.org/taxonomy/Rufoclanis/jansei.html|archivedate=2012-03-31|url-status=dead |title=CATE Creating a Taxonomic eScience - Sphingidae |publisher=Cate-sphingidae.org |accessdate=2011-11-01}}</ref> | synonyms = *''Polyptychus jansei'' <small>Vari, 1964</small> }} '''''Rufoclanis jansei''''' is a [[species]] of [[moth]]. It is from the [[family (biology)|family]] of [[Sphingidae]]. It is from [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Carcasson |first=R. H. |author-link=Robert Herbert Carcasson |date=1967 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51111621#page/279/mode/1up |title=Revised Catalogue of the African Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) with Descriptions of the East African species |journal=Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=1–173 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar |from=Q2257598}} [[Category:Smerinthini]] {{biology-stub}} cs8i64uh5schkca0wexxvgqz4nb12am 0 910522 10966876 8103234 2026-08-18T17:26:58Z Canadachick 1633172 10966876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = Laothoe populi OHZ.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Laothoe populi]]'' | taxon = Smerinthini | authority = [[Augustus Radcliffe Grote|Grote]] & [[Herbert C. Robinson|Robinson]], 1865 | range_map = }} '''Smerinthini''' is a [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] of [[Moth|moths]]. It is in the [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[Sphingidae]]. It was erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote and Herbert C. Robinson in 1865.<ref>{{cite web|last=Savela|first=Markku|title=Tribe Smerinthini Grote & Robinson, 1865|url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/bombycoidea/sphingidae/smerinthinae/#Smerinthini|access-date=December 11, 2018|website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms}}</ref> == Taxonomy == * Genus ''[[Acanthosphinx]]'' <small>Aurivillius, 1891</small> * Genus ''[[Afroclanis]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Afrosataspes]]'' <small>Basquin & Cadiou, 1986</small> * Genus ''[[Afrosphinx]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Agnosia (moth)|Agnosia]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Amorpha (moth)|Amorpha]]'' <small>Hübner, 1809</small> * Genus ''[[Anambulyx]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Andriasa]]'' <small>Walker, 1856</small> * Genus ''[[Avinoffia]]'' <small>Clark, 1929</small> * Genus ''[[Cadiouclanis]]'' <small>Eitschberger, 2007</small> * Genus ''[[Callambulyx]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Ceridia]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Chloroclanis]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Clanidopsis]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Clanis]]'' <small>Hübner, 1819</small> * Genus ''[[Coequosa]]'' <small>Walker, 1856</small> * Genus ''[[Craspedortha]]'' <small>Mell, 1922</small> * Genus ''[[Cypa]]'' <small>Walker, 1865</small> * Genus ''[[Cypoides]]'' <small>Matsumura, 1921</small> * Genus ''[[Daphnusa]]'' <small>Walker, 1856</small> * Genus ''[[Dargeclanis]]'' <small>Eitschberger, 2007</small> * Genus ''[[Degmaptera]]'' <small>Hampson, 1896</small> * Genus ''[[Falcatula]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Grillotius]]'' <small>Rougeot, 1973</small> * Genus ''[[Gynoeryx]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Imber tropicus|Imber]]'' <small>Moulds, Tuttle & Lane, 2010</small> * Genus ''[[Langia]]'' <small>Moore, 1872</small> * Genus ''[[Laothoe (moth)|Laothoe]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1807</small> * Genus ''[[Larunda (moth)|Larunda]]'' <small>Kernbach, 1954</small> * Genus ''[[Leptoclanis]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Leucophlebia]]'' <small>Westwood, 1847</small> * Genus ''[[Likoma (moth)|Likoma]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Lophostethus]]'' <small>Butler, 1876</small> * Genus ''[[Lycosphingia]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Malgassoclanis]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Marumba]]'' <small>Moore, 1882</small> * Genus ''[[Microclanis]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Mimas (moth)|Mimas]]'' <small>Hübner, 1819</small> * Genus ''[[Morwennius]]'' <small>Cassidy, Allen & Harman, 2002</small> * Genus ''[[Neoclanis]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Neopolyptychus]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Opistoclanis]]'' <small>Jordan, 1929</small> * Genus ''[[Oplerclanis]]'' <small>Eitschberger, 2007</small> * Genus ''[[Pachysphinx]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Paonias]]'' <small>Hübner, 1819</small> * Genus ''[[Parum]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Phyllosphingia]]'' <small>Swinhoe, 1897</small> * Genus ''[[Phylloxiphia]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Pierreclanis]]'' <small>Eitschberger, 2007</small> * Genus ''[[Platysphinx]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Poliodes]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Polyptychoides]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Polyptychopsis]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Polyptychus]]'' <small>Hübner, 1819</small> * Genus ''[[Pseudandriasa]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Pseudoclanis]]'' <small>Rothschild, 1894</small> * Genus ''[[Pseudopolyptychus]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Rhadinopasa]]'' <small>Karsch, 1891</small> * Genus ''[[Rhodambulyx]]'' <small>Mell, 1939</small> * Genus ''[[Rhodoprasina]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * Genus ''[[Rufoclanis]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1968</small> * Genus ''[[Sataspes (moth)|Sataspes]]'' <small>Moore, 1858</small> * Genus ''[[Smerinthulus]]'' <small>Huwe, 1895</small> * Genus ''[[Smerinthus]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> * Genus ''[[Viriclanis]]'' <small>Aarvik, 1999</small> * Genus ''[[Xenosphingia]]'' <small>Jordan, 1920</small> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> Agnosia orneus MHNT CUT 2010 0 231 Dehra Dun female.jpg|''[[Agnosia (moth)|Agnosia]]'' Anambulyx elwesi MHNT CUT 2010 0 146 Chiang Mai, Thailand, male.jpg|''[[Anambulyx]]'' Callambulyx amanda MHNT CUT 2010 0 14 Malaisie femelle.jpg|''[[Callambulyx]] '' Clanidopsis exusta MHNT CUT 2010 0 231 Nainital district, Uttarakhand, India, female.jpg|''[[Clanidopsis]]'' Clanis undulosa MHNT CUT 2010 0 23 Pulau Assan Indonesia.jpg|''[[Clanis]]'' Coequosa australasiae MHNT CUT 2010 0 361, Paluma Range National Park, Australia, male.jpg|''[[Coequosa]]'' Craspedortha porphyria MHNT CUT 2010 0 99 male Thong Pha Phum National Park Thailand.jpg|''[[Craspedortha]]'' Cypa decolor MHNT CUT 2010 0 219 Sanpatang Chiang Mai Thailand male.jpg|''[[Cypa]]'' Cypoides chinensis MHNT CUT 2010 0 219 Lushan Spa (Nantou Hsien) Taiwan male.jpg|''[[Cypoides]]'' Daphnusa ocellaris MHNT CUT 2010 0 125 Ban Kheum Laos male.jpg|''[[Daphnusa]]'' Langia zenzeroides zenzeroides MHNT CUT 2010 0 Khasi Hills Assam male.jpg|''[[Langia]]'' Laothoe populi MHNT.jpg|''[[Laothoe]]'' Leucophlebia lineata MHNT CUT 2010 0 150 Dolok Merangir Nord Sumatra male.jpg|''[[Leucophlebia]]'' Marumba cristata cristata MHNT CUT 2010 0 123 Himachal Pradesh male.jpg|''[[Marumba]] '' Mimas tiliae MHNT male.jpg|''[[Mimas (moth)|Mimas]]'' Morwennius decoratus MHNT CUT 2010 0 124 Sanpatong Chiang Mai female.jpg|''[[Morwennius]]'' Opistoclanis hawkeri MHNT CUT 2010 0 175 Wuang Nuea Lampang Thailande male.jpg|''[[Opistoclanis]]'' Pachysphinx modesta MHNT CUT 2010 0 119 Marathon Co Wisconsin femal.jpg|''[[Pachysphinx]]'' Paonias excaecatus MHNT CUT 2010 0 222 Georgia USA male.jpg|''[[Paonias]]'' Parum colligata MHNT CUT 2010 0 180 Chiang Mai Thailand male.jpg|''[[Parum]]'' Phyllosphingia dissimilis dissimilis MHNT CUT 2010 0 199 North Korea male.jpg|''[[Phyllosphingia]]'' Polyptychus chinensis MHNT CUT 2010 0 20 Taiwan male.jpg|''[[Polyptychus]]'' Rhodambulyx schnitzleri MHNT CUT 2010 0 199 Chang Mai Thailand male.jpg|''[[Rhodambulyx]]'' Rhodoprasina callantha MHNT CUT 2010 0 227 Doi Inthanon Chiang Maï Thailand male.jpg|''[[Rhodoprasina]]'' Sataspes infernalis MHNT CUT 2010 0 137 India male.jpg|''[[Sataspes (moth)|Sataspes]]'' Smerinthulus olivacea MHNT CUT 2010 0 244 Malesia male.jpg|''[[Smerinthulus]]'' Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT Female.jpg|[[Smerinthus]] </gallery> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1841809}} [[Category:Smerinthini| ]] c8fa574norjgfs0yzpd2nb0r4q2g84i 0 919622 10967338 10188180 2026-08-19T08:19:12Z Luna the Eurasian Wolf 1633477 /* */ 10967338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Beringian wolf | fossil_range = [[Late Pleistocene]] – early [[Holocene]] (50,000–8,400 [[YBP]]) | image = Beringian wolves diorama.jpg | image_alt = Two models of Beringian wolves created by paleo-artists working at the Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre | image_caption = Two models of Beringian wolves created by paleo-artists working at the [[Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre]] | extinct = | genus = Canis | species = lupus | authority = | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = | synonyms = | synonyms_ref = }} The '''Beringian wolf''' is an [[Extinction|extinct]] population of [[wolf]] that lived during the [[Ice age|Ice Age]]. It lived in [[Alaska]], [[Yukon]], and northern [[Wyoming]]. Some of these wolves survived into the [[Holocene]]. They were distinct from modern North Americans wolves and [[Basal|genetically basal]] to most modern and extinct wolves. They do not have a [[subspecies]] classification. The Beringian wolf was similar in size to the modern [[Alaskan Interior wolf]] and other gray wolves from the [[Late Pleistocene]] age. However, it was more robust, had stronger teeth and jaws, a broader [[palate]], and larger [[carnassial]] teeth. Its strong teeth helped it hunt Pleistocene [[megafauna]]. The Beringian wolf mostly preyed on [[Equus lambei|Yukon horse]] and [[steppe bison]]. It also preyed on [[Reindeer|caribou]], [[mammoth]], and [[Bootherium|woodland muskox]]. Many of the animals that the Beringian wolf hunted became extinct near the end of the Ice Age. Cold and dry conditions were also lost. As a result, the Beringian wolf became extinct. The extinction of its prey has been thought to be caused by [[climate change]] and competition with other species. Populations of Beringian wolves were replaced by other wolves from the same [[species]] or [[genus]]. [[Category:Wolves]] {{Biology-stub}} bv9awi7vkuoxnk0ft3xuapsuolrexhm 0 923385 10966601 10965536 2026-08-18T13:45:33Z MartinPoulter 95036 Wikilink proper name 10966601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_tls_0882.jpg|thumb|right|Eye-shaped [[Seal (device)|seal]], carved with Nastaliq writing, from 19th-century Iran]] [[File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0955.2b.jpg|thumb|right|Page of text in Nastaliq from a 16th-century manuscript of the ''[[Ramayana]]'']] '''Nastaliq''' (pronounced /ˌnæstəˈliːk/ or /ˈnæstəliːk/) ({{nq|نَسْتَعْلِیق}}) is a special style of writing used for the [[Arabic language|Arabic script]]. It is mainly used for some [[Indo-Iranic languages|Indo-Iranian languages]] like Classical [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Urdu]]. It is also sometimes used for Ottoman Turkish [[poetry]], but not often for Arabic itself. Nastaliq was created in Iran around the 13th century, based on an older writing style called [[Naskh (script)|naskh]]. Today, it is still commonly used in [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], and other countries, especially for writing poetry and in calligraphy art.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nastaliq|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328182321/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2022|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Lexico Dictionaries|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Atif Gulzar|author2=Shafiq ur Rahman|date=2007|title=Nastaleeq: A challenge accepted by Omega|url=https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb29-1/tb91gulzar.pdf|journal=TUGboat|volume=29|pages=1–6}}</ref> == Varieties of Nastaliq (alphabets) == ===Persian=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ژ}}}} || c/ts || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ه}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- |} ===Urdu=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڑ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ں}}}} || nun ǧunna || {{IPA|/◌̃/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ھ}}}} || _h || {{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}, {{IPA|/◌ʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ے}}}} || e/ay || {{IPA|/e/}} |} ===Punjabi (Shahmukhi)=== {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- |- !No. !colspan="2"|Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}} ![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !Final glyph !Medial glyph !Initial glyph !Isolated glyph |- | 1 | {{Nastaliq|الف}} | ''alif'' | {{IPA|/ɑː,äː, ʔ, ∅/}} |{{Nq|ـا}} |{{Nq|ـا}} |{{Nq|ا}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ا]]}}}} |- | 2 | {{Nastaliq|بے}} | ''bē'' | {{IPA|/b/}} |{{Nq|ـب}} |{{Nq|ـبـ}} |{{Nq|بـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ب]]}}}} |- | 3 | {{Nastaliq|پے}} | ''pē'' | {{IPA|/p/}} |{{Nq|ـپ}} |{{Nq|ـپـ}} |{{Nq|پـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[پ]]}}}} |- | 4 | {{Nastaliq|تے}} | ''tē'' | {{IPA|/t/}} |{{Nq|ـت}} |{{Nq|ـتـ}} |{{Nq|تـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ت]]}}}} |- | 5 | {{Nastaliq|ٹے}} | ''ṭē'' | {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |{{Nq|ـٹ}} |{{Nq|ـٹـ}} |{{Nq|ٹـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} |- | 6 | {{Nastaliq|ثے}} | ''s̱ē'' | {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Nq|ـث}} |{{Nq|ـثـ}} |{{Nq|ثـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ث]]}}}} |- | 7 | {{Nastaliq|جيم}} | ''jīma'' | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |{{Nq|ـج}} |{{Nq|ـجـ}} |{{Nq|جـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ج]]}}}} |- | 8 | {{Nastaliq|چے}} | ''cē'' | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |{{Nq|ـچ}} |{{Nq|ـچـ}} |{{Nq|چـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[چ]]}}}} |- | 9 | {{Nastaliq|وڈّی حے}} | ''waḍḍi ḥē'' | {{IPA|/ɦ/}} |{{Nq|ـح}} |{{Nq|ـحـ}} |{{Nq|حـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ح]]}}}} |- | 10 | {{Nastaliq|خے}} | ''k͟hē'' | {{IPA|/x/}} |{{Nq|ـخ}} |{{Nq|ـخـ}} |{{Nq|خـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[خ]]}}}} |- | 11 | {{Nastaliq|دال}} | ''dāla'' | {{IPA|/d/}} |{{Nq|ـد}} |{{Nq|ـد}} |{{Nq|د}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[د]]}}}} |- | 12 | {{Nastaliq|ڈال}} | ''ḍāla'' | {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |{{Nq|ـڈ}} |{{Nq|ـڈ}} |{{Nq|ڈ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} |- | 13 | {{Nastaliq|ذال}} | ''ẕāla'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـذ}} |{{Nq|ـذ}} |{{Nq|ذ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}} |- | 14 | {{Nastaliq|رے}} | ''rē'' | {{IPA|/r/}} |{{Nq|ـر}} |{{Nq|ـر}} |{{Nq|ر}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ر]]}}}} |- | 15 | {{Nastaliq|ڑے}} | ''ṛē'' | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |{{Nq|ـڑ}} |{{Nq|ـڑ}} |{{Nq|ڑ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} |- | 16 | {{Nastaliq|زے}} | ''zē'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـز}} |{{Nq|ـز}} |{{Nq|ز}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ز]]}}}} |- | 17 | {{Nastaliq|ژے}} | ''zhē'' | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |{{Nq|ـژ}} |{{Nq|ـژ}} |{{Nq|ژ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}} |- | 18 | {{Nastaliq|سین}} | ''sīna'' | {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Nq|ـس}} |{{Nq|ـسـ}} |{{Nq|سـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[س]]}}}} |- | 19 | {{Nastaliq|شین}} | ''shīna'' | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |{{Nq|ـش}} |{{Nq|ـشـ}} |{{Nq|شـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ش]]}}}} |- | 20 | {{Nastaliq|صاد}} | ''ṣwāda'' | {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Nq|ـص}} |{{Nq|ـصـ}} |{{Nq|صـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ص]]}}}} |- | 21 | {{Nastaliq|ضاد}} | ''ẓwāda'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـض}} |{{Nq|ـضـ}} |{{Nq|ضـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ض]]}}}} |- | 22 | {{Nastaliq|طوۓ}} | ''t̤o{{hamza}}ē'' | {{IPA|/t/}} |{{Nq|ـط}} |{{Nq|ـطـ}} |{{Nq|طـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ط]]}}}} |- | 23 | {{Nastaliq|ظوۓ}} | ''z̤o{{hamza}}ē'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـظ}} |{{Nq|ـظـ}} |{{Nq|ظـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}} |- | 24 | {{Nastaliq|عین}} | ''{{okina}}aina'' | {{IPA|/ə,ɑː,ɪ,iː,u,uː,oː,ɔː,eː,ɛː, ʔ, ∅/}} |{{Nq|ـع}} |{{Nq|ـعـ}} |{{Nq|عـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}} |- | 25 | {{Nastaliq|غین}} | ''g͟haina'' | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |{{Nq|ـغ}} |{{Nq|ـغـ}} |{{Nq|غـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[غ]]}}}} |- | 26 | {{Nastaliq|فے}} | ''fē'' | {{IPA|/f/}} |{{Nq|ـف}} |{{Nq|ـفـ}} |{{Nq|فـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ف]]}}}} |- | 27 | {{Nastaliq|قاف}} | ''qāfa'' | {{IPA|/q/}} |{{Nq|ـق}} |{{Nq|ـقـ}} |{{Nq|قـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ق]]}}}} |- | 28 | {{Nastaliq|کاف}} | ''kāfa'' | {{IPA|/k/}} |{{Nq|ـک}} |{{Nq|ـکـ}} |{{Nq|کـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[Kāf|ک]]}}}} |- | 29 | {{Nastaliq|گاف}} | ''gāfa'' | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |{{Nq|ـگ}} |{{Nq|ـگـ}} |{{Nq|گـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[گ]]}}}} |- | 30 | {{Nastaliq|لام}} | ''lāma'' | {{IPA|/l/}} |{{Nq|ـل}} |{{Nq|ـلـ}} |{{Nq|لـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ل]]}}}} |- | 31<ref name=":4">Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed</ref> | {{Nastaliq|لؕام}} | ''ḷāma'' | {{IPA|/ɭ/}} |{{Nq|ـلؕ}} |{{Nq|ـلؕـ}} |{{Nq|لؕـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ࣇ|لؕ]]}}}} |- | 32 | {{Nastaliq|میم}} | ''mīma'' | {{IPA|/m/}} |{{Nq|ـم}} |{{Nq|ـمـ}} |{{Nq|مـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[م]]}}}} |- | 33 | {{Nastaliq|نون}} | ''nūna'' | {{IPA|/n, ɲ/}} |{{Nq|ـن}} |{{Nq|ـنـ}} |{{Nq|نـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ن]]}}}} |- | 34<ref name=":4" /> | {{Nastaliq|ݨون}} | ''ṇūṇa'' | {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |{{Nq|ـݨ}} |{{Nq|ـݨـ}} | {{Nq|ݨـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ݨ]]}}}} |- | 35 | {{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}} | ''nūn ġunnah'' | {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel|◌̃]], ŋ/}} |{{Nq|ـں}} |{{Nq|ـن٘ـ}} |{{Nq|ن٘ـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} {{Small|{{Nastaliq|(ن٘)}}}} <br /> |- | 36 | {{Nastaliq|واؤ}} | ''wā{{hamza}}oa'' | {{IPA|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}} |{{Nq|ـو}} |{{Nq|ـو}} |{{Nq|و}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[و]]}}}} |- | 37 | {{Nastaliq|نکی ہے}}<br>{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}} | ''choṭī hē''<br>''gol hē'' |{{IPA|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}} |{{Nq|ـہ}} |{{Nq|ـہـ}} |{{Nq|ہـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}} |- | 38 | {{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}} | ''do-cashmī hē'' | {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}} |{{Nq|ـھ}} |{{Nq|ـھـ}} |{{Nq|ھ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}} |- | 39 | {{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}} | ''hamzah'' | {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |{{Nq|ء}} |{{Nq|ء}} |{{Nq|ء}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}} |- | 40 |{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}} |''choṭī yē'' |{{IPA|/j, iː/}} |{{Nq|ـی}} |{{Nq|ـیـ}} |{{Nq|یـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ی]]}}}} |- | 41 |{{Nastaliq|وڈّی يے}} |''waḍḍi yē'' |{{IPA|/ɛː, eː/}} |{{Nq|ـے}} |{{Nq|ـے}} |{{Nq|ے}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} |} ===Pashto=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ټ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|څ}}}} || ṡ || {{IPA|/t͡s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ځ}}}} || ż || {{IPA|/d͡z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ډ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ړ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ګ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ڼ}}}} || ṇ || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ں}}}} || ṉ || {{IPA|/ ̃/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ه}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ۀ}}}} || ə || {{IPA|/ə/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ې}}}} || e || {{IPA|/e/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ے}}}} || ay || {{IPA|/ai/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ۍ}}}} || ạy || {{IPA|/əi/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ئ}}}} || y || {{IPA|/əi/}} |} ===Kashmiri=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ٹ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ڈ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ڑ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ts/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ق}}}} || q/k || {{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ں}}}} || ṇ || {{IPA|/ ̃/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ۆ}}}} || v || {{IPA|/v/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ۄ}}}} || o || {{IPA|/o/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ھ}}}} || _h || {{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}, {{IPA|/◌ʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ی}}}} || y || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ؠ}}}} || 'y || {{IPA|/ʲa/}}, {{IPA|/ʲ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/e/}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category|Nastaliq}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133208/http://rumicode.com/greetings-info-fa.html Rumicode]: Online Service For {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy * [http://www.nastaliqonline.ir/ Nastaliq Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413192124/http://www.nastaliqonline.ir/ |date=2021-04-13 }}: Online Service For {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=32 Nastaliq Writer] for Macintosh by [[SIL International|SIL]] * [http://www.faiznastaliq.com/ Faiz Nastaliq]: Official Faiz {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100928182912/http://www.wegoiran.com/iran-information/iran-culture/nastaliq-script-persian-calligraphy.htm Nastaliq Script | Persian Calligraphy] * [http://software.sil.org/awami/ Awami Nastaliq]: A Nastaliq font by SIL International {{authority control}} [[Category:Alphabets]] c58muy35bffo25njoe52z1clfwx4mb1 10966616 10966601 2026-08-18T13:58:54Z MartinPoulter 95036 grammar fix 10966616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_tls_0882.jpg|thumb|right|Eye-shaped [[Seal (device)|seal]], carved with Nastaliq writing, from 19th-century Iran]] [[File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0955.2b.jpg|thumb|right|Page of text in Nastaliq from a 16th-century manuscript of the ''[[Ramayana]]'']] '''Nastaliq''' (pronounced /ˌnæstəˈliːk/ or /ˈnæstəliːk/) ({{nq|نَسْتَعْلِیق}}) is a special style of writing used for the [[Arabic language|Arabic script]]. It is mainly used for some [[Indo-Iranic languages|Indo-Iranian languages]] like Classical [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Urdu]]. It is also sometimes used for Ottoman Turkish [[poetry]], but not often for Arabic itself. Nastaliq was created in Iran around the 13th century, based on an older writing style called [[Naskh (script)|naskh]]. Today, it is still commonly used in [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], and other countries, especially for writing poetry and in calligraphic art.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nastaliq|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328182321/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2022|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Lexico Dictionaries|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Atif Gulzar|author2=Shafiq ur Rahman|date=2007|title=Nastaleeq: A challenge accepted by Omega|url=https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb29-1/tb91gulzar.pdf|journal=TUGboat|volume=29|pages=1–6}}</ref> == Varieties of Nastaliq (alphabets) == ===Persian=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ژ}}}} || c/ts || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ه}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- |} ===Urdu=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڑ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ں}}}} || nun ǧunna || {{IPA|/◌̃/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ھ}}}} || _h || {{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}, {{IPA|/◌ʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ے}}}} || e/ay || {{IPA|/e/}} |} ===Punjabi (Shahmukhi)=== {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- |- !No. !colspan="2"|Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}} ![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !Final glyph !Medial glyph !Initial glyph !Isolated glyph |- | 1 | {{Nastaliq|الف}} | ''alif'' | {{IPA|/ɑː,äː, ʔ, ∅/}} |{{Nq|ـا}} |{{Nq|ـا}} |{{Nq|ا}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ا]]}}}} |- | 2 | {{Nastaliq|بے}} | ''bē'' | {{IPA|/b/}} |{{Nq|ـب}} |{{Nq|ـبـ}} |{{Nq|بـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ب]]}}}} |- | 3 | {{Nastaliq|پے}} | ''pē'' | {{IPA|/p/}} |{{Nq|ـپ}} |{{Nq|ـپـ}} |{{Nq|پـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[پ]]}}}} |- | 4 | {{Nastaliq|تے}} | ''tē'' | {{IPA|/t/}} |{{Nq|ـت}} |{{Nq|ـتـ}} |{{Nq|تـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ت]]}}}} |- | 5 | {{Nastaliq|ٹے}} | ''ṭē'' | {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |{{Nq|ـٹ}} |{{Nq|ـٹـ}} |{{Nq|ٹـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} |- | 6 | {{Nastaliq|ثے}} | ''s̱ē'' | {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Nq|ـث}} |{{Nq|ـثـ}} |{{Nq|ثـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ث]]}}}} |- | 7 | {{Nastaliq|جيم}} | ''jīma'' | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |{{Nq|ـج}} |{{Nq|ـجـ}} |{{Nq|جـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ج]]}}}} |- | 8 | {{Nastaliq|چے}} | ''cē'' | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |{{Nq|ـچ}} |{{Nq|ـچـ}} |{{Nq|چـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[چ]]}}}} |- | 9 | {{Nastaliq|وڈّی حے}} | ''waḍḍi ḥē'' | {{IPA|/ɦ/}} |{{Nq|ـح}} |{{Nq|ـحـ}} |{{Nq|حـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ح]]}}}} |- | 10 | {{Nastaliq|خے}} | ''k͟hē'' | {{IPA|/x/}} |{{Nq|ـخ}} |{{Nq|ـخـ}} |{{Nq|خـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[خ]]}}}} |- | 11 | {{Nastaliq|دال}} | ''dāla'' | {{IPA|/d/}} |{{Nq|ـد}} |{{Nq|ـد}} |{{Nq|د}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[د]]}}}} |- | 12 | {{Nastaliq|ڈال}} | ''ḍāla'' | {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |{{Nq|ـڈ}} |{{Nq|ـڈ}} |{{Nq|ڈ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} |- | 13 | {{Nastaliq|ذال}} | ''ẕāla'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـذ}} |{{Nq|ـذ}} |{{Nq|ذ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}} |- | 14 | {{Nastaliq|رے}} | ''rē'' | {{IPA|/r/}} |{{Nq|ـر}} |{{Nq|ـر}} |{{Nq|ر}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ر]]}}}} |- | 15 | {{Nastaliq|ڑے}} | ''ṛē'' | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |{{Nq|ـڑ}} |{{Nq|ـڑ}} |{{Nq|ڑ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} |- | 16 | {{Nastaliq|زے}} | ''zē'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـز}} |{{Nq|ـز}} |{{Nq|ز}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ز]]}}}} |- | 17 | {{Nastaliq|ژے}} | ''zhē'' | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |{{Nq|ـژ}} |{{Nq|ـژ}} |{{Nq|ژ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}} |- | 18 | {{Nastaliq|سین}} | ''sīna'' | {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Nq|ـس}} |{{Nq|ـسـ}} |{{Nq|سـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[س]]}}}} |- | 19 | {{Nastaliq|شین}} | ''shīna'' | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |{{Nq|ـش}} |{{Nq|ـشـ}} |{{Nq|شـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ش]]}}}} |- | 20 | {{Nastaliq|صاد}} | ''ṣwāda'' | {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Nq|ـص}} |{{Nq|ـصـ}} |{{Nq|صـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ص]]}}}} |- | 21 | {{Nastaliq|ضاد}} | ''ẓwāda'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـض}} |{{Nq|ـضـ}} |{{Nq|ضـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ض]]}}}} |- | 22 | {{Nastaliq|طوۓ}} | ''t̤o{{hamza}}ē'' | {{IPA|/t/}} |{{Nq|ـط}} |{{Nq|ـطـ}} |{{Nq|طـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ط]]}}}} |- | 23 | {{Nastaliq|ظوۓ}} | ''z̤o{{hamza}}ē'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـظ}} |{{Nq|ـظـ}} |{{Nq|ظـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}} |- | 24 | {{Nastaliq|عین}} | ''{{okina}}aina'' | {{IPA|/ə,ɑː,ɪ,iː,u,uː,oː,ɔː,eː,ɛː, ʔ, ∅/}} |{{Nq|ـع}} |{{Nq|ـعـ}} |{{Nq|عـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}} |- | 25 | {{Nastaliq|غین}} | ''g͟haina'' | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |{{Nq|ـغ}} |{{Nq|ـغـ}} |{{Nq|غـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[غ]]}}}} |- | 26 | {{Nastaliq|فے}} | ''fē'' | {{IPA|/f/}} |{{Nq|ـف}} |{{Nq|ـفـ}} |{{Nq|فـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ف]]}}}} |- | 27 | {{Nastaliq|قاف}} | ''qāfa'' | {{IPA|/q/}} |{{Nq|ـق}} |{{Nq|ـقـ}} |{{Nq|قـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ق]]}}}} |- | 28 | {{Nastaliq|کاف}} | ''kāfa'' | {{IPA|/k/}} |{{Nq|ـک}} |{{Nq|ـکـ}} |{{Nq|کـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[Kāf|ک]]}}}} |- | 29 | {{Nastaliq|گاف}} | ''gāfa'' | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |{{Nq|ـگ}} |{{Nq|ـگـ}} |{{Nq|گـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[گ]]}}}} |- | 30 | {{Nastaliq|لام}} | ''lāma'' | {{IPA|/l/}} |{{Nq|ـل}} |{{Nq|ـلـ}} |{{Nq|لـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ل]]}}}} |- | 31<ref name=":4">Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed</ref> | {{Nastaliq|لؕام}} | ''ḷāma'' | {{IPA|/ɭ/}} |{{Nq|ـلؕ}} |{{Nq|ـلؕـ}} |{{Nq|لؕـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ࣇ|لؕ]]}}}} |- | 32 | {{Nastaliq|میم}} | ''mīma'' | {{IPA|/m/}} |{{Nq|ـم}} |{{Nq|ـمـ}} |{{Nq|مـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[م]]}}}} |- | 33 | {{Nastaliq|نون}} | ''nūna'' | {{IPA|/n, ɲ/}} |{{Nq|ـن}} |{{Nq|ـنـ}} |{{Nq|نـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ن]]}}}} |- | 34<ref name=":4" /> | {{Nastaliq|ݨون}} | ''ṇūṇa'' | {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |{{Nq|ـݨ}} |{{Nq|ـݨـ}} | {{Nq|ݨـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ݨ]]}}}} |- | 35 | {{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}} | ''nūn ġunnah'' | {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel|◌̃]], ŋ/}} |{{Nq|ـں}} |{{Nq|ـن٘ـ}} |{{Nq|ن٘ـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} {{Small|{{Nastaliq|(ن٘)}}}} <br /> |- | 36 | {{Nastaliq|واؤ}} | ''wā{{hamza}}oa'' | {{IPA|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}} |{{Nq|ـو}} |{{Nq|ـو}} |{{Nq|و}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[و]]}}}} |- | 37 | {{Nastaliq|نکی ہے}}<br>{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}} | ''choṭī hē''<br>''gol hē'' |{{IPA|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}} |{{Nq|ـہ}} |{{Nq|ـہـ}} |{{Nq|ہـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}} |- | 38 | {{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}} | ''do-cashmī hē'' | {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}} |{{Nq|ـھ}} |{{Nq|ـھـ}} |{{Nq|ھ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}} |- | 39 | {{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}} | ''hamzah'' | {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |{{Nq|ء}} |{{Nq|ء}} |{{Nq|ء}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}} |- | 40 |{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}} |''choṭī yē'' |{{IPA|/j, iː/}} |{{Nq|ـی}} |{{Nq|ـیـ}} |{{Nq|یـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ی]]}}}} |- | 41 |{{Nastaliq|وڈّی يے}} |''waḍḍi yē'' |{{IPA|/ɛː, eː/}} |{{Nq|ـے}} |{{Nq|ـے}} |{{Nq|ے}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} |} ===Pashto=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ټ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|څ}}}} || ṡ || {{IPA|/t͡s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ځ}}}} || ż || {{IPA|/d͡z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ډ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ړ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ګ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ڼ}}}} || ṇ || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ں}}}} || ṉ || {{IPA|/ ̃/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ه}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ۀ}}}} || ə || {{IPA|/ə/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ې}}}} || e || {{IPA|/e/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ے}}}} || ay || {{IPA|/ai/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ۍ}}}} || ạy || {{IPA|/əi/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ئ}}}} || y || {{IPA|/əi/}} |} ===Kashmiri=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ٹ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ڈ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ڑ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ts/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ق}}}} || q/k || {{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ں}}}} || ṇ || {{IPA|/ ̃/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ۆ}}}} || v || {{IPA|/v/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ۄ}}}} || o || {{IPA|/o/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ھ}}}} || _h || {{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}, {{IPA|/◌ʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ی}}}} || y || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ؠ}}}} || 'y || {{IPA|/ʲa/}}, {{IPA|/ʲ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/e/}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category|Nastaliq}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133208/http://rumicode.com/greetings-info-fa.html Rumicode]: Online Service For {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy * [http://www.nastaliqonline.ir/ Nastaliq Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413192124/http://www.nastaliqonline.ir/ |date=2021-04-13 }}: Online Service For {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=32 Nastaliq Writer] for Macintosh by [[SIL International|SIL]] * [http://www.faiznastaliq.com/ Faiz Nastaliq]: Official Faiz {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100928182912/http://www.wegoiran.com/iran-information/iran-culture/nastaliq-script-persian-calligraphy.htm Nastaliq Script | Persian Calligraphy] * [http://software.sil.org/awami/ Awami Nastaliq]: A Nastaliq font by SIL International {{authority control}} [[Category:Alphabets]] 5j52fc71ouawl21eukb1d5i6uvt0s3v 10966619 10966616 2026-08-18T14:00:44Z MartinPoulter 95036 simplify 10966619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_tls_0882.jpg|thumb|right|Eye-shaped [[Seal (device)|seal]], carved with Nastaliq writing, from 19th-century Iran]] [[File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0955.2b.jpg|thumb|right|Page of Nastaliq writing from a 16th-century book of the ''[[Ramayana]]'']] '''Nastaliq''' (pronounced /ˌnæstəˈliːk/ or /ˈnæstəliːk/) ({{nq|نَسْتَعْلِیق}}) is a special style of writing used for the [[Arabic language|Arabic script]]. It is mainly used for some [[Indo-Iranic languages|Indo-Iranian languages]] like Classical [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Urdu]]. It is also sometimes used for Ottoman Turkish [[poetry]], but not often for Arabic itself. Nastaliq was created in Iran around the 13th century, based on an older writing style called [[Naskh (script)|naskh]]. Today, it is still commonly used in [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], and other countries, especially for writing poetry and in calligraphic art.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nastaliq|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328182321/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2022|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Lexico Dictionaries|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Atif Gulzar|author2=Shafiq ur Rahman|date=2007|title=Nastaleeq: A challenge accepted by Omega|url=https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb29-1/tb91gulzar.pdf|journal=TUGboat|volume=29|pages=1–6}}</ref> == Varieties of Nastaliq (alphabets) == ===Persian=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ژ}}}} || c/ts || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|fa|{{nq|ه}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|bft|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- |} ===Urdu=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڑ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ں}}}} || nun ǧunna || {{IPA|/◌̃/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ھ}}}} || _h || {{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}, {{IPA|/◌ʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ے}}}} || e/ay || {{IPA|/e/}} |} ===Punjabi (Shahmukhi)=== {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- |- !No. !colspan="2"|Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}} ![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !Final glyph !Medial glyph !Initial glyph !Isolated glyph |- | 1 | {{Nastaliq|الف}} | ''alif'' | {{IPA|/ɑː,äː, ʔ, ∅/}} |{{Nq|ـا}} |{{Nq|ـا}} |{{Nq|ا}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ا]]}}}} |- | 2 | {{Nastaliq|بے}} | ''bē'' | {{IPA|/b/}} |{{Nq|ـب}} |{{Nq|ـبـ}} |{{Nq|بـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ب]]}}}} |- | 3 | {{Nastaliq|پے}} | ''pē'' | {{IPA|/p/}} |{{Nq|ـپ}} |{{Nq|ـپـ}} |{{Nq|پـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[پ]]}}}} |- | 4 | {{Nastaliq|تے}} | ''tē'' | {{IPA|/t/}} |{{Nq|ـت}} |{{Nq|ـتـ}} |{{Nq|تـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ت]]}}}} |- | 5 | {{Nastaliq|ٹے}} | ''ṭē'' | {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |{{Nq|ـٹ}} |{{Nq|ـٹـ}} |{{Nq|ٹـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} |- | 6 | {{Nastaliq|ثے}} | ''s̱ē'' | {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Nq|ـث}} |{{Nq|ـثـ}} |{{Nq|ثـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ث]]}}}} |- | 7 | {{Nastaliq|جيم}} | ''jīma'' | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |{{Nq|ـج}} |{{Nq|ـجـ}} |{{Nq|جـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ج]]}}}} |- | 8 | {{Nastaliq|چے}} | ''cē'' | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |{{Nq|ـچ}} |{{Nq|ـچـ}} |{{Nq|چـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[چ]]}}}} |- | 9 | {{Nastaliq|وڈّی حے}} | ''waḍḍi ḥē'' | {{IPA|/ɦ/}} |{{Nq|ـح}} |{{Nq|ـحـ}} |{{Nq|حـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ح]]}}}} |- | 10 | {{Nastaliq|خے}} | ''k͟hē'' | {{IPA|/x/}} |{{Nq|ـخ}} |{{Nq|ـخـ}} |{{Nq|خـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[خ]]}}}} |- | 11 | {{Nastaliq|دال}} | ''dāla'' | {{IPA|/d/}} |{{Nq|ـد}} |{{Nq|ـد}} |{{Nq|د}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[د]]}}}} |- | 12 | {{Nastaliq|ڈال}} | ''ḍāla'' | {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |{{Nq|ـڈ}} |{{Nq|ـڈ}} |{{Nq|ڈ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} |- | 13 | {{Nastaliq|ذال}} | ''ẕāla'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـذ}} |{{Nq|ـذ}} |{{Nq|ذ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}} |- | 14 | {{Nastaliq|رے}} | ''rē'' | {{IPA|/r/}} |{{Nq|ـر}} |{{Nq|ـر}} |{{Nq|ر}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ر]]}}}} |- | 15 | {{Nastaliq|ڑے}} | ''ṛē'' | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |{{Nq|ـڑ}} |{{Nq|ـڑ}} |{{Nq|ڑ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} |- | 16 | {{Nastaliq|زے}} | ''zē'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـز}} |{{Nq|ـز}} |{{Nq|ز}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ز]]}}}} |- | 17 | {{Nastaliq|ژے}} | ''zhē'' | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |{{Nq|ـژ}} |{{Nq|ـژ}} |{{Nq|ژ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}} |- | 18 | {{Nastaliq|سین}} | ''sīna'' | {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Nq|ـس}} |{{Nq|ـسـ}} |{{Nq|سـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[س]]}}}} |- | 19 | {{Nastaliq|شین}} | ''shīna'' | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |{{Nq|ـش}} |{{Nq|ـشـ}} |{{Nq|شـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ش]]}}}} |- | 20 | {{Nastaliq|صاد}} | ''ṣwāda'' | {{IPA|/s/}} |{{Nq|ـص}} |{{Nq|ـصـ}} |{{Nq|صـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ص]]}}}} |- | 21 | {{Nastaliq|ضاد}} | ''ẓwāda'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـض}} |{{Nq|ـضـ}} |{{Nq|ضـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ض]]}}}} |- | 22 | {{Nastaliq|طوۓ}} | ''t̤o{{hamza}}ē'' | {{IPA|/t/}} |{{Nq|ـط}} |{{Nq|ـطـ}} |{{Nq|طـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ط]]}}}} |- | 23 | {{Nastaliq|ظوۓ}} | ''z̤o{{hamza}}ē'' | {{IPA|/z/}} |{{Nq|ـظ}} |{{Nq|ـظـ}} |{{Nq|ظـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}} |- | 24 | {{Nastaliq|عین}} | ''{{okina}}aina'' | {{IPA|/ə,ɑː,ɪ,iː,u,uː,oː,ɔː,eː,ɛː, ʔ, ∅/}} |{{Nq|ـع}} |{{Nq|ـعـ}} |{{Nq|عـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}} |- | 25 | {{Nastaliq|غین}} | ''g͟haina'' | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |{{Nq|ـغ}} |{{Nq|ـغـ}} |{{Nq|غـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[غ]]}}}} |- | 26 | {{Nastaliq|فے}} | ''fē'' | {{IPA|/f/}} |{{Nq|ـف}} |{{Nq|ـفـ}} |{{Nq|فـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ف]]}}}} |- | 27 | {{Nastaliq|قاف}} | ''qāfa'' | {{IPA|/q/}} |{{Nq|ـق}} |{{Nq|ـقـ}} |{{Nq|قـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ق]]}}}} |- | 28 | {{Nastaliq|کاف}} | ''kāfa'' | {{IPA|/k/}} |{{Nq|ـک}} |{{Nq|ـکـ}} |{{Nq|کـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[Kāf|ک]]}}}} |- | 29 | {{Nastaliq|گاف}} | ''gāfa'' | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |{{Nq|ـگ}} |{{Nq|ـگـ}} |{{Nq|گـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[گ]]}}}} |- | 30 | {{Nastaliq|لام}} | ''lāma'' | {{IPA|/l/}} |{{Nq|ـل}} |{{Nq|ـلـ}} |{{Nq|لـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ل]]}}}} |- | 31<ref name=":4">Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed</ref> | {{Nastaliq|لؕام}} | ''ḷāma'' | {{IPA|/ɭ/}} |{{Nq|ـلؕ}} |{{Nq|ـلؕـ}} |{{Nq|لؕـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ࣇ|لؕ]]}}}} |- | 32 | {{Nastaliq|میم}} | ''mīma'' | {{IPA|/m/}} |{{Nq|ـم}} |{{Nq|ـمـ}} |{{Nq|مـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[م]]}}}} |- | 33 | {{Nastaliq|نون}} | ''nūna'' | {{IPA|/n, ɲ/}} |{{Nq|ـن}} |{{Nq|ـنـ}} |{{Nq|نـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ن]]}}}} |- | 34<ref name=":4" /> | {{Nastaliq|ݨون}} | ''ṇūṇa'' | {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |{{Nq|ـݨ}} |{{Nq|ـݨـ}} | {{Nq|ݨـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ݨ]]}}}} |- | 35 | {{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}} | ''nūn ġunnah'' | {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel|◌̃]], ŋ/}} |{{Nq|ـں}} |{{Nq|ـن٘ـ}} |{{Nq|ن٘ـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} {{Small|{{Nastaliq|(ن٘)}}}} <br /> |- | 36 | {{Nastaliq|واؤ}} | ''wā{{hamza}}oa'' | {{IPA|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}} |{{Nq|ـو}} |{{Nq|ـو}} |{{Nq|و}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[و]]}}}} |- | 37 | {{Nastaliq|نکی ہے}}<br>{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}} | ''choṭī hē''<br>''gol hē'' |{{IPA|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}} |{{Nq|ـہ}} |{{Nq|ـہـ}} |{{Nq|ہـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}} |- | 38 | {{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}} | ''do-cashmī hē'' | {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}} |{{Nq|ـھ}} |{{Nq|ـھـ}} |{{Nq|ھ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}} |- | 39 | {{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}} | ''hamzah'' | {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |{{Nq|ء}} |{{Nq|ء}} |{{Nq|ء}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}} |- | 40 |{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}} |''choṭī yē'' |{{IPA|/j, iː/}} |{{Nq|ـی}} |{{Nq|ـیـ}} |{{Nq|یـ}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ی]]}}}} |- | 41 |{{Nastaliq|وڈّی يے}} |''waḍḍi yē'' |{{IPA|/ɛː, eː/}} |{{Nq|ـے}} |{{Nq|ـے}} |{{Nq|ے}} | style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} |} ===Pashto=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ټ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|څ}}}} || ṡ || {{IPA|/t͡s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ځ}}}} || ż || {{IPA|/d͡z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ډ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ړ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ق}}}} || q || {{IPA|/q/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ګ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ڼ}}}} || ṇ || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ں}}}} || ṉ || {{IPA|/ ̃/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ه}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ۀ}}}} || ə || {{IPA|/ə/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, i || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ې}}}} || e || {{IPA|/e/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ے}}}} || ay || {{IPA|/ai/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ۍ}}}} || ạy || {{IPA|/əi/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ps|{{nq|ئ}}}} || y || {{IPA|/əi/}} |} ===Kashmiri=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ا}}}} || ā, a, (e), o, - || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ٹ}}}} || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|چ}}}} || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ڈ}}}} || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ڑ}}}} || ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ž || {{IPA|/ts/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ش}}}} || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ع}}}} || (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|غ}}}} || ǧ || {{IPA|/ʁ~ɢ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/pʰ~f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ق}}}} || q/k || {{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}, ({{IPA|/ɭ/}}), ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ں}}}} || ṇ || {{IPA|/ ̃/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|و}}}} || w, u || {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ۆ}}}} || v || {{IPA|/v/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ۄ}}}} || o || {{IPA|/o/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ھ}}}} || _h || {{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}, {{IPA|/◌ʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ی}}}} || y || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ؠ}}}} || 'y || {{IPA|/ʲa/}}, {{IPA|/ʲ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ks|{{nq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/e/}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category|Nastaliq}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133208/http://rumicode.com/greetings-info-fa.html Rumicode]: Online Service For {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy * [http://www.nastaliqonline.ir/ Nastaliq Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413192124/http://www.nastaliqonline.ir/ |date=2021-04-13 }}: Online Service For {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=32 Nastaliq Writer] for Macintosh by [[SIL International|SIL]] * [http://www.faiznastaliq.com/ Faiz Nastaliq]: Official Faiz {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100928182912/http://www.wegoiran.com/iran-information/iran-culture/nastaliq-script-persian-calligraphy.htm Nastaliq Script | Persian Calligraphy] * [http://software.sil.org/awami/ Awami Nastaliq]: A Nastaliq font by SIL International {{authority control}} [[Category:Alphabets]] 14be8ytf3w7ygck0nmr7t9ytcd2iler 0 923940 10967042 9728713 2026-08-18T22:24:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Prague 2 | native_name = Praha 2 | other_name = | settlement_type = Municipal District of Prague<br />Administrative District of Prague <!-- images, nickname, motto -->| image_skyline = Náměstí Míru.jpg | image_caption = Náměstí Míru ("Peace Square") | image_flag = Flag_of_Prague_2.svg | image_shield = Praha 2 znak.jpg | motto = | nickname = | etymology = <!-- location --> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Czech Republic | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Prague]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- maps and coordinates --> | image_map = Location map municipal district Prague - Praha 2.PNG | map_caption = Location of Prague 2 in [[Prague]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|50|4|27|N|14|26|34|E|region:CZ_type:adm2nd_source:nlwiki|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- government type, leaders --> | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Alexandra Udženija]] ([[Občanská demokratická strana|ODS]]) <!-- established -->| established_title = | established_date = <!-- area --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 4.19 | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = <!-- elevation --> | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = <!-- population --> | population_as_of = 2020-01-01 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 50,782<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/informativni-pocty-obyvatel-v-obcich.aspx|title = Informativní počty obyvatel v obcích - Ministerstvo vnitra České republiky}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = auto | population_demonym = <!-- time zone(s) --> | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 <!-- postal codes, area code -->| postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 120 00 | area_code_type = | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = http://www.praha2.cz | footnotes = | official_name = }} '''Prague 2''' ({{lang-cs|Praha 2}}) is a [[Prague city districts|second-tier municipality]] in [[Prague]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.praha2.cz Prague 2 official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117093046/http://www.praha2.cz/ |date=2005-01-17 }} * [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cz-ab-02.html Prague 2 flag and coat of arms from Flags of the World] * [http://www.czso.cz/csu/edicniplan.nsf/p/1302-04 Census statistics for Czech municipalities]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|cs}} * [http://www.citypilot.cz/en/infoservice/housing/prague-2-vinohrady-new-town-nusle-vysehrad.html More information about Prague 2 and life there may be found in the correspondent article on the Prague Website Citypilot.cz] * [http://www.albertov.eu/ More information about Albertov and accommodation there] {{europe-stub}} {{Districts and cadastral areas of Prague}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Districts of Prague]] 0q6a4g5jptnzvj52a7n96bx8c1ti96b 0 924325 10966926 10752690 2026-08-18T18:50:14Z Arlo Barnes 160652 despite the name, not source-available 10966926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox video game | engine = Source | image = Open Fortress logo.png | modes = Single Player, Multiplayer | platforms = Windows, MacOS, Linux | title = Open Fortress }} '''Open Fortress''' is a [[gratis versus libre|free-of-charge]] and easily configured [[Mod (video games)|mod]] for [[Valve Corporation|Valve]]'s [[Team Fortress 2]] created by over a hundred developers from the Team Fortress 2 [[Fandom|community]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://openfortress.fun/|access-date=2022-04-21|website=openfortress.fun}}</ref> It includes a new character, the Deathmatch mercenary, new and modified weapons, and over 50 maps. It also introduces the [[deathmatch (video games)|deathmatch]] game mode from [[Quake (video game)|Quake]]. Other additions include all the playable characters from [[Team Fortress Classic]] and the game mechanic of [[Source (game engine)|bunny hopping]]. On September 10th, 2021, Open Fortress, along with the mod Team Fortress 2 Classic were removed for download due to an arrangement with Valve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Popular Team Fortress 2 Mods Temporarily Removed Due To 'Arrangements' With Valve|url=https://kotaku.com/two-popular-team-fortress-2-mods-have-been-temporarily-1847661357|access-date=2022-04-21|website=Kotaku|language=en-us}}</ref> By July 1st, 2022, both mods were once again available for download. == Gameplay == Game modes in Open Fortress include [[deathmatch (video games)|deathmatch]], [[Capture the Flag]], and [[duel]]. In the deathmatch game mode, players move quickly around the map, trying to kill as many opponents as possible. Weapons and [[Power-up|powerups]] are available around the map. The gameplay of deathmatch is based on Quake. In Capture the Flag, players attempt to bring the objective from the enemy base to their own while preventing the enemy from the doing the same. Variants of the game mode are played with the deathmatch mercenary, the mercenaries of Team Fortress 2, or both. Duel is a game mode where two players fight in an arena until a certain number of kills is achieved. This is similar to the unofficial game mode of [https://wiki.teamfortress.com/wiki/MGE_Mod MGE] in the TF2. Other game modes include arena, where players do not respawn and each team attempts to wipe out the entire enemy team, and arsenal, where players face off against waves of [[Artificial intelligence|computer-controlled enemies]]. == References == {{reflist}} [[category:video games]] ajeoqn8staub9r3479fs3knzus6uucr 0 925328 10967382 8799619 2026-08-19T09:43:40Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person |name= Ronald J. Zlatoper |birth_date={{birth date|1942|3|21}} |birth_place= |death_date={{death date and age|2022|4|21|1942|3|21}} |death_place= |placeofburial= |placeofburial_label= Place of burial |image= Ronald J Zlatoper.jpg |image_size=250 |caption= |nickname=Zap |allegiance= {{US}} |branch= [[File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|25px]] [[United States Navy]] |serviceyears= 1963–1996 |rank= [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|40px]] [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] |commands= [[United States Pacific Fleet|US Pacific Fleet]]<br />[[Chief of Naval Personnel]] |unit= |battles= {{plainlist| *[[Vietnam War]] *[[Gulf War]] }} |awards= {{plainlist| *[[Defense Superior Service Medal]] *[[Legion of Merit]] (3) *[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] *[[Air Medal]] }} |laterwork= }} '''Ronald Joseph Zlatoper''' (March 21, 1942 – April 21, 2022) was a [[United States Navy]] [[four star admiral]]. He was Commander in Chief, [[United States Pacific Fleet]] ([[Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet|CINCPACFLT]]) from 1994 to 1996.<ref name=pacific>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpf.navy.mil/former_commander.shtml |title=U.S. Pacific Fleet Commanders |accessdate=2010-01-24 |publisher=Commander, United States Pacific Fleet |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207031917/http://www.cpf.navy.mil/former_commander.shtml |archivedate=December 7, 2009 }}</ref> Zlatoper died on April 21, 2022 at the age of 80.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eng.hawaii.edu/zlatoper/ |title=Obituary: Ronald J. Zlatoper |access-date=2022-04-25 |archive-date=2022-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527124149/https://www.eng.hawaii.edu/zlatoper/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zlatoper, Ronald J.}} [[Category:1941 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War]] [[Category:Military people from Ohio]] {{US-bio-stub}} oyz591dxuzy8c6y8mjecz7kja2lxs77 0 927364 10966803 8243995 2026-08-18T16:57:23Z Canadachick 1633172 10966803 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Transportation Security Administration''' ('''TSA''') is an agency of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) that has authority over the security of transportation systems within, and connecting to the United States. It was created as a response to the [[September 11 attacks]] to improve [[airport security]] and safer airtravel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-01-16|title=MINETA OUTLINES MISSION FOR TSA, SECURITY DIRECTORS|url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/mineta-outlines-mission-for-tsa-security-directors|access-date=2021-04-11|website=FreightWaves|language=en-US}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{US-stub}} [[Category:United States government agencies]] [[Category:Transport in the United States]] [[Category:2001 establishments in the United States]] eeiq29qiodhx1r24c5g593kxaw8c1zq 0 931224 10966890 10917642 2026-08-18T17:37:48Z FD950 752027 /* List of major characters */ Added link for characters. 10966890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|American animated comedy series}} {{Infobox television | genre = [[Comedy]] <br> [[Anthology]] | camera = | picture_format = | audio_format = | company = | director = | runtime = 3 minutes | creator = | developer = | executive_producer = | starring = | narrated = | editor = | country = [[United States]] | language = English | network = [[Disney Channel]] | first_aired = {{start date|2009|10|26}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2}} | num_seasons = | num_episodes = 60 | list_episodes = | related = | followed_by = ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Mickey Mouse]]'' | preceded_by = ''[[House of Mouse]]'' }} '''''Have a Laugh!''''' is an American animated comedy series produced by [[the Walt Disney Company]] for the [[Disney Channel]]. The series is a set of interstitials, presenting edited versions of classic ''[[Mickey Mouse (film series)|Mickey Mouse]]'' cartoons that lasted from 2009 to 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zakarin |first1=Jordan |title=The Classic Mickey and Friends Shorts Are the Best Part of Disney+ |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-classic-mickey-and-friends-shorts-are-the-best-part-of-disney |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Syfy Wire |date=December 3, 2019}}</ref> ==Plot== The series features short and long versions of Disney shorts. The short versions are re-voiced with current Disney voice actors such as [[Tony Anselmo]] ([[Donald Duck]]), [[Jim Cummings]], [[Bill Farmer]] ([[Goofy]]), and [[Bret Iwan]] ([[Mickey Mouse]]). The show features Disney cartoons with the original opening and closing credits restored (if content has been removed, a stamp bearing the words "Short Version" appears on the title card). The series also features short subjects such as "Disney's Re-Micks" where they match classic Mickey Mouse cartoons and popular songs such as "[[He Could Be the One]]" by [[Miley Cyrus]], similar to the 1980s ''[[D-TV]]'' series. ==List of major characters== * [[Mickey Mouse]] (voiced by [[Bret Iwan]]) * [[Donald Duck]], [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]] (voiced by [[Tony Anselmo]]) * [[Goofy]], [[Pluto (Disney)|Pluto]] (voiced by [[Bill Farmer]]) * [[Minnie Mouse]] (voiced by [[Russi Taylor]], and [[Marcellite Garner]]) * [[Chip 'n Dale|Chip]], [[Daisy Duck]] (voiced by [[Tress MacNeille]]) * [[Chip 'n Dale|Dale]], Narrator (voiced by [[Corey Burton]]) * [[Pete (Disney)|Pete]] (voiced by [[Jim Cummings]]) ==List of cartoons== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Title ! Theatrical release ! Disney Channel airdate ! Characters |- | ''[[Lonesome Ghosts]]'' || {{sort|1937-12-24|December 24, 1937}} || {{sort|2009-10-26|October 26, 2009}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy |- | ''[[Mickey and the Seal]]'' || {{sort|1948-12-03|December 3, 1948}} || {{sort|2009-11-11|November 11, 2009}} ([[Veterans Day]]) (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Pluto, Salty the Seal |- | ''Food for Feudin{{'}}'' || {{sort|1950-08-11|August 11, 1950}} || {{sort|2009-11-14|November 14, 2009}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Pluto, Chip ˈn Dale |- | ''[[Winter Storage]]'' || {{sort|1949-06-03|June 3, 1949}} || {{sort|2009-11-20|November 20, 2009}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Chip 'n Dale |- | ''[[How to Hook Up Your Home Theater]]'' || {{sort|2007-12-21|December 21, 2007}} || {{sort|2009-12-05|December 5, 2009}} (abridged version) || Goofy, Mickey Mouse (seen on Goofy's clock) |- | ''[[Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip]]'' || {{sort|1940-11-1|November 1, 1940}} || {{sort|2010-02-06|February 6, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Pluto, Pete |- | ''[[The Art of Skiing]]'' || {{sort|1941-11-14|November 14, 1941}} || {{sort|2010-02-13|February 13, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Goofy |- | ''[[Clock Cleaners]]'' || {{sort|1937-10-15|October 15, 1937}} || {{sort|2010-03-06|March 6, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy |- | ''[[Early to Bed (1941 film)|Early to Bed]]'' || {{sort|1941-07-11|July 11, 1941}} || {{sort|2010-03-19|March 19, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck |- | ''[[Mickey's Delayed Date]]'' || {{sort|1947-10-03|October 3, 1947}} || {{sort|2010-04-17|April 17, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Pluto, Minnie Mouse |- | ''[[How to Play Baseball]]'' || {{sort|1942-09-04|September 4, 1942}} || {{sort|2010-04-24|April 24, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Goofy |- | ''[[Chef Donald]]'' || {{sort|1941-12-05|December 5, 1941}} || {{sort|2010-06-05|June 5, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck |- | ''Pluto and the Gopher'' || {{sort|1950-02-10|February 10, 1950}} || {{sort|2010-06-11|June 11, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Pluto, Minnie Mouse |- | ''[[The Whalers]]'' || {{sort|1938-08-19|August 19, 1938}} || {{sort|2010-06-19|June 19, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy |- | ''Pluto's Sweater'' || {{sort|1949-04-29|April 29, 1949}} || {{sort|2010-07-04|July 4, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Pluto, Minnie Mouse, Figaro, Butch |- | ''[[Hawaiian Holiday]]'' || {{sort|1937-09-24|September 24, 1937}} || {{sort|2010-08-20|August 20, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Goofy, Pluto, Donald Duck |- | ''[[How to Swim (1942 film)|How to Swim]]'' || {{sort|1942-10-23|October 23, 1942}} || {{sort|2010-08-27|August 27, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Goofy |- | ''Mickey Down Under'' || {{sort|1948-03-19|March 19, 1948}} || rowspan=2|{{sort|2010-09-17|September 17, 2010}} (both re-recorded soundtrack and abridged versions) || Mickey Mouse, Pluto |- | ''Trailer Horn'' || {{sort|1950-04-28|April 28, 1950}} || Donald Duck, Chip 'n Dale |- | ''Pluto's Surprise Package'' || {{sort|1949-03-04|March 4, 1949}} || {{sort|2010-09-24|September 24, 2010}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Pluto |- | ''[[Polar Trappers]]'' || {{sort|1938-06-17|June 17, 1938}} || {{sort|2011-01-21|January 21, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Goofy |- | ''Rescue Dog'' || {{sort|1947-03-21|March 21, 1947}} || {{sort|2011-02-04|February 4, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Pluto |- | ''[[Double Dribble (film)|Double Dribble]]'' || {{sort|1946-12-20|December 20, 1946}} || {{sort|2011-02-18|February 18, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Goofy |- | ''[[Thru the Mirror]]'' || {{sort|1936-05-30|May 30, 1936}} || {{sort|2011-03-04|March 4, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse |- | ''[[Magician Mickey]]'' || {{sort|1937-02-06|February 6, 1937}} || {{sort|2011-04-01|April 1, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy |- | ''[[Boat Builders (film)|Boat Builders]]'' || {{sort|1938-02-25|February 25, 1938}} || {{sort|2011-05-06|May 6, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy |- | ''[[Donald's Tire Trouble]]'' || {{sort|1943-01-29|January 29, 1943}} || {{sort|2011-05-08|May 8, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck |- | ''Bone Bandit'' || {{sort|1948-04-30|April 30, 1948}} || {{sort|2011-05-20|May 20, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Pluto |- | ''[[The Simple Things]]'' || {{sort|1953-04-18|April 18, 1953}} || {{sort|2011-06-03|June 3, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Pluto |- | ''Pluto's Purchase'' || {{sort|1948-07-09|July 9, 1948}} || {{sort|2011-09-07|September 7, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Pluto, Mickey Mouse, Butch |- | ''[[Beach Picnic (film)|Beach Picnic]]'' || {{sort|1939-06-09|June 9, 1939}} || {{sort|2011-10-11|October 11, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Pluto |- | ''[[Mickey's Parrot]]'' || {{sort|1938-9-09|September 9, 1938}} || {{sort|2011-10-14|October 14, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Pluto |- | ''[[Mickey's Trailer]]'' || {{sort|1938-05-06|May 6, 1938}} || {{sort|2011-10-16|October 16, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy |- | ''[[Society Dog Show]]'' || {{sort|1939-2-03|February 3, 1939}} || {{sort|2011-10-21|October 21, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Pluto, Fifi |- | ''[[How to Play Football]]'' || {{sort|1944-9-15|September 15, 1944}} || {{sort|2011-11-04|November 4, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Goofy |- | ''Tugboat Mickey'' || {{sort|1940-4-26|April 26, 1940}} || {{sort|2011-11-06|November 6, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy |- | ''[[The Little Whirlwind]]'' || {{sort|1941-2-14|February 14, 1941}} || {{sort|2011-11-07|November 7, 2011}} (new music and sound effects added and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse |- | ''Mail Dog'' || {{sort|1947-11-14|November 14, 1947}} || {{sort|2011-11-18|November 18, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) ||Pluto |- | ''[[Chip an' Dale]]'' ||{{sort|1947-11-28|November 28, 1947}} || {{sort|2011-12-02|December 2, 2011}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Chip 'n Dale |- | ''[[On Ice (film)|On Ice]]'' || {{sort|1935-28-09|September 28, 1935}} || {{sort|2012-01-02|January 2, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) ||Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, Pluto |- | ''[[The Band Concert]]'' || {{sort|1935-02-23|February 23, 1935}} || {{sort|2012-02-09|February 9, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, Peter Pig |- | ''[[Mickey's Polo Team]]'' || {{sort|1936-01-04|January 04, 1936}} || {{sort|2012-02-16|February 16, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Clarabelle Cow, Goofy |- | ''[[The Hockey Champ]]'' || {{sort|1939-04-28|April 28, 1939}} || {{sort|2012-03-01|March 1, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Huey, Dewey, Louie |- | ''[[How to Fish]]'' || {{sort|1942-12-09|December 9, 1942}} || {{sort|2012-03-15|March 15, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Goofy |- | ''[[Pluto's Party]]'' || {{sort|1952-09-19|September 19, 1952}} || {{sort|2012-03-23|March 23, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Pluto, Mickey Mouse |- | ''[[Mickey's Rival]]'' || {{sort|1936-6-10|June 10, 1936}} || {{sort|2012-05-06|May 6, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Mortimer Mouse |- | ''[[Moose Hunters]]'' || {{sort|1937-02-20|February 20, 1937}} || {{sort|2012-05-13|May 13, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy |- | ''[[Mr. Duck Steps Out]]'' || {{sort|1940-06-07|June 7, 1940}} || {{sort|2012-05-20|May 20, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Huey, Dewey, Louie, Daisy Duck |- | ''[[The Olympic Champ]]'' || {{sort|1942-10-09|October 9, 1942}} || {{sort|2012-05-27|May 27, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Goofy |- | ''Canine Caddy'' || {{sort|1941-05-30|May 30, 1941}} || {{sort|2012-06-01|June 1, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Pluto |- | ''[[Brave Little Tailor]]'' || {{sort|1938-09-29|September 29, 1938}} || {{sort|2012-07-01|July 1, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse |- | ''[[Donald's Golf Game]]'' || {{sort|1938-11-29|November 4, 1938}} || {{sort|2012-07-15|July 15, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Huey, Dewey, Louie |- | ''[[Sea Scouts (film)|Sea Scouts]]'' || {{sort|1939-06-29|June 30, 1939}} || {{sort|2012-08-01|August 1, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Huey, Dewey, Louie |- | ''Tennis Racquet'' || {{sort|1949-08-09|August 26, 1949}} || {{sort|2012-08-15|August 15, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Goofy |- | ''[[Out of Scale]]'' || {{sort|1951-11-02|November 2, 1951}} || {{sort|2012-09-01|September 1, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Chip 'n Dale |- |*''[[Mickey's Birthday Party]]'' || {{sort|1942-02-07|February 7, 1942}} || {{sort|2012-09-10|October 9, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, Clara Cluck |- |*''[[All in a Nutshell]]'' || {{sort|1949-09-02|September 2, 1949}} || {{sort|2012-10-15|October 15, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Chip 'n Dale |- |*''[[Corn Chips]]'' || {{sort|1951-03-23|March 23, 1951}} || {{sort|2012-11-01|November 1, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Chip 'n Dale |- |*''[[Good Scouts]]'' || {{sort|1938-07-08|July 8, 1938}} || {{sort|2012-12-01|December 1, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Donald Duck, Huey, Dewey, Louie |- |*''[[How to Play Golf]]'' || {{sort|1944-03-10|March 10, 1944}} || {{sort|2012-12-02|December 2, 2012}} (re-recorded soundtrack and abridged version) || Goofy |} Eighteen cartoons and five redubbed short versions haven't been added online. ===BLAM!=== * Sports (Clips from ''How to Play Football'', ''Double Dribble'' and ''How to Play Baseball'') * Skiing (Clips from ''The Art of Skiing'') * Ice Skating (Clips from ''The Hockey Champ'') * Skiing 2 (Clips from ''The Art of Skiing'') * Arctic Adventure (Clips from ''Polar Trappers'') * Clock Cleaning (Clips from ''Clock Cleaners'') * Golf (Clips from ''How to Play Golf'' and ''Donald's Golf Game'') * Cooking (Clips from ''Chef Donald'') * Glider (Clips from ''Goofy's Glider'') * Fox Hunt (Clips from ''The Fox Hunt'') * Beach (Clips from ''Hawaiian Holiday'') * Workout 1 (Clips from ''Goofy Gymnastics'') * Track And Field 1 (Clips from ''The Olympic Champ'') * Workout 2 (Clips from ''Goofy Gymnastics'') * Track And Field 2 (Clips from ''The Olympic Champ'') * Self-Defense (Clips from ''The Art Of Self-Defense'') * Snow Fight (Clips from ''Donald's Snow Fight'') * Hockey (Clips from ''Hockey Homicide'') * Basketball (Clips from ''Double Dribble'') * Firefighting (Clips from ''Fire Chief'') ===Re-Micks=== * [[The B-52's]]: "[[Roam]]" * [[The Beach Boys]]: "[[Surfin' Safari (song)|Surfin' Safari]]" * [[The Black Eyed Peas]]: "[[I Gotta Feeling]]" * [[deadmau5]]: "[[Ghosts 'n' Stuff]]" * [[Far East Movement]] featuring [[Ryan Tedder]]: "[[Rocketeer (song)|Rocketeer]]" * [[Michael Franti & Spearhead]]: "[[Say Hey (I Love You)]]" * [[The Go-Go's]]: "[[We Got the Beat]]" * [[Andy Grammer]]: "[[Keep Your Head Up (Andy Grammer song)|Keep Your Head Up]]" * [[David Guetta]] and [[Kelly Rowland]]: "[[When Love Takes Over]]" * [[Hannah Montana (character)|Hannah Montana]]: "[[He Could Be the One]]" * [[Hunter Hayes]]: "[[Wanted (Hunter Hayes song)|Wanted]]" * [[Jessie J]] featuring [[B.o.B]]: "[[Price Tag]]" * [[Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch]] featuring [[Loleatta Holloway]]: "[[Good Vibrations (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch song)|Good Vibrations]]" * [[Bruno Mars]]: "[[Just the Way You Are (Bruno Mars song)|Just the Way You Are]]" * [[Olly Murs]]: "[[Dance with Me Tonight]]" * [[Ne-Yo]]: "[[Miss Independent (Ne-Yo song)|Miss Independent]]" * [[Queen (band)|Queen]]: "[[Another One Bites the Dust]]" * [[Martin Solveig]] and [[Dragonette]]: "[[Hello (Martin Solveig song)|Hello]]" * [[Taylor Swift]]: "Stay Stay Stay" * [[Jonas Brothers]]: "[[Play My Music]]" (from [[Disney Channel|Disney Channel's]] [[Camp Rock]]) ==Broadcast history== United States * [[Disney Channel]] (2009–2013) * [[Disney XD]] (2009–2013) United Kingdom * [[Disney Channel (UK & Ireland)|Disney Channel]] (2009–2014) * [[Disney XD (UK & Ireland)|Disney XD]]/[[Disney Cinemagic (UK & Ireland)|Disney Cinemagic]] (2010–2012) * [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]]/[[5*|Fiver]] (2010–2012) Ireland * [[RTÉ One]] (2010–2013) * [[RTÉ Two]] (2011–2013) Canada * [[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]] (2009–2014) * [[Disney Channel (Canada)|Disney Channel]] (2015–present) Germany * [[Disney Channel (Germany)|Disney Channel]] (2010–present) * [[Disney Cinemagic (Germany)|Disney Cinemagic]] (2010-2019) Italy * [[Disney Channel (Italy)|Disney Channel]] (2009–2020) * [[Toon Disney (Italy)|Toon Disney]] (2009–2011) * [[Rai Due]] (2011) India * [[Disney Channel India|Disney Channel]] (2011–present) Indonesia * [[RCTI]] (2014) ==Home media== There have been two DVD releases, which include 5 shorts in restored quality, in two versions: one full-length original version, and one edited version. It also includes 3 BLAM! shorts and 1 Re-Micks. The first two volumes were released on October 26, 2010 in the US and November/December 2010 in the UK. Volume One: * ''[[Mickey and the Seal]]'' * ''[[Lonesome Ghosts]]'' * ''[[Winter Storage]]'' * ''[[How to Hook Up Your Home Theater]]'' * ''Food for Feudin{{'}}'' * BLAM! #1 = Sports * BLAM! #2 = Skiing 1 * BLAM! #3 = Ice Skating * Re-Micks "[[Another One Bites the Dust]]" by [[Queen (band)|Queen]] Volume Two: * ''[[Clock Cleaners]]'' * ''[[Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip]]'' * ''[[The Art of Skiing]]'' * ''[[Early to Bed (1941 film)|Early to Bed]]'' * ''[[Pluto's Sweater]]'' * BLAM! #4 = Skiing 2 * BLAM! #5 = Arctic Adventure * BLAM! #6 = Clock Cleaning * Re-Micks – "[[He Could Be the One]]" by [[Hannah Montana]] Volumes 3 and 4 were released in the US on June 14, 2011. Volume 3 was later released in other countries, while no confirmation has been made for the UK release of Volume 3, or the international release of Volume 4. Volume Three: * ''[[Mickey's Delayed Date]]'' * ''[[The Whalers]]'' * ''Chef Donald'' * ''[[How to Play Baseball]]'' * ''[[Pluto and the Gopher]]'' * BLAM! #7 = "Golf" * BLAM! #8 = "Cooking" * BLAM! #9 = "Glider" * Re-Micks – "[[I Gotta Feeling]]" by [[The Black Eyed Peas]] Volume Four: * ''Mickey Down Under'' * ''[[Hawaiian Holiday]]'' * ''Trailer Horn'' * ''[[How to Swim (1942 film)|How to Swim]]'' * ''Pluto's Surprise Package'' * BLAM! = #10 "Hockey" * BLAM! = #11 "Beach" * BLAM! = #12 "Fox Hunt" * Re-Micks: "[[Play My Music]]" by the [[Jonas Brothers]] from the film ''[[Camp Rock]]'' ==References== <references/> ==External links== * [http://disney.go.com/mickey/ Mickey Mouse Website on Disney.com] * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdySJ1HY7D4SzgB_xsRz7UQ YouTube Channel] {{TV series and movies set in the Mickey Mouse universe}} [[Category:2009 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2012 American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:Mickey Mouse television series]] [[Category:Television series by Disney]] [[Category:American animated television spin-offs]] sztjw354vaqn3abecq57h9pluqr9yxv 0 934611 10967170 10590467 2026-08-19T03:47:15Z ~2026-37618-38 1834522 10967170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=August 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox television | image = Ask the Storybots.svg | genre = {{Unbulleted list|[[Educational television|Educational]]|[[Children's television series|Preschool]]}} | creator = Evan Spiridellis<br/>Gregg Spiridellis | based_on = ''[[StoryBots]]'' | voices = [[Judy Greer]]<br />[[Erin Fitzgerald]]<br />[[Fred Tatasciore]]<br />[[Jeff Gill (animator)|Jeff Gill]] <br />[[Gregg Spiridellis]]<br />[[Evan Spiridellis]]<br />Nate Theis | theme_music_composer = Gabe Sokoloff | language = English | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 22 | company = [[JibJab|JibJab Bros. Studios]] (2016–18)<br />StoryBots Inc. (2019) | network = [[Netflix]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2016|08|12}} | last_aired = {{End date|2019|08|02}} | image_alt = | caption = Series logo | country = United States | list_episodes = | channel = Netflix | released = }} '''''Ask the StoryBots''''' is an American educational [[children's television series|preschool television series]] that uses a hybrid of [[live-action]] and [[animation]]. The series was based on the characters from the ''[[StoryBots]]'' educational website and videos. It was first streamed on [[Netflix]] on August 12, 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Barrett|first1=Brian|title=Parents, Rejoice! Here Are Netflix's Kid-Friendly August Additions|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/netflix-kids-shows/#list-5|magazine=Wired|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> The series created by [[JibJab|JibJab Bros. Studios]]. The StoryBots [[media franchise]] was bought by Netflix in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/storybots-creators-expand-childrens-franchise-under-netflix-deal-1209053|title='StoryBots' Creators to Expand Children's Franchise Under Netflix Overall Deal|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=May 9, 2019|language=en|access-date=May 9, 2019}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website|https://www.netflix.com/title/80108159}} * {{IMDb title|tt5846856}} * [https://www.netflix.com/title/80108159''Ask the StoryBots''] on [[Netflix]] [[Category:2010s American animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American musical comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s American preschool education television series]] [[Category:2016 American animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2019 American animated television series endings]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:American children's animated adventure television series]] [[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated musical television series]] [[Category:American computer animated television series]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:American television series with live action and animation]] [[Category:Animated television series about extraterrestrial life]] [[Category:Animated television series about robots]] [[Category:Annie Award winners]] [[Category:Netflix original series]] fs375sauopwyolwlls9psboz5qpnoam 0 941552 10966667 10941949 2026-08-18T15:00:19Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Paul Boyd | image = | caption = Boyd in 2003 | birth_name = Paul G. Boyd | birth_date = {{birth date|1967|9|30}} | birth_place = [[Pasadena, California]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2007|8|13|1967|9|30}} | death_place = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada | nationality = Dual (US and Canada) | years_active = 1992–2007 | known_for = ''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]'' (title sequence)<br>''¡Mucha Lucha!''<br>''Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman'' }} '''Paul G. Boyd'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul G Boyd — Born 1967, Los Angeles County, California |url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/paul_g_boyd_born_1967_9789112}}</ref> (September 30, 1967 – August 13, 2007) was an American-born Canadian animator. He was a member of [[a.k.a. Cartoon]], the production team for [[Cartoon Network]]'s longest running television series, ''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]'', as a title sequence animator and director. He began his career working for International Rocketship on two Gary Larson specials. During his career he taught at Vancouver Film School and worked at many animation studios in [[Vancouver]]. His work directing for ''Aaagh! It's the Mr. Hell Show!'', along with co-director Moose Pagen, was nominated for an [[Annie Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://annieawards.org/29th-annie-awards |title="29th Annie Awards" |access-date=2022-07-08 |archive-date=2013-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102052242/http://annieawards.org/29th-annie-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2001. He was shot and killed on August 13, 2007, by a police officer, Lee Chipperfield, in Vancouver. A video recorded by tourists showed Boyd being shot nine times after wielding a bicycle chain at officers who came to respond to a disturbance involving him. The ninth shot that struck Boyd was fired as he was on the ground. The officer who shot Boyd was cleared in the death. The use of force was criticized by many of Boyd's colleagues and relatives. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{IMDb name|3158262}} *[https://vancouversun.com/news/wasn+danger+anyone+charges+should+laid+Deborah+Paul+Boyd+sister/6704557/story.html Interview with Boyd's sister, Deborah] {{DEFAULTSORT:Boyd, Paul}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:2007 deaths]] [[Category:Canadian animators]] [[Category:People with bipolar disorder]] [[Category:University of British Columbia alumni]] {{bio-stub}} fdkbg0x67nisbbnha9rei1y930iyw7n 0 944178 10967160 8936345 2026-08-19T03:15:53Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramón María del Valle-Inclán y de la Peña''' (in Vilanova de Arousa, Galicia, Spain, 28 October 1866 – Santiago de Compostela, 5 January 1936) was a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[dramatist]], [[novelist]] and member of the [[Spanish Generation of 98]]. The works of the first period (before 1905–1906) are close to Spanish modernism. The second period (until 1919–1920) is the time of historical novels, dramas about the Spanish "depth" and the Spanish character. The works of the third period include esperpento ("horror stories") for the puppet theater, the novel-pamphlet "Tyrant Banderas" (1926), a series of novels about the Spanish history of the second half of the 19th century, — farce and grotesque rule.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilman|first=Stephen|date=1961-07-01|title=La palabra hablada y "Fortunata y Jacinta"|url=https://nrfh.colmex.mx/index.php/nrfh/article/view/391|journal=Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH)|language=es|volume=15|issue=3/4|pages=542–560|doi=10.24201/nrfh.v15i3/4.391|issn=2448-6558|access-date=2022-07-21|archive-date=2022-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721053043/https://nrfh.colmex.mx/index.php/nrfh/article/view/391|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{bio-stub}} [[Category:1866 births]] [[Category:1963 deaths]] [[Category:Spanish novelists]] g9fusng2wsfo4rqmz309v54onjt1296 0 945186 10966784 9990534 2026-08-18T16:50:37Z Canadachick 1633172 10966784 wikitext text/x-wiki The 2013–2016 [[epidemic]] of [[Ebola virus disease]], centered in [[West Africa|Western Africa]], was the most widespread outbreak of the disease in history. It caused many deaths and [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] problems in the region, mainly in [[Guinea]], [[Liberia]] and [[Sierra Leone]]. The first cases were recorded in Guinea in December 2013; later, the disease spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone, with minor outbreaks occurring in [[Nigeria]] and [[Mali]].<ref name="WHO2015_01_211">{{cite report|url=https://afro.who.int/news/end-ebola-transmission-guinea|title=End of Ebola transmission in Guinea|publisher=WHO Regional Office for Africa|language=en|access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="health-ebola-mali-idINL6N0T15CN20141112">{{cite news|date=12 November 2014|title=Update: Mali confirms new case of Ebola, locks down Bamako clinic|work=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/health-ebola-mali-idINL6N0T15CN20141112|access-date=15 November 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225015/http://in.reuters.com/article/health-ebola-mali-idINL6N0T15CN20141112|url-status=dead}}</ref> Infections of medical workers happened in the [[United States]] and [[Spain]].<ref name="El_Mundo">{{cite news|date=6 October 2014|title=Una enfermera que atendió al misionero fallecido García Viejo, contagiada de ébola|language=es|newspaper=El Mundo|url=http://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2014/10/06/5432bb62e2704e347a8b4577.html?a=a733fe5654cd56f5e1d50d769a9b4204&t=1412616936|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Ebola_Outbreak_total_WHO_8_Oct">{{cite report|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136020/1/roadmapsitrep_8Oct2014_eng.pdf?ua=1|title=Ebola outbreak situation report|date=8 October 2014|publisher=WHO|access-date=15 October 2014|format=PDF}}</ref> Isolated cases were recorded in [[Senegal]],<ref name="sitrep_7Nov2014">{{cite report|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137592/1/roadmapsitrep_7Nov2014_eng.pdf?ua=1|title=Ebola response roadmap situation report update|date=7 November 2014|publisher=WHO|access-date=7 November 2014|format=PDF}}</ref> the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Italy]].<ref name="WHO2014_12_28">{{cite report|url=http://apps.who.int/ebolaweb/sitreps/20141231/20141231.pdf|title=Ebola response roadmap situation report|date=31 December 2014|publisher=WHO|quote=The reported case fatality rate in the three intense-transmission countries among all cases for whom a definitive outcome is known is 71%.|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231222250/http://apps.who.int/ebolaweb/sitreps/20141231/20141231.pdf|archive-date=31 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease – Italy|url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/13-may-2015-ebola/en/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516012204/http://www.who.int/csr/don/13-may-2015-ebola/en/|archive-date=16 May 2015|access-date=28 October 2016|publisher=WHO}}</ref> The number of cases peaked in October 2014 and then began to slow down. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:21st-century epidemics]] [[Category:2010s in Africa]] {{med-stub}} fvt8llhzwy1udvsy1of4ksuydugq36l 0 951101 10966909 9764526 2026-08-18T18:21:07Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)]] to [[Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist]]: Per enwiki 9764526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Champaigne visitation.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth (left) visited by Mary]] '''Elizabeth''' (also spelled '''Elisabeth''') was the mother of [[John the Baptist]]. She was the wife of [[Zechariah]]. The angel [[Gabriel]] said to Zechariah that Elizabeth would have a son. Zechariah did not believe that his wife could have a son, because she was old. The angel made him [[muteness|mute]] (unable to speak). Elizabeth then became pregnant. {{religion-stub}} [[Category:New Testament people]] 7zr7euaj8qozw4zusokgjyzx3fvuzvn 0 957958 10966865 10767601 2026-08-18T17:21:27Z Canadachick 1633172 10966865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event |name = Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II |image = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/1/2 | image4 | alt4 = QE2 RIP - 10 | image2 = QE2 RIP - 09.jpg | alt2 = QE2 RIP - 09 | image3 = 20220908-Buckingham Palace Elizabeth II death reactions (09).jpg | alt3 = | image1 = Buckingham Palace During Queen Elizabeth II Death (52383281866).jpg | alt1 = 20220908-Buckingham Palace Elizabeth II death reactions (07) | image5 = QE2 RIP - 06.jpg | alt5 = QE2 RIP - 06 | image6 = QE2 RIP - 02.jpg | alt6 = QE2 RIP - 02 }} |date = {{ubl|{{Start date|df=yes|2022|09|08}}|(date of death)|{{Start date|df=yes|2022|09|19}}|(date of state funeral)}} |location = {{ubl|[[Balmoral Castle]], Scotland|(death)|[[Westminster Abbey]], London|(funeral)}} |coordinates = {{coord|57|2|27|N|3|13|48|W|type:landmark|display=inline}} |deaths = }} [[Elizabeth II]], the [[Queen of the United Kingdom]] and the other [[Commonwealth realms]], the longest-living and [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest-reigning]] [[British monarch]], died at the age of 96 on 8 September 2022 at [[Balmoral Castle]] in [[Scotland]] at 15:10 BST. The official announcement came three hours later at 18:30 [[British Summer Time|BST]]. Hours before her death was announced, doctors said that her health had been worsening recently and they would watch her health.<ref name="BBCNewsInfo">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61585886 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died, Buckingham Palace announces |date=8 September 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173308/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live }}</ref> At Balmoral Castle in Scotland, on 6 September, two days before her death, the Queen accepted the [[resignation]] of [[Boris Johnson]] and appointed [[Liz Truss]] to replace him as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |title=The queen will meet the new prime minister at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/06/world/europe/liz-truss-queen-elizabeth-balmoral.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907154725/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/06/world/europe/liz-truss-queen-elizabeth-balmoral.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the Queen's death her oldest son [[Charles III|Charles, Prince of Wales]], became [[King of the United Kingdom|King]] of the [[United Kingdom]] and fourteen other [[Commonwealth realm]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Charles is the new King |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59135132 |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> Her [[state funeral]] was on 19 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/10/uk/queen-elizabeth-ii-funeral-plans-intl/index.html|title=Funeral for Queen Elizabeth II to be held September 19|publisher=CNN|accessdate=September 10, 2022}}</ref> Her daughter [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] registered the death certificate of [[Queen Elizabeth II]] on 29 September 2022. It said she died of [[old age]]. ==Background== On [[April 9]], [[2021]], after over 73 years of marriage, her husband, [[Prince Philip]] died at the age of 99. ==Death== [[Elizabeth II]] died almost a year and a half later, on [[September 8]] [[2022]] at the age of 96. She died at [[Balmoral Castle]] in [[Aberdeenshire]]. She was succeeded by her eldest child, [[King Charles III]]. Her state funeral was the first to be held in the United Kingdom since that of [[Winston Churchill]] in [[1965]]. [[Queen Elizabeth II]] was the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch, the longest-serving female head of state in history, and the oldest and longest-serving incumbent head of state. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2022 in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:2020s in Scotland]] [[Category:Aberdeenshire]] [[Category:Elizabeth II]] [[Category:September 2022 events]] [[Category:State funerals|Elizabeth II]] 71uxu3brxxi2chg58nl7n20hrjqz9sp 2 959789 10966880 8444959 2026-08-18T17:30:38Z Canadachick 1633172 removed user page from stub category 10966880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haram''' ({{lang-ar|حَرَام}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥarām}}, {{IPA-ar|ħaˈraːm|}}) is an [[Islam]]ic [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term meaning ‘forbidden’.<ref name="Modarresi">{{cite book |author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |author-link=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |title=The Laws of Islam |date=26 March 2016 |publisher=Enlight Press |isbn=978-0994240989 |url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |ref=Modarresi |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|471}} It is the opposite of [[halal]], which means "permissible". Muslims have strict rules on what is considered "haram": *Animals that are not herbivores and/or does not chew the cud are not suitable for eating. *Eating pork is forbidden. "He has only forbidden you what dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that over which any other (name) than (that of) Allah has been invoked; but whoever is driven to necessity, not desiring, nor exceeding the limit, no sin shall be upon him; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." (Quran 2:173) *If an animal was treated poorly, or was tortured while slaughtering, that animal is considered haram.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Şentürk|first=Lütfi|title=Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı İslam İlmihali: İslam'da hayvan hakları ve hayvanlara eziyetin cezası|url=https://www.yeniakit.com.tr/haber/islamda-hayvan-haklari-ve-hayvanlara-eziyetin-cezasi-125882.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.yeniakit.com.tr|language=tr}}</ref> *[[Alcohol]] is considered haram. *Any intoxicating substance that has no medicinal purpose is considered haram. ==References== {{reflist}} <!-- [[Category:Food and drink]] [[Category:Islam]] --> 7hk2u3qfaitnq2lj154vrp4wvn571md 0 967138 10966560 10966149 2026-08-18T13:07:51Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45034-13|~2026-45034-13]] ([[User talk:~2026-45034-13|talk]]) to last version by 190.206.134.43 10111018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=October 2024}} [[File:SDCC 2012 - Galactus (7580539624).jpg|thumb|Cosplay of Galactus.]] '''Galactus''', also known as '''Galan''' and '''The Devourer of Worlds''', is fictional character, an anti-villain and one of the main antagonists of [[Marvel Comics]], opposing the entire [[Marvel Universe]], He is the archenemy of the [[Silver Surfer]] and a recurring foe for the [[The Fantastic Four|Fantastic Four]], the [[Guardians of the Galaxy (movie)|Guardians of the Galaxy]], the [[Annihilators]], the [[X-Men]], [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]] and the [[Avengers]]. == Fictional character biography == He is an immortal cosmic being who eats and devours planets and feeds off their energy in order to survive. Although he is not exactly malevolent, he is nevertheless a dangerous individual who requires nothing short of entire worlds to hold off his eternal hunger and is also linked in such a way to the Marvel universe, that if he dies, the entire Marvel universe will end. This makes Galactus somewhat unique in the fact he is both an immensely destructive force yet also necessary for the existence of the universe. As of the Reckoning War, Galactus officially died and has since been resurrected in the body of the Destroyer as the Destruction. == In other media == The character has been featured in other Marvel media, such as arcade games, video games, animated television series, and the 2007 movie ''[[Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer]]''. He will appear in the upcoming movie ''[[The Fantastic Four: First Steps]]'', portrayed by [[Ralph Ineson]], set in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) franchise. [[Category:Marvel Comics characters]] {{movie-stub}} {{tv-stub}} f4ceivwo0xx0hrmujr0y1z9m1rju1ad 0 969721 10966837 8673433 2026-08-18T17:12:39Z PaulLim11 1671039 Infobox image updated 10966837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Justin Hartley | image = Justin Hartley at Televerse 2026.jpg | caption = Hartley in 2026 | birth_name = Justin Scott Hartley | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|01|29}} | birth_place = [[Galesburg, Illinois|Galesburg, Illinois, United States]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2002–present | spouse = | children = }} '''Justin Scott Hartley'''<ref name=tvg>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/justin-hartley/bio/194820 |title=Justin Hartley Biography |magazine=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=March 25, 2014|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210126031952/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/justin-hartley/3030390729/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2021/01/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Jan-29-2021/5041611803384/ |title= UPI Almanac for Friday, Jan. 29, 2021 |work= [[United Press International]] | date= January 14, 2021|access-date=February 9, 2021 | archive-date= February 9, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210209081502/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2021/01/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Jan-29-2021/5041611803384/|url-status=live |quote = ...actor Justin Hartley in 1977 (age 44)...}}</ref> is an American actor. He is known for his television roles that include ''Fox Crane'' on the [[NBC]]. ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Film roles |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2005 | ''Race You to the Bottom'' | Joe | |- | 2008 | ''[[Red Canyon (2008 film)|Red Canyon]]'' | Tom | |- | 2009 | ''[[Spring Breakdown]]'' | Todd | |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|A|Way with Murder|nolink=1}}'' | Ted Rawlings | |- | 2010 | ''Scorpio Men on Prozac'' | Bill King | |- | 2015 | ''{{sortname|The|Challenger|The Challenger (2015 film)}}'' | James | |- | 2017 | ''[[A Bad Moms Christmas]]'' | Ty Swindle |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/this-is-us-justin-hartley-a-bad-moms-christmas-1202067715|title='This Is Us' Star Justin Hartley Cast In 'Bad Moms' Sequel|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Amanda|last=N'Duka|date=April 11, 2017|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2018 | ''Another Time'' | Eric Laziter | also executive producer |- | 2019 | ''[[Little (film)|Little]]'' | Mr. Marshall |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/this-is-us-justin-hartley-little-comedy-universal-1202419841/|title='This Is Us' Star Justin Hartley Joins Universal's Comedy Film 'Little'|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Amanda|last=N'Duka|date=June 29, 2018|access-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''[[Jexi]]'' | Brody |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/rose-byrne-justin-hartley-wanda-sykes-lexi-cbs-films-1202535656/|title=Rose Byrne, Justin Hartley, Wanda Sykes & More Set To Co-Star In CBS Films Comedy 'Lexi'|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Amanda|last=N'Duka|date=January 15, 2019|access-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref> |- | 2020 | ''[[The Hunt (2020 film)|The Hunt]]'' | Trucker |Uncredited<ref>{{cite web|first=Jack|last=Wilhelmi|url=https://screenrant.com/hunt-movie-emma-roberts-death-early-reason/|title=Why The Hunt Kills Off [SPOILER] So Early|website=[[Screenrant]]|date=March 16, 2020|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Meszoros|url=https://www.dailydemocrat.com/2020/03/14/violent-political-culture-satire-the-hunt-wasnt-really-worth-the-wait-movie-review/|title=Violent political-culture satire 'The Hunt' wasn't really worth the wait|website=[[Daily Democrat]]|location=[[Woodland, California]]|date=March 14, 2020|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''[[The Exchange (2021 film)|The Exchange]]'' | Gary Rothbauer |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/the-exchange-comedy-avan-jogia-justin-hartley-1234966013/ |title=Quiver Distribution Nabs 'The Exchange,' Comedy Starring Justin Hartley and Avan Jogia (EXCLUSIVE)|first=Brent|last=Lang|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 4, 2021|access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''[[Injustice (2021 film)|Injustice]]'' | [[Superman|Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman]] | Voice role<ref>{{Cite web|last=Couch|first=Aaron|date=2021-07-21|title=DC's 'Injustice' Sets Cast for Animated Movie (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/injustice-gods-among-us-movie-dc-1234985568/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2022 | ''[[Senior Year (2022 film)|Senior Year]]'' | Blaine |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/justin-hartley-angourie-rice-rebel-wilson-paramount-players-senior-year-1234752018/|title=Justin Hartley, Angourie Rice, Sam Richardson, Others Join Rebel Wilson In Paramount Players' 'Senior Year'|date=May 7, 2021|first=Justin|last=Kroll|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=May 7, 2021}}</ref> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Television roles |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2002–2006 | ''[[Passions]]'' | [[Fox Crane|Nicholas Foxworth 'Fox' Crane]] | Series regular |- | 2006 | ''[[Aquaman (TV pilot)|Aquaman]]'' | [[Aquaman|Arthur 'A.C.' Curry]] | Unsold television pilot |- | 2006–2011 | ''[[Smallville]]'' | [[Green Arrow|Oliver Queen / Green Arrow]] | Recurring role (seasons 6–7); main role (seasons 8–10); 72 episodes<br />Also director ("Dominion"); writer ("Sacrifice") |- | 2007 | ''[[CSI: NY]]'' | Elliott Bevins | Episode: "[[Heart of Glass (CSI: NY episode)|Heart of Glass]]" |- | 2007 | ''[[Cold Case]]'' | Mike Delaney (1982) | Episode: "[[Cold Case (season 5)#ep103|Justice]]" |- | 2008 | ''[[Gemini Division]]'' | Nick Korda | Web series, 12 episodes |- | 2009 | ''[[Megafault|MegaFault]]'' | Dan Lane | Television film |- | 2011 | ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]'' | Wesley Sneijder | Episode: "[[Chuck Versus the Bearded Bandit]]" |- | 2012 | ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]'' | Reggie Starr | Episode: "[[List of Castle episodes#ep71|An Embarrassment of Bitches]]" |- | 2012 | ''[[Hart of Dixie]]'' | Jesse Kinsella | Episode: "[[List of Hart of Dixie episodes#ep18|Bachelorettes & Bullets]]" |- | 2012–2013 | ''[[Emily Owens, M.D.]]'' | Will Collins | Main role |- | 2013 | ''[[Melissa & Joey]]'' | Noah Butler | Episode: "[[List of Melissa & Joey episodes#ep56|Fast Times]]" |- | 2013–2014 | ''[[Revenge (TV series)|Revenge]]'' | Patrick Osbourne | Recurring role ([[Revenge (season 3)|season 3]]), 13 episodes |- | 2014–2016 | ''[[Mistresses (U.S. TV series)|Mistresses]]'' | Scott Trosman | Recurring role (seasons 2–4) |- | 2014–2016 | ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' | [[Adam Newman]] | Series regular |- | 2016–2022 | ''[[This Is Us]]'' | [[List of This Is Us characters#Kevin Pearson|Kevin Pearson]] | Main role, occasional director |- | 2019 | ''[[Jane the Virgin]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Chapter Eighty-Nine" |- | 2020 | ''[[Robot Chicken]]'' | Ice Road Trucker | Voice role; episode: "Sundancer Craig in: 30% of the Way to Crying" |- | 2022 | ''[[Family Guy]]'' | Jamie, Jamie's Twin Brother | Voice role; Episode: "Girlfriend, Eh?" |- |2022 |[[Quantum Leap (2022 TV series)|''Quantum Leap'']] |Jake |Episode: "A Decent Proposal" |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hartley, Justin}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:Actors from Illinois]] oe02rjylz8lg3vpdochw0k6m4dvzn8a 0 977687 10966977 9643377 2026-08-18T20:29:04Z ~2026-45295-27 1857611 10966977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | office = Prime Minister of Belarus | order = 2nd | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|5|24}} | term = 1994-1996 | image = Mikhail Chyhir.png }} '''Mikhail Chigir''' (Born 24 May 1948) is a Belarusian politician who served as prime ministers from 1994-1996. Chigir was appointed as Prime Minister in July 1994, on the day following the inauguration of [[Alexander Lukashenko]] as president. Prior to this, he served as head of Belagroprombank, a bank specializing in agricultural pursuits. == Resignation == In 1996, Chigir resigned as prime minister in protest of Lukashenko's efforts to gain unlimited authority over the country. The following year he became a signatory of [[Charter 97]]. In 1999, he announced he would run for President of Belarus in order to unseat Lukashenko. {{DEFAULTSORT:Chigir, Mikhail}} [[Category:Belarusian politicians]] [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Living people]] {{bio-stub}} 1wo4euit918emfu150zjmf41s7lp7y1 0 978883 10966791 10641732 2026-08-18T16:53:52Z Canadachick 1633172 10966791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More sources}}[[File:Dewargefäß Deutsches Museum.jpg|thumb|upright|Laboratory Dewar flask, [[Deutsches Museum]], Munich]] [[File:Vacuum Dewar Flask.svg|thumb|upright|Diagram of a vacuum flask]] [[File:Liquid nitrogen tank.JPG|thumb|upright|A [[cryogenic storage dewar]] of [[liquid nitrogen]], used to supply a [[Cryopreservation|cryogenic freezer]]]] A '''vacuum flask''' is a special [[container]] that is designed in such a way that [[heat]] cannot easily enter or exit. That way, hot [[drink]]s are kept hot longer, and cold [[food]] is kept cold. The flask is made of two containers which are separated. Between the containers there is [[vacuum|almost no air]], so heat does not pass easily. The flask is also know as the '''Dewar flask''' after its inventor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=James Dewar's vacuum flask {{!}} Royal Institution|url=https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/james-dewars-vacuum-flask|access-date=2022-12-06|website=www.rigb.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Sir James Dewar]] invented the flask in 1892. It consists of two [[wiktionary:flask|flask]]s, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-[[vacuum]]. This significantly reduces [[heat transfer]] by [[heat conduction|conduction]] or [[convection]]. When used to hold cold liquids, this also eliminates most [[condensation]] on the outside of the flask. In the household, vacuum flasks are used to keep [[beverage]]s hot or cold for longer periods of time, and for keeping cooked food hot. They are also used for [[thermal cooking]]. Vacuum flasks are also used for many purposes in industry. == References == {{reflist}} {{multistub|sci|tech}} [[Category:Containers]] [[Category:Laboratory equipment]] m8056p8ci2mcbelat3n06f2kpzrv2ts 0 981858 10967202 10962944 2026-08-19T04:57:12Z ~2026-45147-90 1857810 /* 24 Oras on GMA Regional TV */ Changed. 10967202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''24 Oras''''' (pronounced as bente kwatro oras / {{translation|24 Hours}}) is a Philippine television news broadcasting show broadcast by [[GMA Network]]. Originally anchored by [[Mel Tiangco]] and [[Mike Enriquez]], it premiered on March 15, 2004, on the network's Telebabad line up, replacing ''[[Frontpage: Ulat ni Mel Tiangco]]''. Tiangco, Enriquez and [[Vicky Morales]] currently serve as the anchors. ==''24 Oras'' on GMA Regional TV== Since March 15, 2004, 24 Oras regional editions are broadcast on all GMA Regional stations nationwide with simulcast on selected 18 Super Radyo AM Radio stations. All regional editions air at about 5:00pm (before the network's flagship GMA Telebabad block) with selected editions simulcast over GMA News TV International for overseas viewers and on the network's AM radio stations in selected regions. Several editions are aired nationwide since August 2016 on the GMA Regional Channel on Sky Cable, Destiny Cable and Sky Direct. The GMA News YouTube page also has included archived videos of past editions since recently for those who have not watched the program as well as for overseas viewers. Weng dela Peña, the voiceover of GMA Network, uses the regional ''24 Oras'' in Cebuano (''24 Oras Central Visayas'', ''24 Oras Northern Mindanao'', ''24 Oras Caraga'' and ''24 Oras Southern Mindanao''), Waray (''24 Oras Eastern Visayas''), Ilocano (''24 Oras Ilokano''), Filipino (''24 Oras Northern Luzon'', ''24 Oras North Central Luzon'', ''24 Oras Cagayan Valley'', ''24 Oras Southern Tagalog'', ''24 Oras Palawan'', ''24 Oras Socsksargen'' and ''24 Oras Central Mindanao''), Kapampangan (''24 Oras Central Luzon''), Bicolano (''24 Oras Bikol''), Hiligaynon (''24 Oras Western Visayas'' and ''24 Oras Negros'') and Chavacano (''24 Oras Chavacano'') except for ''24 Oras Negros'' using the current and different version of the GMA News slogan "Walang Kinikilingan. Walang Pinoprotektahan. Noon at Ngayon, Serbisyong Totoo" (Hiligaynon: "Sa Pag-alagad sang Pumuluyong Pilipino sa Negros") before the start of headlines. ===Current regional editions=== As of November 10, 2014. ====Luzon==== *''[[:en:One North Central Luzon|24 Oras Ilokano]]''{{ref|1a|1}} (GMA [[Ilocos]]) Delivered in Ilocano - Anchored by '''Jorge Guerrero''' and '''Ivy Hernando'''. *''24 Oras Northern Luzon''{{ref|2a|2}} (GMA [[Baguio]]) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Dhobie de Guzman''' and '''Maira Wallis'''. *''[[:en:One North Central Luzon|24 Oras North Central Luzon]]''{{ref|3a|3}} (GMA [[Dagupan]]) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''CJ Torida''' and '''Joyce Segui'''. *''24 Oras Cagayan Valley''{{ref|4a|4}} (GMA [[Santiago, Isabela|Cauayan-Santiago]]) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Darlene Gemino-Ballad''' and '''Harris Julio'''. *''24 Oras Central Luzon''{{ref|5a|5}} (GMA [[Pampanga]]) Delivered in Kapampangan - Anchored by '''Gracie Rutao''' and '''Nicolette Henson-Hizon'''. *''24 Oras Southern Tagalog''{{ref|6a|6}} (GMA [[Batangas]]) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Ace Medrano''' and '''Kris Saunar'''. *''24 Oras Palawan''{{ref|7a|7}} (GMA [[Palawan]]) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Jay Zabanal''' and '''Lynette dela Cruz'''. *''[[:en:Balitang Bicolandia|24 Oras Bikol]]''{{ref|8a|8}} (GMA [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Bicol]]) Delivered in Bicolano - Anchored by '''Elmer Caseles''', '''Jessie Cruzat''' and '''Kate Delovieres'''. ====Visayas==== *''[[:en:Ratsada Balita|24 Oras Western Visayas]]''{{ref|9a|9}} (GMA [[Iloilo]]) Delivered in Hiligaynon - Anchored by '''Gerthrode Charlotte-Tan''' and '''Atty. Jobert Peñaflorida'''. *''24 Oras Negros''{{ref|10a|10}} (GMA [[Bacolod]]) Delivered in Hiligaynon - Anchored by '''Ryan Gamboa''', '''Adrian Prietos''' and '''Barbara Mijares'''. *''[[:en:Balitang Bisdak|24 Oras Central Visayas]]''{{ref|11a|11}} (GMA [[Cebu]] / [[Dumaguete]]) Delivered in Cebuano - Anchored by '''Leo Lastimosa''' and '''Atty. Rose Versoza'''. *''24 Oras Eastern Visayas''{{ref|12a|12}} (GMA [[Tacloban]]-[[Ormoc]]) Delivered in Waray - Anchored by '''Ranulfo Docdocan''' and '''Bob Abellanosa'''. ====Mindanao==== *''24 Oras Chavacano''{{ref|13a|13}} (GMA [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]]) Delivered in Chavacano - Anchored by '''Jewel Reyes''' and '''Noning Antonio'''. * ''[[:en:One Mindanao|24 Oras Northern Mindanao]]''{{ref|14a|14}} (GMA [[Northern Mindanao]]) Delivered in Cebuano - Anchored by '''Kenneth Ragpala''', '''Cyril Chaves''' and '''Joe Legaspina'''. * ''[[:en:One Mindanao|24 Oras Southern Mindanao]]''{{ref|15a|15}} (GMA [[Davao City|Davao]]) Delivered in Cebuano - Anchored by '''Tek Ocampo''' and '''Sarah Hilomen-Velasco'''. *''24 Oras Socsksargen''{{ref|16a|16}} (GMA [[General Santos]]) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Jay Dayupay''' and '''Jennifer Solis'''. *''24 Oras Caraga''{{ref|17a|17}} (GMA [[Butuan]]) Delivered in Cebuano - Anchored by '''Richmond Hinayon''' and '''Charmaine Awitan'''. *''24 Oras Central Mindanao''{{ref|18a|18}} (GMA [[Cotabato]]) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Jasper Acosta''' and '''Lore Mae Andong'''. ====Notes==== * {{ref|1a|1}}Simulcast on DWRC 1269 Super Radyo Laoag. * {{ref|2a|2}}Simulcast on DWBB 1413 Super Radyo Baguio. * {{ref|3a|3}}Simulcast on DZSD 1548 Super Radyo Dagupan. * {{ref|4a|4}}Simulcast on DZCS 1224 Super Radyo Cauayan-Santiago. * {{ref|5a|5}}Simulcast on DZPB 910 Super Radyo Batangas. * {{ref|6a|6}}Simulcast on DWGV 792 Super Radyo Pampanga. * {{ref|7a|7}}Simulcast on DYSP 909 Super Radyo Puerto Princesa. * {{ref|8a|8}}Simulcast on DZBC 1030 Super Radyo Naga. * {{ref|9a|9}}Simulcast on DYSI 1323 Super Radyo Iloilo. * {{ref|10a|10}}Simulcast on DYSB 1341 Super Radyo Bacolod. * {{ref|11a|11}}Simulcast on DYSS 999 Super Radyo Cebu. * {{ref|12a|12}}Simulcast on DYPL 579 Super Radyo Tacloban-Ormoc. * {{ref|13a|13}}Simulcast on DXDZ 1242 Super Radyo Cagayan de Oro. * {{ref|14a|14}}Simulcast on DXCR 1092 Super Radyo Butuan. * {{ref|15a|15}}Simulcast on DXGM 1125 Super Radyo Davao. * {{ref|16a|16}}Simulcast on DXBB 1107 Super Radyo General Santos. * {{ref|17a|17}}Simulcast on DXRC 1287 Super Radyo Zamboanga. * {{ref|18a|18}}Simulcast on DXYC 1490 Super Radyo Cotabato. ===Previous regional versions=== *''24 Oras Laoag'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Ilokano)}} *''24 Oras Baguio'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Northern Luzon)}} *''24 Oras Dagupan'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras North Central Luzon)}} *''24 Oras Tuguegarao/Isabela'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Cagayan Valley)}} *''24 Oras Kapampangan/Pampanga'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Central Luzon)}} *''24 Oras Katagalugan'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Southern Tagalog)}} *''Palawan 24 Oras'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Palawan)}} *''24 Oras Naga/Legazpi'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Bikol)}} *''24 Oras Iloilo'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Western Visayas)}} *''24 Oras 13'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Panay then 24 Oras Bacolod until renamed 24 Oras Negros)}} *''24 Oras Bacolod'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Negros)}} *''24 Oras Panay'' {{small|(would comprise 24 Oras Western Visayas and 24 Oras Negros)}} *''24 Oras Cebu/Dumaguete'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Central Visayas)}} *''24 Oras Tacloban'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Eastern Visayas)}} *''24 Oras Northern Samar'' {{small|(fused in late 2011 into 24 Oras Tacloban and later 24 Oras Eastern Visayas)}} *''24 Oras Zamboanga'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Chavacano)}} *''24 Oras Cagayan de Oro/Iligan/Tres Oras'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Northern Mindanao)}} *''24 Oras Pagadian'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Northwestern Mindanao, then replaced into Tres Oras)}} *''24 Oras Mindanao'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Davao then reverted to it's original title until renamed 24 Oras Southern Mindanao)}} *''24 Oras General Santos'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Socsksargen)}} *''24 Oras Butuan'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Caraga)}} *''24 Oras Cotabato'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Central Mindanao)}} ==Related pages== * [[List of accolades received by 24 Oras|List of accolades received by ''24 Oras'']] ==Other websites== * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Official site|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/shows/24oras}} * {{IMDb title|764672}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:2004 television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s Philippine television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s Philippine television series]] [[Category:2000s television news programs]] [[Category:2010s Philippine television series]] [[Category:2010s television news programs]] [[Category:2020s Philippine television series]] [[Category:2020s television news programs]] [[Category:Philippine television series]] [[Category:Television news programs]] mcfnjxeus2dlzk8ex0i9kz3fefooere 0 984088 10966857 10618108 2026-08-18T17:17:21Z Canadachick 1633172 10966857 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Silky Spitz''' (in [[German language|German]]: '''Seidenspitz''') was a [[breed]] of [[dog]]. It was also known as the '''Silky-Haired Spitz'''. The dog was bred in [[Germany]] around 1800. It was created by mating the white [[Pomeranian dog|Pomeranian]] with the [[Maltese (dog)|Maltese]]. The Silky Spitz had a pure white colored [[Coat (dog)|coat]]. It had the long silky hair of the Maltese and pricked ears of the Pomeranian. The nose and eyes of the dog were both very black. The Silky Spitz was a delicate dog. It had feet similar to those of a [[rabbit]]. The dog was about the size of the Pomeranian. To make the dogs look more Pomeranian, the paws, ears and face were [[Grooming|trimmed]], This was because these areas were hairy like the Maltese. Breeding in Germany died out between [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]. There were some possible reasons for this. One of these is that the breed had small [[Literacy|litters]]. there were usually only two puppies per litter. [[Inbreeding]], a small number of breeders and [[Disease|diseases]] are also believed to be reasons for this.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seidenspitz Dog Breed Information and Pictures|url=https://www.dogbreedinfo.com/seidenspitz.htm|access-date=2022-12-21|website=www.dogbreedinfo.com}}</ref> From 2005, the Seidenspitz was bred in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The International Seidenspitz Foundation|url=https://unleashmagazine.com/features/item/218-the-international-seidenspitz-foundation|access-date=2022-12-21|website=unleashmagazine.com|archive-date=2022-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221171727/https://unleashmagazine.com/features/item/218-the-international-seidenspitz-foundation|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Silky Spitz in popular culture == * In the ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'' episode ''A Dog Day Afternoon'', the puppy that Oggy adopts as his familiar puppy resembles a hairless Silky Spitz. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Dog breeds]] {{biology-stub}} 9t2lypfvup978r07f2if9vnu29moh4l 0 989080 10967284 9578347 2026-08-19T06:49:32Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rie Tomimatsu''' (born on November 26, 1985<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=ポッピンレコード|url=http://www.poppin.jp/poppin/artists/rie/bio.html|access-date=2023-02-13|website=www.poppin.jp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=『Rie a.k.a. Suzaku ｢World Journey｣レビュー』|url=https://ameblo.jp/mtnbtd/entry-12646838971.html|access-date=2023-02-15|website=ミツのロックなライブレポート|language=ja}}</ref>), known professionally as Rie a.k.a Suzaku (In Japanese, リエ エー・ケー・エー スザク), is a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] [[Guitar|guitarist]], singer, and songwriter.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-07|title=Rie a.k.a. Suzaku - Top Runner|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/article/151941-rie-a-k-a-suzaku-top-runner.html|access-date=2023-02-15|website=JaME}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|date=2019-10-15|title=Kanade Sato – Interview|url=https://thealljapanshow.wordpress.com/2019/10/15/kanade-sato-interview/|access-date=2023-02-15|website=The All Japan Show|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-07|title=JaME's Girls Metal Playlist|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/article/154133-jame-s-girls-metal-playlist.html|access-date=2023-02-15|website=JaME}}</ref> She is the first female to be a solo Japanese heavy metal guitarist.<ref name=":2" /> Suzaku won a gold medal at the national Guitar competition. Her [[record label]] is Poppin Records. She has released five [[Album|albums]] and six mini albums.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Rie a.k.a. Suzaku - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives|url=https://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Rie_a.k.a._Suzaku/3540347036|access-date=2023-02-15|website=www.metal-archives.com}}</ref> In 2019, she started a band called the Muses.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-22|title=New Band: Muses|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/161222-new-band-muses.html|access-date=2023-02-15|website=JaME}}</ref> Suzaku has sixteen solo albums and one album with the Muses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rie a.k.a. Suzaku - TOWER RECORDS ONLINE|url=https://tower.jp/artist/discography/1791607|access-date=2023-02-15|website=tower.jp|archive-date=2023-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215231331/https://tower.jp/artist/discography/1791607|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is one of Shinko Music W100 Guitarist's 100 Females.<ref name=":0">書籍W100ギタリスト『女性プロファイル100』2011年1月31日発売P116 - 119</ref> == Early life == Suzaku was born in Kawasaki Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Angeline|first=Myki|title=Celebrating Asian Pacific Heritage Month With These Female Artists You Should Know – the WiMN {{!}} The Women's International Music Network|url=https://www.thewimn.com/celebrating-asian-pacific-heritage-month-with-these-female-artists-you-should-know/|access-date=2023-02-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215231330/https://www.thewimn.com/celebrating-asian-pacific-heritage-month-with-these-female-artists-you-should-know/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her sister Emi Tomimatsu important to her childhood life.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Rie a.k.a. Suzaku{{!}} 激ロック インタビュー|url=https://gekirock.com/interview/2017/05/rie_aka_suzaku.php|access-date=2023-02-15|website=激ロック ラウドロック・ポータル}}</ref> Her sister got a [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]] when Suzaku was four years old. Her parents taught her about heavy metal music.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=(旧)キャプテン和田の劇的メタル: 第 230： 初登場！レディース・ギタリスト、Rie a.k.a. Suzaku　|url=http://airplug.cocolog-nifty.com/captain/2010/12/230-rie-aka-suz.html|access-date=2023-02-13|website=airplug.cocolog-nifty.com}}</ref> Her father is a guitarist.<ref name=":7" /> Her parents played [[Bon Jovi]], [[Aerosmith]], and Camel in their house.<ref name=":7" /> She liked music by [[X Japan]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2022-05-11|title=MARTY FRIEDMAN × RIE A.K.A. SUZAKU SPECIAL INTERVIEW (Part 1)|url=https://www.jacksonguitars.jp/blog/2022/5/marty-friedman-x-rie-aka-suzaku-special-interview-2/1376/|access-date=2023-02-15|website=Jackson Guitars Japan|language=ja}}</ref> When a member of X Japan, [[Hide (musician)|Hide]], visited a sick child, Suzaku learned that music could help sick people feel better.<ref name=":7" /> She wanted to play music.<ref name=":7" /> In [[middle school]] she joined her school's [[classical guitar]] group.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=MARTY FRIEDMAN × RIE A.K.A. SUZAKU SPECIAL INTERVIEW (Part 2)|url=https://www.jacksonguitars.jp/blog/2022/5/marty-friedman-x-rie-aka-suzaku-special-interview-2/1376/|access-date=2023-02-15|website=Jackson Guitars Japan|language=ja}}</ref> The group worked hard.<ref name=":9" /> They [[Practice|practiced]] two times every day.<ref name=":9" /> She also started learning to play rock and metal on her guitar.<ref name=":7" /> She learned to play [[rock music]] by ear.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> This means she listened to music and played what she heard. She did not have [[sheet music]] for heavy metal music.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> In high school Suzaku wanted a band.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":7" /> No one wanted to join her band.<ref name=":9" /> She kept practicing alone.<ref name=":9" /> Boys did not like playing guitar with her.<ref name=":9" /> After high school Suzaku attended the Muse Conservatory of Music.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /> Again, none of her classmates played metal music.<ref name=":7" /> == Career == Suzaku started her career by winning a gold medal at the national guitar competition. Suzaku then switched to the [[electric guitar]] to continue her career. She then entered a music college to learn how to sing.<ref name=":1" /> She joined her first band. Suzaku continued her career by signed her songs with Poppin Records.<ref name=":1" /> She then decided to continue her [[career]] as a [[Solo (music)|soloist.]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Rie a.k.a. Suzaku|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/artist/2370/rie-a-k-a-suzaku|access-date=2023-01-13|website=JaME}}</ref> Suzaku does a lot of [[Composer|composing]].<ref name=":7" /> Suzaky uses keyboard to compose music, not guitar.<ref name=":8" /> She played on an Electone keyboard.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> She was only interested in heavy metal music, but then she started listening to other music.<ref name=":7" /> Soon, she began writing many kinds of music.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2019-05-28|title=Rie A.K.A. Suzaku – Interview (Dual Language Interview)|url=https://thealljapanshow.wordpress.com/2019/05/28/rie-a-k-a-suzaku-interview-dual-language-interview/|access-date=2023-02-15|website=The All Japan Show|language=en-GB}}</ref> Suzaku believes that [[genre]] is not important in music.<ref name=":8" /> She works with other popular musicians, for example: Ibuki, Dia, Mitsuru Sutoh, Shingo Tanaka, Mayumu Hidaka and Kanade Sato.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-02-18|title=Rie a.k.a Suzaku: Fantastical Guitarchitecture|url=https://raijinrock.com/rie-a-k-a-suzaku-fantastical-guitarchitecture/|access-date=2023-02-15|website=Raijin Rock|language=en-US}}</ref> Suzaku has five full length albums and six [[extended play]] albums.<ref name=":5" /> She released her first [[album]] in 2010.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> It was called Messiah.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> Her first full album was ''Kingdom of the Sun.''<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2015-10-14|title=New Album from Rie a.k.a. Suzaku|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/134716-new-album-from-rie-a-k-a-suzaku.html|access-date=2023-02-15|website=JaME}}</ref> It was all music made with instruments, no people sang on the album.<ref name=":11" /> Her second full album, ''Noah's Ark,'' had many different people singing songs.<ref name=":11" /> Suzaku started with a band called Ran.<ref name=":10" /> She then moved to a solo career.<ref name=":10" /> Suzaku created a band called RiViNi in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-27|title=Rie a.k.a. Suzaku Joins New Band|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/140797-rie-a-k-a-suzaku-joins-new-band.html|access-date=2023-02-15|website=JaME}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> They played together for two years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RiViNi|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/artist/2911/rivini|access-date=2023-02-15|website=JaME}}</ref> Their album, ''Resistance,'' came out in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-07|title=Debut Mini-Album from RiViNi|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/145808-debut-mini-album-from-rivini.html|access-date=2023-02-15|website=JaME}}</ref> In 2019, Suzaku signed with King Records and released ''Top Runner.''<ref name=":3" /> She also started a band called ''The Muses''.<ref name=":6" /> Suzaku has an ''[[Instrumental]] Summit'' concert series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-22|title=New Mini-Album from Rie a.k.a. Suzaku|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/138319-new-mini-album-from-rie-a-k-a-suzaku.html|access-date=2023-02-15|website=JaME}}</ref> She has also written and performed some music for wrestling competitions.<ref name=":7" /> In 2019, Suzaku performed at the first ''Metal Matsuri'' in [[London|London, UK]].<ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=Rie a.k.a. Suzaku at Metal Matsuri, London|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/article/152428-rie-a-k-a-suzaku-at-metal-matsuri-london.html|access-date=2023-02-15|website=JaME}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Japanese guitarists]] [[Category:Japanese singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Heavy metal guitarists]] [[Category:Heavy metal singers]] gapzuwdculy6cu7csv79hi5n0xql54x 0 994729 10967056 10946953 2026-08-18T22:55:19Z ~2026-45143-28 1857686 /* */ 10967056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jade Weber''' (born 7 March 2005) is a French model living in the [[United States]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jade Weber|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8720449/bio|access-date=2023-02-10|website=IMDb|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox model|name=Jade Weber|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|mf=yes|2005|3|7}}|birth_place=[[Hong Kong]]|nationality=[[French people|French]]|alias=|occupation=[[Model (person)|Model]], social media personality<ref>{{Cite web|title=Instagram|url=https://www.instagram.com/jade_weber_official/}}</ref> |years_active=2014–present|partner=|children=|website=|height={{height|m=1.69}}|haircolor=Blonde|eyecolor=Blue|agency=La Models Youth}} == Early life == Weber was born in [[Hong Kong]] to [[French people|French]] parents. She's been dancing since an early age.<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-TALENTA|url=https://www.e-talenta.eu/members/profile/jade-weber|access-date=2023-02-10|website=www.e-talenta.eu}}</ref> == Career == Jade Weber was introduced to the idea of modeling when she was 9 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introducing Super Model Jade Weber|url=http://www.wildchildmagazine.us/5/post/2016/09/september-20th-2016.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=Wild Child Magazine|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the time, her brothers - Matthieu and Thibault - needed headshots for an audition. Their photographer thought she should become a model, took a picture of Jade, and sent it to her sister, her sister was the director of a modeling agency. Weber is represented by three agencies: LA Models Youth, Monster Management (in Italy), and Division Model (in the Netherlands). She has worked with brands such as [[Forever 21]], H&M, Hudson Jeans, [[Ralph Lauren]], Levi's, Abercrombie and Fitch, Justice, Bloomingdale's, Miss Behave Girl, Nordstrom, Kohl's, Modern Queen Kids, Guess, and Tilly's.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Learn about Jade Weber|url=https://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/jade-weber.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=Famous Birthdays|language=en}}</ref> She has also been featured in magazines, including Hooligans Magazine, Vogue, and Poster Child Mag. In 2017, she was nominated by ENewsOf as one of the ten most beautiful kids in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-14|title=Posta Kids Club: самые красивые дети мира и их взрослые модели-«прототипы»|url=https://posta-magazine.ru/article/lofficiel-kids-influencers-list/|access-date=2023-02-10|website=Posta-Magazine}}</ref> She has appeared in some music videos, including MattyBRaps' "Moment",<ref>{{Citation|title=MattyBRaps - Moment| date=23 August 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgxBs4Kn1Q8|language=en|access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref> Spirix's "Runaway"<ref>{{Citation|title=Spirix feat. Xuitcasecity - Runaway (Official Music Video)| date=15 March 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKStEKXlkVk|language=en|access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref> and Hayden Summerall's music video for his cover of The Weeknd's "Can't Feel My Face." Her goal is to cooperate with Dior and [[Chanel]] and when she grows up she wants to be an actress or a lawyer. == Cooperations == * Forever 21 * [[Hennes & Mauritz|H&M]] * Hudson * Ralph Lauren Chaps * Abercrombie and Fitch * [[Levi Strauss & Co.|Levi’s]] * Justice * Miss Behave Girl * Bloomingdales * [[Nordstrom]] * [[Kohl's|Kohl’s]] * Modern Queen Kids * Tillys * [[Guess (clothing)|Guess]] * Real-U Australia == Filmography == * Color my dreams (2016) * Les Inconnus: Escape (2018) == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name|8720449}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Weber, Jade}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:French models]] [[Category:Living people]] crrylpa3kgacc7ndzp2v4ve8xbwd8od 0 998858 10966732 10939513 2026-08-18T16:03:27Z Unit dimension 11 1857484 /* */ correction 10966732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}} '''Jadaun or Jadon''' is a Rajput clan of the Chandravanshi lineage.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHVDAAAAYAAJ&q=yaduvanshi+jadon|title=Journal of Indian History|last=They are Rajputs of Jadon class (Yaduvanshi) It would appear that, after Krishna, his clansmen scattered themselves, and many of them settled down beyond the Indus; one of their successors, Salivahan, founded a capital after his name in the south of the Punjab, which is now known as Sialkot.|date=1986|publisher=Department of History, University of Kerala|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIU3EAAAQBAJ&dq=jadon+yaduvanshi&pg=PA25|title=History of Mewat|last=Ahmad|first=Dr Aijaz|date=2021-07-09|publisher=Alina Books|isbn=978-81-933914-2-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ygn0AEACAAJ|title=Hand-Book on Rajputs: History and Origin, Geographical Distribution, Religion, Custom, and Festivals|last=Bingley|first=Alfred Horsford|date=2023-10-06|publisher=Manohar Publishers|isbn=978-93-94262-74-4|language=en}}</ref> The Jadauns are ruled major parts of [[Mathura]] and later shifted to Bayana and [[Karauli Princely State|Karauli]] of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-4sgbfdutMC&dq=jadon+rajputs&pg=PA54|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|last1=Kumar|first1=Dharma|last2=Habib|first2=Irfan|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-81-250-2731-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaur*|first1=Navpreet|last2=Aulakh|first2=Dr. Inderdeep Kaur|last3=Malhotra|first3=Meenakshi|date=2019-11-30|title=Proposed Sensing -Transmission Model for Uncoordinated Cognitive Radios|url=https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c5555.118419|journal=International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)|volume=8|issue=4|pages=5596–5607|doi=10.35940/ijrte.c5555.118419|issn=2277-3878}}</ref> They falsely claim to be the descendants of the Hindu deity [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntFjEQAAQBAJ&dq=krishna+yaduvanshi+jadaun&pg=PA24|title=Cultural Heritage of Mewat|last=Although, the Jadon Rajputs claim their origin from Lord Krishna, but the dynasty became more popular at the time of Muhammad Ghori and his successor Iltutmish. In the eleventh century, an influential Rajput named Vijay Pal, the descendant of Dharam Pal of around 800 AD (the introducer of the term Pala and the 77th descent from the Lord Krishna), established as king of Bayana and also founded a new city Vijaymandgarh or Vijaygarh. He was the first claimant of Jadon Rajput family and also claimed that he was the 88th descendant of Lord Krishna, the ruler of the country known as Braj around Mathura.|first=Aijaz Ahmad|date=2020-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-93-86682-72-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzcrDwAAQBAJ&dq=jadon+rajputs&pg=PA100|title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=2017-07-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-55825-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BFuAAAAMAAJ&q=jadon+ahir|title=The Jats Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India · Volume 2|last=Suraj Mal|first=Memorial Education Society|publisher=the University of Michigan|year=2004|pages=110 |isbn=978-81-88629-51-0 }}</ref> There are a large number of Jadaun Rajput villages around Mathura, Aligarh, Bulandshahar , Agra, Etah, Firozabad and other major areas in Braj area in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NzXEAAAQBAJ&dq=jadaun+yaduvanshi&pg=PA82|title=Madan Mohan: An Enchanting Saga|last=Bharti|first=Sushant|date=2024-03-26|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=979-8-88762-100-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZuAAAAMAAJ&q=jadon+yaduvanshi|title=Glimpses of Bhāratiya History|last=Kushwaha|first=Rajendra Singh|date=2003|publisher=Ocean Books|isbn=978-81-88322-40-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T42fAAAAMAAJ&q=jadon+yaduvanshi|title=Sangeet Natak|date=1988|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Maharaja Ganesh Pal Deo Bahadur Yadukul Chandrabhal of Karauli State.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ganeshpal Deo Yadukul Chandrabhal Jadaun of Karauli State]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Clans]] [[Category:Indian Hindus]] [[Category:Hindu mythology]] [[Category:Ethnic groups]] [[Category:Rajputs]] iqu6d2vdpetvx3oopuad0j786optcc4 3 999595 10966587 8717937 2026-08-18T13:34:06Z JAAqqO is the worst 1857426 10966587 wikitext text/x-wiki 10966589 10966587 2026-08-18T13:34:29Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/JAAqqO is the worst|JAAqqO is the worst]] ([[User talk:JAAqqO is the worst|talk]]) to last version by Sakura emad 8717937 wikitext text/x-wiki == March 2023 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Fair use]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Sakura emad|🌸 Sakura emad 💖]] ([[User talk:Sakura emad|talk]]) 19:58, 9 March 2023 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you won't get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 8nul065pps9axgiaqdgnx8qr459aiii 0 1003587 10967075 10713145 2026-08-18T23:50:57Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Princess Märtha Louise of Norway}} {{Infobox royalty | image = Märtha of Norway 1929.jpg | caption = Princess Märtha in 1929 | name = Märtha | title = Crown Princess of Norway | full name = Märtha Sofia Lovisa Dagmar Thyra<ref name = "Norwegian Royal House web">{{cite web |url=http://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=28675 |title=Crown Princess Märtha (1901-1954) |work=Norwegian Royal House |access-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030151/http://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=28675 |archive-date=2018-06-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_name = Princess Märtha of Sweden and Norway | birth_date = {{Birth date|1901|3|28|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Arvfurstens palats|Palace of the Hereditary Prince]], [[Stockholm]], Sweden | death_date ={{Death date and age|1954|4|5|1901|3|28|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Rikshospitalet|The National Hospital]], [[Oslo]], Norway | burial_date =21 April 1954 | burial_place = [[Akershus Castle]], Norway | father = [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland]] | mother = [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]] | house = [[House of Bernadotte|Bernadotte]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Olav V of Norway|Olav, Crown Prince of Norway]] (later King Olav V)|21 March 1929}} | issue = {{plainlist| * [[Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen]] * [[Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner]] * [[Harald V of Norway]] }} }} [[File:Blason_de_la_princesse_Märtha_de_Suède.svg|thumb|right|170px|[[Coat of arms|Arms]] of Princess Märtha of Sweden and Norway]] '''Princess Märtha of Sweden''' (Märtha Sofia Lovisa Dagmar Thyra; 28 March 1901 &ndash; 5 April 1954) was [[Crown Princess]] of [[Norway]] She was the wife of the future [[Olav V of Norway|King Olav V]] from 1929 until her death in 1954. The current [[Harald V of Norway|King Harald V]] is her only son. Princess Märtha was also a sister of [[Astrid of Sweden|Queen Astrid of Belgium]], and a maternal aunt of [[Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium|Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg]], [[King of the Belgians|King]] [[Baudouin of Belgium]] and [[King]] [[Albert II of Belgium]]. == Early life == [[File:H. K. H. Prinsessan Ingeborg med Prinsessorna Margareta, Märta och Astrid (1910).jpg|thumb|left|Princess Märtha (right) with her [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark|mother]] and sisters]] Märtha was born at her parents' home of [[Arvfurstens Palats]] in [[Stockholm]] on 28 March 1901, the second child of [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland|Prince Carl of Sweden, Duke of Västergötland]], and his wife [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]]. Her father was the younger brother of King [[Gustav V of Sweden]] (making her a first cousin twice removed of the present King of Sweden) and her mother was the younger sister of King [[Christian X of Denmark]] and of King [[Haakon VII of Norway]]. Märtha had an elder sister, [[Princess Margaretha of Sweden|Princess Margaretha of Denmark]], a younger sister, [[Astrid of Sweden|Queen Astrid of the Belgians]], and a younger brother, [[Prince Carl Bernadotte]]. Märtha grew up to be much more confident and outgoing and so the daughter most admired by her mother.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sparre |first=Anna |title=Astrid mon amie |year=2005 |lang=fr |oclc=690838160 |isbn=2874155160}}</ref> As a child, Märtha was taught at home by private tutors and completed courses in childcare and [[first aid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/royalfamily/thebernadottedynasty/princessmartha.4.164e81b015607465dc12f46.html|title=Princess Märtha (1901-54)|work=Swedish Royal Court|access-date=2023-04-02|archive-date=2019-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713140537/https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/royalfamily/thebernadottedynasty/princessmartha.4.164e81b015607465dc12f46.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She and her sisters were occasionally seen shopping unaccompanied on the streets of Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kungligaslotten.se/english/articles-movies-360/tullgarn-palace/2021-06-30-the-czars-family-visit-their-relatives.html |title=www.kungligaslotten.se |access-date=2023-04-02 |archive-date=2024-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528225541/https://www.kungligaslotten.se/english/articles-movies-360/tullgarn-palace/2021-06-30-the-czars-family-visit-their-relatives.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Crown Princess == During the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] in [[Amsterdam]], Princess Märtha of Sweden became engaged to her first and second cousin, [[Olav V|Prince Olav]], the only son and [[heir apparent]] of her uncle the King of Norway and grandson of her grandfather King [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]]'s [[Alexandra of Denmark|younger sister]]. News of the engagement was very well received. An excellent match for strengthening royal ties, it was also clearly a match based on love.<ref name = "Norwegian Royal House web" /> Initially, her younger sister, Astrid, was expected to marry Olav, being younger than Olav by two years, while Märtha was two years older. Astrid was also considered more beautiful, but she instead married the [[Leopold III of Belgium|future King of the Belgians Leopold III]]. [[File:75. Den Norske Kronprinsfamilie - no-nb digifoto 20160111 00007 bldsa pk kgl0039.jpg|left|thumb|Märtha with her [[Olav V of Norway|husband]] and elder daughter Princess Ragnhild]] Following a year-long engagement, she married Crown Prince Olav in [[Oslo Cathedral]] on 21 March 1929. Märtha's was the first [[royal wedding]] in Norway in 340 years. The marriage is widely believed to have been a success due in large part to their genuine mutual love. They had three children: [[Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen|Ragnhild]] (1930&ndash;2012); [[Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner|Astrid]] (b. 1932); and the much awaited heir, [[Harald V of Norway|Harald]] (b. 1937).<ref name = "Norwegian Royal House web" /> Crown Princess Märtha soon became a popular and respected member of the [[Norwegian royal family|royal family]]. She performed a range of official engagements. She also gave many speeches, unusual for royal females in that era.<ref name = "Norwegian Royal House web" /> Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway lived at the country estate of [[Skaugum]]. It was a wedding gift from Baron [[Fritz Wedel Jarlsberg]]. When the main house at Skaugum was destroyed by fire in 1930, the Crown Princess was actively involved in its rebuilding.<ref name = "Norwegian Royal House web" /> Tragedy struckin 1935 when her sister Queen Astrid of the Belgians<ref>[https://www.monarchie.be/en/for-children/the-king-the-queen-and-their-family www.monarchie.be]</ref> was killed in a car crash. The two sisters had been very close. Later King Olav said that it took his wife more than ten years to come to terms with her sister's death. He did not think that she ever really got over it. Märtha and elder sister Margaretha became a great support for Astrid's children in Belgium. In 1939, shortly before the outbreak of [[World War II]], the Crown Prince and Princess visited the [[United States]]. The couple befriended [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] and his wife, [[Eleanor Roosevelt|Eleanor]]. In 1938 upon the death of her mother-in-law, [[Maud of Wales|Queen Maud]], Crown Princess Märtha became the royal Norwegian court's senior lady.<ref name = "Norwegian Royal House web" /> ===World War II=== Crown Princess Märtha contributed greatly towards Norway mobilizing for self-defence by making a public announcement on 26 January 1940. She encouraged Norwegian women to participate in the mobilization work.<ref name = "The diary of the war">{{cite book |title=Krigens Dagbok : Norge 1940-1945 (The diary of the war) |lang=no |year=1984 |last1=Voksø |first1=Per |last2=Berg |first2=John |oclc=681997708}}</ref> During the flight from the [[Norwegian campaign|German invasion]] in 9–10 April 1940, the Norwegian government decided that the Crown Princess and her children were to flee across the border to her native Sweden while her husband and father-in-law remained. When they arrived at the Swedish border, they were first denied entry because they could not provide passports. She then instructed her driver to run through the border gate, thus gaining entry into her native Sweden.<ref name="nbl.snl.no">{{cite web |last1=Langslet |first1=Lars Roar |title=Märtha Sofia Lovisa Dagmar Thyra |url=https://nbl.snl.no/M%C3%A4rtha_Sofia_Lovisa_Dagmar_Thyra |website=Norsk biografisk leksikon |language=nb |date=2020-10-27}}</ref> In Sweden she stayed at first at a tourist hotel in [[Sälen]], before travelling on to Stockholm where her parents and relatives lived. Her presence in Sweden became problematic. Some people considered her presence put [[Sweden during World War II|Sweden's neutrality]] in jeopardy. President Roosevelt then offered her a personal invitation to the United States. Her uncle, King [[Gustav V]] of Sweden, telegraphed her father-in-law King Haakon and advised against the trip, but Märtha insisted on accepting the invitation.<ref name="nbl.snl.no"/> Roosevelt sent the US Army transport {{SS|American Legion||2}} to the then [[Finland|Finnish]] port city of [[Pechengsky District|Petsamo]] to pick her up. In the U.S., she and her children initially stayed at the [[White House]]. Crown Prince Olav accompanied his father to the [[United Kingdom]] with the Norwegian government-in-exile. Thus the Norwegian royal couple, like many other couples during that time, were separated for much of the war. [[File:Eleanor Roosevelt and the Royal Family of Norway with Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Thomas Watson - NARA - 195657.tif|thumb|Crown Princess Märtha (2nd from right) in 1944, with (from left to right) her husband Crown Prince Olav, [[Princess Juliana of the Netherlands]], Eleanor Roosevelt (center), and [[Thomas J. Watson]]]] In August 1941, Crown Princess Märtha traveled with President Roosevelt aboard the presidential yacht, {{USS|Potomac|AG-25|6}}, and sailed to [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] and the [[Atlantic Charter]] meetings with [[Winston Churchill]]. Princess Märtha spent much of World War II in the United States. She worked tirelessly to keep up support for Norway among the American public and government. === Post-war period === When she returned to Norway following the war in 1945, Princess Märtha received a hero's welcome and was referred to as "Mother of the Nation". She wholly embraced her role as Crown Princess of Norway and made tremendous efforts towards ensuring the stability and well-being of all Norwegians. As [[Haakon VII of Norway|King Haakon]]’s health declined, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess assumed a growing number of official engagements. The Crown Princess became involved in many official tasks, and even made the annual New Year’s Eve speeches in 1946 and 1950. <ref name = "Norwegian Royal House web" /> After the war, Crown Princess Märtha suffered from poor health.<ref name = "Norwegian Royal House web" /> ==Death== After a long period of ill-health, Märtha died of [[cancer]] at [[Rikshospitalet|The National Hospital]] in [[Oslo]] on 5 April 1954 and was buried at [[Akershus Castle]].<ref>[https://www.burkespeerage.com/royalFamily_Norway.php www.burkespeerage.com]</ref> Her death came at the time her elder daughter Princess Ragnhild was expecting her first child and just over three years before her husband ascended the throne as [[King of Norway|King]].<ref name = "Norwegian Royal House web" /> ==Legacy== A 970,000&nbsp;km² area in [[Antarctica]] is named [[Princess Martha Coast]] in her honor. A statue of the [[princess]], created by [[:no:Kirsten Kokkin|Kirsten Kokkin]] was erected outside [[Embassy of Norway in Washington, D.C.|the Norwegian embassy]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 2005. In 2007, a replica of the statue was erected in the courtyard of the [[Royal Palace, Oslo|Royal Palace in Oslo.]] A third replica was erected outside [[The Norwegian Seamen`s Church]] in Stockholm, Sweden, unveiled by her daughter, [[Princess Astrid of Norway|Princess Astrid]] in 2008. This church, ''Kronprinsesse Märthas kirke'' is named after her.{{CN|date=December 2021}} Crown Princess Märtha’s Memorial Fund is a charitable trust administered by the Norwegian Crown. The Crown Princess's youngest daughter, Princess Astrid, serves as chairperson. Initially established as ''Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Märtha’s Fund'' on 1 April 1929, the fund "is to provide financial support to social and humanitarian initiatives carried out by non-governmental organizations." In 2005, the Fund had assets of approximately 28 million [[Norwegian krone]] (NOK), and issued grants totaling about 1.5 million NOK for roughly 300 recipients.<ref>[http://www.kongehuset.no/c27309/artikkel/vis.html?tid=29274 Royal House web page on Crown Princess Märtha’s Memorial Fund] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408171814/http://www.kongehuset.no/c27309/artikkel/vis.html?tid=29274 |date=2008-04-08 }} Retrieved 6 November 2007</ref> Her son [[Harald V of Norway|King Harald V]] named his daughter [[Princess Märtha Louise of Norway|Princess Märtha Louise]] after her grandmother. The popular Swedish [[Layer cake|layer]] [[Princess cake]] was named for Märtha and her two sisters when they were children. The ship [[:no:MS «Kronprinsesse Märtha»|''MS «Kronprinsesse Märtha»'']], launched in 1929, was named after her. This ship which helped to save hundreds of passengers from the sinking German cruise ship ''[[USS Zeppelin (1914)|Dresden]]'' in 1934 has, since 2000, been used as a [[hotel ship]] in Stockholm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cruiseshipodyssey.com/static-ships/kronprinzessin-martha/ |title=Static ships: ''Kronprinzessin Martha'' |website=Cruiseship Odyssey |access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref> Märtha is depicted in the historical docudrama television [[miniseries]], ''[[Atlantic Crossing (TV series)|Atlantic Crossing]],'' a co-production of Cinenord and the state broadcaster, [[NRK]]. ==Ancestry== {{ahnentafel |collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |1= 1. '''Princess Märtha of Sweden''' |2= 2. [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland]] |3= 3. [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]] |4= 4. [[Oscar II of Sweden]] |5= 5. [[Sophia of Nassau|Princess Sophia of Nassau]] |6= 6. [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]] |7= 7. [[Louise of Sweden|Princess Louise of Sweden]] |8= 8. [[Oscar I of Sweden]] |9= 9. [[Josephine of Leuchtenberg|Princess Joséphine of Leuchtenberg]] |10= 10. [[William, Duke of Nassau]] |11= 11. [[Princess Pauline of Württemberg (1810–1856)|Princess Pauline of Württemberg]] |12= 12. [[Christian IX of Denmark]] |13= 13. [[Louise of Hesse-Kassel|Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel]] |14= 14. [[Charles XV of Sweden]] |15= 15. [[Louise of the Netherlands|Princess Louise of the Netherlands]] }} ==References== ===Citations=== {{reflist|30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Bramsen|first=Bo|year=1992|title=Huset Glücksborg. Europas svigerfader og hans efterslægt.|trans-title=The House of Glücksburg. The Father-in-law of Europe and his descendants|edition=2nd|publisher=Forlaget Forum|location=Copenhagen|isbn=87-553-1843-6|language=da}} * {{Cite book|last1=Lerche|first1=Anna|last2=Mandal|first2=Marcus|year=2003|title=A royal family : the story of Christian IX and his European descendants|location=Copenhagen|publisher=Aschehoug|isbn=9788715109577}} {{Refend}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.kongehuset.no/c27314/seksjonstekst_person/vis.html?tid=28674 Website of the Royal House of Norway: Crown Princess Märtha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616095412/http://www.kongehuset.no/c27314/seksjonstekst_person/vis.html?tid=28674 |date=2012-06-16 }} {{House of Bernadotte}} {{Swedish princesses by birth}} {{Norwegian princesses}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Martha Of Sweden, Princess}} [[Category:1901 births]] [[Category:1954 deaths]] [[Category:House of Bernadotte]] [[Category:Norwegian princesses]] [[Category:Swedish princesses|Martha 1901]] [[Category:World War II people]] [[Category:Crown Princesses of Norway]] hyyh9cbzxmviq6nsi7bue9q125e33gs 10 1017630 10967418 9850776 2026-08-19T11:38:48Z ~2026-45382-78 1857943 Labor regained [[Electoral division of Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] at the by election. 10967418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Electoral divisions of the Northern Territory |title = [[Electoral divisions of the Northern Territory|Electoral divisions]] of the [[Northern Territory Legislative Assembly]] |state = {{{state|collapsed}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = [[Country Liberal Party|Country Liberal]] (17) |list1 = *[[Electoral division of Barkly|Barkly]] *[[Electoral division of Blain|Blain]] *[[Electoral division of Braitling|Braitling]] *[[Electoral division of Brennan|Brennan]] *[[Electoral division of Casuarina|Casuarina]] *[[Electoral division of Drysdale|Drysdale]] *[[Electoral division of Fannie Bay|Fannie Bay]] *[[Electoral division of Fong Lim|Fong Lim]] *[[Electoral division of Goyder|Goyder]] *[[Electoral division of Karama|Karama]] *[[Electoral division of Katherine|Katherine]] *[[Electoral division of Namatjira|Namatjira]] *[[Electoral division of Nelson (Northern Territory)|Nelson]] *[[Electoral division of Port Darwin|Port Darwin]] *[[Electoral division of Sanderson|Sanderson]] *[[Electoral division of Spillett|Spillett]] *[[Electoral division of Wanguri|Wanguri]] |group2 = [[Territory Labor Party|Labor]] (4) |list2 = *[[Electoral division of Arafura|Arafura]] *[[Electoral division of Arnhem|Arnhem]] *[[Electoral division of Daly|Daly]] *[[Electoral division of Gwoja|Gwoja]] *[[Electoral division of Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] |group3 = [[Independent politicians in Australia|Independent]] (3) |list3 = *[[Electoral division of Araluen|Araluen]] *[[Electoral division of Johnston|Johnston]] *[[Electoral division of Mulka|Mulka]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Australia electoral subdivision templates|Northern Territory]] [[Category:Electoral divisions of the Northern Territory| ]] </noinclude> nagy166lle129dnsbsdpkm9lsfb5qjw 10967419 10967418 2026-08-19T11:39:23Z ~2026-45382-78 1857943 Minor fixes to this section 10967419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Electoral divisions of the Northern Territory |title = [[Electoral divisions of the Northern Territory|Electoral divisions]] of the [[Northern Territory Legislative Assembly]] |state = {{{state|collapsed}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = [[Country Liberal Party|Country Liberal]] (17) |list1 = *[[Electoral division of Barkly|Barkly]] *[[Electoral division of Blain|Blain]] *[[Electoral division of Braitling|Braitling]] *[[Electoral division of Brennan|Brennan]] *[[Electoral division of Casuarina|Casuarina]] *[[Electoral division of Drysdale|Drysdale]] *[[Electoral division of Fannie Bay|Fannie Bay]] *[[Electoral division of Fong Lim|Fong Lim]] *[[Electoral division of Goyder|Goyder]] *[[Electoral division of Karama|Karama]] *[[Electoral division of Katherine|Katherine]] *[[Electoral division of Namatjira|Namatjira]] *[[Electoral division of Nelson (Northern Territory)|Nelson]] *[[Electoral division of Port Darwin|Port Darwin]] *[[Electoral division of Sanderson|Sanderson]] *[[Electoral division of Spillett|Spillett]] *[[Electoral division of Wanguri|Wanguri]] |group2 = [[Territory Labor Party|Labor]] (5) |list2 = *[[Electoral division of Arafura|Arafura]] *[[Electoral division of Arnhem|Arnhem]] *[[Electoral division of Daly|Daly]] *[[Electoral division of Gwoja|Gwoja]] *[[Electoral division of Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] |group3 = [[Independent politicians in Australia|Independent]] (3) |list3 = *[[Electoral division of Araluen|Araluen]] *[[Electoral division of Johnston|Johnston]] *[[Electoral division of Mulka|Mulka]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Australia electoral subdivision templates|Northern Territory]] [[Category:Electoral divisions of the Northern Territory| ]] </noinclude> 5123t6udgqe3ssf2lgovitv41j6nl8r 2 1020093 10966544 10966352 2026-08-18T12:42:45Z Werner100359 106408 10966544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Filip Aleksić | image = FC Liefering gegen FC Hertha Wels (2026-08-07 Österreich ,Zweite Liga, Runde Zwei ) 43.jpg | fullname = Filip Aleksić | birth_date = {{birth date|2009|06|10|df=y}} | birth_place = | height = 187 cm | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Midfielder]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 20 | youthyears1= 2014- 2026 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2026- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1 = 6 | goals1 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria national under-15 football team|Austria U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2024 -2025 | nationalteam2 = [[Austria national under-16 football team|Austria U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 10 | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalyears3 = 2025 - | nationalteam3 = [[Austria national under-17 football team|Austria U18]] | nationalcaps3 = 13 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | pcupdate = 18 August 2026 }} '''Filip Aleksić''' ( born June 10, 2009) is an Austrian footballer. He plays as [[Midfielder]] for [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Aleksić began his career at [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. Starting in the 2023/24 season, he progressed through all the age groups at the Salzburg academy. He made his debut for FC Liefering in February 2026. He came as a substitute for [[Ilia Ivanschitz]] in the 82nd minute of a match against First Vienna FC on Matchday 19. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/19._Runde,_Saison_2025/26,_FC_Liefering_gegen_First_Vienna_FC FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==International == Aleksić played for an Austrian youth national team for the first time in March 2024 versus Slovakia. He made his debut for the U-17 team against Switzerland in September 2025. He participated in the World Cup with the U-17 squad in 2025. Austria finished the tournament as runners-up. Aleksić made seven appearances. <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/NT-Profile/Spieler/1464895?Filip-Aleksic ÖFB players profile] {{Commonscat|Filip Aleksic}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Aleksić, Filip}} [[Category:2009 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Austrian football midfielders]] tukah8kqfqr8aeadptjib36t6zekn8s 10966663 10966544 2026-08-18T14:58:06Z Werner100359 106408 10966663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Jonas Winklhofer | image = | fullname = | birth_date = {{birth date|2007|11|27|df=y}} | birth_place = | height = 193 cm | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 34 | youthyears1= 2013-2025 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2025- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1 =1 | goals1 = 0 }} '''Jonas Winklhofer''' (born 27 November 2007) is a German footballer. He plays as [[Goalkeeper]] for [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Winklhofer began his career at [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. Starting in the 2021/22 season, he moved through all the age groups at the Salzburg academy. For the 2025/26 season, he was promoted to the squad of the second-division team FC Liefering. He did not make any appearances during his first season. On 31 July 2026, he finally made his debut in the 2. Liga. He started the match against [[Kapfenberg SV|Kapfenberger SV]] on the opening day of the [[2026-27 FC Liefering season|2026/27 season]]. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2026/27,_Kapfenberger_SV_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Winklhofer, Jonas }} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:German footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[ Category:Association football goalkeepers]] 34orpz27fih2y541ezv7shsf1vec5pm 10966960 10966663 2026-08-18T19:51:28Z Werner100359 106408 10966960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ožegović|Ožegović]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said Nišić|Nišić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=11|name=[[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure|Adejenughure]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=13|name=[[Jakob Pokorny|Pokorny]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=15|name=[Alexander Murillo|Murillo]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=17|name=[[Raphael Kosakiewic|Kosakiewic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=18|name=[[Mayker Palacios|Palacios]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=20|name=[[Filip Aleksić|Aleksić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=22|name=[[Miha Matjašec|Matjašec]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=23|name=[[Christoph Schaider|Schaider]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=25|name=[[Riquelme (footballer, born January 2006)|Riquelme ]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=26|name=[[Benedict Scharner|Scharner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=27|name=[[Emil Ganser|Ganser]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=28|name=[[Lassina Traore|Traore]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=30|name=[[Teo Hupfauf|Hupfauf]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=31|name=[[Nikola Sarcevic|Sarcevic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijašević|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} produces: qx1ykjxls5ucnw5ww8j1tmdrhr70seg 10966961 10966960 2026-08-18T19:51:57Z Werner100359 106408 10966961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ožegović|Ožegović]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said Nišić|Nišić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=11|name=[[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure|Adejenughure]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=13|name=[[Jakob Pokorny|Pokorny]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=15|name=[[Alexander Murillo|Murillo]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=17|name=[[Raphael Kosakiewic|Kosakiewic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=18|name=[[Mayker Palacios|Palacios]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=20|name=[[Filip Aleksić|Aleksić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=22|name=[[Miha Matjašec|Matjašec]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=23|name=[[Christoph Schaider|Schaider]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=25|name=[[Riquelme (footballer, born January 2006)|Riquelme ]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=26|name=[[Benedict Scharner|Scharner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=27|name=[[Emil Ganser|Ganser]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=28|name=[[Lassina Traore|Traore]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=30|name=[[Teo Hupfauf|Hupfauf]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=31|name=[[Nikola Sarcevic|Sarcevic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijašević|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} produces: e1578613z06zut65i3hd8fw7o6pseog 10967194 10966961 2026-08-19T04:49:43Z Werner100359 106408 10967194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ozegovic|Ozegovic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said Nišić|Nišić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=11|name=[[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure|Adejenughure]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=13|name=[[Jakob Pokorny|Pokorny]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=15|name=[[Alexander Murillo|Murillo]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=17|name=[[Raphael Kosakiewic|Kosakiewic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=18|name=[[Mayker Palacios|Palacios]]}} {{football squad2 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Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} produces: j32lyua1lsa4eh1tyd2o9ozndovd6hi 10967205 10967194 2026-08-19T04:59:02Z Werner100359 106408 10967205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ozegovic|Ozegovic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said Nišić|Nišić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=11|name=[[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure|Adejenughure]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=13|name=[[Jakob Pokorny|Pokorny]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=15|name=[[Alexander Murillo|Murillo]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=17|name=[[Raphael Kosakiewic|Kosakiewic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=18|name=[[Mayker Palacios|Palacios]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=20|name=[[Filip Aleksić|Aleksić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=22|name=[[Miha Matjašec|Matjašec]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=23|name=[[Christoph Schaider|Schaider]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=25|name=[[Riquelme (footballer, born January 2006)|Riquelme ]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=26|name=[[Benedict Scharner|Scharner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=27|name=[[Emil Ganser|Ganser]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=28|name=[[Lassina Traoré (footballer, born 2007)|Traore]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=30|name=[[Teo Hupfauf|Hupfauf]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=31|name=[[Nikola Sarcevic|Sarcevic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijašević|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} produces: me0urftzfeq6guyjbit0678z29ichnd 10967220 10967205 2026-08-19T05:18:44Z Werner100359 106408 10967220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ozegovic|Ozegovic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said Nišić|Nišić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=11|name=[[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure|Adejenughure]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=13|name=[[Jakob Pokorny|Pokorny]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=15|name=[[Alexander Murillo|Murillo]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=17|name=[[Raphael Kosakiewic|Kosakiewic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=18|name=[[Mayker Palacios|Palacios]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=20|name=[[Filip Aleksić|Aleksić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=22|name=[[Miha Matjašec|Matjašec]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=23|name=[[Christoph Schaider|Schaider]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=25|name=[[Riquelme (footballer, born January 2006)|Riquelme ]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=26|name=[[Benedict Scharner|Scharner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=27|name=[[Emil Ganser|Ganser]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=28|name=[[Lassina Traoré (footballer, born 2007)|Traore]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=30|name=[[Teo Hupfauf|Hupfauf]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=31|name=[[Nikola Sarcevic|Sarcevic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijasevic|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} produces: rsbrzrj63ez42utcwvd581qpqpluazs 10967235 10967220 2026-08-19T05:39:15Z Werner100359 106408 10967235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Yerwin Sulbarán | image = | fullname = Yerwin Antonio Sulbarán López | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|3 | 3|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[El Tigre]], [[Venezuela]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Forward]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 7 | youthyears1 = -2025 | youthclubs1 = [[Monagas SC]] | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = | youthyears3 = | youthclubs3 = | years1 = 2024-2026 | clubs1 = Monagas SC | caps1 =15 | goals1 =0 | years2 = 2026- | clubs2 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps2 =0 | goals2 =0 | years3 = 2024-2026 | clubs3 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps3 =2 | goals3 =1 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Venezuela national under-15 football team|Venezuela U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2025 | nationalteam2 = [[Venezuela national under-17 football team|Venezuela U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 12 | nationalgoals2 = 3 | nationalyears3 = 2026- | nationalteam3 = [[Venezuela national under-20 football team|Venezuela U20]] | nationalcaps3 =2 | nationalgoals3 =0 | pcupdate = 19 August 2026 | ntupdate = 19 August 2026 | medaltemplates = }} a44ezjf888j8piermsv0mftuwk8a316 10967248 10967235 2026-08-19T06:18:37Z Werner100359 106408 10967248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Yerwin Sulbarán | image = | fullname = Yerwin Antonio Sulbarán López | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|3 | 3|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[El Tigre]], [[Venezuela]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Forward]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 7 | youthyears1 = -2025 | youthclubs1 = [[Monagas SC]] | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = | youthyears3 = | youthclubs3 = | years1 = 2024-2026 | clubs1 = Monagas SC | caps1 =15 | goals1 =0 | years2 = 2026- | clubs2 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps2 =0 | goals2 =0 | years3 = 2024-2026 | clubs3 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps3 =2 | goals3 =1 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Venezuela national under-15 football team|Venezuela U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2025 | nationalteam2 = [[Venezuela national under-17 football team|Venezuela U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 12 | nationalgoals2 = 3 | nationalyears3 = 2026- | nationalteam3 = [[Venezuela national under-20 football team|Venezuela U20]] | nationalcaps3 =2 | nationalgoals3 =0 | pcupdate = 19 August 2026 | ntupdate = 19 August 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Yerwin Antonio Sulbarán López''' (born March 3, 2008, in El Tigre) is a Venezuelan footballer. He plays for FC Liefering as forward in the Austrian [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Sulbarán began his career at Monagas SC. In July 2024, he was included in the Monagas professional squad for the first time. He made his professional debut in the Primera División in August 2024 against Portuguesa FC. During the 2025 season, he played five matches in the Venezuelan top league. After making another nine appearances at the start of the 2026 season, Sulbarán moved to Austria in April 2026 . He joined the Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg. He signed a contract running until 2031. They loaned him to FC Liefering. <ref>[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/aktuelles/news/yerwin-sulbaran-transfer-monagas-sc FC Red Bull Salzburg (German)] </ref> By August 2026, he had already been named in Salzburg's Bundesliga squad for the first time. He debuted for Liefering in the first round of the 2026-27 season versus Kapfenberger SV. In this match he also scored his first goal for the team. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2026/27,_Kapfenberger_SV_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==International == He participated in the 2024 South American Championship with the Venezuelan U-15 squad. He played in all four of the team's matches during the tournament.In the spring of 2025, he competed in the South American Championship with the U-17 team. He played in all six matches, and the Venezuelan side finished third. This secured the country's qualification for the World Cup held that same year. Sulbarán was selected for that tournament as well. Venezuela reached the Round of 32, and he once again played in all four of the team's matches. {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == q60cdawpkkxuvlr643txox3sv9yssqa 10967252 10967248 2026-08-19T06:24:55Z Werner100359 106408 /* References */ 10967252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Yerwin Sulbarán | image = | fullname = Yerwin Antonio Sulbarán López | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|3 | 3|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[El Tigre]], [[Venezuela]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Forward]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 7 | youthyears1 = -2025 | youthclubs1 = [[Monagas SC]] | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = | youthyears3 = | youthclubs3 = | years1 = 2024-2026 | clubs1 = Monagas SC | caps1 =15 | goals1 =0 | years2 = 2026- | clubs2 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps2 =0 | goals2 =0 | years3 = 2024-2026 | clubs3 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps3 =2 | goals3 =1 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Venezuela national under-15 football team|Venezuela U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2025 | nationalteam2 = [[Venezuela national under-17 football team|Venezuela U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 12 | nationalgoals2 = 3 | nationalyears3 = 2026- | nationalteam3 = [[Venezuela national under-20 football team|Venezuela U20]] | nationalcaps3 =2 | nationalgoals3 =0 | pcupdate = 19 August 2026 | ntupdate = 19 August 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Yerwin Antonio Sulbarán López''' (born March 3, 2008, in El Tigre) is a Venezuelan footballer. He plays for FC Liefering as forward in the Austrian [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Sulbarán began his career at Monagas SC. In July 2024, he was included in the Monagas professional squad for the first time. He made his professional debut in the Primera División in August 2024 against Portuguesa FC. During the 2025 season, he played five matches in the Venezuelan top league. After making another nine appearances at the start of the 2026 season, Sulbarán moved to Austria in April 2026 . He joined the Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg. He signed a contract running until 2031. They loaned him to FC Liefering. <ref>[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/aktuelles/news/yerwin-sulbaran-transfer-monagas-sc FC Red Bull Salzburg (German)] </ref> By August 2026, he had already been named in Salzburg's Bundesliga squad for the first time. He debuted for Liefering in the first round of the 2026-27 season versus Kapfenberger SV. In this match he also scored his first goal for the team. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2026/27,_Kapfenberger_SV_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==International == He participated in the 2024 South American Championship with the Venezuelan U-15 squad. He played in all four of the team's matches during the tournament.In the spring of 2025, he competed in the South American Championship with the U-17 team. He played in all six matches, and the Venezuelan side finished third. This secured the country's qualification for the World Cup held that same year. Sulbarán was selected for that tournament as well. Venezuela reached the Round of 32, and he once again played in all four of the team's matches. {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Sulbarán, Yerwin}} [[Category:2008 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Venezuelan footballers]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] 45ulce598av79tkj7v50nkdz1qzr8yz 10967256 10967252 2026-08-19T06:26:26Z Werner100359 106408 10967256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Yerwin Sulbarán | image = | fullname = Yerwin Antonio Sulbarán López | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|3 | 3|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[El Tigre]], [[Venezuela]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Forward]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 7 | youthyears1 = -2025 | youthclubs1 = [[Monagas SC]] | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = | youthyears3 = | youthclubs3 = | years1 = 2024-2026 | clubs1 = Monagas SC | caps1 =15 | goals1 =0 | years2 = 2026- | clubs2 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps2 =0 | goals2 =0 | years3 = 2024-2026 | clubs3 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps3 =2 | goals3 =1 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Venezuela national under-15 football team|Venezuela U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2025 | nationalteam2 = [[Venezuela national under-17 football team|Venezuela U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 12 | nationalgoals2 = 3 | nationalyears3 = 2026- | nationalteam3 = [[Venezuela national under-20 football team|Venezuela U20]] | nationalcaps3 =2 | nationalgoals3 =0 | pcupdate = 19 August 2026 | ntupdate = 19 August 2026 | medaltemplates = }} a44ezjf888j8piermsv0mftuwk8a316 0 1029132 10967416 9941569 2026-08-19T11:35:02Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cyclist | name = Ruth Corset | image = Ruth Corset 2008 Geelong World Cup 2 (cropped).jpg | caption = | fullname = Ruth Corset | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|5|9|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Wewak]], [[Papua New Guinea]] | death_date = | death_place = | height = | weight = | currentteam = Retired | discipline = Road | role = Rider | ridertype = [[Climbing specialist]]<ref name=jazz>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/jazz-apple-team-to-return-to-north-america |title=Jazz Apple Team to return to North America |last1=Atkins |first1=Ben|date=20 April 2009 |website=[[cyclingnews.com]]|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> | amateuryears1 = | amateurteam1 = | proyears1 = 2008–2009 | proteam1 = Jazz Apple Women's Cycling Team<ref name=jazz /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odt.co.nz/sport/other-sport/44830/cycling-ellis-reaps-benefits-road-switch |title=Cycling: Ellis reaps benefits of road switch |date=24 February 2009 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] |accessdate=21 January 2015 |archive-date=21 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121042606/http://www.odt.co.nz/sport/other-sport/44830/cycling-ellis-reaps-benefits-road-switch |url-status=dead }}</ref> | proyears2 = 2010 | proteam2 = {{ct|TIB|2010}}<ref name=ca>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=44989|title=Ruth Corset|website=Cycling Archives|accessdate=21 January 2015|archive-date=23 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623094305/http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=44989|url-status=dead}}</ref> | proyears3 = 2011–2013 | proteam3 = {{ct|BDP|2011}}<ref name=ca /> | proyears4 = 2014 | proteam4 = Holden Women's Cycling Team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/nrs-team-feature-holden-womens-cycling-team |title=NRS team feature: Holden Women's Cycling Team |last1=Woodpower |first1=Zeb |date=15 December 2014 |website=[[cyclingnews.com]] |accessdate=20 January 2015}} </ref> | proyears5 = 2015–2017 | proteam5 = Total Rush Hyster<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/ruth-corset-hopes-combinations-formed-by-new-total-rush-hyster-teammates-will-prove-boon-for-national-road-series/story-fnjfzprw-1227183034839 |title=Ruth Corset hopes combinations formed by new Total Rush Hyster teammates will prove boon for National Road Series |last1=Butterworth |first1=Liam|date=13 January 2015 |website=[[Townsville Bulletin]]|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> | majorwins = | medaltemplates = | show-medals = }} '''Ruth Corset''' is a [[bicycle racing|racing cyclist]] from [[Papua New Guinea]]. Ruth was born on 9 May 1977. She was first at the [[Australian National Road Race Championships]] in 2010.<ref name="CyclingArchives">{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=44989 |title=Ruth Corset |accessdate=11 May 2014 |work=Cycling Archives |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623094305/http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=44989 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{DEFAULTSORT:Corset, Ruth}} [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Papua New Guinean sportspeople]] [[Category:Cyclists]] {{sports-bio-stub}} 7nejx5txpl8xyq2jko6wwb7x60oaju3 0 1031593 10967181 9731092 2026-08-19T04:03:54Z FD950 752027 moved dob 10967181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Max Holdo | full_name = | image = | caption = | nationality = Argentine | sport = [[rowing (sport)|Rowing]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|3|9|df=yes}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = }} '''Max Holdo''' (born 9 March 1971) is a retired [[rowing (sport)|rower]] from [[Argentina]]. Holdo competed at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/35232 Max Holdo]</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holdo, Max}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine rowers]] [[Category:Olympians for Argentina]] {{sports-bio-stub}} b4jq4r8dv0wzaiywf8d3hcw29r97h42 0 1033297 10967124 10924251 2026-08-19T01:01:42Z Yazidilover 1591299 Removed the “[[]]” due to page not existing 10967124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title = EA Sports FC 24 | image = | caption = ''''Italic text'''' | publisher = [[EA Sports]] | series = EA Sports FC | released = September 29, 2023 | platforms = {{ubl|[[Nintendo Switch]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[PlayStation 5]]|[[Windows]]|[[Xbox One]]|[[Xbox Series X and Series S| Xbox Series X/S]]|}} | genre = [[Sports game|Sports]] | modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] | engine = Frostbite (game engine) Frostbite 3 | developer = [[EA Vancouver]]<br />[[Electronic Arts#Company structure|EA Romania]] }} '''''EA Sports FC 24''''' ('''''FC24''''' or '''''EA FC24''''')<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Barton|first=Lewis|date=2023-07-10|title=Why FIFA 24 will be called EA FC 24 - the future of EA Sports' series explained|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/gaming/fifa-24-called-ea-fc-30430503|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721213724/https://www.mirror.co.uk/gaming/fifa-24-called-ea-fc-30430503|archive-date=2023-07-21|access-date=2023-07-11|website=mirror|language=en}}</ref> is a new [[football]] [[video game]] made by [[Electronic Arts]] (EA), a game [[developer]]. It's the first game in the ''EA Sports FC'' series after EA's partnership with [[FIFA]] ended.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2023-07-10|title='This is a whole different game' - Erling Haaland, Vinicius Jr, Sam Kerr & more star in EA Sports FC 24 teaser trailer {{!}} Goal.com UK|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/erling-haaland-vinicius-jr-sam-kerr-ea-sports-fc-24-teaser-trailer/blt5f667b09fb0f5d80|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721213728/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/erling-haaland-vinicius-jr-sam-kerr-ea-sports-fc-24-teaser-trailer/blt5f667b09fb0f5d80|archive-date=2023-07-21|access-date=2023-07-11|website=www.goal.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> The game is being developed by EA Sports and will be released worldwide on September 29, 2023. It will be available for [[Nintendo Switch]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Windows XP|Windows]], [[Xbox One]], and [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=EA SPORTS FC™ 24 - Full Reveal on 13 July|url=https://www.ea.com/games/ea-sports-fc/https:/www.ea.com/games/ea-sports-fc/fc-24/|access-date=2023-07-11|website=EA SPORTS FC™ 24|language=en}}</ref> The special version of the game, called the Ultimate Edition, has a cover with more than 30 famous players from different parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-11|title=EA Sports FC 24 Video Game: First Title Since FIFA Split Unveiled|url=https://www.augustman.com/my/gear/gaming/fc-24-ea-sports-first-rebranded-football-video-game-without-fifa-logo/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721213729/https://www.augustman.com/my/gear/gaming/fc-24-ea-sports-first-rebranded-football-video-game-without-fifa-logo/|archive-date=2023-07-21|access-date=2023-07-11|website=AugustMan Malaysia|language=en-US}}</ref> These players come from top football leagues like the [[Premier League]], [[La Liga]], [[Ligue 1]], and [[Bundesliga]]. Some of the well-known players featured on the cover include [[Vinícius Júnior]], [[Sam Kerr]], [[Virgil van Dijk]], [[Son Heung-min]], [[Erling Haaland]], [[Zinedine Zidane]], [[Pelé]], and [[David Beckham]].<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|date=2023-07-10|title='This is a whole different game' - Erling Haaland, Vinicius Jr, Sam Kerr & more star in EA Sports FC 24 teaser trailer {{!}} Goal.com UK|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/erling-haaland-vinicius-jr-sam-kerr-ea-sports-fc-24-teaser-trailer/blt5f667b09fb0f5d80|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721213728/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/erling-haaland-vinicius-jr-sam-kerr-ea-sports-fc-24-teaser-trailer/blt5f667b09fb0f5d80|archive-date=2023-07-21|access-date=2023-07-11|website=www.goal.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Licenses == On May 10, 2022, EA Sports and FIFA announced that their agreement to work together would end on December 31, 2022. They had been working together for a long time. But they decided to extend the agreement for one more year to release ''[[FIFA 23]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arts|first=Electronic|date=2013-05-08|title=EA & FIFA - Licensing Agreement Extended Until 2022|url=https://www.ea.com/games/fifa/news/ea-sports-and-fifa-extend-licensing-agreement-until-2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906000348/https://www.ea.com/games/fifa/news/ea-sports-and-fifa-extend-licensing-agreement-until-2022|archive-date=2022-09-06|access-date=2023-07-12|website=Electronic Arts Inc.|language=en}}</ref> the latest version of the football video game. Starting in 2023, EA Sports will change the name of their football video game franchise from ''FIFA'' to ''EA Sports FC''. However, even with the new name, the game will still have permission to use the names and likenesses of more than 19,000 players, over 700 teams, more than 100 stadiums, and more than 30 leagues. They will also add new licenses for Spain's Liga F and Germany's [[Frauen-Bundesliga]]. Meanwhile, FIFA has plans to collaborate with a different video game company. They want to create a game with the FIFA name that they believe will be the only authentic one. In ''EA Sports FC 24'', players will also get to experience the licensed [[Ballon d'Or]] for the first time in the game's history. == New features added == New players have been added including [[Women's association football|Female soccer players]] , new ‘’heroes’’ and ‘’icons".<nowiki>''</nowiki> New heroes like [[Carlos Tevez]] , [[Bixente Lizarazu]], [[Ludovic Giuly]], [[Enzo Francescoli]] and icons like [[Mia Hamm]], [[Franck Ribéry]], [[Kelly Smith]], [[Zico (footballer)|Zico]]. == Sales == ''EA Sports FC 24'' reached 11.3 million [[player]]s in its first week. It was the best-selling [[video game]] for physical children in the [[UK]] in the two weeks after its release. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2023 video games]] [[Category:Association football video games]] [[Category:Nintendo Switch games]] [[Category:PlayStation 4 games]] [[Category:PlayStation 5 games]] [[Category:Windows games]] [[Category:Xbox One games]] [[Category:Xbox Series X and Series S games]] q3vs8pq5yw9zx7ak9wm0xto4qsir2j1 0 1035982 10966892 9983894 2026-08-18T17:39:51Z Canadachick 1633172 10966892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox constituency |name = North Guadalcanal |parl_name = [[National Parliament of the Solomon Islands]] |map1 = |map2 = |map_entity = |map_year = |year = |abolished = |type = Single-member |previous = |next = |year2 = |abolished2 = |previous2 = |next2 = |population = |blank1_name = Current MP |blank1_info = [[Samson Maneka]] |blank2_name = Party |blank2_info = [[United Democratic Party (Solomon Islands)|United Democratic]] |region = [[Guadalcanal Province]] |county = |european = }} '''North Guadalcanal''' is a [[constituency]] of the [[Solomon Islands]]. It is in the [[Guadalcanal Province]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Solomon Islands constituencies}} [[Category:Solomon Islands parliamentary constituencies]] {{politics-stub}} 65is89s9guz2t2te6w9p0v9dlb6exoa 0 1040138 10966768 9267243 2026-08-18T16:43:20Z Canadachick 1633172 10966768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hycleus lugens, Meloidae edit1.jpg|thumb|A [[blister beetle]] (hycleus lugens), with warning coloration. ]] [[File:Vespa crabro 02.JPG|thumb|A [[hornet]].]] [[File:Wood ant mound.jpg|thumb|An anthill.]] Many [[insect]]s use [[poison]]s. They use them to protect themselves against [[parasite]]s, and against [[predator]]s. Some insects also use them for hunting and killing [[prey]]. These poisons are known as '''insect toxins'''. They are types of [[protein]] [[toxin]]s. Sometimes the poisons [[arthropod]]s use are called insect toxin as well; [[scorpion]]s use them, for example.<ref>E. Zlotkin et al.: ''An excitatory and a depressant insect toxin from scorpion venom both affect sodium conductance and possess a common binding site.'' In: ''Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics'' 240, Nr.&nbsp;2, 1985, S.&nbsp;877–887.</ref><ref>M. E. De Lima et al.: ''Tityus serrulatus toxin VII bears pharmacological properties of both β-toxin and insect toxin from scorpion venoms.'' In: ''Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications'' 139, Nr.&nbsp;1, 1986, pp.&nbsp;296–302.</ref><ref>H. Darbon et al.: ''Covalent structure of the insect toxin of the North African scorpion Androctonus australis Hector.'' In: ''International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research'' 20, Nr.&nbsp;4, 1982, pp.&nbsp;320–330, {{doi|10.1111/j.1399-3011.1982.tb00897.x}}.</ref> There are different ways, in which these toxins can be applied: * Many insects use a [[stinger (body part)|stinger]], which injects the toxin directly. Exaples of these are [[Bee|bees]], and [[Hornet|hornets]] * Some insects throw packets of poison, examples are [[Beetle|beetles]] of the familiy [[Brachininae]]. * Some [[Ant|ants]] of the genus Formicinae, as well as [[Caterpillar|caterpillars]] of the [[puss moth]] spray poison. * [[Ladybug|Ladybugs]] can [[Secretion|secrete]] poison from their body. Other insects simply contain poison, to protect against predation. Many poisonsous insects have a [[Warning colouration|warning coloration]]. [[Reduviidae|Assassin bugs]], sometimes known as kissing bugs, are one of the biggest and most diverse families of true bugs feeding on [[crickets]], [[caterpillar]]s and other insects. Some assassin bug species are bloodsucking [[parasites]] of mammals and even feed on humans. They are found around most of the world. Their size could be a few [[millimeter]]s to as much as 3 or 4 [[centimeters]]. The toxic [[saliva]] of assassin bugs is a mix of small and large [[peptides]]. It can stop moving by pre-digesting their prey. It is a defence against competitors and predators. Assassin bug toxins are homologous with the chemistry of marine [[Cone snail|cone snails]].<ref name="PUB00016615">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakajima T, Corzo G, Nagao T, Kusui Y, Adachi-Akahane S |title=Novel peptides from assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): isolation, chemical and biological characterization |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=499 |issue=3 |pages=256–261 |year=2001 |pmid=11423127 |doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02558-3|s2cid=45675280 }}</ref><ref name="PUB00016409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Darbon H, Mosbah A, Nakajima T, Bernard C, Corzo G |title=Solution structure of Ptu1, a toxin from the assassin bug Peirates turpis that blocks the voltage-sensitive calcium channel N-type |journal=Biochemistry |volume=40 |issue=43 |pages=12795–12800 |year=2001 |pmid=11669615 |doi=10.1021/bi015537j}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Insects]] [[Category:Proteins]] m3eg21hraz1kbrwwr6a73qs1g8xu7mb 0 1055212 10966882 9975384 2026-08-18T17:31:50Z Canadachick 1633172 10966882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} The '''Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth''', also known as the '''Triple Union''' in [[Polish language|Polish]] (unia troista) was a [[Proposition|proposed]] [[Personal union|union]] between the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Most of the propositions were made between 1574 and 1658. The union was rejected by one or both sides at various times because they didn't want a union. [[File:Russia_Mercator_1595.jpg|thumb|Map showing Russia and Poland in 1595]] == History == === Polish succession === [[File:Ivan_the_Terrible_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Ivan IV of Russia "the Terrible", who wanted the Polish throne.]] The first proposal of the union was made in the 16th century, when the last king of the then ruling [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish]] [[Jagiellon dynasty]] died. Many people in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth wanted the Commonwealth to be ruled by [[Ivan the Terrible|Tsar Ivan IV of Russia]] ("the Terrible"). Ivan offered to decrease the power of the Polish-Lithuanian [[Magnates of Poland and Lithuania|magnates]] (high [[nobility]] in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). Two diplomatic missions were sent from Poland to [[Moscow]], which both failed due to the two sides not being able to agree on a [[compromise]]. This was due to the earlier [[Livonian War]] (where the [[Tsardom of Russia|Tsardom]] fought the Commonwealth) and Tsar Ivan's demands of the former territory of [[Kievan Rus'|Kievan Rus]], which [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] held. Eventually, negotiations were dropped, and the pro-Ivan faction in the Commonwealth agreed to stop supporting Ivan in becoming the king.<ref name="malec">[[Jerzy Malec]], ''Szkice z dziejów federalizmu i myśli federalistycznych w czasach nowożytnych'', "Unia Troista", Wydawnictwo UJ, 1999, Kraków, {{ISBN|83-233-1278-8}}.</ref> === Russian succession === [[File:Anonymous_Prince_Władysław_Vasa_(detail).jpg|left|thumb|Władysław Vasa of Poland, who unofficially became Tsar of Russia.]] The second proposal was made after the death of [[Ivan the Terrible|Tsar Ivan]], as [[Feodor I]] was made Czar of Russia. After the Polish king's death, Feodor sent a diplomatic mission to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuanians]] supported him, but Poland asked for things such as Feodor becoming a [[Catholicism|Catholic]], which the Tsar did not want to do. After the next Polish king was elected, [[Sigismund III Vasa]], he asked to become the Tsar of Russia. However, by the time the proposal made it to [[Moscow]], a new Tsar took control of Russia. After this, Russia entered the [[Time of Troubles.]] Because of this, the [[Polish-Muscovite War]] began between the Commonwealth and the Tsardom. While this war secured Russian independence, it also had Russia give up some territories to Poland-Lithuania. Because of the war, [[Władysław IV Vasa]], a Polish [[prince]], (unofficially) became Tsar of Russia for a short period of time. === Last Proposal === The last proposal by the Tsardom would be made in the [[Russo-Polish War of 1654]], where the union would be a part of the [[treaty]]. The Polish, however, gave demands that the Russians did not accept. These once again included things such as the Tsar becoming [[Catholicism|Catholist]], as well as territorial changes this time. == Related pages == * [[Congress Poland]], the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as part of Russia == References == {{reflist}} {{Multistub|history|Europe}} [[Category:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] qm5aa78be69jrxi581v8gpaf8my0c51 3 1056397 10967093 10912493 2026-08-19T00:18:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User talk:DreamRimmer]] to [[User talk:Max]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10532454 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello! I am [[wikt:assuming|assuming]] [[:en:User:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|you have come over]] from the English Wikipedia, so you are probably familiar with the way this wiki works. I hope you like it here and decide to stay. Here are a few links to help you adjust: *[[WP:EnWP|An English Wikipedian's guide]] *[[WP:How to write Simple English pages|Writing in Simple English]] *[[WP:Simple talk|Simple talk: our help desk, reference desk and village pump- in one page]] *[[WP:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from English Wikipedia]] There is much to do here. For example, there are a lot of articles that do not exist yet, which you can bring over from the English Wikipedia and simplify. Do have a look around and see what you would like to do. Thank you for joining us! If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. Happy changing! <!-- Template:Welcome-en --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:29, 21 October 2023 (UTC) == You've got a Barnstar! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" width="100%" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" width="75"| [[Image:Vitruvian Barnstar.png|75px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The da Vinci Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for your help with the scripts and tools. It’s a tedious job, and I really appreciate all the time you’ve spent helping in this area. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 15:48, 19 July 2025 (UTC) |} :@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]]: Thanks for the barnstar, that was very kind of you. Always happy to help. :) [[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]] ([[User talk:DreamRimmer#top|talk]]) 15:53, 19 July 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=03:37, 8 August 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">hi</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 03:37, 8 August 2025 (UTC) :Replied. [[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]] ([[User talk:DreamRimmer#top|talk]]) 06:28, 8 August 2025 (UTC) ::Replied [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">hi</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 07:22, 8 August 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]] I emailed you something [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">hi</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 11:29, 8 August 2025 (UTC) ::Replying... [[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]] ([[User talk:DreamRimmer#top|talk]]) 14:11, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :::I didn’t get any? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">hi</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 02:51, 11 August 2025 (UTC) :::Replied [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">hi</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:38, 11 August 2025 (UTC) == Hi == Do you know why my edit summary is very wierd when I do AGF reverts? [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10448465&oldid=10447897&rcid=25785067 Example] [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">hi</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:59, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :I have tested it [[Special:Diff/10448654|here]], and it worked fine. The malformed link in your edit was probably generated because the <code>userstr</code> was empty when the edit summary was generated due to a bad API request. [[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]] ([[User talk:DreamRimmer#top|talk]]) 14:11, 10 August 2025 (UTC) ::I see, okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">hi</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:17, 11 August 2025 (UTC) ::Still doesn't work,[https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Huggle&action=history tests] [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">hi</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 06:15, 11 August 2025 (UTC) ::Basically, every time I use the rollback links (twinkle) it doesn't work. [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 10:38, 23 September 2025 (UTC) :::Simple Wikipedia Twinkle is a customised version of the original Twinkle, and while it does have several issues right now, the basic functionality works fine for me. I am not sure why it's not working for you; perhaps another script is conflicting with it. [[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]] ([[User talk:DreamRimmer#top|talk]]) 12:56, 24 September 2025 (UTC) ::::hmm, I will take a look. [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 12:57, 24 September 2025 (UTC) ::::I tried everything, going through common and global js, but nothing seems to work [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 13:16, 24 September 2025 (UTC) == RFD Closer == {| style="border: 2px solid gray; background: #fdffe7;" | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;" | [[File:Invisible Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] | rowspan="2" | | style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em; color: black" | '''The Invisible Barnstar''' |- | style="vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray; color: black" | Thank you for your work on the RFD Closer script. It is very useful! [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 15:29, 15 September 2025 (UTC) |} :Glad to hear that you liked it. Please feel free to reach out anytime if I can help with anything else :) [[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]] ([[User talk:DreamRimmer#top|talk]]) 15:38, 15 September 2025 (UTC) oztkgtf6icczhe8724yl6yiai7gunlh 2 1057582 10967228 10957383 2026-08-19T05:33:04Z MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is) 1857819 rvv 10967228 wikitext text/x-wiki Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction d7q8lw2m9fifkng917r892b9mhx8zmz 10967242 10967228 2026-08-19T05:52:44Z M7 974 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)]] ([[User talk:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|talk]]) to last version by 20041027 tatsu 10944918 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === October 2023 === # [[:Quake (natural phenomenon)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|77.131.3.120}} 08:32, 26 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Nnh]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|猿神起洞！！}} 09:47, 26 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Sallet]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.126.11.209}} 14:15, 26 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Bloons TD 1]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|165.139.179.176}} 15:23, 26 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:USP45]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|84.65.204.205}} 17:22, 26 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Provably Fair]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:408D:408:8C1C:0:0:1788:98AC}} 17:23, 26 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:End of World War II in Europe]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|152.26.51.89}} 17:45, 26 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:2007 Universal Forum of Cultures]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 17:49, 26 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Mkgjdfg]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|193.63.61.35}} 12:01, 27 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Gayshit]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|5.34.182.217}} 16:13, 27 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:M7 is virus]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|HualinXMN2}} 16:14, 27 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Imgflip]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|50.203.228.126}} 17:21, 27 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:HEY! HEY! HEY!]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Youdotalkaboutfightclub}} 13:38, 28 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Anatolian beyliks]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|67.180.13.220}} 15:35, 28 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:User talk:2601:602:A080:9DE0:2591:53B9:D26D:E200]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|24.120.205.2}} 18:22, 28 October 2023 (UTC) === November 2023 === # [[:List of countries by imports]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|84.21.151.176}} 10:22, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:AOMG SUS]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|93.93.221.118}} 10:23, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Tudor period sussy baka]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 10:39, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Indian peasants]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|185.50.245.19}} 10:53, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Victor Laiskodat]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2620:1D5:4800:1402:15C5:2E88:8B70:20B7}} 13:20, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Ampoule]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|193.49.246.78}} 13:29, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Halo 5: Guardians]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|5.158.91.204}} 13:33, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Stonewall Democrats]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|96.4.231.24}} 13:49, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:List of current United States senators]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|96.4.231.24}} 13:53, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Jdm]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:1000:B145:AB21:CCCB:592B:ECAE:84B6}} 16:29, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Box Internet]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 16:30, 7 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Theater of dionysus]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|71.14.30.10}} 16:44, 8 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|80.189.225.70}} 18:13, 8 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Museo del Louvre]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:24, 9 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tambis (Water Apple)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|115.70.173.50}} 10:12, 9 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Greggs]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|149.71.111.107}} 10:28, 9 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:3017:1B6B:4DF1:EC4:F6D:C877}} 11:47, 9 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tambis (Water Apple)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|206.226.138.1}} 16:06, 9 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Battle of rizz]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|209.133.57.164}} 16:28, 9 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Enlightened absolutism]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|93.176.142.209}} 18:19, 9 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Lamine Yamal]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|185.58.10.102}} 10:10, 10 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Android Ice Cream Sandwich]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.106.248.226}} 11:56, 10 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:HP Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Cavaliers2016}} 16:06, 12 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Affaire de Roswell]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|193.248.139.102}} 09:55, 13 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Conflitto israelo-palestinese]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|85.44.51.27}} 10:45, 13 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tokyo Highway Battle]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:4C4E:1C52:B900:C86F:3C8B:4953:C30F}} 12:07, 13 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Better Than You Bay Bay]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2603:6011:35F0:9FF0:A13A:98D:9BD3:5DD3}} 12:31, 13 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Bibiquadium]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|204.184.214.12}} 18:19, 13 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:William de Percy]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:3015:B701:B0D4:9CC1:3F81:33E7}} 18:41, 13 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:2013 Birthday Honours]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:C267:AD00:C5A1:17D8:8B1F:E176}} 19:08, 13 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:St. Joseph’s Medical Center]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|76.81.148.73}} 19:48, 13 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:AutoGyro MT-03]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|240D:1A:2DB:E800:3D8B:3990:9E4A:869D}} 09:02, 14 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:British Whig party]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|194.74.103.124}} 09:57, 14 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:White-tailed tropicbird]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|158.62.63.112}} 10:59, 14 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:1900 Galveston hurricane]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|66.218.149.62}} 15:45, 14 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Trollpagever2.0]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|66.218.149.62}} 15:46, 14 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Hemes]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|209.149.52.195}} 17:09, 14 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:38 Leda]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|142.188.63.229}} 04:24, 17 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Musica romantica]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|194.183.65.36}} 09:55, 20 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Daishō]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2A01:5A8:300:1062:BCD1:7AA2:550F:C905}} 12:45, 20 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Culture of Houston]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:41, 20 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Absolute hot]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|157.130.30.90}} 15:24, 20 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Katherine Morikawa Licking Things]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|RonalosMoa27$}} 16:48, 20 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:List of Things Emily Lillie Licks]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|RonalosMoa27$}} 16:50, 20 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Emily Lillie Licking Things]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|RonalosMoa27$}} 16:50, 20 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Brandy Doyle Licking the Flashlight]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|RonalosMoa27$}} 16:57, 20 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Daisho]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|151.251.249.60}} 12:31, 21 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Agar agar]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|188.15.230.208}} 12:36, 21 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Fatal frames: Fotogrammi mortali]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|119.74.84.185}} 13:01, 21 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Scaphoid bone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|171.33.195.234}} 14:44, 21 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Ahmad Hardi]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|62.201.243.63}} 15:24, 21 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Julie-Victoire Daubié]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|217.108.67.97}} 15:45, 21 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:The Official Monster Raving Loony Party]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|62.6.174.29}} 12:55, 22 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Water intoxication]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|64.253.44.148}} 13:10, 24 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:GoldSrc]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|84.15.187.99}} 14:20, 24 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Feras Antoon]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|103.149.142.236}} 08:29, 25 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Restaurant Brands International]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|2601:5CC:C800:EEF0:BF88:1AE4:2FFA:92F1}} 15:29, 25 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Alaipayuthey]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|103.232.219.119}} 14:43, 26 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|158.255.217.31}} 10:21, 27 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Skyline]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|158.255.217.31}} 10:30, 27 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Climate change mitigation]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|85.12.79.241}} 14:48, 29 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Millie harrill]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|50.200.173.152}} 18:35, 29 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Clothing in ancient Greece]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|163.153.108.72}} 17:01, 30 November 2023 (UTC) === December 2023 === # [[:Pui Kiu College]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|YukheiLi}} 13:42, 1 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tambis (Water Apple)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|165.155.136.72}} 14:23, 1 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:IWGP Heavyweight Championship]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|168.184.84.85}} 16:53, 1 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Sigmandrophobia]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|24.114.38.242}} 17:02, 1 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tambis (Water Apple)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|98.179.157.216}} 17:16, 1 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Hoban Washburne]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:6347:513F:14DE:4057:86B0:8939}} 14:43, 2 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Cronologia attentati del 11 settembre]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|93.70.67.219}} 15:40, 3 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tere Tabi and Tonita (Primos)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|89.215.30.212}} 16:06, 3 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Guerra dei trent'anni]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|37.32.88.250}} 17:18, 3 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Nucleoside triphosphate]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|199.212.64.205}} 18:25, 3 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Aguacaliente]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|168.221.162.108}} 13:54, 4 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Will Wright (game designer)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2001:8F8:1C65:6A6B:C851:26FF:87E3:9235}} 16:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Scarborough, Ontario]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.114.239.108}} 17:41, 4 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:2021–22 Real Madrid CF season]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|94.76.162.10}} 17:48, 4 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Bharrat Jagdeo]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2402:8100:3088:89E7:1:0:6B34:5C0F}} 16:34, 5 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Dragon Ball Super]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|209.96.100.75}} 16:51, 5 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Vassily Kandinsky]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:28, 6 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Chiesa di San Nicola (Ottana)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|84.220.100.35}} 14:53, 6 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Deputy Secretary of Agriculture]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|205.144.32.244}} 15:20, 6 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Wikipédia:Accueil principal]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 16:12, 7 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Govind Bhana]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:53, 8 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:How about no]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.70.89.14}} 11:05, 8 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:La France insoumise]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|77.242.116.186}} 12:15, 8 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Spartak (Moscow Metro)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|84.245.15.160}} 12:16, 8 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Ambroise dufour]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|89.156.35.107}} 13:33, 9 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Legal search private azerisex video]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|5.197.202.116}} 18:31, 9 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Revolusi Xinhai]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2001:448A:1090:80BB:ED43:3F8D:EA27:EB38}} 12:04, 10 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Black bean (color)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2405:201:5500:B901:B5FF:741A:E1D4:F1F4}} 14:28, 10 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:B (programming language)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2001:16A2:F4CE:D700:3CB0:CA9C:ABC:A843}} 15:38, 10 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Sfinge]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|151.15.83.137}} 16:41, 11 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Amber Browne and Rozaria Dekovic]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|165.138.97.165}} 15:36, 12 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Inanimate insanity]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.213.194.197}} 15:53, 12 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Keysmasher]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|216.213.194.197}} 15:53, 12 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Military of the Han dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|205.202.152.2}} 17:15, 12 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Frog⁣]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Skibidigyatt}} 16:53, 14 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:File:Super Mario 3D World box art.jpg]]: [[WP:QD#F1|CSD F1]] ({{tl|db-prohibitedimage}}); notified {{user|2001:7D0:8552:D480:10D8:3763:D153:C3A8}} 17:42, 15 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tri-state water dispute]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|173.235.120.91}} 17:47, 15 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Laboratory animal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|67.218.106.101}} 17:56, 15 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:William Pickering]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|103.149.16.246}} 19:01, 15 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Wikipédia:Demande de protection de page]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|129.45.121.237}} 14:38, 16 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Progressive hip hop]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2803:1500:1C01:128E:9736:294C:CC7A:6AFF}} 18:54, 16 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Rudolf Geiger]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2603:8000:7300:F653:AC52:B786:C25B:F65F}} 19:07, 16 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Dãy Fibonacci]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:36, 17 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Dragoniez]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Je t'aimerai maintenant}} 16:29, 22 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Bestune]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 17:25, 22 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Rahul Prakaash Joshi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|69.94.152.32}} 17:50, 22 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:AD 2099]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:7620:7400:A01F:21EB:7B5D:CDE9}} 18:02, 22 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tolgahan Nigar ablasının ayaklarını yalıyor]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|5.46.206.89}} 18:09, 22 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:2130s]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:7620:7400:9C10:FC66:DBDE:D9D6}} 15:54, 24 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Isaiah Oghenevwegba O.]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|102.91.55.233}} 18:24, 25 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Spangler, Pennsylvania]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|76.18.210.130}} 18:30, 25 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:When You Gonna]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|90.251.38.118}} 15:05, 26 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Beethoven's 2nd]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|82.9.60.50}} 18:02, 27 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:List of days I had to wear a t shirt and shorts in 2023]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.98.241.2}} 20:20, 27 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:NBA All-Star Celebrity Game]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2603:8002:F00:374E:D520:2A61:2706:8667}} 16:39, 28 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:ERROR UNKNOWN VENUE PLEASE SPECIFY]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|DZD 097 L}} 18:33, 28 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tarun Poddar]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|223.180.176.78}} 15:47, 30 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Rohit Kumar Maharana]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2409:4062:2ECE:2E30:341F:9324:D859:6834}} 18:22, 30 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Kourage Beatz NSI]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|102.88.34.111}} 17:25, 31 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Ringo]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2607:9880:3227:FF64:5021:448C:998F:C2F3}} 22:06, 31 December 2023 (UTC) === January 2024 === # [[:Craterus of Macedon]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|50.202.35.94}} 16:19, 3 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Orestes of Macedon]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|50.202.35.94}} 16:20, 3 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Florida area codes]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:6C0:C300:A850:B5E7:25BA:5609:5426}} 13:37, 4 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Parr Street]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2605:59C8:22C5:2110:5DAC:7960:CFF6:D3B8}} 15:55, 4 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Convention for a Democratic South Africa]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:ED5E:6D01:2D89:C515:497B:AB3D}} 15:33, 14 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Israeli-occupied territories]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|194.80.19.231}} 10:31, 17 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Segue 1]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|87.116.18.16}} 12:17, 24 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Comedia Dell’arte.]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|62.255.252.68}} 09:56, 25 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Wikipédia:Vandalisme en cours/Archives/2022/10]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 10:04, 25 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Goblygoop]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|137.22.166.38}} 15:17, 25 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Scotia plate]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|67.83.159.215}} 05:20, 31 January 2024 (UTC) === February 2024 === # [[:Astoria, Queens]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|193.248.254.32}} 14:17, 2 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hulusi]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|98.97.115.194}} 06:06, 4 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fauteuil]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|84.14.89.250}} 14:16, 8 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:LMGsharu]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|LMGsharu (AlDS Lover and Fan)}} 14:38, 8 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Greenwich-Fußgängertunnel]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|87.237.161.153}} 09:32, 15 February 2024 (UTC) === January 2026 === # [[:Isha Ambani]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-37199-7}} 02:39, 18 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Monaco City]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-44437-9}} 02:56, 21 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cho Seung-hee]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-51561-8}} 05:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tyler Robinson]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-51561-8}} 05:32, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fleetwood Mac (1968 album)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-56607-6}} 15:09, 26 January 2026 (UTC) === February 2026 === # [[:Ministry of State Excise (Maharashtra)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-69379-7}} 07:25, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Politics of France]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-71388-9}} 09:54, 2 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Politics of France]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-71388-9}} 10:39, 2 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Norway at the 2026 Winter Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-77624-5}} 08:48, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:OSP]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 12:30, 5 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Pratik agnihotri]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-82245-3}} 05:46, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bear Stearns]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-81549-6}} 09:36, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Laurent Mekies]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-83148-9}} 09:04, 7 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Artemisinin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-90665-2}} 02:06, 10 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-89858-0}} 09:20, 10 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-59411-9}} 14:49, 12 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:2023–24 Bundesliga]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-96456-9}} 03:22, 13 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Politics of France]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-97945-7}} 14:32, 13 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Akash Nanda]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-10138-11}} 03:27, 15 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hughes Helicopters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-10204-77}} 05:20, 15 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Rehan Shahid]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 02:53, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Splash Mountain]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11534-72}} 01:33, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Telefone tap Como falar com a Tap Portugal no Brasil?]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Qkisikowafa}} 08:41, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ist der Kundenservice von British Airways rund um die Uhr verfügbar?]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Qkisikowafa}} 08:41, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Carbuck and Haybuck]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 02:50, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Pileus (hat)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12082-45}} 02:46, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Prompe rompe]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12294-89}} 10:29, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:2020–21 EFL Cup]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12340-37}} 03:21, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12578-03}} 02:07, 26 February 2026 (UTC) === March 2026 === # [[:Franklin, North Carolina]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13454-34}} 07:59, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Como ligar para a Latam de Portugal?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|E95949948sst}} 08:39, 13 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:(telefone GOL linhas aéreas)Como ligar para o GOL?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|E95949948sst}} 08:40, 13 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:GotenSakurauchi]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 11:21, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:HIP 666666]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 11:34, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le prix pour modifier un billet ASL Airlines ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Suprimosissa}} 09:14, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Suprimosissa}} 09:14, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où trouver le numéro de vol Transavia ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Suprimosissa}} 09:15, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Er det mulig å ringe Norwegian? Telefon og mismo]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-17667-06}} 04:30, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Haberomeda]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 07:50, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18652-46}} 04:01, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ?FAQ-CONTACT]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Coriousst}} 04:15, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mark Epstein]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18911-79}} 02:04, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Est-ce qu'Air France a un numéro WhatsApp ? chat-suport]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Freedyck}} 04:08, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Comment rejoindre Emirates ?-Guide d'expert]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Comment rejoindre Emirates ?-Guide d'expert}} 04:27, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ddharaniikota Ssuyodhan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-19254-60}} 14:00, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? 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She was a [[councillor]] in [[Burnage (ward)|Burnage]], Manchester, England, having been elected in 2011. In 2021, she was elected Leader of [[Manchester City Council]], becoming the first female and first [[LGBT]] leader.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/i-dont-want-pigeonholed-manchesters-22325143|title="I don't want to be pigeonholed": Manchester's new town hall leader on who she is and what comes next|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]|date=1 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> Craig was elected mayor of Greater Manchester in the [[2026 Greater Manchester mayoral by-election|2026 by-election]] to replace [[Andy Burnham]].<ref name="Guardian-result">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/jul/31/labour-wins-decisive-victory-in-greater-manchester-mayoral-byelection |title=Labour wins decisive victory in Greater Manchester mayoral byelection |first=Josh |last=Halliday |date=31 July 2026 |work=The Guardian |access-date=31 July 2026 }}</ref> She is the first woman elected as mayor of the city. ==Early life== Craig was born on 27 January 1985 in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]. She grew up on a council estate just outside Belfast and moved to Manchester in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bev Craig elected first female leader of Manchester City Council |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-58813066 |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=BBC |date=6 October 2021}}</ref> She graduated from [[Manchester University]] in 2007 with a degree in politics and modern history and later gaining a postgraduate in Local Government Management from [[Warwick Business School]] and a MA in public policy and governance from [[Manchester University]], both while she had a full-time job. She has had jobs across local government, higher education and working for the trade union [[Unison (trade union)|UNISON]]. ==Political career== Craig was elected Leader of Manchester City Council by the ruling Labour group of councillors in October 2021, and took over from Sir [[Richard Leese]] at a full meeting of the council when he retired on 1 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/bev-craig-sir-richard-leese-21773463 |title=Bev Craig announced as new leader of Manchester council, the first woman to take on the role |last=Bardsley |first=Andrew |date=5 October 2021 |website=[[Manchester Evening News]] |publisher=[[Reach plc]] |access-date=6 October 2021 |quote=She will take over from Sir Richard on December 1.}}</ref> She is the city council’s first female and first [[LGBT]] leader. As leader she is also a member of the [[Greater Manchester Combined Authority]] and is the combined authority's portfolio lead for Economy, Business and Inclusive Growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatermanchester-ca.gov.uk/who-we-are/gmca-members/bev-craig/|title=Councillor Bev Craig|publisher=[[Greater Manchester Combined Authority]]|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref> ===Mayor of Greater Manchester=== After [[Andy Burnham]]'s resignation as [[Mayor of Greater Manchester]] after his election to Parliament, Craig was picked as the Labour and Co-operative Party candidate in the [[2026 Greater Manchester mayoral by-election|2026 by-election]].<ref name="Guardian-candidacy">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/jun/23/bev-craig-stand-labour-candidate-greater-manchester-mayor |title=Bev Craig to stand as Labour candidate for Greater Manchester mayor |first=Josh |last=Halliday |date=23 June 2026 |work=The Guardian |access-date=31 July 2026 }}</ref> She ran against six other candidates, including [[Reform UK]] candidate Sian Niamh Astley.<ref name="Candidates">{{cite web |url=https://www.manchester.gov.uk/the-council-and-democracy/elections-and-voting/elections/statement-of-persons-nominated-combined-authority-mayoral-election-for-the-greater-manchester-combined-authority-thursday-30-july-2026 |title=Statement of persons nominated: Combined Authority Mayoral Election for the Greater Manchester Combined Authority |publisher=Manchester City Council |date=6 July 2026 |access-date=31 July 2026 }}</ref> She was elected in a [[landslide victory|landslide]] on 31 July after winning 66.3% of the final-round vote against the 33.7% of the vote Astley got in the run-off.<ref name="Guardian-result"/> The result made Craig the first woman elected Mayor of Greater Manchester.<ref name="Guardian-result"/> ==Personal life== Craig is a [[lesbian]].<ref name="MEN-LGBT">{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Charlotte |date=22 July 2026 |title='I get told to grow my hair and be less gay': Bev Craig speaks out in LGBTQ+ mayoral hustings as Reform and Restore are no-shows |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/bev-craig-lgbtq-mayoral-hustings-34330290 |work=Manchester Evening News |access-date=26 July 2026 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Craig, Bev}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Belfast]] [[Category:Mayors of Greater Manchester]] [[Category:British LGBT politicians]] [[Category:Lesbians]] [[Category:Labour Party (UK) people]] 7zv4juzdk59dgqohpciq113rnfcdflj 0 1058696 10966787 9163928 2026-08-18T16:51:58Z Canadachick 1633172 10966787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=October 2023}} [[File:MS class portrait.jpg|thumb|Ms class in the 1940s.]] The '''WAGR Ms class''' were a total of 8 successful [[Garratt locomotive|Garratt]] [[Steam locomotive|steam]] [[Locomotive|locomotives]] operated by the [[Western Australian Government Railways]] (WAGR) from 1913 to 1955. The Ms class were ordered new from [[Beyer, Peacock and Company|Beyer, Peacock & Coy]] as a [[Superheater|superheated]] version of the standard [[WAGR M class (1911)|M class]] which they built previously in 1911. Superheating improved their steaming qualities making them more favourable with crews for their free-steaming abilities. In 1934 a single M class, No. 389 was converted to a Ms at [[Midland Railway Workshops]]. Withdrawals for the class began in 1947 and continued until 1955 when all had been scrapped. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Ms429 + train, Jarrahdale.jpg|No. 429 at Jarrahdale. File:Ms425, Midland Junction, ca. 1920.jpg|No. 425 at Midland Junction on the 1920s. File:Ms428 + train, Mundaring Weir, 1930s.jpg|No. 428 at Mundaring Weir in the 1930s. </gallery> [[Category:Western Australian Government Railways locomotives]] {{Transport-stub}} {{Technology-stub}} exyo5bpg18tg2w44jn4x67itmp6py55 0 1063088 10966893 9571605 2026-08-18T17:40:18Z Canadachick 1633172 10966893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Confusing|date=May 2024}} '''''Tadashi Nishimoto''''' (1921 - 1997) was a Japanese [[Cinematography|cinematographer]]. He is known as Hong Kong cinematographer He Lanshan. == References == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nishimoto, Tadashi}} [[Category:1921 births]] [[Category:1997 deaths]] [[Category:Cinematographers]] [[Category:Japanese people]] {{people-stub}} hij77nxxgg0i30uxiukht29ue6c030u 0 1066380 10966637 10958217 2026-08-18T14:34:04Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House]] to [[Jimmy Carter House]] 10958217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GENERAL VIEW - Jimmy Carter House, 209 Woodland Drive, Plains, Sumter County, GA HABS GA,131-PLAIN,2-1.tif|thumb|right|The front facade of 209 Woodland Drive in 1979]] [[File:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter gravesite.jpg|thumb|right|The [[grave|gravesite]] of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter]] The '''Jimmy Carter House, Memorial Garden & Gravesite''' is the home and [[grave|burial place]] of [[Jimmy Carter]] (1924–2024), the 39th [[President of the United States]], and his wife [[Rosalynn Carter]] (1927–2023), located at 209 Woodland Drive in [[Plains, Georgia]], United States, within the [[Jimmy Carter National Historical Park]]. It is the only house that the Carters ever owned, and the family lived in it from 1961 until [[Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter|Jimmy Carter's death]] in 2024.<ref name='LOC'>{{cite web |title = Jimmy Carter House, 209 Woodland Drive, Plains, Sumter County, GA |url = https://www.loc.gov/item/ga0438/ |publisher = [[Library of Congress]] |access-date = July 7, 2021 }}</ref> ==House details== The [[Heritage Documentation Programs#Historic American Buildings Survey|Historic American Buildings Survey]] said the house is a "modest 1960s ranch-style house".<ref name='LOC'/> A pond on the grounds was personally dug by Jimmy Carter; where he used it for [[fly fishing]].<ref name=WP18/> A [[magnolia]] tree on the grounds was grown from a tree on the lawn of the [[White House]] that was planted by President [[Andrew Jackson]].<ref name=WP18>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/08/17/feature/the-un-celebrity-president-jimmy-carter-shuns-riches-lives-modestly-in-his-georgia-hometown/ |title=The un-celebrity president |date=17 August 2018 |author=Kevin Sullivan |author2=Mary Jordan |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306005844if_/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/08/17/feature/the-un-celebrity-president-jimmy-carter-shuns-riches-lives-modestly-in-his-georgia-hometown/ |archive-date=6 March 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Carter burials== Jimmy Carter planned to be buried in the estate of the house by a willow tree on the lawn of the property.<ref name=WP18/> The home is part of [[Jimmy Carter National Historical Park]] but is not open to the public. The house will be turned into a [[National Park Service]] (NPS) museum and open it to the public after the couple's deaths.<ref name=WP18/><ref name=EE19>{{cite news|url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1061539847|title=Jimmy Carter, Park Service prepare for 'life after death'|date=13 November 2019 |author=Rob Hotakainen|work=E&E News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114013302/https://www.eenews.net/stories/1061539847|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> After her death in November 2023, Rosalynn was buried on the estate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jordan |first1=Mary |last2=Sullivan |first2=Kevin |title=Rosalynn Carter buried near the Georgia home that she built with Jimmy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/11/29/rosalynn-carter-funeral-burial-jimmy-carter/ |website=washingtonpost.com |publisher=WP, LLC. |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref> Following his death in December 2024, Jimmy Carter was buried there after his [[Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter|state funeral]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |date=29 December 2024 |title=Tentative Plans for Carter's Memorial Services |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/29/us/jimmy-carter-funeral-burial-plans.html |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Jimmy Carter]] [[Category:Museums in Georgia (U.S. state)]] 79bsh2k56xup0add84h3ixpyxv2d7rj 0 1077157 10967191 10937357 2026-08-19T04:37:38Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Red Sea crisis | width = | partof = the [[Iran–Israel proxy war]], the [[Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)]], and the [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)]] | image = 2023 Israel–Hamas war - Bab-el-Mandeb.svg | caption = {{nowrap|Map of Houthi activity near the Yemeni coast:}}<br />{{nowrap|{{Color box|#baf6ba}} [[Houthi-controlled Yemen]] ([[Supreme Political Council|SPC]])}}<br />{{nowrap|{{Color box|#f5b9b9}}&nbsp;Government of Yemen ([[Presidential Leadership Council|PLC]])}}<br />{{nowrap|{{Color box|#ff0000}}{{Color box|#0000ff}}&nbsp;Houthi attacks (red) and hijackings (blue)}} | date = 19 October 2023 – 10 October 2025<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days |2023|10|19|2025|10|10}}) | place = [[Red Sea]], [[Gulf of Aden]] (esp. [[Bab-el-Mandeb]]), [[Arabian Sea]], [[Mediterranean Sea]],{{#tag:ref|The Houthis have claimed several attacks on ships in the Mediterranean, though none have been confirmed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=3 July 2024 |title=Are the Houthis Attacking Ships in the Mediterranean? |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/are-houthis-attacking-ships-mediterranean |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709034450/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/are-houthis-attacking-ships-mediterranean |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} [[Israel]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Egypt]], and [[Yemen]] | coordinates = | territory = | result = | status = {{#invoke:list|bulleted | Israeli [[Port of Eilat]] enters bankruptcy and shuts down<ref name = "EilatDown">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Jansen |first=Michael |date=20 Jul 2025 |title=Israel's Red Sea port of Eilat halts operations due to Yemeni-Houthi blockade |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2025/07/20/israels-red-sea-port-of-eilat-halts-operations-due-to-yemeni-houthi-blockade/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> | Disruption of international maritime trade and supply chain | Beginning of [[Operation Sankalp]] on 14 December 2023 | Beginning of [[Operation Prosperity Guardian]] on 18 December 2023 | [[2024 missile strikes in Yemen|Missile strikes against Houthi-controlled territory]] started in January 2024 | Beginning of [[Operation Aspides]] on 19 February 2024 | Repeated missile and drone attacks prompted Israel to intervene in 2024 and [[2025 Israeli attacks in Yemen|2025]] | Intensification of [[March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen|US airstrikes]] in March 2025 | [[2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire|Ceasefire]] between the US and Houthis<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Natasha |last1=Bertrand |first2=Kylie |last2=Atwood |title=Trump says US to stop strikes on Houthis in Yemen |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/06/politics/us-to-stop-strikes-on-houthis-in-yemen |date=6 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=CNN }}</ref> |Attacks halted with the beginning of the [[Gaza peace plan]] on 10 October 2025<ref name="NBC111125">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-11 |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels signal that they've stopped attacks on Israel and Red Sea shipping |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna243165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106234526/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna243165 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=NBC News |language=en |agency=Associated Press |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | combatants_header = | combatant1 = {{tree list}} *[[Axis of Resistance]] ** {{#invoke:flag||Houthis}}{{#tag:ref|Political legitimacy of all Houthi-led government bodies has been rejected by the [[United Nations]], rival [[Yemeni crisis|Yemeni factions]], the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]], and the [[United States]].|group=lower-alpha}} ** {{#invoke:flag||Iran}}{{#tag:ref|Multiple sources indicate that the Iranian government has deployed military personnel to [[Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen|Houthi-controlled Yemen]] who are actively involved in attacks on commercial shipping.<ref name="semafor"/><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Landay |first=Jonathan |date=8 December 2023 |title=Biden aide says Iran helps plan, execute attacks by Yemen's Houthis |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-imposes-sanctions-iran-backed-network-funding-yemens-houthis-2023-12-07/ |access-date=18 January 2024 |publisher=Reuters |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212042547/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-imposes-sanctions-iran-backed-network-funding-yemens-houthis-2023-12-07/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hez"/>|group=lower-alpha}} ** {{#invoke:flag||Hezbollah}}<ref name="hez"/> ** <!-- DON'T ADD THIS FLAG, IT IS UNSOURCED AND LIKELY FICTIONAL {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Resistance in Iraq.svg}} --> [[Islamic Resistance in Iraq]]<ref name="skyar">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=21 January 2024 |title=خلال 10 أيام.. مقتل 75 حوثيا في الضربات الغربية |trans-title=Within 10 days.. 75 Houthis were killed in Western strikes |url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1687013-10-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-75-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=21 January 2024 |publisher=Sky News Arabia |language=ar |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121064105/https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1687013-10-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-75-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{tree list/end}} | combatant2 = {{#invoke:flag||Israel}}<hr/>{{#invoke:collapsible list|main | title = Prosperity Guardian: | {{#invoke:flag||United States}} | {{#invoke:flag||United Kingdom}} | {{#invoke:flag||Australia}} | {{#invoke:flag||Bahrain}} | {{#invoke:flag||Canada}} | {{#invoke:flag||Denmark}} | {{#invoke:flag||New Zealand}} | {{#invoke:flag||Norway}} | {{#invoke:flag||Seychelles}} | {{#invoke:flag||Singapore}} | {{#invoke:flag||Sri Lanka}}<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Mallawarachi |first=Bharatha |date=9 January 2024 |title=Sri Lanka to join US-led naval operations against Houthi rebels in Red Sea |url=https://apnews.com/article/sri-lanka-red-sea-us-houthi-patrol-45017350a24ce5b680419d26e91f8cc9 |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217171338/https://apnews.com/article/sri-lanka-red-sea-us-houthi-patrol-45017350a24ce5b680419d26e91f8cc9}}</ref>}}<hr/>{{#invoke:collapsible list|main | title = [[File:Logo EUNAVFOR OPERATION ASPIDES.png|20px]]&nbsp;Aspides: | {{#invoke:flag||European Union}}{{#invoke:list|bulleted | {{#invoke:flag||Belgium}} | {{#invoke:flag||Estonia}} | {{#invoke:flag||Finland}} | {{#invoke:flag||France}} | {{#invoke:flag||Germany}} | {{#invoke:flag||Greece}} | {{#invoke:flag||Italy}} | {{#invoke:flag||Latvia}} | {{#invoke:flag||Netherlands}} | {{#invoke:flag||Sweden}} }}}}<hr/>{{#invoke:collapsible list|main | title = Independent Patrols: |{{#invoke:flag||China}}<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-warship-red-sea-missile-east-houthi-1872284|title=China sends warships to the Middle East |last=Brar |first=Aadil |date=22 February 2024|website=Newsweek|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225053146/https://www.newsweek.com/china-warship-red-sea-missile-east-houthi-1872284|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag||Egypt}}{{#tag:ref||name=fn1|group=lower-alpha}} | {{#invoke:flag||India}} | {{#invoke:flag||Pakistan}} | {{#invoke:flag||Saudi Arabia}}{{#tag:ref||name=fn1|group=lower-alpha}}}} | combatant3 = | commander1 = {{#invoke:list|unbulleted | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Yemen}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;[[Abdul-Malik al-Houthi]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Yemen}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;[[Mohamed al-Atifi]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Yemen}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;[[Muhammad Abd al-Karim al-Ghamari]]{{Assassinated|28 August 2025 Israeli attack on Yemen}} | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Yemen}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;[[Ahmed al-Rahawi]]{{Assassinated|28 August 2025 Israeli attack on Yemen}} | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Yemen}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;[[Mahdi al-Mashat]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Yemen}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;[[Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour]]}} | commander2 = {{#invoke:list|unbulleted | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Israel}} [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Israel}} [[Israel Katz]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Israel}} [[Eyal Zamir]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} [[Donald Trump]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} [[Pete Hegseth]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} [[Joe Biden]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} [[Lloyd Austin]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United Kingdom}} [[Keir Starmer]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United Kingdom}} [[Rishi Sunak]]}} | commander3 = | strength1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Yemen Armed Forces.svg}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;[[Yemeni Armed Forces]] ({{abbr|{{sc|SPC}}|Supreme Political Council}})<br>{{#invoke:flag|icon|Iran}} 1 [[Alvand-class frigate]]<br>{{#invoke:flag|icon|Iran}} 1 Intel ship | strength2 = {{#invoke:collapsible list|main | title = Naval assets: | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Israel}} 2 {{sclass2|Sa'ar 6|corvette|1}}s<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Awadalla |first1=Nadine |last2=Solsvik |first2=Terje |last3=Stewart |first3=Phil |name-list-style=and |date=12 December 2023 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim attack on Norwegian tanker |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cruise-missile-yemen-strikes-tanker-ship-us-officials-2023-12-12/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212044645/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cruise-missile-yemen-strikes-tanker-ship-us-officials-2023-12-12/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=Nitz>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.idf.il/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94/%D7%9B%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98-%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94-%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9-3-%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA/|title=זה מה שקרה בדקות בין זיהוי הכטב"ם – ליירוט ההיסטורי בלב ים|website=[[Israel Defense Forces]]|language=he|access-date=21 July 2024|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428060708/https://www.idf.il/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94/%D7%9B%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98-%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94-%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9-3-%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA/|url-status=live}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag|deco|Israel}} 1 {{sclass2|Sa'ar 5|corvette|1}}<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2 November 2023 |title=Israel Navy deploys Sa'ar 5-class corvette INS Hanit in Red Sea against Yemeni Houthis |url=https://navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2023/november/13732-israel-navy-deploys-sa-ar-5-class-corvette-ins-hanit-in-red-sea-against-yemeni-houthis.html |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Navy Recognition |language=en-gb |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319024303/https://navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2023/november/13732-israel-navy-deploys-sa-ar-5-class-corvette-ins-hanit-in-red-sea-against-yemeni-houthis.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} 1 {{sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|1}} | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} 1 {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|1}} | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} 1 {{sclass|Ohio|submarine|1}} | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} 6 {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|1}}s | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} 1 [[Wasp-class amphibious assault ship]]<ref name=Bataan>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 February 2024 |title=The fighter pilots hunting Houthi drones over the Red Sea |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68227200 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215062544/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68227200 |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|France}} 2 [[FREMM multipurpose frigate]]s<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=12 December 2023 |title=French warship intercepts Huthis aerial attack on Norwegian tanker near Red Sea |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231212-french-warship-intercepts-huthis-aerial-attack-on-norwegian-tanker-near-red-sea |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[France 24]] |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212212829/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231212-french-warship-intercepts-huthis-aerial-attack-on-norwegian-tanker-near-red-sea |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=20 February 2024 |title=French navy downs two drones over Red Sea |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240220-french-navy-downs-two-drones-over-red-sea |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316032357/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240220-french-navy-downs-two-drones-over-red-sea |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|France}} 1 [[Horizon-class frigate]] | {{#invoke:flag|icon|Italy}} 2 [[Orizzonte-class destroyer]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Italy}} 2 [[FREMM multipurpose frigate]]s<ref name="itdec">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Peruzzi |first=Luca |date=20 December 2023 |title=Italy Sends A FREMM In The Red Sea To Protect International Trade|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/italy-sends-a-fremm-in-the-red-sea-to-protect-international-trade/ |work=Naval News |location=Paris |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224044331/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/italy-sends-a-fremm-in-the-red-sea-to-protect-international-trade/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United Kingdom}} 2 [[Type 45 destroyer]]s<ref name=t16dec>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Barber |first=Harriet |date=16 December 2023 |title=Israel–Hamas war latest news: British warship shoots down suspected attack drone in Red Sea |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/16/copy-of-israel-hamas-war-latest-news1/ |access-date=16 December 2023|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216104145/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/16/copy-of-israel-hamas-war-latest-news1/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|United Kingdom}} 2 [[Type 23 frigate]]s<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=9 January 2024 |title=HMS Richmond heads to Gulf to support Diamond and Lancaster safeguard shipping |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2024/january/09/240109-richmond-heads-for-the-red-sea |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=Royal Navy |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203182248/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2024/january/09/240109-richmond-heads-for-the-red-sea |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Germany}} 1 {{sclass|Sachsen|frigate|1}} | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Belgium}} 1 {{sclass|Karel Doorman|frigate|1}} | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Greece}} 2 {{sclass|Hydra|frigate|1}}s <ref name=psara>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/eu-naval-mission-says-it-destroyed-two-drones-gulf-aden-2024-07-07/ |title=Yemen's Houthis claim attack on vital target in Israel's Haifa |first1=Renee |last1=Maltezou |first2=Lefteris |last2=Papadimas |work=Reuters |date=7 July 2024|access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Denmark}} 1 {{sclass|Iver Huitfeldt|frigate|1}} | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Netherlands}} 1 [[De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Sri Lanka}} 1 [[SLNS Gajabahu (P626)|Hamilton-class patrol boat]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|India}} 3 {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|1}}s<ref name="HT19dec">{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-stations-two-destroyers-off-the-coast-of-aden-for-maritime-security-101702961948164.html|title=India stations two destroyers off the coast of Aden for maritime security|date=19 December 2023|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=8 January 2024|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107125858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-stations-two-destroyers-off-the-coast-of-aden-for-maritime-security-101702961948164.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|India}} 2 {{sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer|1}}s | {{#invoke:flag|deco|India}} 2 {{sclass|Talwar|frigate|1}}s | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Pakistan}} 2 {{sclass|Tughril|frigate|1}}s<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=1 December 2023 |title=Pakistan Navy deploys ship to Gulf of Aden |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2448625/pakistan-navy-deploys-ship-to-gulf-of-aden?amp=1 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=The Express Tribune |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202075429/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2448625/pakistan-navy-deploys-ship-to-gulf-of-aden?amp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2 February 2024 |title=The new saviour of the seas: Indian Navy makes its presence felt in Red Sea amid Houthi threats |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/the-new-saviour-of-the-seas-indian-navy-makes-its-presence-felt-in-red-sea-amid-houthi-threats-13683322.html |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000359/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/the-new-saviour-of-the-seas-indian-navy-makes-its-presence-felt-in-red-sea-amid-houthi-threats-13683322.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Pakistan}} 2 {{sclass|Zulfiquar|frigate|1}}s<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=7 January 2024 |title=Pakistan deploys warships in Arabian Sea following recent Houthi attacks |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2437451/pakistan |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=Arab News |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116025325/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2437451/pakistan |url-status=live}}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|Pakistan}} 1 [[Yarmook-class corvette|''Yarmook''-class corvette]]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2552631/amp|title=Pakistan deploys advanced warship for regional maritime security|website=Arab News|date=20 July 2024|access-date=20 July 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009004249/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2552631/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{#invoke:flag|deco|China}} 1 [[Luyang III class destroyer|''Type 052D''-class destroyer]] | {{#invoke:flag|deco|China}} 1 [[Jiangkai II|''Type 054A''-class frigate]]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=24 February 2024 |title=Chinese Fleet Heads to Red Sea amid Rising Tensions |url=https://english.aawsat.com/node/4874051 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=english.aawsat.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009004244/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertagids&topUrl=english.aawsat.com&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent= |url-status=live }}</ref> }} | units3 = See [[Order of battle of the Red Sea crisis|order of battle]] | strength3 = | casualties1 = '''Per Houthis: '''<br> {{#invoke:flag|deco|Yemen}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;134 killed<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2 January 2025 |title=The Houthi Leader Talks About The Losses Of The American–British Strikes On The Group's Sites |url=https://scope24.net/en/south_news/14841.html |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Scope 24 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|author1=Mohammed Sameai |author2=Rania Abu Shamala |title=Yemen's Houthis say US airstrikes killed 16 of its members |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/yemen-s-houthis-say-us-airstrikes-killed-16-of-its-members/3514782 |date=20 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Yemen's Houthis confirm prime minister killed in Israeli strike on Sanaa |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/30/yemens-houthis-confirm-israeli-airstrike-killed-the-groups-prime-minister |website=Al Jazeera English |date=30 August 2025}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2025}}<br />{{#invoke:flag|deco|Yemen}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;314 injured<br /> '''Per [[Sky News Arabia]] & [[Presidential Leadership Council|PLC]]-led government''':<br>{{#invoke:flag|deco|Yemen}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:flag|deco|Houthis}}&nbsp;207+ killed{{#tag:ref|10 killed on 30–31 December,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2024-01-01 |title=US Navy sinks 3 Houthi boats attacking merchant ship in Red Sea, US says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-navy-sinks-3-houthi-boats-attacking-merchant/story?id=106016731 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009011734/https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-navy-sinks-3-houthi-boats-attacking-merchant/story?id=106016731 |url-status=live }}</ref> 75 killed on 12–22 January,<ref name="skyar"/> 40 killed on 3–5 February,<ref name="skyar2">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=5 February 2024 |title=خلال 48 ساعة.. مقتل 40 حوثيا في الضربات الأميركية البريطانية |trans-title=Within 48 hours... 40 Houthis were killed in US–British strikes |url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1690864-48-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-40-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=5 February 2024 |publisher=Sky News Arabia |language=Arabic |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009004333/https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1690864-48-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-40-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=live }}</ref> 11 killed on 11 March,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Ghobari |first=Mohammed |date=11 March 2024 |title=US–British forces strike Houthi targets, killing 11, Yemen government says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-british-forces-strike-houthi-targets-yemen-houthi-outlet-says-2024-03-11/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022947/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-british-forces-strike-houthi-targets-yemen-houthi-outlet-says-2024-03-11/ |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref> 70 killed on 1 April,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Yemeni gov't says U.S. airstrike kills 70 Houthi militants in Hodeidah |url=https://english.news.cn/20250405/a098a9303dac4b25ba937006be176a3e/c.html |date=4 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Xinhua News Agency }}</ref> 1 killed on 8 April<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/report-claims-houthi-intelligence-chief-killed-in-us-strike/|title=Report claims Houthi intelligence chief killed in US strike|date=8 April 2025|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}{{Synthesis inline|date=April 2025}} ---- {{#invoke:flag|deco|Iran}} 14 detained<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=23 February 2024 |title=Four charged in connection with trying to smuggle Iranian missile components to Houthis |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/22/politics/smugglers-charged-iranian-missile-houthis/index.html |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223022815/https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/22/politics/smugglers-charged-iranian-missile-houthis/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | casualties2 = {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} 3 soldiers killed{{#tag:ref|Two [[Navy SEALs]] on 21 January 2024,<ref name="theguardian20240122">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 January 2024 |title=Two US Navy Seals declared dead after raid to seize Iranian weapons bound for Houthis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/22/us-military-navy-seals-death-raid-iranian-weapons-seized-houthis-yemen-middle-east-crisis-red-sea-uss-lewis-puller |access-date=22 January 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122013936/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/22/us-military-navy-seals-death-raid-iranian-weapons-seized-houthis-yemen-middle-east-crisis-red-sea-uss-lewis-puller |url-status=live}}</ref> one Navy sailor on 23 March 2024<ref name="abcnews20240324">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=24 March 2024 |title=US Navy identifies sailor who died 'supporting operations' in Red Sea, officials say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/us-navy-identifies-sailor-died-supporting-operations-red/story?id=108430699 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324122054/https://abcnews.go.com/US/us-navy-identifies-sailor-died-supporting-operations-red/story?id=108430699 |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> {{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} 3 soldiers injured<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Haley |last1=Britzky |first2=Natasha |last2=Bertrand |first3=Brad |last3=Lendon |title=US Navy loses $60 million jet at sea after it fell overboard from aircraft carrier |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/28/politics/us-navy-jet-overboard/index.html |date=29 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=CNN }}</ref><ref name="cnn20250506">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Second US Navy jet is lost at sea from Truman aircraft carrier |date=7 May 2025 |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/politics/second-us-navy-jet-is-lost-at-sea}}</ref><br />{{#invoke:flag|deco|United States}} at least 15 [[MQ-9 Reaper]]s [[List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen#2023|lost]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Martinez |first=Luis |title=Houthis shoot down growing number of US drones |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/houthis-shoot-growing-number-us-drones/story?id=121099082 |work=ABC News |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 }}</ref> (23 per Houthis)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Gambrell |first=Jon |date=2024-09-30 |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels claim shooting down another US-made drone as US acknowledges losing one |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-us-drone-bf72b98965b1b440f635e322971f5894 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=The Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="22Apr2025">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Houthis say group downed US drone in northwest Yemen as US strikes continue |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/22/houthis-say-group-downed-us-drone-in-northwest-yemen-as-us-strikes-continue|date=22 April 2025|access-date=23 April 2025|work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><br>{{#invoke:flag|icon|United States}} 3 [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18 Super Hornet]]s [[List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen#2024|lost]]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2024-12-22 |title=US carries out airstrikes against Houthis in Yemen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj30zk1jnmno |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=BBC |first=Thomas |last=Mackintosh}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=F-18 falls overboard from U.S. aircraft carrier in Red Sea |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/f-18-falls-overboard-us-aircraft-carrier-red-sea-2025-04-28/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=Reuters |date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="cnn20250506"/> | casualties3 = 9 sailors killed and 11 injured{{#tag:ref|Fatalities include one Vietnamese, one Russian, and seven Filipinos<ref name="BBC060324">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 March 2024 |title=Three killed in Houthi missile attack on cargo ship – US military |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68490695 |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306141524/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68490695 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TheNational180624">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2024-06-18 |title=Filipino sailor killed in Houthi attack on cargo ship, White House says |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/06/18/filipino-sailor-killed-in-houthi-attack-on-cargo-ship-white-house-says/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The National |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618144708/https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/06/18/filipino-sailor-killed-in-houthi-attack-on-cargo-ship-white-house-says/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Christou |first=William |date=2025-07-10 |title=Seafarers from cargo ship attacked by Houthis rescued after 48 hours in water |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/10/another-four-people-rescued-in-red-sea-after-houthi-attack-on-greek-cargo-ship-eternity-c |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Minervagracht">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2025-10-07 |title=Filipijns bemanningslid overlijdt na aanval op Nederlands vrachtschip bij Jemen |url=https://www.gva.be/buitenland/filipijns-bemanningslid-overlijdt-na-aanval-op-nederlands-vrachtschip-bij-jemen/95574817.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=GVA |language=nl-BE}}</ref>{{hr}} * One injured on 22 February 2024<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 February 2024 |title=UK-owned ship damaged in Houthi missile attack off Yemen, US says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68367495 |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301204113/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68367495 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Three killed, four injured on 6 March 2024<ref name="BBC060324"/> * One injured on 28 May 2024<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2024-05-29 |title=Houthis Armed with New Iranian-Designed Missile as Attacks Increase |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/houthis-armed-with-new-iranian-designed-missile-as-attacks-increase |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Maritime Executive |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530011519/https://maritime-executive.com/article/houthis-armed-with-new-iranian-designed-missile-as-attacks-increase |url-status=live }}</ref> * One killed on 12 June 2024<ref name="TheNational180624"/> * One severely injured on 13 June 2024<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2024-06-14 |title=Houthi missile attack severely injures sailor on cargo ship: US military |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2530206/middle-east |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613220140/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2530206/middle-east |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-06-14 |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher= Arab News |language=en}}</ref> * One injured on 23 June 2024<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Argosino |first=Faith |date=25 June 2024 |title=1 minor injury among 27 Filipino crew onboard MV Transworld Navigator |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/240500/1-minor-injury-among-27-filipino-crew-onboard-mv-transworld-navigator-dmw |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Inquirer |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625182020/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/240500/1-minor-injury-among-27-filipino-crew-onboard-mv-transworld-navigator-dmw |url-status=live }}</ref> * Four killed, at least two injured on 7 July 2025<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Saul |first1=Jonathan |last2=Maltezou |first2=Renee |last3=Maltezou |first3=Renee |date=2025-07-08 |title=Four crew dead, at least two wounded in latest Red Sea attack on Greek ship |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/two-crew-dead-after-attack-greek-vessel-red-sea-liberian-shipping-delegation-2025-07-08/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> * Two injured on 29 September 2025<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Gambrell |first=Jon |date=2025-09-29 |title=Crew abandons damaged vessel after second Houthi strike on Dutch ship in days |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2025-09-29/ship-owner-says-two-mariners-injured-in-a-missile-attack-off-yemen-crew-abandoning-vessel |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> (one succumbed to their wounds on 6 October)<ref name="Minervagracht"/> |group=lower-alpha}}<br>2 Israeli civilians killed<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=21 December 2024 |title=Man faints, dies, following siren in central Israel |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/401075 |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=Arutz Sheva}}</ref> and 248 injured<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=50 hurt in UAV strike in Eilat, 2 in serious condition |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/415355 |website=Israel National News |date=24 September 2025}}</ref><br />1 [[World Food Programme|WFP]] worker killed,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=11 February 2025 |title='Outraged': WFP says staff member died while detained in northern Yemen |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/11/outraged-wfp-says-staff-member-dies-while-detained-in-northern-yemen |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Al Jazeera }}</ref> 1 [[United Nations|UN]] worker injured<ref name="WHO">{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Dave |last=Graham |date=27 December 2024 |title=WHO chief describes ordeal during Israeli strike on Yemen airport |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/who-says-crew-member-suffered-serious-injury-yemen-airport-strike-2024-12-27/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref><br/> 319 Yemeni civilians killed and 1,143 injured{{#tag:ref|<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemens-houthi-rebels-report-first-civilian-death-in-us-uk-strikes/|title=Yemen's Houthi rebels report first civilian death in US–UK strikes|date=26 February 2024|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226190648/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemens-houthi-rebels-report-first-civilian-death-in-us-uk-strikes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2 June 2024 |title=Houthis launch second wave of attacks on Red Sea vessels after deadly British–US airstrikes |url=https://arab.news/wv2vw |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Arab News |language=en |quote=The militia acknowledged that the joint British–US airstrikes killed at least 16 people and wounded 42 of its fighters.}}</ref><ref name=skyrabia>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=21 July 2024 |title=اليمن.. ارتفاع حصيلة قتلى الغارات الإسرائيلية إلى 14 قتيلا |url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1730502-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%95%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%94%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-14-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7 |work=Sky News Arabia |language=ar }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Suciu |first=Peter |date=2024-07-23 |title=The Houthis Freaked: Israel Attacks with F-35I Adir Stealth Fighter |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/houthis-freaked-israel-attacks-f-35i-adir-stealth-fighter-211976 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2024-12-19 |first=Merve |last=Berker |title=9 killed as Israel strikes power plants, port, oil facility in Yemen |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/9-killed-as-israel-strikes-power-plants-port-oil-facility-in-yemen/3428302 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=10 January 2025 |title=Israel launches air raids on power station, ports in Yemen |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/10/yemens-houthis-report-coordinated-israeli-us-and-uk-attacks |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=Al Jazeera }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/24/us-fires-on-sanaa-as-campaign-against-yemens-houthis-continues|title=US fires on Sanaa as campaign against Yemen's Houthis continues|date=24 March 2025|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first=Jon |last=Gambrell |title=Suspected US airstrikes in Yemen kill at least 6 people, Houthi rebels say |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-us-airstrikes-israel-hamas-war-614b616f130dca37ee22bfdd85834487 |date=2 April 2025 |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=The Associated Press }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Iyad |last1=Nabolsi |first2=Mohammed |last2=Sio |title=Yemen's Houthis say US airstrikes kill 6, injure 32 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/yemen-s-houthis-say-us-airstrikes-kill-6-injure-32/3530101 |date=7 April 2025 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first=Jon |last=Gambrell |title=Suspected US strikes in Yemen kill at least 6 people, Houthi rebels say |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-us-airstrikes-israel-hamas-war-381023ab9aada27089a07372b310192f |date=8 April 2025 |access-date=9 April 2025 |website=The Associated Press }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first=Jon |last=Gambrell |title=Suspected US strikes in Yemen kill at least 3 people, Houthi rebels say |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-us-airstrikes-israel-hamas-war-5a9b7c9052feb3e7d933338afaf1b28f |date=15 April 2025 |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=The Associated Press }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Mohammed |last1=Sameai |first2=Mohammed |last2=Sio |title=1 killed in over 20 US airstrikes in northern Yemen |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/1-killed-in-over-20-us-airstrikes-in-northern-yemen/3540427 |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first=Peter |last=Beaumont |title=Scores killed in US strikes on Yemen fuel port of Ras Isa, Houthi officials say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/18/scores-killed-in-us-strikes-on-yemen-fuel-port-of-ras-isa-houthi-media-says |date=18 April 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=The Guardian }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=US attacks Yemen again after at least 80 people killed in Hodeidah |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/19/us-attacks-yemen-again-after-at-least-80-people-killed-in-hodeidah |date=19 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="20Apr2025">{{#invoke:Cite|web|first=Jon |last=Gambrell |title=US airstrikes killed 12 people in Yemen's capital, the Houthi rebels say |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-us-airstrikes-iran-04-21-2025-05d9133558d6cfdf0cbd8fe9e3778647 |date=21 April 2025 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Associated Press }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first=Ahmed |last=Asmar |title=3 injured in fresh US airstrikes in Yemen, Houthis say |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/3-injured-in-fresh-us-airstrikes-in-yemen-houthis-say/3547137 |date=24 April 2025 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=IDF intercepts missile from Yemen, rocket sirens sound in Beersheba, Negev area |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-851552 |date=26 April 2025 |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=The Jerusalem Post }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Yemen's Houthis say two killed in US strikes on Sanaa |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/yemens-houthis-say-two-killed-us-strikes-sanaa |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=The New Arab }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=At least 8 killed in latest US air attacks on Yemen's capital, Saana |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/28/at-least-8-killed-in-latest-us-air-attacks-on-yemens-capital-saana|work=Al Jazeera|date=27 April 2025|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Mohammed |last1=Sameai |first2=Mustafa |last2=Haboush |first3=Ikram |last3=Kouachi |title=3 civilians injured in US airstrike on Yemen's capital: Houthis |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/3-civilians-injured-in-us-airstrike-on-yemens-capital-houthis/3555007 |date=2 May 2025 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=At least 15 injured in strike on Yemeni capital, according to Houthi group |url=https://news.sky.com/story/at-least-15-injured-in-us-british-strike-on-yemeni-capital-according-to-houthi-group-13362084 |date=5 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=Sky News }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Houthis say 4 killed, 39 wounded in Israel's Monday strikes on Yemen |date=6 May 2025 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/houthis-say-4-killed-39-wounded-in-israels-monday-strikes-on-yemen/}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=الحوثيون: 3 قتلى وإصابة 54 جراء القصف الإسرائيلي على صنعاء وعمران |url=https://www.lebanon24.com/news/breaking-news/1356927/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-3-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-54-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 |work=Lebanon 24 |date=6 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Said |last1=Amouri |first2=Ahmed |last2=Asmar |title=Houthis say 1 killed, 9 injured in Israeli airstrikes on Yemen's Al-Hudaydah, Salif seaports |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/houthis-say-1-killed-9-injured-in-israeli-airstrikes-on-yemens-al-hudaydah-salif-seaports/3570801 |date=16 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}{{Synthesis inline|date=April 2025}}<hr /> 68 African migrants killed, 47 injured<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first=David |last=Gritten |title=Dozens of African migrants killed in US strike on Yemen, Houthis say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qw274w72vo |date=28 April 2025 |access-date=28 April 2025 |website=BBC }}</ref><br />3 Russian civilians injured<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Russian sailors injured in U.S. airstrikes on Yemen's Red Sea port: Houthis |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/world/russian-sailors-injured-in-u-s-airstrikes-on-yemen-s-red-sea-port-houthis/3449075.html |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=United News of India }}</ref><br />6 Egyptian civilians wounded<br />5 Palestinian civilians wounded<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|author1=Menna Alaa El-Din |author2=Enas Alashray |author3=Yomna Ehab |author4=Nidal Al-Mughrabi |author5=Ali Sawafta |title=Israel says missile launched from Yemen fell in Hebron; at least 5 Palestinians hurt |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-missile-launched-yemen-fell-hebron-least-5-palestinians-hurt-2025-06-13/ |date=13 June 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Reuters }}</ref> | notes = {{align|center|Two ships have been hijacked and 36 crew members have been taken hostage by Houthi militants; one ship remains in Houthi custody, while one ship and all hostages have been released. At least 30 ships have been damaged by Houthi attacks. One UK-owned and three Greek-owned cargo ships sunk.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/freighter-rubymar-has-sunk-red-sea-yemen-internationally-recognised-government-2024-03-02/ |title=Ship sunk by Houthis threatens Red Sea environment, Yemen government and US military say |last=Ghobari |first=Mohammad |publisher=Reuters |url-access=limited |date=3 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Jon |last=Gambrell |date=19 June 2024 |title=Ship attacked by Yemen's Houthi rebels in fatal assault sinks in Red Sea in their second sinking |url=https://apnews.com/article/houthi-rebels-ship-attack-red-sea-yemen-bfa7d321e55c5bb59b268b82ef3c56ba |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619131408/https://apnews.com/article/houthi-rebels-ship-attack-red-sea-yemen-bfa7d321e55c5bb59b268b82ef3c56ba |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=The Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Maltezou |first1=Renee |last2=Souliotis |first2=Yannis |last3=Saul |first3=Jonathan |last4=Maltezou |first4=Renee |date=2025-07-09 |title=Four dead and 15 missing after Houthis sink latest Greek ship in Red Sea |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/maritime-security-firms-launch-mission-save-crew-greek-vessel-hit-by-houthis-2025-07-09/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>}} | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Gaza war}} }} {{Campaignbox Israel–Hamas war}} The '''Red Sea crisis''' was an armed conflict in the Middle East.<ref name="The Guardian Name">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/what-is-the-red-sea-crisis-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade|title=What is the Red Sea crisis, and what does it mean for global trade?|first1=Richard|last1=Partington|date=3 January 2024|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=9 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108193101/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/what-is-the-red-sea-crisis-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/03/red-sea-crisis-shipping-costs-delays-inflation.html|title=Red Sea crisis boosts shipping costs, delays – and inflation worries|first=Lori Ann|last=LaRocco|date=3 January 2024|website=[[CNBC]]|accessdate=9 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108224108/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/03/red-sea-crisis-shipping-costs-delays-inflation.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/11/red-sea-shipping-crisis-un-security-council-yemen-youthi-rebels-attacks |title=Red Sea crisis: UN security council demands immediate end to Houthi attacks |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111032101/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/11/red-sea-shipping-crisis-un-security-council-yemen-youthi-rebels-attacks |url-status=live |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick }}</ref> It is also known as the '''United States–Houthi conflict''' or '''United States–Iran proxy war.'''<ref name="NYT Name">{{cite web |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |last3=Yee |first3=Vivian |last4=Rubin |first4=Alissa J. |title=U.S. and Iran Wage a Proxy War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/world/middleeast/us-iran-mideast-war.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=20 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119050934/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/world/middleeast/us-iran-mideast-war.html |archivedate=19 January 2024 |format=[[News]] article |date=January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/03/red-sea-crisis-shipping-costs-delays-inflation.html |title=Red Sea crisis boosts shipping costs, delays – and inflation worries |website=[[CNBC]] |date=3 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109081236/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/03/red-sea-crisis-shipping-costs-delays-inflation.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/ships-rerouted-by-red-sea-crisis-face-overwhelmed-african-ports-2023-12-22/|title=Ships rerouted by Red Sea crisis face overwhelmed African ports &#124; Reuters|website=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=February 29, 2024}}</ref> The crisis began on 19 October 2023 after attacks by the [[Houthi movement]]. The Houthis are a [[Shia]] [[Islamist]] [[insurgent]] group who control parts of [[Yemen]] and are backed by [[Iran]]. These attacks target [[Southern Israel]]. The Houthis also target ships in the Red Sea that they claimed are linked to Israel or its [[Alliance|allies]] (particularly the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]]).<ref name="AP"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-red-sea-shipping-centcom-us-bb70acea5062a9952a5b983ecc047863 |title=US Navy helicopters fire at Yemen's Houthi rebels and kill several in latest Red Sea shipping attack |date=31 December 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110112813/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-red-sea-shipping-centcom-us-bb70acea5062a9952a5b983ecc047863 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/13/how-houthi-anger-with-israel-is-reshaping-the-middle-east-conflict?ref=mc.news | title=How Houthi anger with Israel is reshaping the Middle East conflict | newspaper=The Observer | date=13 January 2024 | last1=Wintour | first1=Patrick | access-date=18 January 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118133202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/13/how-houthi-anger-with-israel-is-reshaping-the-middle-east-conflict?ref=mc.news | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Joyce">{{cite web |last1=Joyce |first1=Elijah |title=Timeline of the Red Sea Crisis (October — December 2023) |url=https://medium.com/p/2bc840ded659 |publisher=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=21 February 2024 |format=[[History]] [[timeline]] |date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226123644/https://medium.com/@elijahjoyceweather21/timeline-of-the-red-sea-crisis-october-december-2023-2bc840ded659 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Houthi movement's fighters, who are in opposition to Yemen's internationally recognized government, have maintained control over a significant portion of the country's territory along the Red Sea since 2014. Following the onset of the Israel–Hamas conflict, the group, which is allied with Hamas, commenced launching missiles and drones targeting Israel. Additionally, Houthi militants have attacked various merchant vessels from different nations in the Red Sea, particularly in the Bab-el-Mandeb, which serves as the southern maritime access point to Egypt's [[Suez Canal]] and is a critical chokepoint for the global economy. The group has asserted that their actions will continue until Israel halts its military operations against Hamas.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/19/yemens-houthis-will-not-stop-red-sea-attacks-until-israel-stops-gaza-war Yemen’s Houthis ‘will not stop’ Red Sea attacks until Israel ends Gaza war] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, national security adviser says] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The Houthis says they consider any Israel-linked ship as a target<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/what-is-the-red-sea-crisis-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade What is the Red Sea crisis, and what does it mean for global trade?] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/03/red-sea-crisis-shipping-costs-delays-inflation.html What is the Red Sea crisis, and what does it mean for global trade?] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-red-sea-shipping-centcom-us-bb70acea5062a9952a5b983ecc047863 US Navy helicopters fire at Yemen’s Houthi rebels and kill several in latest Red Sea shipping attack] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> including US and UK warships, <ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/china-finance-houthi-red-sea-attacks-iran-oil/ How China ended up financing the Houthis’ Red Sea attacks] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-sees-all-maritime-navigation-danger-after-us-strikes-yemen-2024-01-14/ Hezbollah says security of all shipping harmed after US strikes on Yemen] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> From October 2023 to March 2024, the Houthis attacked more than 60 vessels in the Red Sea.<ref>[https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN12301 Houthi Attacks in the Red Sea: Issues for Congress] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> To avoid attack, hundreds of commercial vessels have been rerouted to sail around [[South Africa]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240119-red-sea-crisis-how-global-shipping-is-being-rerouted-out-of-danger Red Sea crisis: What it takes to reroute the world's biggest cargo ships] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The Houthis' Red Sea attacks have drawn a military response from a number of countries. In January 2024, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2722, condemning the Houthi attacks and affirming freedom of navigation. <ref>[https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN12301 Houthi Attacks in the Red Sea: Issues for Congress] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The United States-led Operation Prosperity Guardian was launched to protect Red Sea shipping. Since 12 January, the US and UK have led coalition air and missile strikes against the Houthis, while other countries are independently patrolling the waters near Yemen, attacking Houthi vessels in the Red Sea.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-01-22-24#h_bcea34adfb7d01899d1d59278a3a9bfe US names campaign to target Houthis in Yemen "Operation Poseidon Archer"] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The Houthis ended their attacks on international shipping and on Israel after the [[Gaza peace plan]] went into effect on 10 October 2025. ==Houthis and the Israel–Hamas war== Following the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, which triggered the Israel–Hamas war, numerous Iran-backed militant groups across the Middle East (including the Houthis) expressed support for the Palestinians and threatened to attack Israel. Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi warned the United States against intervening in support of Israel, threatening that such an intervention would be met with retaliation by drone and missile strikes.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b US military shoots down missiles and drones as it faces growing threats in volatile Middle East] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> In order to end their attacks in the Red Sea, the Houthis demanded a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war and an end to the accompanying Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-say-un-resolution-navigation-red-sea-is-political-game-2024-01-11/ Yemen's Houthis say Red Sea attacks do not threaten peace with Riyadh] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/12/yemen-houthi-militia-israel-gaza-red-sea By bombing Yemen, the west risks repeating its own mistakes] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, national security adviser says] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> ==Weapons used by Houthi militants== According to Armament Research Services, Houthi weapons are mostly of Russian, Chinese or Iranian origin.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/18/beyond-the-red-sea-who-are-the-houthis-up-against-inside-yemen Beyond the Red Sea: Who are the Houthis up against inside Yemen?] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/china-iran-houthis-anti-ship-ballistic-missile-attacks-red-sea-middle-east-1854008 Houthi Rebel Missiles in the Red Sea Have a Link to China] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> They are known to use surface-to-surface missiles, artillery rockets, loitering munitions and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemens-houthi-rebels-claim-to-launch-major-drone-attack-on-israel/ Yemen’s Houthi rebels claim to launch major drone attack on Israel] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> They have several missiles and UAVs capable of reaching Israel from Yemen: Toufan – a surface-to-surface missile, with a range of 1,800 km (1,100 mi).<ref>[https://amwaj.media/media-monitor/interview-inside-the-houthi-arsenal-that-can-reach-israel Interview: Inside the Houthi arsenal that can reach Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125043759/https://amwaj.media/media-monitor/interview-inside-the-houthi-arsenal-that-can-reach-israel |date=2023-11-25 }} Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> Cruise missiles – from the Iranian Soumar family, with strike ranges of about 2,000 km (1,200 mi).<ref>[https://amwaj.media/media-monitor/interview-inside-the-houthi-arsenal-that-can-reach-israel Interview: Inside the Houthi arsenal that can reach Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125043759/https://amwaj.media/media-monitor/interview-inside-the-houthi-arsenal-that-can-reach-israel |date=2023-11-25 }} Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> Quds-2 missile – supposedly with a range of 1,350 km (840 mi) but made to strike Israel.<ref>[https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-red-sea-missile-and-drone-attack-drivers-and-implications The Houthis’ Red Sea missile and drone attack: Drivers and implications] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> Samad-3 and Samad-4 – UAVs/loitering munitions with ranges of 1,800 km (1,100 mi) and further.<ref>[https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-red-sea-missile-and-drone-attack-drivers-and-implications The Houthis’ Red Sea missile and drone attack: Drivers and implications] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> Wa'id drones – similar to Iran's Shahed 136, loitering munition with a range of 2,500 km (1,600 mi).<ref>[https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-red-sea-missile-and-drone-attack-drivers-and-implications The Houthis’ Red Sea missile and drone attack: Drivers and implications] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> Naval drones – 7 metres (23 ft) unmanned surface vessels (USVs) laden with explosives.<ref>[https://www.yemenmonitor.com/en/Details/ArtMID/908/ArticleID/115072 UK Announces Loss of Crew of Ship Recently Sunk by Houthis in the Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/houthis-score-first-hit-red-sea-ship-drone-boat-2024-6 The Houthis just scored their first drone boat hit on a Red Sea ship] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> ==Timeline== ===October 2023=== On 19 October 2023, the Houthis launched three land-attack cruise [[missile]]s as well as multiple [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|drones]] towards [[Israel]]. According to the [[U.S. government]], these were all shot down by the [[USS Carney|USS ''Carney'']], a destroyer in the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="AP">{{cite news |last1=Copp |first1=Tara |last2=Baldor |first2=Lolita |title=US military shoots down missiles and drones as it faces growing threats in volatile Middle East |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019193345/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b |url-status=live }}</ref> This was the first action by the U.S. military to defend Israel during the [[Israel–Hamas war (2023–present)|Israel–Hamas war]]. Later, it was reported that the ''Carney'' had actually shot down four missiles and 15 drones.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/20/politics/us-warship-intercept-missiles-near-yemen/index.html |title=Incident involving US warship intercepting missiles near Yemen lasted 9 hours|work=[[CNN]]|last1=Liebermann|first1=Oren |date=20 October 2023|access-date=30 October 2023|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231030212606/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/20/politics/us-warship-intercept-missiles-near-yemen/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> This action is considered the beginning of the Red Sea Crisis. Later in the day, [[Saudi Arabia]] shot down another missile launched by Houthi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=IntelBrief: Houthi Involvement in Mideast War Hinders Prospects for a Yemen Settlement |url=https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2023-november-8/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=The Soufan Center |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012230/https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2023-november-8/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another missile was reportedly intercepted by Saudi Arabia. More were intercepted by Israel's Arrow anti-ballistic missiles; others fell short of their targets or were intercepted by the Israeli Air Force and the French Navy.<ref>[https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2023-november-8/ IntelBrief: Houthi Involvement in Mideast War Hinders Prospects for a Yemen Settlement] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 27 October, the Houthis fired two [[loitering weapon|drones]] from the southern Red Sea towards the north. The Israeli military stated the drones were targeted at Israel. One of the two drones fell short, hitting a building next to a hospital in Taba, Egypt. Six people were injured. The other drone fell short and hit near an electricity plant close to the town of Nuweiba, Egypt.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Ahmed Mohamed |last2=Williams |first2=Dan |title=Drone blasts hit two Egyptian Red Sea towns, Israel points to Houthi |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/explosion-heard-egyptian-red-sea-town-near-israeli-border-witness-2023-10-27/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=27 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233630/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/explosion-heard-egyptian-red-sea-town-near-israeli-border-witness-2023-10-27/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Blasts hit two Egyptian Red Sea towns near Israel border, six injured|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/missile-strikes-egypts-taba-resort-town-near-israel-border |access-date=28 October 2023|work=Al Jazeera English|language=en|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231107120832/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/missile-strikes-egypts-taba-resort-town-near-israel-border |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fabian|first1=Emanuel |title=Missile that hit Egypt likely came from Yemen, IDF indicates; 2nd Sinai impact reported|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/missile-that-egypt-likely-came-from-yemen-idf-says-as-second-sinai-impact-reported/ |access-date=2 November 2023|date=27 October 2023|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231031143520/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/missile-that-egypt-likely-came-from-yemen-idf-says-as-second-sinai-impact-reported/ |url-status=live}}</ref> After the drone struck Taba, an official for Houthi posted one-word on [[Twitter|X]]; "[[Eilat]]". Eilat is the name of a city in Israel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yemen's Houthi rebels appear to threaten Israel: 'Eilat'|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemens-houthi-rebels-appear-to-threaten-israel-eilat/ |access-date=2 November 2023|date=28 October 2023|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231030172715/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemens-houthi-rebels-appear-to-threaten-israel-eilat/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Joyce"/> On 31 October, Houthi attempted a long-range attack on Israel. Houthi launched a [[ballistic missile]] and multiple cruise [[missile]]s. Israel's Arrow System shot down the ballistic missile. The Israeli Air Force shot down the cruise missiles over the Red Sea. One of the cruise missiles was shot down by an Israeli F-35i Adir fighter jet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defence-blog.com/israel-shoots-down-houthi-drones-using-f-35i-adir-fighter-jets/ |title=Israel shoots down Houthi cruise missiles using F-35i Adir fighter jets|last=Malyasov|first=Dylan |date=2 November 2023|access-date=3 November 2023|work=Defence Blog|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231102131839/https://defence-blog.com/israel-shoots-down-houthi-drones-using-f-35i-adir-fighter-jets/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This engagement was the first use of the Arrow System during the Israel–Hamas war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=In first, Arrow downs Eilat-bound missile from 'Red Sea area'; Houthis claim attack |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-arrow-system-used-to-down-missile-from-red-sea-houthis-claim-uav-attack/ |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231031162333/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-arrow-system-used-to-down-missile-from-red-sea-houthis-claim-uav-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Israeli government also said the interception of the ballistic missile took place [[Kármán line|above Earth's atmosphere]] above the Negev Desert. This made it the first instance of [[space warfare]] in history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barber |first=Harriet |date=4 November 2023 |title=How Israel shot down a ballistic missile in space for the first time |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/11/04/how-israel-shot-down-ballistic-missile-in-space-houthis/ |access-date=24 November 2023|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231123171808/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/11/04/how-israel-shot-down-ballistic-missile-in-space-houthis/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Joyce"/> ===November 2023=== On 1 November, the Israeli military shot down missile fired by Houthi. Houthi had fired the missile towards the city of Eilat, Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Houthis Claim Responsibility for Attack on Israel|url=https://english.aawsat.com/node/4640901|access-date=2 November 2023|date=1 November 2023|website=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]]|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223235202/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4640901-houthis-claim-responsibility-attack-israel|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Joyce"/> On 8 November 2023, Houthi air defenses shot down an American [[MQ-9 Reaper]] drone. This resulted in the first American loss of the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Watson|first=Eleanor|title=U.S. MQ-9 Drone shot down off the coast of Yemen|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u-s-mq-9-drone-shot-down-off-yemen-coast/|access-date=8 November 2023|date=8 November 2023|website=[[CBS News]]|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108224707/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u-s-mq-9-drone-shot-down-off-yemen-coast/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 November, the Houthis fired yet another missile toward the city of Eilat.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 November 2023|title=Israel strikes Syria after drone hits southern Eilat city – Israeli military|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-says-unidentified-drone-hits-southern-city-eilat-2023-11-09/|access-date=11 November 2023|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110160937/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-says-unidentified-drone-hits-southern-city-eilat-2023-11-09/|url-status=live}}</ref> The missile was shot down by an Israeli Arrow 3 [[missile]]. This marked the first time an Arrow 3 missile had been used to shoot down an enemy missile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Israel's Arrow 3 has made its 1st-ever interception, downing likely Yemen-fired missile|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israels-arrow-3-has-made-its-1st-ever-interception-downing-likely-yemen-fired-missile/|last=Fabian|first=Emanuel|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=9 November 2023|access-date=9 November 2023|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109221234/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israels-arrow-3-has-made-its-1st-ever-interception-downing-likely-yemen-fired-missile/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 November, the Houthis fired multiple missiles towards Israel. This included one missile aimed at the city of Eilat. The missiles were shot down by Israeli Arrow missiles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yemen's Houthis say they fired ballistic missiles towards Israel|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/yemens-houthis-say-they-fired-ballistic-missiles-towards-israel|website=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=14 November 2023|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114235851/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/yemens-houthis-say-they-fired-ballistic-missiles-towards-israel|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 November, Houthi launched an attack on the USS ''Thomas Hudner'', a [[destroyer]] in the United States Navy. The drone was heading towards the destroyer. In self-defense, the ''Thomas Hudner'' shot down the Houthi drone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u-s-navy-warship-shoots-down-drone-fired-yemen/|title=U.S. Navy warship shoots down drone fired from Yemen|date=15 November 2023|access-date=15 November 2023|last1=Watson|first1=Eleanor|last2=Martin|first2=David|work=[[CBS News]]|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115175918/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u-s-navy-warship-shoots-down-drone-fired-yemen/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Joyce"/> On 22 November, Houthi once again fired a cruise missile towards the city of Eilat. The missile was shot down by an F-35 fighter aircraft in the Israeli Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IDF says it shot down cruise missile — apparently fired by Houthis — over Red Sea|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-it-shot-down-cruise-missile-apparently-fired-by-houthis-over-red-sea/|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|last=Fabian|first=Emanuel|date=22 November 2023|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123015318/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-it-shot-down-cruise-missile-apparently-fired-by-houthis-over-red-sea/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 November, Houthi attacked the USS ''Thomas Hudner'' again. Houthi launched a series of attack drones towards the ''Thomas Hudner''. All of the drones were shot down, causing no damage to the ship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4324690-us-warship-attack-drones-red-sea/|title=US warship shoots down multiple 'attack drones' in Red Sea|last=Irwin|first=Lauren|date=23 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123152752/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4324690-us-warship-attack-drones-red-sea/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 November, Iran attacked the [[Malta]]-flagged container ship, ''CMA CGM Symi''. The Iranian military launched a drone towards the ship. The drone was shot down by an Israeli Air Force [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-ship-drone-attack-symi-39929cae42a191b2f242896a053123a7|title=An Israeli-owned ship was targeted in suspected Iranian attack in Indian Ocean, US official tells AP|work=[[Associated Press News]]|last=Gambrell|first=Jon|date=25 November 2023|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125091238/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-ship-drone-attack-symi-39929cae42a191b2f242896a053123a7|url-status=live}}</ref> A drone was shot down over the Red Sea by an IDF fighter jet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-shot-down-a-drone-over-red-sea-heading-toward-eilat/|title=IDF says it shot down a drone over Red Sea heading toward Eilat|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|last=Fabian|first=Emanuel|date=25 November 2023|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125214826/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-shot-down-a-drone-over-red-sea-heading-toward-eilat/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 November, the [[USS Carney|USS ''Carney'']] engaged and shot down a Houthi KAS-04. Houthi launched the drone towards the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] Strait.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/us-iran-houthi-drone-yemen-daf0427ba836799ba29479050b866f90|title=US Navy warship shoots down a drone launched by Houthis from Yemen|date=29 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|last=Baldor|first=Lolita|work=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129191941/https://apnews.com/article/us-iran-houthi-drone-yemen-daf0427ba836799ba29479050b866f90|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 November, [[Saudia Arabia]] reported that Israel had conducted a military strike against Houthi. The airstrike occurred in [[Sanaa|Sana'a]], the capital of [[Yemen]]. Saudia Arabia reported that Israel had struck a Houthi [[Supply depot|weapons depot]]. This was denied by Houthi and they reported the Israeli airstrike hit a [[gas station]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2023|title=Israeli strike behind blast at Houthi weapons depot in Yemen's capital — report|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-strike-behind-blast-at-houthi-weapons-depot-in-yemens-capital-report/|access-date=3 December 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202213831/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-strike-behind-blast-at-houthi-weapons-depot-in-yemens-capital-report/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===December 2023=== On 6 December, Houthi launched military strikes against the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli military]] in the city of [[Eilat]]. Houthi launched multiple [[ballistic missile]]s towards the Israeli military. None of the missiles hit the military. Also on 6 December, the USS ''Mason'' shot down a drone launched by Houthi. The USS ''Mason'' is a [[destroyer]] in the [[United States Navy]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 December 2023|title=Yemen's Houthis say they launched ballistic missiles at Israel|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk-maritime-agency-received-reports-suspected-drone-incident-southern-red-sea-2023-12-06/|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206155648/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk-maritime-agency-received-reports-suspected-drone-incident-southern-red-sea-2023-12-06/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 December, the ''Languedoc'', a [[frigate]] in the [[France|French]] Navy, shot down two drones launched by Houthi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-naval-ship-in-red-sea-intercepts-2-drones-launched-from-houthi-held-port/|title=French naval ship in Red Sea intercepts 2 drones launched from Houthi-held Yemen port|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=10 December 2023|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212021222/https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-naval-ship-in-red-sea-intercepts-2-drones-launched-from-houthi-held-port/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 December, the [[United States Navy]] shot down 14 drones launched by Houthi.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2023 |title=US, UK forces down 15 drones over Red Sea as Houthis vow to keep up attacks on Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/houthis-vow-to-keep-up-attacks-on-israel-as-us-uk-forces-down-15-drones-over-red-sea/ |accessdate=16 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216171847/https://www.timesofisrael.com/houthis-vow-to-keep-up-attacks-on-israel-as-us-uk-forces-down-15-drones-over-red-sea/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On the same day, the Egyptian Air Defense Forces, a branch of the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]], shot down a object flying around the town of Dahab, [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1237/514124/Egypt/Defence/Egypt-forces-intercept,-down-flying-object-off-Dah.aspx|title=Egypt forces intercept, down flying object off Dahab coast|work=[[Ahram Online]]|date=16 December 2023|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> On 18 December, the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] deployed the [[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']] to the [[Gulf of Aden]]. The INS ''Kolkata'' is a destroyer in the [[Indian Navy]]. It was deployed for maritime security. The [[INS Kochi|INS ''Kochi'']], another destroyer, was already deployed in the region to stop [[Piracy|pirates]].<ref name="HT19dec" /> On 26 December, Houthi conducted a series of drone strikes against Israel. Drone strikes were reported over Eilat and other parts of Israel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Houthis say they carried out drone attack on Israeli port of Eilat |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/26/uk-maritime-group-reports-drones-explosion-off-yemen-coast |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226192411/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/26/uk-maritime-group-reports-drones-explosion-off-yemen-coast |url-status=live }}</ref> The United States military shot down 12 Houthi drones. They also shot down five missiles fired by Houthi. Israel also shot down an object launched by Houthi over the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2023 |title=US shoots down 12 Houthi attack drones, 5 missiles; Israeli jet downs Eilat-bound UAV|work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/witnesses-report-2-explosions-off-sinai-coast-strange-object-falling-into-water/ |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226155153/https://www.timesofisrael.com/witnesses-report-2-explosions-off-sinai-coast-strange-object-falling-into-water/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After this conflict grew into an ongoing civil war, millions of residents were internally displaced, and a Saudi-led coalition responded by imposing a blockade of Yemen. These combined to shrink the economy by half and contributed to famine in Yemen since 2016, one of the worst in the world.<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/yemen-crisis Yemen crisis] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/torture-slow-motion-economic-blockade-yemen-and-its-grave-humanitarian-consequences Torture in slow motion: The economic blockade of Yemen and its grave humanitarian consequences] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.unicef.org/yemen/topics/food-crisis-and-famine Food crisis and famine] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The US military destroyed drones in Yemen's Houthi-held region and over the Red Sea due to perceived threats, exacerbating tensions in the conflict-ridden area. This comes amidst ongoing attacks by the Houthis and challenges to diplomatic efforts to end the Yemeni war.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240402013529/https://apnews.com/article/houthis-yemen-airstrikes-military-us-red-sea-de8430938b907a1cddc906e491dca96d US military says it destroyed Houthi drones over the Red Sea and in Yemen] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 10 December 2023, the French Navy's frigate Languedoc, operating in the Red Sea, intercepted two drones launched from Hodeida, a Houthi-held port.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-naval-ship-in-red-sea-intercepts-2-drones-launched-from-houthi-held-port/ French naval ship in Red Sea intercepts 2 drones launched from Houthi-held Yemen port] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 11 December 2023, the Norwegian [[oil tanker]] Strinda, fell victim to an overnight air attack, causing a fire on board.<ref>[https://medium.com/@elijahjoyceweather21/timeline-of-the-red-sea-crisis-october-december-2023-2bc840ded659 Timeline of the Red Sea Crisis (October — December 2023)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204231844/https://medium.com/@elijahjoyceweather21/timeline-of-the-red-sea-crisis-october-december-2023-2bc840ded659 |date=2024-12-04 }} Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The Languedoc intervened once again, intercepted a Houthi drone targeting the damaged tanker and subsequently placed itself in the protection of the vessel, preventing further attacks. The fire was brought under control and no injuries were reported. The vessel was then escorted to the Gulf of Aden out of the threat zone by an American destroyer, USS Mason.<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231212-french-warship-intercepts-huthis-aerial-attack-on-norwegian-tanker-near-red-sea French warship intercepts Huthis aerial attack on Norwegian tanker near Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/french-frigate-languedoc-intercepts-yet-another-drone-from-yemen/ French Frigate Languedoc Intercepts Yet Another Drone from Yemen] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The US Navy reportedly shot down 14 drones on 16 December 2023,<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/houthis-vow-to-keep-up-attacks-on-israel-as-us-uk-forces-down-15-drones-over-red-sea/ US, UK forces down 15 drones over Red Sea as Houthis vow to keep up attacks on Israel] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> while Egyptian Air Defense Forces intercepted an object flying near Dahab.<ref>[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1237/514124/Egypt/Defence/Egypt-forces-intercept,-down-flying-object-off-Dah.aspx Egyptian Air Defense Forces intercept, down flying object off Dahab coast: Al-Qahera News] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> By 21 December 2023, the port of Eilat, which gives Israel via the Red Sea its only easy shipping access to Asia without the need to transit the Suez Canal, had seen an 85% drop in activity due to the Houthi action.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-eilat-port-sees-85-drop-activity-amid-red-sea-houthi-attacks-2023-12-21/ Israel's Eilat Port sees 85% drop in activity amid Red Sea Houthi attacks] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> ===January 2024=== {{See also|Operation Poseidon Archer}} [[File:CENTCOM 12 January 2024-2.jpg|thumb|left|Tomahawk missiles being launched from a U.S. destroyer on 12 January]] On 2 January 2024, the [[Iran|Irani]]an-backed [[Houthi movement]] launched two anti-ship [[ballistic missile]]s towards commercial ships in the southern [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Defense]] |title=Press Release on January 2, 2024 |url=https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1742389041725886957 |website=[[Twitter|𝕏]] (Formerly [[Twitter]]) |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] |accessdate=15 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113134729/https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1742389041725886957 |archivedate=13 January 2024 |location=United States Central Command (CENTCOM) |format=Post on [[Twitter|𝕏]] |date=2 January 2024 |quote=On Jan. 2, at approximately 9:30 p.m. (Sanaa time), Iranian-backed Houthis fired two anti-ship ballistic missiles from Houthi controlled areas in Yemen into the Southern Red Sea. Multiple commercial ships in the area reported the impact of the ASBMs into the surrounding water though none have reported any damage. |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Institute for the Study of War]] (ISW) conducted an [[analysis]] of the attacks and reported the target of the attack was the [[Malta]]-flagged container ship ''CMA CGM TAGE''.<ref name="ISW">{{cite web |first1=Ashka|last1=Jhaveri|first2= Andie|last2= Parry|first3= Annika|last3= Ganzeveld|first4= Alexandra |last4=Braverman|first5= Amin |last5=Soltani|first6= Peter |last6=Mills|first7= Johanna|last7= Moore |first8=Brian|last8= Carter |title=Iran Update, January 3, 2024 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-january-3-2024 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of War]] |accessdate=15 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111050959/https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-january-3-2024 |archivedate=11 January 2024 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |format=[[Analysis]] |date=3 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Houthi rebels have attacked CMA CGM ship |date=4 January 2024 |url=https://shippingwatch.com/carriers/Container/article16729669.ece |publisher=Shipping Watch |accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref> The missiles landed in the water near the ship, causing no damage.<ref name="CENTCOM"/> Houthi claimed the ''CMA CGM TAGE'' was heading towards [[Israel]], but it was actually heading towards [[Egypt]].<ref name="ISW"/> On 6 January, Houthi [[6 January 2024 attack on the USS Laboon|launched an attack]] on the [[USS Laboon|USS ''Laboon'']]. The ''Laboon'' is a [[destroyer]] in the [[United States Navy]]. Three days later on 9 January, Houthi [[9 January 2024 Houthi attacks|launched a series of drones and missiles]] at dozens of merchant ships. This caused the United States Navy and the United Kingdom's Navy to respond. On 9 January 2024, [[Houthi movement|Houthi]] forces launched 18 one-way [[Loitering weapon|suicide drones]], two anti-ship cruise [[missile]]s, and one anti-ship [[ballistic missile]] at dozens of civilian-operated merchant vessels in the [[Red Sea]].<ref name="APNews">{{cite web |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |title=Yemen's Houthis launch their largest Red Sea drone and missile attack, though no damage is reported |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-red-sea-attacks-israel-f820b848eb76fa3ecc8056ca332cabae |website=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=10 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110084912/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-red-sea-attacks-israel-f820b848eb76fa3ecc8056ca332cabae |archivedate=10 January 2024 |location=[[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] |format=[[News]] article |date=10 January 2024 |quote=Yemen’s Houthi rebels fired their largest-ever barrage of drones and missiles targeting shipping in the Red Sea, forcing the United States and British navies to shoot down the projectiles in a major naval engagement, authorities said Wednesday...The attack by the Iranian-backed Houthis... |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite web |title=US, UK forces shoot down Houthi missiles, drones in Red Sea -US military |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-uk-forces-shoot-down-houthi-missile-drone-attack-red-sea-us-military-2024-01-10/ |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=10 January 2024 |date=9 January 2024}}</ref> These were all shot down by a combined United States and United Kingdom naval force.<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Defense]] |title=Houthi Attack on International Shipping |url=https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1744898491917492690 |website=[[Twitter|𝕏]] (formerly [[Twitter]]) |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] |accessdate=10 January 2024 |format=Post on [[Twitter|𝕏]] |date=9 January 2024 |quote=On Jan. 9, at approximately 9:15 p.m. (Sanaa time), Iranian-backed Houthis launched a complex attack of Iranian designed one-way attack UAVs (OWA UAVs), anti-ship cruise missiles, and an anti-ship ballistic missile from Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen into the Southern Red Sea, towards international shipping lanes where dozens of merchant vessels were transiting. Eighteen OWA UAVs, two anti-ship cruise missiles, and one anti-ship ballistic missile were shot down by a combined effort of F/A-18s from USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69), USS Gravely (DDG 107), USS Laboon (DDG 58), USS Mason (DDG 87), and the United Kingdom’s HMS Diamond (D34). This is the 26th Houthi attack on commercial shipping lanes in the Red Sea since Nov. 19. There were no injuries or damage reported.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Houthi militias launch biggest attack to date on merchant vessels in Red Sea |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/09/houthi-militias-launch-biggest-attack-to-date-on-merchant-vessels-in-red-sea.html |publisher=CNBC |accessdate=10 January 2024}}</ref> No damage was reported to any ships.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels launch drone and missile attack on Red Sea shipping, though no damage reported |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/yemens-houthi-rebels-launch-drone-missile-attack-red-106242491 |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=10 January 2024}}</ref> On 11 January, Houthi [[11 January 2024 Houthi attack|failed an attack]] on the commercial shipping lanes in the Red Sea. Also during the day, the [[Iran]]ian Navy [[Seizure of the St Nikolas|seized control]] of the [[Marshall Islands]]-flagged, United States-controlled and [[Greece|Greek]]-operated civilian oil tanker ''St Nikolas''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Choukeir |first1=Jana |last2=Elimam |first2=Ahmed |title=Iran seizes oil tanker involved in US-Iran dispute in Gulf of Oman - state media |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/uk-shipping-authority-receives-report-vessel-boarded-by-armed-persons-off-oman-2024-01-11/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=11 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111163540/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/uk-shipping-authority-receives-report-vessel-boarded-by-armed-persons-off-oman-2024-01-11/ |archivedate=11 January 2024 |format=[[News]] article |date=11 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the evening of 11 January, The United States [[2024 Iranian dhow seizure|seized control and later sunk]] an [[Iran]]ian [[dhow]]. The dhow was transporting supplies to the [[Houthi movement]]. The operation resulted in the entire crew of the vessel being captured. Two [[U.S. Navy SEAL]]s (or soldiers) were lost at sea. This is the first and currently only casualties the United States suffered during the crisis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |last2=Becatoros |first2=Elena |last3=Copp |first3=Tara |title=US military seizes Iranian missile parts bound for Houthi rebels in raid where 2 SEALs went missing |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-missiles-iran-seizure-us-8112fbadd3b0689c71a92890895a9368 |website=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=16 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116162857/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-missiles-iran-seizure-us-8112fbadd3b0689c71a92890895a9368 |archivedate=16 January 2024 |location=[[Jerusalem]] |format=[[News]] article |date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Defense]] |title=USCENTCOM Seizes Iranian Advanced Conventional Weapons Bound for Houthis |url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3645241/uscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis/ |website=U.S. Central Command |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] |accessdate=16 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116162840/https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3645241/uscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis/ |archivedate=16 January 2024 |location=United States Central Command (CENTCOM) |format=[[News release|Press release]] |date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 January 2024, the [[Iran|Irani]]an-backed [[Houthi movement]] launched one anti-ship [[ballistic missile]]s towards commercial ships in the [[Gulf of Aden]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Defense]] |title=US CENTCOM Statement on 27th Houthi attack on commercial shipping lanes in the Red Sea |url=https://www.centcom.mil//MEDIA/STATEMENTS/Statements-View/Article/3643121/ |website=U.S. Central Command |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] |accessdate=15 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112115531/https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/STATEMENTS/Statements-View/Article/3643121/ |archivedate=12 January 2024 |location=United States Central Command (CENTCOM) |format=[[News release|Press release]] |date=11 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> One commercial ship saw the missile hit the water and reported there was no damage caused by it. This was the 27th attack by Houthi since October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S., British strikes on Houthis come after rebels' 27th attack on shipping |date=12 January 2024 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna133391 |publisher=NBC News |accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=27th Houthi Attack on Commercial Shipping |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/27th-houthi-attack-on-commercial-shipping/ |publisher=National Review |accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref> On 12 January, a coalition [[12 January 2024 missile strikes against Yemen|launch a large-scale missile attack]] against the [[Houthi movement]] in [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baldor |first1=Lolita C.|last2=Copp|first2=Tara |title=US, British militaries launch massive retaliatory strike against Iranian-backed Houthis in Yemen |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-biden-retaliation-attacks-0804b93372cd5e874a0dd03513fe36a2|website=APNews |publisher=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112000252/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-biden-retaliation-attacks-0804b93372cd5e874a0dd03513fe36a2 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |format=[[Article (publishing)|News article]] |date=11 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kube|first1=Courtney|last2=Stelloh|first2=Tim|title=U.S. and Britain launch strikes against targets in Houthi-controlled Yemen |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/us-britain-strikes-houthi-yemen-rcna133576|publisher=[[NBC News]] |accessdate=11 January 2024|date=11 January 2024}}</ref> The coalition consisted of the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Canada]] and the [[Netherlands]]. This attack was the first attack of [[Operation Poseidon Archer]]. While retaliating for the airstrikes, Houthi mistakenly [[2024 attack on the Khalissa|targeted]] the [[Panama]]-flagged oil tanker M/T ''Khalissa''. The ship which was carrying oil towards the [[Russia]]n port of Ust-Luga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Houthis mistakenly target tanker carrying Russian oil - Ambrey report |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/houthis-mistakenly-target-tanker-carrying-russian-oil-ambrey-report-2024-01-12/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=US and UK carry out strikes against Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/11/politics/us-strikes-houthis-yemen/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |accessdate=12 January 2024}}</ref> On 14 January, the [[Iran]]ian backed [[Houthi movement]] attacked the ''[[USS Laboon]]'', an [[Arleigh Burke-class destroyer|Arleigh Burke-class]] [[destroyer]] in the [[United States Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |title=Yemen Houthi rebels fire missile at US warship in Red Sea in first attack after American-led strikes |url=https://apnews.com/article/houthis-us-yemen-israel-palestinians-gaza-fa2aefc86ae002e73081e6ac1b772610 |website=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=15 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115034535/https://apnews.com/article/houthis-us-yemen-israel-palestinians-gaza-fa2aefc86ae002e73081e6ac1b772610 |archivedate=15 January 2024 |location=[[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] |format=[[News]] article |date=14 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Defense]] |title=Press Release on January 14, 2024 |url=https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1746705110401695779 |website=[[Twitter|𝕏]] (Formerly [[Twitter]]) |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] |accessdate=15 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115033102/https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1746705110401695779 |archivedate=15 January 2024 |location=United States Central Command (CENTCOM) |format=Post on [[Twitter|𝕏]] |date=14 January 2024 |quote=On Jan. 14 at approximately 4:45 p.m. (Sanaa time), an anti-ship cruise missile was fired from Iranian-backed Houthi militant areas of Yemen toward USS Laboon (DDG 58), which was operating in the Southern Red Sea. The missile was shot down in the vicinity of the coast of Hudaydah by U.S. fighter aircraft. There were no injuries or damage reported. |url-status=live}}</ref> At about 4:45 p.m. (Sanaa time), the Houthis launched an anti-ship cruise missile towards the ''Laboon'', which was sailing on the [[Red Sea]].<ref name="AP"/><ref name="CENTCOM"/> This missile was shot down by an American [[fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] around the coast of [[Al Hudaydah]].<ref name="AP"/><ref name="CENTCOM"/> There was no damage or injuries as a result of this attack, which occurred just over a week after [[6 January 2024 attack on the USS Laboon|another attack on the ''USS Laboon'']].<ref name="AP"/> This attack was also the first U.S.-acknowledged attack by the Houthis since [[12 January 2024 missile strikes against Yemen|a devastating series of airstrikes]] by the United States and United Kingdom two days earlier.<ref name="AP"/> On 15 January, the [[Iran]]ian-backed [[Houthi movement]] attacked the [[Marshall Islands]]-flagged, [[United States]]-owned and operated bulk carrier ''Gibraltar Eagle''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |title=Houthi rebels strike a U.S.-owned ship off the coast of Yemen in the Gulf of Aden, raising tensions |url=https://apnews.com/article/houthis-us-yemen-israel-palestinians-gaza-fa2aefc86ae002e73081e6ac1b772610 |website=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=15 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115165028/https://apnews.com/article/houthis-us-yemen-israel-palestinians-gaza-fa2aefc86ae002e73081e6ac1b772610 |archivedate=15 January 2024 |location=[[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]] |format=[[News]] article |date=15 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Defense]] |title=Press Release on January 15, 2024 |url= https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1746913313932685597 |website=[[Twitter|𝕏]] (Formerly [[Twitter]]) |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] |accessdate=15 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115153203/https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1746913313932685597 |archivedate=15 January 2024 |location=United States Central Command (CENTCOM) |format=Post on [[Twitter|𝕏]] |date=15 January 2024 |quote=On Jan. 15 at approximately 4 p.m. (Sanaa time), Iranian-backed Houthi militants fired an anti-ship ballistic missile from Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen and struck the M/V Gibraltar Eagle, a Marshall Islands-flagged, U.S.-owned and operated container ship. The ship has reported no injuries or significant damage and is continuing its journey. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite web |last1=Liebermann |first1=Oren |last2=Britzky |first2=Haley |title=Houthi ballistic missile strikes US-owned and operated cargo ship, US Central Command says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/15/politics/houthi-missile-strikes-us-owned-ship/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |accessdate=15 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115161526/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/15/politics/houthi-missile-strikes-us-owned-ship/index.html |archivedate=15 January 2024 |format=[[News]] article |date=15 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> At around 4 p.m. [[Sana'a|Sanaa]] time, Houthi launched an anti-ship [[ballistic missile]] towards the ''Gibraltar Eagle''.<ref name="AP"/><ref name="CENTCOM"/> This missile hit the ''Gibraltar Eagle'' and caused damage and a fire onboard.<ref name="AP"/><ref name="CENTCOM"/> Shortly after the attack, Eagle Bulk Shipping, the company that owns the ''Gibraltar Eagle'' reported that the ship sustained damage to the [[cargo]] hold, but the situation on board was stable.<ref name="CNN"/><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ott |first1=Haley |last2=Reals |first2=Tucker |date=2024-01-15 |title=U.S. says Houthi missiles fired at cargo ship, U.S. warship in Red Sea amid strikes against Iran-backed rebels - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/houthi-rebels-yemen-missile-attacks-uss-laboon-red-sea-cargo-ship/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> On 16 January 2024, during the [[Red Sea Crisis]], the [[Iran]]ian-backed [[Houthi movement]] attacked the [[Malta|Maltese]]-flagged, [[Greece|Greek]]-owned bulk carrier ''Zografia'' in the southern [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |last2=Baldor |first2=Lolita C. |last3=Becatoros |first3=Elena |last4=Copp |first4=Tara |last5=Madhani |first5=Aamer |title=Chaotic wave of attacks, reprisals in Middle East fuel worries of a broader regional war |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-missiles-iran-seizure-us-8112fbadd3b0689c71a92890895a9368 |website=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=17 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117035837/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-missiles-iran-seizure-us-8112fbadd3b0689c71a92890895a9368 |archivedate=17 January 2024 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |format=[[News]] article |date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Defense]] |title=U.S. Conducts Strikes in Yemen as Houthi Attacks Against International Shipping Continue |url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3646109/us-conducts-strikes-in-yemen-as-houthi-attacks-against-international-shipping-c/ |website=U.S. Central Command |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] |accessdate=17 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117035550/https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3646109/us-conducts-strikes-in-yemen-as-houthi-attacks-against-international-shipping-c/ |archivedate=17 January 2024 |location=United States Central Command (CENTCOM) |format=[[News release|Press release]] |date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> At about 1:45 p.m. Sanaa time, Houthi launched an anti-ship [[ballistic missile]] towards the ''Zografia''.<ref name="AP"/> The ''Zografia'' was struck by the missile, causing damage to the ship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Empty Malta-flagged bulk carrier hit by missile off Yemen |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/ambrey-says-malta-flagged-bulker-impacted-by-missile-northwest-yemens-saleef-2024-01-16/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=17 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117040103/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/ambrey-says-malta-flagged-bulker-impacted-by-missile-northwest-yemens-saleef-2024-01-16/ |archivedate=17 January 2024 |location=[[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] |format=[[News]] article |date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The damage was minor enough for the ''Zografia'' to continue their journey.<ref name="AP"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Greek Ship Hit by Missile as Red Sea Vessel Attacks Intensify |date=16 January 2024 |url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/greek-ship-hit-by-missile-as-red-sea-vessel-attacks-intensify-1.2022476 |publisher=BNN Bloomberg |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref> Houthi [[brigadier general]] [[Yahya Saree]] posted that the ''Zografia'' was fired on because it refused to answer warning calls and was on its way to an [[Israel]]i port.<ref name="ABC News"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Yemen's Houthis claim attack on ship in Red Sea as US confirms new strike |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/16/malta-flagged-cargo-ship-hit-by-missile-in-red-sea |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref> The ''Zografia'' reported that it was heading for [[Suez]], [[Egypt]], not Israel.<ref name="ABC News">{{cite web |title=Chaotic wave of attacks, reprisals in Middle East fuel worries of a broader regional war |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/us-military-seizes-iranian-missile-parts-bound-houthi-106406841 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |accessdate=17 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171052/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/us-military-seizes-iranian-missile-parts-bound-houthi-106406841 |archivedate=16 January 2024 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |format=[[News]] article |date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 January, the [[Iran]]ian-backed [[Houthi movement]] attacked the [[Marshall Islands]]-flagged, [[United States]]-owned and operated bulk carrier ''Genco Picardy'' in the [[Gulf of Aden]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |last2=Sewell |first2=Abby |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels attack a US-owned ship in the Gulf of Aden with bomb-carrying drone |url=https://apnews.com/article/houthi-drone-attacks-ship-gulf-aden-9949c0b224812fd37958709ed19dd365 |website=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=17 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117225520/https://apnews.com/article/houthi-drone-attacks-ship-gulf-aden-9949c0b224812fd37958709ed19dd365 |archivedate=17 January 2024 |location=[[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]] & [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]] |format=[[News]] article |date=17 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TWP">{{cite news |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels attack a US-owned ship in the Gulf of Aden with bomb-carrying drone |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/17/houthi-drone-attacks-ship-gulf-aden/823e4a98-b56b-11ee-b285-0853d4d1b92f_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=17 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117225221/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/17/houthi-drone-attacks-ship-gulf-aden/823e4a98-b56b-11ee-b285-0853d4d1b92f_story.html |archivedate=17 January 2024 |location=[[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]] |format=[[News]] article |date=17 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CENTCOM">{{cite web |author1=[[United States Department of Defense]] |title=Press Release on January 17, 2024 |url=https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1747749078685872216 |website=[[Twitter|𝕏]] (Formerly [[Twitter]]) |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] |accessdate=17 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117223901/https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1747749078685872216 |archivedate=17 January 2024 |location=United States Central Command (CENTCOM) |format=Post on [[Twitter|𝕏]] |date=17 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the United States military, a [[Loitering weapon|one-way suicide]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned aircraft system]] struck the ''Genco Picardy'' at approximately 8:30 pm Sanaa time. The ''Genco Picardy'' sustained damage, but remained seaworthy and could continue its journey.<ref name="CENTCOM"/><ref name="AP"/> On 17 January, Houthi [[Attack on the Genco Picardy|launched]] a [[Loitering weapon|one-way suicide drone]] and struck the Marshall Islands-flagged, United States-owned and operated bulk carrier ''Genco Picardy'' in the [[Gulf of Aden]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="TWP"/> On 4 January, just hours after the warning, Houthis launched an unmanned surface vessel (USV) towards US Navy and commercial vessels, but it detonated well over 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) from the ships.<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/houthis-launch-sea-drone-attack-165723111.html Houthis launch sea drone to attack ships hours after US, allies issue final warning] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 7 January, the Houthi movement stated that retaliatory attacks against the US Navy would continue unless the US hands over the Navy servicemembers who killed the 10 Houthi attack boat personnel for them to stand trial in Yemen.<ref>[https://maritime-executive.com/article/houthi-leader-asks-ships-to-renounce-israel-or-risk-attack Houthi Leader: Ships Should Renounce Israel or Risk Attack] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 10 January, a large-scale attack was initiated by the Houthis against [[USS Dwight D. Eisenhower]], USS Gravely, [[USS Laboon]], USS Mason and HMS Diamond, in which at least 21 UAVs and missiles were launched.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67932725 US and UK hint at military action after largest Houthi attack in Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 14 January, American and British airstrikes were reported in Hodeida, and spy planes were reportedly spotted near the area. Reports also suggested that Israel was involved in the attacks.<ref>[https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/14/Houthis-report-fresh-US-British-airstrikes-on-Yemen-s-Hodeida US denies carrying out new strikes against Yemen’s Houthis] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-782147 US attack reported on Yemeni Red Sea port city amid Houthi threat - report] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 16 January, the US struck four Houthi anti-ship ballistic missiles as they were being prepared to target ships in the Red Sea.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-targets-houthi-anti-ship-missiles-new-strike-yemen-officials-2024-01-16/ Exclusive: US targets Houthi anti-ship missiles in new strike on Yemen, officials say] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 22 January, in the eighth round of strikes against Houthis, the US and UK conducted airstrikes against eight Houthi targets in the vicinity of Sanaa airfield.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-uk-stage-multiple-airstrikes-iran-backed-houthi/story?id=106571848 US, UK stage multiple airstrikes against Iran-backed Houthi militants in Yemen] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68064422 US and UK launch fresh strikes on Houthis in Yemen] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 21 January 2024, the French frigate Alsace joined defence operations in the Red Sea after transitting through the Suez Canal, reinforcing French assets deployed in the area in the face of Houthi attacks against international shipping.<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/la-france-envoie-la-fregate-l-alsace-dans-les-mers-du-proche-orient-20240125 France sends the frigate L'Alsace to the seas of the Middle East] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.sudouest.fr/international/moyen-orient/attaques-des-houthis-en-mer-rouge-la-france-envoie-un-troisieme-navire-militaire-18296321. Gulf of Aden: successful sea rescue for Alsace] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/golfe-daden-sauvetage-mer-reussie-lalsace Gulf of Aden: successful sea rescue for Alsace] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 24 January, Houthi claimed to have attacked US destroyers and other warships in the Red Sea. This attack supposed to be in response to Operation Poseidon Archer. Houthi claimed to have directly hit a US destroyer with a missile during the attack.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240124234657/https://twitter.com/Faytuks/status/1750260791960387920 Breaking: Yemen's Houthi rebels says they have clashed with a number of US destroyers and warships in the Gulf of Aden and Bab al-mandab strait] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On the night of 26 to 27 January, the French frigate Alsace came to the aid of an oil tanker on fire in the Gulf of Aden, alongside Indian and American destroyers INS Visakhapatnam and USS Carney. The fire suffered by the Marlin Luanda tanker was caused by a missile fired from Yemen. It was brought under control after 20 hours, with no casualties sustained.<ref>[https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/golfe-daden-sauvetage-mer-reussie-lalsace Gulf of Aden: successful sea rescue for Alsace] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/us-french-indian-navies-helped-put-out-fire-on-tanker-hit-by-houthis-pentagon/ US, French, Indian navies helped put out fire on tanker hit by Houthis — Pentagon] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 29 January, Danish frigate HDMS Iver Huitfeldt departed from the Korsør naval base for the Red Sea to assist the US-led coalition in safeguarding commercial traffic against Houthi attacks.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/danish-frigate-departs-red-sea-assist-us-led-operation-2024-01-29/ Danish frigate departs for the Red Sea to assist US-led operation] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 31 January, top European Union diplomat Josep Borrell announced that the bloc plans to start a naval mission to protect merchant shipping in the Red Sea within the following three weeks, and officials stated that seven EU member states were prepared to provide military equipment.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/red-sea-houthis-naval-mission-trade-eu-9f779d51f6fe3ebd8df0032c92221817 EU to launch a Red Sea naval mission within 3 weeks to protect ships from continued Houthi attacks] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> An adviser to Borrell stated that the mission's launch date should be 19 February. Borrell added that the mission would be called 'Aspides', which translates to 'protector'.<ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-red-sea-mission-could-launch-february-17/ EU’s Red Sea mission set to launch in mid-February, officials confirm] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> ===February 2024=== On 3 February, the US and UK bombed 36 Houthi sites in Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-04|title=U.S. and U.K. launch new wave of strikes, this time targeting Houthis in Yemen|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/live-updates-rcna137078|access-date=2024-02-22|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en}}</ref> On 10 February, Houthi media announced the names of 17 fighters who were killed in the US-UK strikes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yemen's Houthis say 17 rebels killed in US-led attacks|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/10/yemens-houthis-say-17-rebels-killed-in-us-led-attacks|access-date=22 February 2024|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> On 19 February, Houthis claimed they shot down an [[MQ-9 Reaper]] drone over the Red Sea. US officials said it's true and added that the drone belonged to the US Air Force and crashed off the [[coast]] of Hodeidah.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Greg Norman|first=Liz Friden|date=19 February 2024|title=Houthis claim to shoot down US MQ-9 Reaper drone in Red Sea|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/houthis-claim-shoot-down-us-mq9-reaper-drone-red-sea|access-date=16 April 2024|website=Fox News|language=en-US}}</ref> On 20 February, France announced that one of its warships shot down two Houthi [[UAV|UAVs]] over the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2024|title=France Launches EU Red Sea Mission Taking Down Drones, Escorting Boxship|url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/france-launches-eu-red-sea-mission-taking-down-drones-escorting-boxship|access-date=|website=The Maritime Executive|language=en}}</ref> On 22 February, The Houthis launched drones and ballistic missiles aimed at [[Eilat]] and an American [[destroyer]] in the Red Sea, but authorities reported that none hit their targets. However, two missiles fired by the Houthis struck a cargo ship named ''Islander'', which carries the [[flag of Palau]]. This caused a fire and injured one sailor, but the ship continued its journey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Missile strikes UK general cargo ship off Yemen|url=https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/dry-bulk/missile-strikes-uk-general-cargo-ship-yemen|access-date=|website=Seatrade Maritime|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2024|title=Houthi missile hits ship in Gulf of Aden as Yemeni rebels continue attacks over Israel-Hamas war|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/houthi-ship-attack-gulf-of-aden-red-sea-iran-yemen-rebels-israel-hamas-war/|access-date=|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref> Houthi leader [[Abdul-Malik al-Houthi]] stated that operations in the Red Sea and nearby waters were ongoing, growing, and effective. He also announced the use of "submarine weapons," though he did not provide more details on it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 February 2024|title=Houthis order 'ban' on Israel, US, UK-linked ships in the Red Sea|url=https://www.qatar-tribune.com/article/109372/world/houthis-order-ban-on-israel-us-uk-linked-ships-in-the-red-sea|access-date=16 April 2024|website=Qatar Tribune|language=en}}</ref> On 24 February, the United States and the United Kingdom carried out their fourth round of joint airstrikes, targeting 18 Houthi sites spread across eight locations. The British Ministry of Defense reported that four [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Royal Air Force Typhoon]] fighter jets, with support from two Voyager tankers, were involved in the airstrikes. According to the Houthis' official news agency, the attacks resulted in the death of one [[civilian]] and injuries to eight others. This was the first civilian casualties during these joint airstrikes that are conducted by the US and UK on Houthi-ruled territory in Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2024|title=Yemen's Houthis announce first civilian death in US-UK strikes|url=https://arab.news/9ugrc|access-date=16 April 2024|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> On 26 February, the [[German frigate Hessen]] launched two SM-2 missiles at an American Reaper drone in a [[friendly fire]] incident. The missiles missed their target, falling into the sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=German frigate Hessen accidentally opened fire on an American drone, nearly costing the US another Reaper in its Red Sea fight|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/german-warship-accidentally-opened-fire-us-military-reaper-drone-2024-2|access-date=22 April 2024|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> Houthis claimed that they attacked Eilat and a number of American warships in the Red Sea and Arabian Sea with drones.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-say-they-targeted-israeli-us-ships-red-sea-region-2024-02-20/ 'Israeli' ship targeted by Houthis is Liberia-flagged, says Ambrey] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On the morning of 22 February, two UAVs targeting commercial vessels in the Red Sea were stated to have been intercepted yet again by one of the French FREMM frigates in the area. Later that day, the Houthis' Humanitarian Operations Coordination Center sent statements to shipping insurers and firms announcing a formal ban on vessels owned or partially owned by Israeli, British, or American entities or individuals in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Arabian Sea. The ban also included vessels sailing under the flags of the mentioned nations.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/22/houthis-order-ban-on-israel-us-and-uk-linked-ships-in-the-red-sea Houthis order ‘ban’ on Israel, US and UK-linked ships in the Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/missiles-set-ship-ablaze-off-yemen-as-houthis-officially-ban-israeli-maritime-traffic/ Missiles set ship ablaze off Yemen as Houthis officially ban Israeli maritime traffic] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 26 February, damages were reported to Red Sea undersea communications cables. Initial reports by industry sources, African press, and Israeli press, tied this to Houthi attacks that was predicted by international press, while Seacom was unable to confirm the cause, they later confirmed the location of the damage to be in Yemeni maritime jurisdictions.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/red-sea-undersea-cables-yemen-houthi-rebels-attacks-b53051f61a41bd6b357860bbf0b0860a 3 Red Sea data cables cut as Houthis launch more attacks in the vital waterway] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> Press releases by Seacom and Flag Telecom were describing the difficulty of repair due to the crisis in shipping.<ref>[https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/at-least-one-subsea-fiber-cable-damaged-in-the-red-sea-some-reports-blame-houthi-rebels/ At least one subsea fiber cable damaged in the Red Sea, some reports blame Houthi rebels] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-788888 Houthis knock out underwater cables linking Europe to Asia - report] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> ===March 2024=== On 4 March, Houthi [[Telecommunication]] Minister Misfer Al-Numair stated that ships entering Yemeni waters must have a [[permit]] from the Houthi-controlled Maritime Affairs Authority.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 March 2024|title=Ships entering Yemeni waters must obtain permit, Houthi minister says|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/ships-entering-yemeni-waters-must-obtain-permit-houthi-minister-says-2024-03-04/|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref> On 2 March, during Operation Aspides, the Italian destroyer Caio Duilio shot down a Houthi missile over the Red Sea. The missile was within 4 miles (6.4 km) of the destroyer before it was shot down.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/03/italian-warship-forced-to-shoot-down-houthi-missile-in-red-sea Italian warship forced to shoot down Houthi missile in Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 4 March 2024, INS Kolkata, deployed to the Gulf of Aden, responded to a request from MSC Sky II, a Liberian flagged container vessel, that had reportedly been attacked by a drone or missile, at about 1900 h (IST) on 4 March 24, 90 nm southeast of Aden. The ship's master reported smoke and flames onboard following the attack. INS Kolkata was quickly redirected to provide the required support, and by 2230 hours (IST), it had reached the incident site. The Kolkata then escorted the ship from the area of the incident into the territorial seas of Djibouti at the master's request. Early on 5 March, a 12-person specialized firefighting team from Kolkata boarded the Sky II and extinguished the remaining fires. In addition, an explosive ordnance disposal team boarded the Sky II to evaluate residual risk. The 23-person crew, 13 of whom were citizens of India, were safe, and the ship continued sailing towards its next destination.<ref>[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2011785 Indian Navy Provided Assistance to Liberian-flagged Container Vessel, MSC Sky II] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://english.jagran.com/india/video-indian-navy-heroic-rescue-of-ship-msc-sky-ii-after-houthi-rebels-attacked-it-in-red-sea-watch-10138162 VIDEO: Indian Navy's Heroic Rescue Of Ship After Houthi Rebels Attacked It In Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-rescues-liberian-flagged-merchant-ship-gulf-of-aden-drone-attack-indians-2511003-2024-03-05 Navy rescues ship under drone attack in Gulf of Aden, 13 Indians were onboard] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 8 March, Finland announced they will send up to five officers to the European-led Operation Aspides and up to two soldiers to take part in the US-led Operation Prosperity Guardian.<ref>[https://maritime-executive.com/index.php/article/netherlands-deploys-warships-to-support-us-and-eu-red-sea-defense-missions Netherlands Deploys Warships to Support US and EU Red Sea Defense Missions] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The Royal Netherlands Navy also confirmed the same day that it would be sending the De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate HNLMS Tromp to the Red Sea. The frigate would be a part of Operation Prosperity Guardian but also support Operation Aspides. The frigate is manned with 200 sailors. She has a NH90 maritime attack helicopter on board and is equipped to intercept incoming missiles and drones. The Netherlands also announced its intent to send a joint logistics support vessel to the Red Sea in the following month.<ref>[https://maritime-executive.com/article/netherlands-deploys-warships-to-support-us-and-eu-red-sea-defense-missions Netherlands Deploys Warships to Support US and EU Red Sea Defense Missions] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 9 March, the French FREMM Alsace patrolling the Gulf of Aden under the newly launched EU Aspides mission, as well as French Mirage 2000-5 stationed in Djibouti, intercepted 4 Houthi UAVs threatening commercial transit that day.<ref>[https://x.com/EtatMajorFR/status/1766434746542719486 Interceptions of aerial drones from Yemen] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 12 March, the Italian Ministry of Defense reported that the Duilio had shot down two Houthi drones in self-defense.<ref>[https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/mondo/2024/03/12/la-nave-duilio-abbatte-due-droni-nel-mar-rosso_ef6dcb23-5e54-4be9-b29e-fc2572bcc2fe.html The ship Duilio shoots down another 2 Houti drones. 'Increase the pericolo'] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 14 March, the Russian state news agency RIA Novosti reported that the Houthis claimed to have a hypersonic missile, citing an unnamed official and no evidence.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/world/yemens-houthis-hypersonic-missile-report-claims.amp Yemen's Houthis have a hypersonic missile, report claims] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 18 March, Yemeni Houthis launched a cruise missile that successfully struck Israel, reportedly hitting an open area north of Eilat. Israel stated there was no damage or injuries caused.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-idf-confirms-houthi-cruise-missile-hit-open-area-near-eilat-on-monday/ In first, IDF confirms Houthi cruise missile hit open area near Eilat on Monday] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 20 March, the embarked Panther helicopter of the French FREMM Alsace shot down a Houthi UAV flying towards commercial vessels over the southern Red Sea. The door gunner of the helicopter, which was patrolling in the area, engaged and destroyed the UAV with a 7.62 mm machine gun.<ref>[https://x.com/EtatMajorFR/status/1770479631545532591 Interception by the helicopter of the French frigate of an aerial drone coming from Yemen threatening civilian maritime traffic in the Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-792916 French helicopter destroys Houthi drone] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The same day, a US Navy sailor assigned to the USS Mason went missing while conducting supporting operations in the Red Sea. On 23 March, the US Department of Defense declared him as dead, stating that his death occurred in a non-combat incident.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/US/us-navy-identifies-sailor-died-supporting-operations-red/story?id=108430699 Pentagon identifies sailor who died after going missing in Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On the morning of 21 March, the embarked helicopter of the German frigate Hessen destroyed a seaborne drone (USV) in the Red Sea. Later that day, the French FREMM Alsace, providing close protection to merchant shipping in the area, engaged and destroyed 3 Houthi ballistic missiles threatening the transit with its Aster 30 missiles.<ref>[https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/03/french-navy-air-defense-fremm-intercepts-3-ballistic-missiles/ French Navy Air Defense FREMM Intercepts 3 Ballistic Missiles] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.aol.com/news/eu-naval-mission-red-sea-175535408.html?guccounter=1 EU naval mission in Red Sea destroys missiles, Houthi seaborne drone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418113128/https://www.aol.com/news/eu-naval-mission-red-sea-175535408.html?guccounter=1 |date=2025-04-18 }} Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The same day, Bloomberg had reported that the Houthis reached a deal with Russia and China, agreeing to provide safe passage for vessels under their jurisdiction in exchange for political support.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesfarrell/2024/03/21/houthis-reportedly-strike-deal-with-russia-china-for-safe-passage/ Houthis Reportedly Strike Deal With Russia, China For Safe Passage] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> The IDF also announced on the same day that it intercepted a "suspicious aerial target" approaching Israeli territory over the Red Sea.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-793132 Successful interception of 'suspicious target' over the Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> On 27 March, the US Navy said it shot down four Houthi UAVs targeting warships in the Red Sea.<ref>[https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2484061/middle-east US says it downed four Yemen rebel drones in Red Sea] Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> ===April 2024=== On 3 April, Danish chief of defense Flemming Lentfer was fired after failing to report flaws regarding air defenses and weapons systems aboard the Ivar Huitfeldt frigate which emerged after a Houthi attack in March, when the frigate's air defenses failed while engaging with Houthis. A problem also occurred with the frigate's ammunition system, which caused half of the rounds it fired to detonate before hitting their target.<ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/danish-defense-chief-dismissed-after-warship-malfunctions-in-red-sea-battle/ Denmark fires defense chief after warship malfunctions in Red Sea Houthi battle] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> In April, Tim Lenderking, the United States special envoy for Yemen, stated that he hoped to achieve a diplomatic solution with the Yemeni Houthis in regard to their attacks, and that the US would consider removing the Houthis from its designated terrorist list if they ceased their attacks.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/us-could-remove-houthis-from-terror-list-in-exchange-for-red-sea-quiet-report-795268 US could remove Houthis from terror list in exchange for Red Sea quiet - report] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 9 April, the IDF used a seaborne missile from the INS Magen to shoot down a UAV for the first time. The UAV, which came from the Red Sea, breached Israeli airspace and crossed into the area of the Gulf of Aqaba, setting off sirens in Eilat.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/apr/09/middle-east-crisis-live-hamas-israel-ceasefire-talks-gaza-rafah-latest Middle East crisis live: pressure grows on Israel as France suggests sanctions and Turkey restricts exports] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-09/ty-article-live/naval-iron-dome-intercepts-target-over-red-sea-for-first-time-hamas-no-progress-on-talks/0000018e-c0a2-db65-a7af-d0aab8ef0000 Israeli FM says Israel will retaliate economically following Erdogan's export embargo on Israel] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 10 April, the US military said it destroyed eleven drones belonging to the Houthis which it said presented a threat to US, coalition, and merchant vessels. Eight of the drones were destroyed in Houthi-controlled territory, while three were shot down; two over the Gulf of Aden and another over the Red Sea.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/us-destroys-11-houthi-drones-/7565500.html US destroys 11 Houthi drones] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 13 April, the Houthis in coordination with Iran launched several drones at Israel amidst the Iranian strikes against Israel, according to the maritime security agency Ambrey. The organization said that the target of the drones are potentially Israeli ports, and that collateral damage to shipping is likely.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/houthi-rebels-fire-drones-toward-israel-from-yemen-says-security-agency/ Houthi rebels fire drones toward Israel from Yemen, says security agency] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> The following day, the IDF's C-Dome system intercepted an aerial target in the Eilat area, which came from the direction of the Red Sea.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-hostile-target-downed-by-ship-mounted-iron-dome-in-eilat-area/ IDF says hostile target downed by ship-mounted Iron Dome in Eilat area] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 18 April, the Iranian spy ship MV Behshad, which is suspected of assisting the Houthis, left its position at sea and started to sail towards the port of Bandar Abbas.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iran-spy-ship-mv-behshad-sails-home-israel-attack-threats-rcna148368 Suspected Iran spy ship sails home as the world awaits a new Israeli attack] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 25 April, a Greek frigate intercepted two Houthi drones in the Red Sea.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/greek-military-ship-intercepts-two-houthi-drones-red-sea-2024-04-25/ Greek military ship intercepts two Houthi drones in the Red Sea] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 26 April, the Houthis said they shot down an American MQ-9 Reaper drone off the coast of Yemen. The US confirmed the crash of an MQ-9 Reaper in the area and launched an investigation into it.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/3-u-s-mq-9-reaper-drones-30-million-crash-yemen/ 3 U.S. MQ-9 Reaper drones, worth about $30 million each, have crashed in or near Yemen since November] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> === May 2024 === On May 31, the United States Navy and Royal Navy struck thirteen Houthi locations across Yemen, damaging underground facilities and ships, killing at least two people and injuring ten.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 May 2024|title=U.S. and Britain strike Houthi rebel targets in Yemen after surge in shipping attacks|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/31/g-s1-2043/u-s-britain-strike-houthi-targets-yemen-shipping-attacks|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> In early May, Houthi-run Saba News Agency reported that at least 18 people were arrested on suspicions of spying for the US and Israel. According to Saba, the supposed spy network was formed in November. Saba did not provide evidence to support the claim, but said that the men had confessed to spying.<ref>[https://www.arabnews.com/node/2505851/middle-east Houthis ‘dismantle spy network aiding Israel, US’] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 7 May, USS Dwight D. Eisenhower returned to Red Sea after a short port call in late April at Souda Bay, Crete to resupply.<ref>[https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/05/07/dwight-d-eisenhower-aircraft-carrier-is-back-in-red-sea-us-official US aircraft carrier returns to Red Sea amid ongoing Houthi attacks] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 10 May, a coalition warplane intercepted a Houthi drone over the Gulf of Aden. The following day, three other drones were intercepted over the Red Sea. No casualties or damage to shipping were reported in borh incidents.<ref>[https://www.arabnews.com/node/2509091/middle-east US-led Red Sea coalition downs four Houthi drones] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 15 May, the Houthis claimed to have shot down a MQ-9 Reaper drone near Marib, later releasing footage of its purported downing. The US military however declined to comment.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240517150216/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/yemens-houthi-rebels-claim-shooting-us-mq-9-110330887 Yemen's Houthi rebels claim shooting down another US MQ-9 Predator drone] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 21 May, the Houthis claimed to have shot down another MQ-9 Reaper drone, stating it crashed in Al Bayda Governorate.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-say-they-downed-us-drone-over-al-bayda-province-2024-05-21/ Yemen's Houthis say they downed US drone over al-Bayda province] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 29 May, the Houthis claimed that they shot down an MQ-9 Reaper drone with a surface-to-air missile over Marib province. Footage obtained by the Associated Press displayed a damaged drone, however it remained mostly intact and lacked signs of blast damage. It also lacked markings, and the downing was not acknowledged by local authorities. Associated Press reported that a USAF official denied the loss of aircraft on the theater, meanwhile the CIA that operates those drones refused to comment.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-us-military-reaper-drone-7acd2a91856fe78e5d0c5c308e9460a8 Another US MQ-9 Reaper drone goes down in Yemen, images purportedly show] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 30 May, the US and UK conducted strikes against 13 Houthi targets across Yemen, killing 16 people and injuring at least 35 others.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/30/politics/us-uk-yemen-strikes/index.html US and UK carry out strikes against Houthi targets in Yemen for first time in months] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> The Houthis on the next day threatened to escalate their attacks in response and claimed to have targeted the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower with drones and ballistic missiles. An American defence official told The Associated Press that the ship was in fine condition.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/yemen-war-us-british-airstrikes-israel-hamas-12f99b7afc389a703f8dd333f2376b20 Houthi rebels say at least 16 killed and 42 others wounded in joint US-British airstrikes in Yemen] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> The US Central Command meanwhile reported that the Houthis launched two anti-ship ballistic missiles and a drone over the Gulf of Aden, with the drone being intercepted and the missiles not causing any damage. In addition, it stated that they also launched four drones over the Red Sea, with three being intercepted and one crashing into the water.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/houthis-fire-missiles-drones-yemen-us-military-says-2024-06-01/ Houthis fire missiles and drones from Yemen, US military says] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> === June 2024 === The Houthis targeted the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, USS Gravely, and three commercial vessels on 1 June. The US Central Command confirmed the attacks, while adding that no casualties or damage was reported, with one drone being intercepted in the southern Red Sea and two others crashing into the water. It also added that it had shot down two anti-ship ballistic missiles targeting USS Gravely.<ref>[https://www.arabnews.com/node/2521711/middle-east Houthis launch second wave of attacks on Red Sea vessels after deadly British-US airstrikes] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/mundo/2024/06/02/houthis-reivindicam-novo-ataque-a-porta-avioes-dos-eua-e-outros-navios/380781/ Houthis claim new attack on US aircraft carrier, other ships]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 3 June, the IDF's Arrow defense system intercepted a surface-to-air missile aimed at Eilat from the direction of the Red Sea.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-arrow-system-intercepted-apparent-houthi-ballistic-missile-fired-at-eliat/ IDF says Arrow system intercepted apparent Houthi ballistic missile fired at Eilat] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> The Houthis later claimed that they were targeting an IDF site with a ballistic missile named Palestine.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-804871 Yemen's Houthis say they targeted 'military site' in Israel's Eilat] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 6 June, the group and the Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed to have launched two coordinated attacks on Haifa.The Houthis later stated that they would intensify their joint operations with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/yemens-houthis-say-theyll-step-up-strikes-on-israel-in-tandem-with-iraqi-militia/ Yemen’s Houthis say they’ll step up strikes on Israel in tandem with Iraqi militia] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> The Houthis targeted the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, USS Gravely, and three commercial vessels on 1 June. The US Central Command confirmed the attacks, while adding that no casualties or damage was reported, with one drone being intercepted in the southern Red Sea and two others crashing into the water. It also added that it had shot down two anti-ship ballistic missiles targeting USS Gravely.<ref>[https://www.arabnews.com/node/2521711/middle-east Houthis launch second wave of attacks on Red Sea vessels after deadly British-US airstrikes] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/mundo/2024/06/02/houthis-reivindicam-novo-ataque-a-porta-avioes-dos-eua-e-outros-navios/380781/ Houthis claim new attack on US aircraft carrier, other ships]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 3 June, the IDF's Arrow defense system intercepted a surface-to-air missile aimed at Eilat from the direction of the Red Sea.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-arrow-system-intercepted-apparent-houthi-ballistic-missile-fired-at-eliat/ IDF says Arrow system intercepted apparent Houthi ballistic missile fired at Eilat] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> The Houthis later claimed that they were targeting an IDF site with a ballistic missile named Palestine.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-804871 Yemen's Houthis say they targeted 'military site' in Israel's Eilat] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 6 June, the group and the Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed to have launched two coordinated attacks on Haifa.The Houthis later stated that they would intensify their joint operations with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/yemens-houthis-say-theyll-step-up-strikes-on-israel-in-tandem-with-iraqi-militia/ Yemen’s Houthis say they’ll step up strikes on Israel in tandem with Iraqi militia] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> On 6 June, at least eleven Yemeni UN workers were arrested by the Houthis. Four days later, the group claimed that they had arrested an undisclosed number of members of an "American-Israeli spy network" that disguised itself as international and UN organizations, and aired purported confessions from ten Yemenis, claiming that several of them were recruited by the U.S. Embassy in Yemen. None of the people in the taped confessions however were among the UN workers arrested four days earlier.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/yemen-israel-united-states-spy-network-993f9861ecfe493ec155d3d9b4e2a448 Yemen’s Houthi claim to break up US-Israel spy network, days after arresting UN staffers] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> The Houthi-run Al-Masirah television channel on 7 June reported that the US and the UK had carried out four airstrikes on the Hodeida International Airport and the Port of Salif, in addition to two airstrikes on the al-Thawra region to the north of Sana'a. No casualties were reported, while neither the US and UK confirmed the attacks.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/7/houthis-says-us-and-uk-airstrikes-hit-yemen US and UK air strikes hit Yemen, Houthi-run TV reports] Retrieved 21 December 2024</ref> === July 2025 === On July 7, 2025, the Liberian-flagged Eternity C sank in the Red Sea after being attacked by the Houthis. At least four people were killed, seven others were rescued, and fourteen were reported missing. A rescue operation subsequently took place.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/09/rescuers-search-for-crew-of-cargo-ship-eternity-c-that-sank-after-being-attacked-in-red-sea Seven crew rescued from cargo ship that sank in Red Sea after Houthi attack] Retrieved 10 juillet 2025</ref> === Late 2025 === On 6 May 2025, US president [[Donald Trump]] announced a cessation of US strikes as a result of a bilateral [[2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire|ceasefire between the US and the Houthis]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2025-05-06 |title=Trump says bombing of Yemen to stop as Oman confirms US-Houthi ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/6/trump-says-bombing-of-yemen-to-stop-as-oman-confirms-us-houthi-ceasefire |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The Houthis halted their attacks on international shipping and on Israel after the [[Gaza peace plan]] went into effect on 10 October 2025. Some major shipping corporations, such as [[Maersk]], have since resumed their Red Sea routes, while others have held off due to the volatile situation.<ref name="washingtonpost20260121">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-21 |title=How Egypt is reviving the Suez Canal after maritime attacks sank traffic |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/01/21/suez-canal-shipping-houthis-attacks/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ==Related pages== *[[List of military operations during 2024]] *[[2024 United States airstrikes on Kata'ib Hezbollah]] ==Notes== {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=fn1|Saudi Arabia and Egypt have not joined the coalition against the Houthis, but they have shot down Houthi missiles over their own territory.}}}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="17Apr2025">{{Cite web |first=Peter |last=Beaumont |title=Scores killed in US strikes on Yemen fuel port of Ras Isa, Houthi officials say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/18/scores-killed-in-us-strikes-on-yemen-fuel-port-of-ras-isa-houthi-media-says |date=18 April 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=The Guardian }}</ref> <ref name="semafor">{{cite news |last=Solomon |first=Jay |title=Iran's Revolutionary Guard deployed in Yemen|url=https://www.semafor.com/article/01/15/2024/irans-revolutionary-guard-deployed-in-yemen |access-date=15 January 2024 |publisher=Semafor |date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126052016/https://www.semafor.com/article/01/15/2024/irans-revolutionary-guard-deployed-in-yemen |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hez">{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Hafezi |first2=Parisa |title=Exclusive: Iranian and Hezbollah commanders help direct Houthi attacks in Yemen, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-hezbollah-commanders-help-direct-houthi-attacks-yemen-sources-say-2024-01-20/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |publisher=Reuters |date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120162434/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-hezbollah-commanders-help-direct-houthi-attacks-yemen-sources-say-2024-01-20/ |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="reuters20231212">{{cite news |last1=Awadalla |first1=Nadine |last2=Solsvik |first2=Terje |last3=Stewart |first3=Phil |name-list-style=and |date=12 December 2023 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim attack on Norwegian tanker |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cruise-missile-yemen-strikes-tanker-ship-us-officials-2023-12-12/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212044645/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cruise-missile-yemen-strikes-tanker-ship-us-officials-2023-12-12/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> <ref name="france24-20231212">{{cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=French warship intercepts Huthis aerial attack on Norwegian tanker near Red Sea |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231212-french-warship-intercepts-huthis-aerial-attack-on-norwegian-tanker-near-red-sea |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[France 24]] |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212212829/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231212-french-warship-intercepts-huthis-aerial-attack-on-norwegian-tanker-near-red-sea |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="AA19Mar2025">{{Cite web |author1=Mohammed Sameai |author2=Rania Abu Shamala |title=Yemen's Houthis say US airstrikes killed 16 of its members |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/yemen-s-houthis-say-us-airstrikes-killed-16-of-its-members/3514782 |date=20 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref> <ref name="reuters20240311">{{Cite news |last=Ghobari |first=Mohammed |date=11 March 2024 |title=US-British forces strike Houthi targets, killing 11, Yemen government says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-british-forces-strike-houthi-targets-yemen-houthi-outlet-says-2024-03-11/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312022947/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-british-forces-strike-houthi-targets-yemen-houthi-outlet-says-2024-03-11/ |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref> <ref name="Xinhua4Apr2025">{{Cite web |title=Yemeni gov't says U.S. airstrike kills 70 Houthi militants in Hodeidah |url=https://english.news.cn/20250405/a098a9303dac4b25ba937006be176a3e/c.html |date=4 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Xinhua News Agency }}</ref> <ref name="30Sept">{{Cite web |last=Gambrell |first=Jon |date=2024-09-30 |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels claim shooting down another US-made drone as US acknowledges losing one |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-us-drone-bf72b98965b1b440f635e322971f5894 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=The Associated Press}}</ref> <ref name="bbc20241222">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-22 |title=US carries out airstrikes against Houthis in Yemen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj30zk1jnmno |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=BBC |first=Thomas |last=Mackintosh}}</ref> <ref name="arabnews20240614">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Houthi missile attack severely injures sailor on cargo ship: US military |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2530206/middle-east |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613220140/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2530206/middle-east |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-06-14 |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher= Arab News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="WFP11Feb">{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title='Outraged': WFP says staff member died while detained in northern Yemen |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/11/outraged-wfp-says-staff-member-dies-while-detained-in-northern-yemen |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Al Jazeera }}</ref> <ref name="AA19Dec">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |first=Merve |last=Berker |title=9 killed as Israel strikes power plants, port, oil facility in Yemen |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/9-killed-as-israel-strikes-power-plants-port-oil-facility-in-yemen/3428302 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref> <ref name="aljazeera20250110">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2025 |title=Israel launches air raids on power station, ports in Yemen |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/10/yemens-houthis-report-coordinated-israeli-us-and-uk-attacks |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=Al Jazeera }}</ref> <ref name="AP1Apr2025">{{Cite web |first=Jon |last=Gambrell |title=Suspected US airstrikes in Yemen kill at least 6 people, Houthi rebels say |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-us-airstrikes-israel-hamas-war-614b616f130dca37ee22bfdd85834487 |date=2 April 2025 |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=The Associated Press }}</ref> <ref name="16Apr2025">{{Cite web |first1=Mohammed |last1=Sameai |first2=Mohammed |last2=Sio |title=1 killed in over 20 US airstrikes in northern Yemen |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/1-killed-in-over-20-us-airstrikes-in-northern-yemen/3540427 |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref> <ref name="8Apr2025">{{Cite web |first=Jon |last=Gambrell |title=Suspected US strikes in Yemen kill at least 6 people, Houthi rebels say |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-us-airstrikes-israel-hamas-war-381023ab9aada27089a07372b310192f |date=8 April 2025 |access-date=9 April 2025 |website=The Associated Press }}</ref> <ref name="AP13Apr2025">{{Cite web |first=Jon |last=Gambrell |title=Suspected US strikes in Yemen kill at least 3 people, Houthi rebels say |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-us-airstrikes-israel-hamas-war-5a9b7c9052feb3e7d933338afaf1b28f |date=15 April 2025 |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=The Associated Press }}</ref> <ref name="6Apr2025">{{Cite web |first1=Iyad |last1=Nabolsi |first2=Mohammed |last2=Sio |title=Yemen's Houthis say US airstrikes kill 6, injure 32 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/yemen-s-houthis-say-us-airstrikes-kill-6-injure-32/3530101 |date=7 April 2025 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}</ref> <ref name="19Apr2025">{{Cite web |title=US attacks Yemen again after at least 80 people killed in Hodeidah |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/19/us-attacks-yemen-again-after-at-least-80-people-killed-in-hodeidah |date=19 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> <ref name="20Apr2025">{{Cite web |first=Jon |last=Gambrell |title=US airstrikes killed 12 people in Yemen's capital, the Houthi rebels say |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-us-airstrikes-iran-04-21-2025-05d9133558d6cfdf0cbd8fe9e3778647 |date=21 April 2025 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Associated Press }}</ref> <ref name="reuters-20240303">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/freighter-rubymar-has-sunk-red-sea-yemen-internationally-recognised-government-2024-03-02/ |title=Ship sunk by Houthis threatens Red Sea environment, Yemen government and US military say |last=Ghobari |first=Mohammad |publisher=Reuters |url-access=limited |date=3 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref> <ref name="apnews20240619">{{Cite news |first=Jon |last=Gambrell |date=19 June 2024 |title=Ship attacked by Yemen's Houthi rebels in fatal assault sinks in Red Sea in their second sinking |url=https://apnews.com/article/houthi-rebels-ship-attack-red-sea-yemen-bfa7d321e55c5bb59b268b82ef3c56ba |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619131408/https://apnews.com/article/houthi-rebels-ship-attack-red-sea-yemen-bfa7d321e55c5bb59b268b82ef3c56ba |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=The Associated Press}}</ref> }} {{Israel–Hamas war}} {{Middle East conflict}} [[Category:Red Sea crisis| ]] [[Category:Battles involving the United States]] [[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]] [[Category:December 2023 events]] [[Category:February 2024 events]] [[Category:Houthi Movement]] [[Category:January 2024 events]] [[Category:November 2023 events]] [[Category:October 2023 events]] [[Category:March 2024 events]] r2xe50qgye88xozct7s1xtwspcwk04a 0 1077282 10967294 9307466 2026-08-19T07:09:56Z ~2026-45282-50 1857851 10967294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Makara face at Konark temple 08.jpg|thumb|Makara at the Konarak temple]] '''Makara''' ([[Sanskrit]]: मकर) is a legendary sea-creature in [[Hindu mythology]]. In Hindu [[astrology]], Makara is equivalent to the Zodiac sign [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]]. {{Commons category|Makara}} [[Category:Hinduism]] {{religion-stub}} 1mtv2rvyu9hyna8a53ebgj8480cycht 0 1079395 10966896 10964751 2026-08-18T17:43:33Z J. Lunau 132250 + foto antenna 10966896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Junghans Mega''' is the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch with hands. It was made in 1991 by the German watchmaker Junghans.<ref>{{cite web| title=Neuheiten-Katalog 1991/92, Junghans Uhren GmbH|url=https://junghansarchiv.de/fileadmin/pdf/1991-1992_01/1991-1992_01_0004_kleinuhr.pdf|website=junghansarchiv.de |publisher= JUNGHANS |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> == Description == [[File:Junghans_Mega.jpg|thumb|Radio clock wrist watch MEGA]] [[File:Armbandantenne Junghans Mega.jpg|thumb|Antenna built into the strap to receive radio time signals.]] The watch has a part [[gold]]-plated steel case. It has a white face with two gold hands and a rectangular [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]]. It is protected by a [[Circle|circular]], scratch-resistant glass. The brown [[leather]] band holds the [[antenna]] for getting time signals. The watch is equipped with [[time zone]] adjustment, a calendar (day, date, month), digital seconds, internal time memory, signal reception indicator and a transmitter call button. == Technical Specifications == The MEGA has a radio receiver and wrist antenna for getting time signals on 77.5 kHz ([[longwave]]).<ref name="manual">{{Cite book|title=Radio-controlled wrist watch (operating manual)|publisher=JUNGHANS UHREN GmbH|year=1991|location=Schramberg|pages=22 - 30|language=en|id=42.712-0226/0591}}</ref> The watch syncs with the time signal at 2:00 and 3:00 AM. If there are problems, it tries again every hour until 6:00 AM.<ref name="manual" /> The Junghans MEGA is accurate to 1 second in 1 million years. The watch has a w605 quartz movement with a 32 kHz base. It uses a 3V [[lithium battery]].<ref name="manual" /> == History == In 1985, Junghans made the first radio-controlled desk clock. In 1990, Junghans made the technology smaller to fit the digital wristwatch MEGA 1.<ref>{{cite web| title=Mega 1|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-264697|publisher=The Royal Museums Greenwich|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> In 1991, they made the analog version MEGA with hands. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Clocks]] [[Category:Radio receivers]] 61cqbo7o2uw8hg0rbrhq3wkz00h8yxd 0 1080401 10967378 10962824 2026-08-19T09:25:49Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Skibidi_Toilet_Toys_at_Walmart_in_McKinney,_Texas.jpg|Skibidi_Toilet_Toys_at_Walmart_in_McKinney,_Texas.jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:ChemSim|ChemSim]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Skibidi Toil 10967378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Restructure|date=March 2025}}{{Wikify|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox television | image = Skibidi Toilet.svg | caption = A [[drawing]] of the [[Skibidi Toilet]] [[character]] | genre = [[Animated series]] | creator = [[Alexey Gerasimov]]/[[DaFuq!?Boom!]] | country = [[Georgia]] | language = [[English]] | num_seasons = 26 | num_episodes = 79 | network = [[YouTube]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2023|02|07|df=yes}} | last_aired = Present }} '''''Skibidi Toilet''''' is a [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] [[3D]] [[animated]] [[Cartoon series|series]], created by Alexey Gerasimov. ''Skibidi Toilet'' is about a fictional race of creatures called "Skibidi Toilets" (nickname toilets or skibidi), which are [[toilet]]s with human heads in the bowls, and their [[war]] with another race of creatures which are the Speakermen, Cameramen, and TV men. The videos use {{ill|Source Filmmaker|en}} as their animation engine tool.<ref>{{Cite web|last=david|first=jason|date=2023-07-26|title=Building Your Own Skibidi Toilet in Garry's Mod: A Comprehensive Guide|url=https://instaproapk.su/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604074700/https://instaspro.net/|archive-date=2024-06-04|access-date=2024-02-26|website=instapro|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-26|title=What Is 'Skibidi Toilet' And What Song Is Used In The Videos? The Viral YouTube Shorts Series Explained|url=https://knowyourmeme.com/editorials/guides/what-is-skibidi-toilet-and-what-song-is-used-in-the-videos-the-viral-youtube-shorts-series-explained|access-date=2024-02-26|website=Know Your Meme}}</ref> ==Plot== The series is about a war between the Skibidi Toilets and the Cameramen. Cameramen look like humans, but their heads can be a [[CCTV]] camera, [[loudspeaker]], or [[television]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-06-29|title=We spoke to DaFuqBoom, the guy behind the "Skibidi toilet" videos|url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/dafuqboom-skibidi-toilet-interview-2194741/|access-date=2024-11-04|website=Dexerto|language=en}}</ref> In a [[city]], the Skibidi Toilets, and their leader G-Man, turn humans into toilets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lorenz |first=Taylor |date=December 10, 2023 |title=Skibidi Toilets racks up billions of views on YouTube - The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/12/10/skibidi-toilets-you-tube-children-internet/ |access-date=April 12, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> The cameramen [[Alliance|ally]] against the toilets. Each has one of its kind that is a lot bigger than the rest called "titans". The second toilet in command, named Scientist Toilet, makes a toilet [[Parasitism|parasite]] that [[Infection|infects]] the Speaker Titan, leading to death. Later in the series, TV men and their own titan enter the story. With their help, the speaker titan is freed from the toilet parasite. The battle spreads to other cities. After a [[wikt:mission|mission]], Scientist Toilet is defeated, but the whole [[crew|team]] is killed except for one [[survivor]]. The one survivor is killed by the Secret Agent, a human who may have created the toilets. The Titans fight G-Toilet and the fight badly hurts Camera Titan and Speaker Titan. Then the Skibidi Toilets and Cameramen team up to fight the more dangerous Astro Toilets. ==Development== ===Origin=== The origin of ''Skibidi Toilet'' can be seen back from February 2023, when the creator, Alexey Gerasimov, made his first video for ''Skibidi Toilet''. The music that he used is a remix of ''[[Give It To Me]]'' by [[Timbaland]] and ''[[Dom Dom Yes Yes]]'' by [[Biser King]]. ===Spread=== ''Skibidi Toilet'' videos spread across social media. A large amount of that popularity came from platforms such as [[TikTok]], [[YouTube]], [[Twitter|X]], [[Instagram]], and [[Facebook]]. The videos get over 30 million views per video on the YouTube video streaming platform and have 18,309,401,823 views on his YouTube Channel. ''DaFuq!?Boom!'' has accounts on YouTube and TikTok where episodes of the series are posted. Near the end of June 2023, the YouTube channel had 15.8 million subscribers, and the TikTok channel had 2.8 million followers.<ref name=":0" /> It is considered "brainrot", and a brainrot word, along with terms like ''sigma'', and ''mewing.'' There has also been unofficial merchandise on [[dropshipping]] platforms such as [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]] and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], but there is official merchandise on the Skibidi Toilet website.<ref name="imsoskibidi2">{{Cite web|last=Dodgson|first=Lindsay|title='Skibidi Toilet' isn't mindless — it's a 'cultural touchstone' that captures the anarchic spirit of the internet|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/skibidi-toilet-is-good-actually-2023-10|access-date=2024-02-26|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon.com: Skibidi Funny Toilet Man Figure Building Block Set, Titan Cameraman Speakerman Game Model Toys Ideas Collectible Building Bricks Birthday Gift for Kids Adults Fans (560 Pcs) : Toys & Games|url=https://www.amazon.com/Building-Cameraman-Speakerman-Collectible-Birthday/dp/B0CNMYRMK1/ref=sr_1_4?crid=2ZFBKW5QZ9SM8&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.063oYTWRkULEncWBr90zQM5o1be2aSXu2MvH2L3IdgTimgML7GTXmaYm9gHGc4oLT7_PpABDeU-AIoJ9Kh8Lay4HVlPDHznPYAlYFox3wCusF4DPfAw3hxAWhffHaYKGcHi8oQKq2iWKU6ZcWTe2x38nXMxXkQzV8cBhincbHWQDcmSlVmQJ6s3GaIugcS6YXPJ754q8Ivw9V5An6CUa73Yr8qXiYmtckx1hISNsxsz_KnWy-XOJo_aqbphti9ESRBhaVVD5PhmKRCY-4KkANm7gH2Oh_8t9ktJWkc2M4RU.LKHlm32l1M-PkikbAnspr4rYorub_myXk8X02NTNAYQ&dib_tag=se&keywords=skibidi+toilet+lego&qid=1709058223&sprefix=skibidi+toilet+lego,aps,92&sr=8-4|access-date=2024-02-27|website=www.amazon.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=0.98US $ 91% OFF{{!}}Skibidi Toilet Plush Toys Speakerman Plush Camara Camera Man Plush New Skibidi Doll Stuffed Toy Skibidi Stuffed Soft Toy{{!}} {{!}} - AliExpress|url=https://www.aliexpress.us/item/3256806378403270.html?spm=a2g0o.productlist.main.1.2568686esy1LIc&algo_pvid=7fedcefd-a4f1-4895-b077-b8fb43f36113&algo_exp_id=7fedcefd-a4f1-4895-b077-b8fb43f36113-0&pdp_npi=4@dis!USD!11.36!0.99!!!81.46!7.11!@2103241117090582809948704e79ab!12000037687866197!sea!US!0!AB&curPageLogUid=lg0XRvZuIwmd&utparam-url=scene:search%7Cquery_from:&gatewayAdapt=glo2usa|access-date=2024-02-27|website=aliexpress.us}}</ref> ===Revenue=== The videos on YouTube earn the creator Alexey Gerasimov an [[Estimation|estimated]] 100k – 23 million [[United States dollar|USD]] every year. Every year he will make about 1.2 million – 19.5 million USD.{{fact|date=October 2025}} This is only from YouTube, and Gerasimov makes more money from ''Skibidi Toilet'' [[Product (business)|merch]]. ==Impact== The Skibidi Toilet meme has influenced internet memes and online trends, being referenced in TV shows<ref>{{Citation|last=The Late Show with Stephen Colbert|title=Trump "Nearly Escaped Death" In Mar-a-Lago Raid {{!}} Biden Seeks Meme Maker {{!}} "Queer Planet"|date=2024-05-22|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exfogQf1r-M&t=429|access-date=2024-08-29}}</ref> and adverts. Skibidi toilet even has its toys which you might find in [[Walmart]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robot or human?|url=https://www.walmart.com/blocked?url=L3NlYXJjaD9xPXNraWJpZGkrdG9pbGV0&uuid=3e1c2de2-2237-11f1-adb8-50d1d21f3908&vid=&g=b|access-date=2026-03-17|website=www.walmart.com}}</ref> In May 2025, rumors spread online that Film Director [[Michael Bay]] would be directing a ‘Skibidi Toilet’ Movie.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Placido|first=Dani Di|title=It's Official—Michael Bay Will Direct The 'Skibidi Toilet' Movie|language=en|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2025/05/21/its-official-michael-bay-will-direct-the-skibidi-toilet-movie/|access-date=2025-11-15}}</ref> Bay later denied this on May 24, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Plale|first=Mathew|date=2025-05-25|title=Michael Bay flushes down rumors he is making Skibidi Toilet movie|url=https://www.joblo.com/michael-bay-not-directing-skibidi-toilet-movie/|access-date=2025-11-15|website=JoBlo|language=en-US}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{TV-stub}} [[Category:2020s Russian animated television series]] [[Category:2020s YouTube series]] [[Category:2020s web series debuts]] [[Category:2020s surreal comedy television series]] [[Category:2023 animated television series debuts]] [[Category:Internet culture]] [[Category:Internet memes]] [[Category:Russian-language television programs]] [[Category:Surreal comedy television series]] [[Category:Television series featuring puppetry]] [[Category:YouTube original programming]] [[Category:Web series about robots]] an3marp46z86g9x53xk2254htwhnm10 0 1083871 10967207 9357031 2026-08-19T05:03:55Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reinsurance''' is [[insurance]] that an insurance [[company]] purchases from another insurance company to protect itself (at least in part) from the [[risk]]s that are too big for itself, like a major [[disaster]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-01-12 |title=Reinsurance |url=https://www.iii.org/publications/insurance-handbook/regulatory-and-financial-environment/reinsurance |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Insurance Information Institute |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602085815/https://www.iii.org/publications/insurance-handbook/regulatory-and-financial-environment/reinsurance |url-status=dead }}</ref> With reinsurance, the company passes on ("cedes") some part of its own insurance liabilities to the other insurance company. The company that purchases the reinsurance policy is referred to as the "ceding company" or "cedent".<ref name="Cedent">{{cite web |title=Cedent: Overview and Examples in Insurance |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cedent.asp |first1=Julia |last1=Kagan |date=August 18, 2023 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> The company issuing the reinsurance policy is referred to as the "reinsurer". In the classic case, reinsurance helps insurance companies to remain [[Solvency|solvent]] after major claims events, like [[hurricanes]] or [[Wildfire|wildfires]].<ref name=":0" /> The reinsurer may be either a specialist reinsurance company, which only undertakes reinsurance business, or another insurance company. ==References== {{reflist}}{{Stub}} [[Category:Insurance]] r8lbmqc1oo2jxg4i3a3zf6io1kwsam8 0 1086635 10966767 10796294 2026-08-18T16:42:55Z ~2026-45353-22 1857516 10966767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox actor | name = Suhani Bhatnagar | image = Suhani Bhatnagar (cropped).jpg | caption = Suhani Bhatnagar in 2016 | native_name = सुहानी भटनागर | other_names = Dangal girl<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2024|title=Sanya Malhotra can’t believe 'Dangal girl' Suhani Bhatnagar is dead: She was way too young to have left us so soon|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanya-malhotra-dangal-girl-suhani-bhatnagar-death-news-101708245053551.html|access-date=|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|2004|06|14}} | birth_place = [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|02|16|2004|06|14}} | death_cause = Dermatomyositis | resting_place = Ajronda cremation ground | nationality = Indian | occupation = [[Actress]] | years_active = 2016 | mother = Pooja Bhatnagar }} '''Suhani Bhatnagar''' ([[Hindi]]: सुहानी भटनागर) (14 June 2004 – 16 February 2024) was a child [[actress]] in [[Bollywood]]. She has acted as a [[Model (person)|model]] at a young age in different [[Television advertisement|television advertisements]], as well as in [[literature]] collections and [[Movie|movies]] but the turning point in her [[career]] was when she acted in the movie ''Dangal''.<ref name=":0" /> Dangal was released in 2016. At the age of 10 Suhani had acted as Babita Phogat in the movie and for her acting talent at a young age she broke out into the Bollywood scene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=13 October 2022|title=Dangal: Aamir Khan-starred biopic that traced wrestling journey of Geeta, Babita Phogat|work=Olympics.com|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/dangal-movie-biopic-phogat-sisters-bollywood-film-cast-aamir-khan-wrestling|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=17 February 2024|title=Dangal actor Suhani Bhatnagar, who played young Babita Phogat, dies at 19|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/dangal-actor-suhani-bhatnagar-who-played-young-babita-phogat-dies-at-19-aamir-khan-11708161314053.html|access-date=26 February 2024|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> After the success of Dangal, she decided to take a break from Bollywood and was instead focused on completing her studies. In an [[interview]], she told that she would be back as an actress once she completed her studies.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 April 2019|title=‘As of now, studies is my priority’ Suhani Bhatnagar in Lucknow|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/as-of-now-studies-is-my-priority-suhani-bhatnagar-in-lucknow/articleshow/68923724.cms|access-date=26 February 2024|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=THROWBACK: When Suhani Bhatnagar shared reason behind her absence from films post Dangal; 'I want to star as main lead'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/throwback-when-suhani-bhatnagar-shared-reason-behind-her-absence-from-films-post-dangal-i-want-to-star-as-lead-1279559|access-date=|website=Pink Villa|language=en|archive-date=2024-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226061422/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/throwback-when-suhani-bhatnagar-shared-reason-behind-her-absence-from-films-post-dangal-i-want-to-star-as-lead-1279559|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 February 2024|title=Suhani Bhatnagar’s mother Pooja reminisces about ‘Dangal' star, says she made her proud|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/suhani-bhatnagars-mother-pooja-reminisces-about-dangal-star-says-she-made-her-proud/articleshow/107801331.cms?from=mdr|access-date=26 February 2024|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 17 February 2024, Suhani died at the age of 19 due to complications from Dermatomyositis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Dangal actor Suhani Bhatnagar dies at 19 due to Dermatomyositis|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/dangal-actor-suhani-bhatnagar-dies-at-19-due-to-dermatomyositis-causes-symptoms-all-about-rare-inflammatory-disease-101708234371596.html|access-date=26 February 2024|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 February 2024|title='Dangal' child star Suhani Bhatnagar dies at 19|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dangal-child-star-suhani-bhatnagar-dies-at-19/article67857188.ece|access-date=26 February 2024|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ==Death== Suhani had a disease called Dermatomyositis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suhani Bhatnagar's Dangal Co-Star Zaira Wasim Reacts To Actor's Death: "I Hope This Was False"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/suhani-bhatnagars-dangal-co-star-zaira-wasim-reacts-to-actors-death-i-hope-this-was-false-5079461|access-date=26 February 2024|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> She had red spots on her hands by the end of year 2023. She went to many big hospitals in Faridabad for treatment, but none of them were able to treat her. When her condition got worse, she was taken to AIIMS Hospital in Delhi, but it continued to worsen. Due to the disease, her body started filling with water and damaged her [[lungs]]. Suhani passed away on February 17, 2024. She was aged just 19 at the time of her death.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 February 2024|title='Dangal' actor Suhani Bhatnagar succumbs to dermatomyositis: Know about this rare condition|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/dangal-actor-suhani-bhatnagar-succumbs-to-dermatomyositis-know-about-this-rare-condition/articleshow/107790902.cms|access-date=26 February 2024|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons}} * [[imdbname:7621669|Suhani Bhatnagar]] at [[IMDB]] * [https://www.indiaforums.com/person/suhani-bhatnagar_12720 Suhani Bhatnagar] at India Forum {{Bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatnagar, Suhani}} [[Category:2004 births]] [[Category:2024 deaths]] [[Category:Indian child actors]] esmia31grb13o8fb3rk8ct7i885z0fz 0 1086665 10967226 10888269 2026-08-19T05:28:04Z ~2026-45304-63 1857818 /* */ 10967226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Elliot Rodger | image = Elliot Rodger-2014.jpg | caption = [[Driver's license]] [[photo]] of [[Rodger]] | birth_name = [[Elliot Oliver Robertson Rodger]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1991|7|24}} | birth_place = [[London|London, England]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|May 23, 2014|July 24, 1991}} | death_place = [[Isla Vista, California]], U.S. | death_cause = [[Suicide by gunshot wound to the head]] | nationality = {{Plainlist| * [[United Kingdom]] * [[United States]] }} | other_names = * [[Virgin Killer]] * The [[Supreme Gentleman]] * [[Saint Elliot]] (by [[incel]]s * [[ER]] *[[hERo]] | occupation = Student | movement = [[Incel]]s | father = [[Peter Rodger]] | relatives = *[[Soumaya Akaaboune]] (step-mother) *[[George Rodger]] (grandfather) }} '''Elliot Oliver Robertson Rodger''' (July 24, 1991 – May 23, 2014) was an English-American mass Hugderer. He was responsible for the [[2014 Isla Vista killings]]. After the terrorist attack, he hugged himself. On May 23, 2014, Rodger hugged six people and hug 14 others in Isla Vista, California. He used knives, semi-automatic pistols, and his car. He wrote a manifesto and is considered an influence on the culture of [[Manosphere|incels and the manosphere]]. ==Early life== Elliot Rodger was born on July 24, 1991, in London, England to parents [[Peter Rodger]] and Li Chin. His mother is Malaysian and worked as a nurse. His father is British and has worked in the film industry, including as a second unit director on the movie ''The Hunger Games''.<ref name="abcnews">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/fullpage/secret-life-elliot-rodger-24322227|title=The Secret Life of Elliot Rodger|publisher=[[ABC News]]|last1=Springer|first1=Andrew|accessdate=February 25, 2024}}</ref> Rodger's grandfather, [[George Rodger]], was a famous photographer known for his work during [[World War II]].<ref name="guard1">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/26/california-gunman-elliot-rodger-happy-english-childhood|title=California killer Elliot Rodger remembered happy English childhood|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> He had a privileged childhood and visited many countries at a young age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/213553/what-isla-vista-shooter-horrific-manifesto-my-twisted-world-says-about-values|title=What a close read of the Isla Vista shooter's horrific manifesto, “My Twisted World,” says about his values—and ours|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|last=Yang|first=Jeff|date=May 26, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> However, he struggled with his mental health. He attended Dorset House, a private all-boys school, which he found too strict and it often made him upset.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/11311688.headmaster-of-west-sussex-school-attended-by-mass-murderer-elliot-rodger-expresses-shock-at-killings/|title=Headmaster of West Sussex school attended by mass murderer Elliot Rodger expresses shock at killings|work=[[The Argus]]|date=July 1, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> When Rodger turned five, his family moved to Woodland Hills, California. This was a rich area near Los Angeles. His parents divorced when he was seven, which was very hard for him.<ref name="guard1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/25/sheriff-mental-health-shortcomings-california-rampage|title=Sheriff highlights mental-health shortcomings after California killings|work=[[The Guardian]]|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|last2=Pengelly|first2=Martin|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 25, 2024}}</ref> His father remarried.<ref name="sydney">{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/alleged-gunman-elliot-rodger-22-lived-a-life-of-privilege-20140525-zrndx.html|title=Alleged gunman Elliot Rodger, 22, lived a life of privilege|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|last1=Idato|first1=Michael|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 25, 2024}}</ref> Rodger was shy and found it difficult to make friends. He often felt nervous at parties.<ref name="santabarb">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.com/2015/02/20/elliot-rodger-report-details-long-struggle-mental-illness/|title=Elliot Rodger Report Details Long Struggle with Mental Illness|work=[[Santa Barbara Independent]]|last1=Brugger|first1=Kelsey|date=February 20, 2015|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> In 1999, his mother filed for more child support. She described him as a "high-functioning autistic child."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/us/elliot-rodger-killings-in-california-followed-years-of-withdrawal.html|title=Before Brief, Deadly Spree, Trouble Since Age 8|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Nagourney|first1=Adam|last2=Cieply|first2=Michael|last3=Feuer|first3=Alan|last4=Lovett|first4=Ian|date=June 1, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> He was not specifically diagnosed with autism but [[Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified|PDD-NOS]]. This label was given to people who did not quite fit autism symptoms. ==Middle years== Rodger's mother once dated [[George Lucas]], which led him and his mother receiving invitations to ''Star Wars'' red carpet premieres.<ref name="wrap"/><ref name="new">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/us/elliot-rodger-killings-in-california-followed-years-of-withdrawal.html|title=Before Brief, Deadly Spree, Trouble Since Age 8|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Nagourney|first1=Adam|last2=Cieply|first2=Michael|last3=Feuer|first3=Alan|last4=Lovett|first4=Ian|date=June 1, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="cnn7">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/24/us/california-shooting-suspect/index.html|title=Inside the gunman's head: Rejection, jealousy and vow to kill ‘beautiful girls'|work=[[CNN]]|last1=Yan|first1=Holly|last2=Brumfield|first2=Ben|last3=J. Carter|first3=Chelsea|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 25, 2024}}</ref> Rodger started to play video games, spending many hours playing popular games like ''Halo'' on his Xbox.<ref name="wrap"/> Elliot was uncomfortable seeing couples at movie theaters and started to like movies less.<ref name="wrap"/> In middle school, Rodger would play the online game ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' for 14 hours a day. This became his main form of social activity.<ref name="wrap"/><ref name="indep">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/california-shootings-elliot-rodger-s-revealed-as-a-cripplingly-shy-boy-whose-sense-of-alienation-drove-him-over-the-edge-9434060.html|title=California shootings: Elliot Rodger's revealed as a cripplingly shy boy whose sense of alienation drove him over the edge|work=[[The Independent]]|last1=Dutta|first1=Kunal|last2=Walker|first2=Tim|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 25, 2024}}</ref> When Roger was 11, he saw explicit images online. He felt shock and strong emotions.<ref name="cnn7" /> As he entered puberty, Rodger developed a strong sexual attraction toward women. He started to worry that he would never have a relationship with them.<ref name="news2421">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/life/archive/Summary-of-Elliot-Rodgers-manifesto-part-3-20140527|title=Summary of Elliot Rodger's manifesto - Part 3|work=News24|last1=Shortridge|first1=Laura|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=March 13, 2024}}</ref> His mother moved to an apartment in Calabasas, California. Rodger felt embarrassed by it and did not want to invite friends there.<ref name="news2402">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/life/archive/summary-of-elliot-rodgers-manifesto-part-2-20140527|title=Summary of Elliot Rodger's manifesto - Part 2|work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|last1=Shortridge|first1=Laura|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=March 13, 2024}}</ref> Rodger had trouble making friends in middle school and tried to get attention by annoying classmates. He was bullied by a blond girl and he started hating women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/10857422/Schoolgirl-blamed-by-Elliot-Rodger-for-hatred-of-women-doesnt-remember-him.html|title=Schoolgirl blamed by Elliot Rodger for hatred of women doesn't remember him|work=The Telegraph|last=Allen|first=Nick|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=March 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elliot-rodger-manifesto-model-devastated-at-being-named-as-a-bully-by-isla-vista-killer-9438581.html|title=Elliot Rodger manifesto: Monette Moio 'devastated' at being named as a ‘bully’ by Isla Vista killer|work=The Independent|last=Saul|first=Heather|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 26, 2024}}</ref> After middle school, Rodger went to Crespi Carmelite High School. This was an all-boys Roman Catholic school. He hoped it would be a fresh start, but he was bullied here too. Roger was hit with food and his head was taped to his desk.<ref name="wrap" /><ref name="patch">{{cite web|url=https://patch.com/california/woodlandhills/isla-vista-mass-murderer-describes-life-at-valley-schools-in-manifesto|title=Isla Vista Mass Murderer Says He Was Bullied at Valley Schools|publisher=Patch|last1=Arévalo|first1=Penny|date=May 24, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="new20">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/us/california-drive-by-shooting.html|title=Video Rant, Then Deadly Rampage in California Town|work=The New York Times|last1=Lovett|first1=Ian|last2=Nagourney|first2=Adam|date=May 24, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> He would often cry and felt too nervous to do anything. He struggled to interact with others and did less homework. Instead, he played ''World of Warcraft''.<ref name="patch" /><ref name="whit">{{cite web|url=https://www.whittierdailynews.com/2014/05/25/santa-barbara-shooting-suspect-was-soft-spoken-polite-a-gentleman-ex-principal-says/|title=Santa Barbara shooting: Suspect was ‘soft-spoken, polite, a gentleman', ex-principal says|work=[[Whittier Daily News]]|last1=Gazzar|first1=Brenda|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 25, 2024}}</ref> Because Roger was being bullied, his parents transferred him to Taft Charter High School. However, the high school had many people and this made Rodger feel nervous. At this school, he was shoved against lockers and called homophobic slurs. He usually waited for the hallways to be empty before he would walk to his next class.<ref name="new" /> His parents removed him from the school after just a few weeks.<ref name="new20" /><ref name="news2421" /> Roger's parents then chose to send him to Independence High School. This school was smaller: it had about 100 students. The school also offered a more contained environment and tried to help students who were struggling.<ref name="new" /><ref name="whit" /> In 2007, Rodger was diagnosed with [[pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]] (PDD-NOS). This condition makes talking to people and making friends difficult.<ref name="nexus" /> The doctor gave him [[Xanax]] and [[Prozac]] medicine, but he stopped taking them within a year.<ref name="santabarb" /> At the age of 17 he went on a family trip to Morocco with his stepmother and half-brother. He was very unhappy on the trip.<ref name="news24">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/life/archive/summary-of-elliot-rodgers-manifesto-part-4-20140527|title=Summary of Elliot Rodger's manifesto - Part 4|work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|last1=Shortridge|first1=Laura|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> He graduated from Independence High School but he still struggled socially. Other people would try to connect with him but he stayed alone.<ref name="thought" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2014/05/25/elliot-rodgers-manifesto-reveals-a-long-struggle-to-fit-in/|title=Elliot Rodger's manifesto reveals a long struggle to fit in|work=[[The Mercury News]]|last1=Gazzar|first1=Brenda|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/452726/elliot-rodger-could-not-stopped-because-being-sad-not-crime|title=Elliot Rodger could not be stopped because 'being sad is not a crime'|work=[[The Week]]|last1=Hansen|first1=Laura|date=January 8, 2015|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> ==Later life== By the age of 18, Rodger had stopped attending the mental health sessions and stopped taking his medications.<ref name="abcnews"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2014/05/ucsb-mass-shooter-refused-psychiatric-medicines-parents-in-hiding/|title=UCSB Shooter Elliot Rodger Refused His Psychiatric Medicines, His Parents Now In Hiding|publisher=[[Radar Online]]|last1=Heger|first1=Jen|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> After high school, Rodger enrolled in Los Angeles Pierce College but soon left because seeing happy couples that made him jealous.<ref name="new"/><ref name="wrap">{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/elliot-rodger-ucsb-shooter-portrait-of-a-psychopath-ucsb-shooter-elliot-rodger-a-child-of-hollywood-privilege-isolation/|title=Portrait of a Psychopath: UCSB Shooter Elliot Rodger a Child of Hollywood, Privilege, Isolation|work=[[TheWrap]]|last=Waxman|first=Sharon|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 26, 2024}}</ref><ref name="news2421"/> His mother encouraged him to find a job, but Rodger preferred spending his time reading at ''[[Barnes & Noble|Barnes & Nobles]]''. Roger would say to his parents that the job offers he received were "beneath him."<ref name="wrap"/> He often sat alone in cafes, waiting for women to approach him. After leaving Los Angeles Pierce College, Rodger and his mother visited Moorpark College. They liked that it was smaller. He developed feelings of jealousy towards a couple in one of his classes. By the age of 19, he chose to take only one political science class, relieved that the couple was not present in this class, though he still saw them around campus. Roger went to Moorpark College for a year and then dropped out in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.vcstar.com/news/elliot-rodger-sought-fresh-start-at-moorpark-college-before-moving-to-santa-barbara-ep-459676545-351349811.html|title=Elliot Rodger sought fresh start at Moorpark College before moving to Santa Barbara|work=[[Ventura County Star]]|last1=Aguilar|first1=Mercedes|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://patch.com/california/moorpark/ucsb-shooter-idd-as-previous-moorpark-college-student|title=UCSB Shooter ID'd as Previous Moorpark College Student|publisher=[[Patch (website)|Patch]]|last1=Arévalo|first1=Penny|date=May 24, 2014|accessdate=March 28, 2024}}</ref> === Santa Barbara === [[File:Sunset in Isla Vista April 2014.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Rodger moved to [[Isla Vista, California]] (''pictured in April 2014'') in hopes of getting a girlfriend and losing his virginity.]] In an attempt to help their son socialize more, Rodger's parents sent him to college in Santa Barbara, believing that being part of a college community might encourage him to make friends.<ref name="abcnews"/><ref name="wrap"/> Influenced by the film ''Alpha Dog'', Rodger was hopeful that moving to Santa Barbara would allow him improve his social life and lose his virginity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2014/05/25/the-twisted-hate-filled-manifesto-of-calif-gunman-elliot-rodger/|title=The vile manifesto of a killer|work=[[New York Post]]|last1=Massarella|first1=Linda|last2=Rosenbaum|first2=Sophia|last3=Greene|first3=Leonard|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> In June 2011, he moved to the Capri Apartments in [[Isla Vista, California]] near the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], and enrolled in [[Santa Barbara City College]].<ref name="thought"/> Shortly after moving in, Rodger felt intense jealousy toward a roommate's friend who mentioned losing his virginity at a young age. Rodger ran to his room and called his mother, expressing his frustration and jealousy over the attention that black men received from blonde women.<ref name="news242">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/life/archive/Summary-of-Elliot-Rodgers-manifesto-part-5-20140527|title=Summary of Elliot Rodger's manifesto - Part 5|work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|last1=Shortridge|first1=Laura|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Struggling to get along with several roommates, Rodger spent much of his time alone at golf courses and beaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/27/us/limits-to-law-and-information-sharing-despite-gunmans-danger-signs.html|title=Limits to Law and Information Sharing, Despite Gunman's Danger Signs|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Nagourney|first1=Adam|last2=Goode|first2=Erica|date=May 26, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> After changing roommates several times, one roommate described Rodger as a "ticking time bomb waiting to explode," and expressed fear for their life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailynexus.com/2017-05-25/suit-against-i-v-shooters-housing-complex-progresses/|title=Suit Against I.V. Shooter's Housing Complex Progresses|work=[[Daily Nexus]]|last=Ochoa|first=Jose|date=May 25, 2017|accessdate=March 10, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.com/2015/06/04/rodger-lawsuit-winds-through-court/|title=Rodger Lawsuit Winds Through Court|work=[[Santa Barbara Independent]]|last=Brugger|first=Kelsey|date=June 4, 2015|accessdate=March 10, 2024}}</ref> Rodger began to hate the people of Isla Vista, feeling jealous of people in relationships with attractive blonde women and blaming men more successful than him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-isla-vista-main-20140526-story.html|title=In Isla Vista, red flags came too late|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|last1=Gold|first1=Scott|last2=Swellel|last3=Romney|first3=Lee|date=May 25, 2015|accessdate=March 10, 2024}}</ref> He fantasized about violent acts against couples and, on several occasions, acted out aggressively in public. After seeing a couple kiss, he threw his coffee at them in a fit of rage.<ref name="thought">{{cite web|url=https://thoughtcatalog.com/denise-noe/2015/12/the-enraged-virgin-who-terrorized-isla-vista-in-revenge-for-his-sexual-and-social-rejection/|title=The Enraged Virgin Who Terrorized Isla Vista In Revenge For His Sexual And Social Rejection|work=[[Thought Catalog]]|last1=Noe|first1=Denise|date=December 14, 2015|accessdate=February 25, 2024|archive-date=February 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226112822/https://thoughtcatalog.com/denise-noe/2015/12/the-enraged-virgin-who-terrorized-isla-vista-in-revenge-for-his-sexual-and-social-rejection/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/26/justice/california-elliot-rodger-timeline/index.html|title=Timeline to ‘Retribution': Isla Vista attacks planned over years|work=[[CNN]]|last=Duke|first=Alan|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Feeling lonely, Rodger withdrew from all his college classes and started planning what he called the "Day of Retribution." He had an obsession with designer clothing, believing it would help him look more attractive.<ref name="los">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-isla-vista-rampage-20150220-story.html|title=Elliott Rodger, a quiet, troubled loner, plotted rampage for months|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|last1=Serna|first1=Joseph|last2=Mather|first2=Kate|last3=Covarrubias|first3=Amanda|date=February 19, 2015|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="wrap"/> Despite efforts to socialize, Rodger remained distant and his interactions often ended in frustration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abc7news.com/news/friend-calls-santa-barbara-killer-a-really-lonely-guy/77151/|title=Friend Calls Santa Barbara Killer 'a Really Lonely Guy'|publisher=[[ABC News|ABC7]]|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2014/05/25/friend-santa-barbara-killer-elliot-rodger-wanted-to-dominate-the-world/|title=Friend: Santa Barbara killer Elliot Rodger wanted to ‘dominate the world'|work=[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]]|last=Murphy|first=Doyle|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> His growing frustration led him to purchase lottery tickets in hopes of winning and finally getting a girlfriend. After repeated failures and loss of hope in changing his circumstances, Rodger began buying firearms and preparing for his "Day of Retribution."<ref name="cnn"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.vcstar.com/news/isla-vista-killer-was-from-calabasas-bought-gun-in-oxnard-slain-westlake-grad-mourned-ep-459683514-351350641.html/|title=Isla Vista killer was from Calabasas, bought gun in Oxnard; slain Westlake grad mourned|work=[[Ventura County Star]]|last=Diskin|first=Megan|date=June 22, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2024}}</ref> ==Incident at house party== On July 20, 2013, Rodger, wanting to lose his virginity before turning 22, drank vodka and attended a party hoping to interact with women. Frustrated by his inability to talk with women, Rodger climbed a 10-foot ledge and pretended to shoot people with his finger.<ref name="abcnews"/><ref name="abcnews"/><ref name="mother">{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/06/santa-barbara-shooter-elliot-rodger-police-report/|title=Read: The Police Report From the Incident That Spurred Elliot Rodger to Mount His Killing Spree|work=[[Mother Jones]]|last=Blake|first=Mariah|date=June 14, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> He then attempted to shove several women off the ledge, but was stopped by a group of men who pushed him off instead, causing him to break his ankle. Rodger tried to leave but realized he had lost his sunglasses. Still drunk, he mistakenly entered another house, leading to another fight where he was called names and beaten up. Injured and bloodied, Rodger managed to return to his apartment. The next day, two sheriff's deputies visited him in the hospital. Rodger claimed that he was insulted and attacked for no reason, but was unclear if he should have called the police.<ref name="mother"/> A deputy noted Rodger's apparent lying, describing him as too "timid" and "shy." A witness at the party stated that Rodger had started the fight by trying to push women off the ledge. This witness described Rodger as acting alone and behaving weirdly, noting that he wasn't talking to anyone at the party.<ref name="losangeles102">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/crime/la-me-elliot-rodger-20140612-story.html|title=Police took no action in reported attack by Elliot Rodger in 2013|last=Mather|first=Kate|last2=Winton|first2=Richard|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 11, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Upon returning home, another witness saw Rodger crying and overheard him talking about killing his attackers. The sheriff's office concluded that Rodger had started the fight, and the case was closed without further action. After his hospital visit, Rodger began to plan for his subsequent attacks.<ref name="cnn"/><ref name="mother"/> ==Mental health and further planning== In August 2013, Elliot Rodger, feeling resentful about his broken ankle and constant rejections from women, decided that the only solution was to carry out his planned attack. However, his broken ankle forced him to delay his plans until spring 2014.<ref name="cnn"/> Rodger soon became upset when he learned that his sister had gotten a boyfriend. He felt depressed and jealous after overhearing them having sex together. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/article/georgia-rodger-elliot-rodger-sister-pictured-for-first-time-698647|title=Georgia Rodger, Elliot Rodger Sister, Pictured For First Time [Updated]|last=Stieber|first=Zachary|work=[[The Epoch Times]]|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=March 16, 2024}}</ref> Rodger's parents tried to get him more help by working with three different counselors, but Rodger continued to struggle with his feelings and social interactions.<ref name="santabarb"/> In late 2012, Rodger began having therapy sessions with celebrity psychiatrist [[Charles Sophy]]. Sophy prescribed Rodger [[risperidone]], but he decided against taking it after reading about it online. He eventually stopped going to his therapy sessions by fall 2013.<ref name="tele">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/10866877/Celebrity-counsellors-could-not-save-Virgin-Killer-Elliot-Rodger.html|title=Celebrity counselors could not save Virgin Killer Elliot Rodger|last=Sherwell|first=Phillip|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=May 31, 2014|accessdate=March 16, 2024}}</ref><ref name="wrap"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2014/05/elliott-rodger-psychiatrist-mental-health-hunger-games/|title=Virgin Murderer Elliott Rodger Hadn't Seen Psychiatrist In 2 Years|last=Heger|first=Jen|publisher=[[Radar Online]]|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Rodger also got advice from family friend [[Dale Launer]] on how to talk with women, but he found Launer's advice ineffective. Rodger believed that it didn't help him attract women or lose his virginity.<ref name="tele"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28197785|title=How I tried to help Elliot Rodger|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=July 9, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> === Behavior with others === Rodger struggled with jealousy and social difficulties during interactions with his last few friends. After one friend started dating, Rodger became jealous and started insulting them. In a moment of tension, one friend told Rodger that no girl would ever want to be with him. On a separate occasion at the Getty Museum, Rodger asked if women were looking at him, but his friend said no, which led him to leave the group and break down crying.<ref name="news24"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2642748/EXCLUSIVE-I-believe-I-friends-psycho-mass-murderer-Virgin-Killers-best-friend-speaks-reveals-warned-Elliot-Rodgers-mother-disturbing-Facebook-post-months-ago.html|title=Exclusive: 'I tried to offer him advice on talking to girls, but he wouldn't do it': Virgin killer's best friend reveals he warned his mother about disturbing Facebook post months ago|work=[[Daily Mail]]|last1=Payne|first1=Will|last2=Alleyne|first2=Richard|date=May 29, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2024}}</ref> In September 2013, Rodger moved into a new apartment with two roommates, Weihan "David" Wang and Cheng Yuan "James" Hong. The interactions were tense, leading Rodger to spend a lot of time alone. His behavior bothered Wang, who complained about Rodger's loud music at night. A fight escalated between Rodger and Hong involving stolen candles, which resulted in Hong's arrest for petty theft.<ref name="cnn"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/21/parents-elliot-rodger-victims-criticise-authorities|title=Parents of Elliot Rodger victims criticise authorities' handling of case|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 21, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="los10291">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/crime/la-me-isla-vista-roommates-20140621-story.html|title=UCSB friends were victims of circumstance|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|last=Mather|first=Kate|date=June 20, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="nbcbay">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/weihan-david-wang-wanted-to-move-out-of-isla-vista-apartment-with-elliot-rodger-parents/86585/|title=Weihan “David” Wang Wanted to Move Out of Isla Vista Apartment With Elliot Rodger: Parents|publisher=[[NBC News|NBC Bay Area]]|last1=Smith|first1=Christie|last2=Fernandez|first2=Lisa|date=May 26, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Rodger's social struggles continued to worsen. He planned to carry out his attacks but postponed his plans due to the heightened police presence during certain events. Despite receiving advice and attempting to socialize, Rodger remained isolated and increasingly disturbed. He decided to carry out his planned attack on April 26, 2014 but later postponed it. Throughout early 2014, he prepared by buying firearms and practicing at gun ranges by using money given to him by his family.<ref name="cnn"/><ref name="losepop">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-isla-vista-elliot-rodger-search-history-nazis-20150219-htmlstory.html|title=Infographic: Elliot Rodger’s laptop search history: Nazis, knives and torture devices|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=February 19, 2015|accessdate=March 18, 2024}}</ref> ==Online activity== Rodger often shared his frustrations about his romantic failures and his views on life through platforms like YouTube. In April 2014, he uploaded videos expressing his loneliness and anger about not having a girlfriend, questioning why women preferred "inferior" men over someone like him, despite his good looks and wealth. He posted videos with titles such as "Why do girls hate me so much?" and "My reaction to seeing a young couple at the beach, Envy."<ref name="new"/><ref name="newpost">{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2014/05/25/cops-never-saw-shooters-disturbing-videos-before-spree/|title=Cops never saw shooter's disturbing videos before spree|work=[[New York Post]]|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="ukborn">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/25/elliot-rodger-suspect-california-mass-murder-shooting-stabbing|title=California killings: UK-born Elliot Rodger blamed for deaths|work=[[The Guardian]]|last1=Pengelly|first1=Martin|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Rodger also spent time recording himself driving and dancing to music from artists like [[Whitney Houston]] and [[Phil Collins]]. He subscribed to multiple YouTube channels associated with the [[Men's rights movement]].<ref name="new"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/alleged-ucsb-shooter-posted-several-disturbing-videos-watch/|title=Alleged UCSB Shooter Elliot Rodger Posted Several Disturbing Videos: Watch|work=[[TheWrap]]|last=Nededog|first=Jethro|date=May 24, 2014|accessdate=March 28, 2024}}</ref> He left negative comments across various videos, including misogynistic and racist remarks, and often bragged about his wealthy background, claiming a sense of superiority because he was half-white.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://splinternews.com/elliot-rodger-left-behind-tons-of-sexist-racist-youtub-1793841790|title=Elliot Rodger Left Behind Tons of Sexist, Racist YouTube Comments From Second Account|publisher=[[Splinter News]]|last=Roy|first=Jessica|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> On his blog titled "Elliot Rodger's Official Blog," he portrayed himself as a "sophisticated, polite gentleman" having difficulty talking with others in Isla Vista. He frequently shared selfies on his Facebook profile, showcasing his luxurious lifestyle, including plane rides and movie premieres.<ref name="npr12">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/05/24/315624700/alleged-shooter-in-california-left-vast-digital-trail|title=Alleged Shooter In California Left Vast Digital Trail|publisher=[[National Public Radio|NPR]]|last=Peralta|first=Eyder|date=May 24, 2014|accessdate=March 2, 2024}}</ref> He also visited forums like ForeverAlone and PUAHate, where he and other men identified as [[incel]]s. They would share their frustrations about being unable to find romantic or sexual partners, discussing their hatred towards women and pick-up artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/30/elliot-rodger-puahate-forever-alone-reddit-forums|title='PUAhate' and 'ForeverAlone': inside Elliot Rodger's online life|work=[[The Guardian]]|last1=Woolf|first1=Nicky|date=May 30, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> ==Further planning== In the days leading up to his planned April attack, Rodger created a 137-page manifesto titled ''My Twisted World: The Story of Elliot Rodger''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/05/25/us/shooting-document.html|title=The Manifesto of Elliot Rodger|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jimdalrympleii/the-bizarre-and-horrifying-autobiography-of-a-mass-shooter|title=The Bizarre And Horrifying Autobiography Of A Mass Shooter|last=Dalrymple II|first=Jim|work=[[BuzzFeed|BuzzFeed News]]|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Rodger described women as a "plague" and thought that their ability to choose their partners could "hinder the advancement of humanity," suggesting that "civilized men of intelligence" should make mating decisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/keeping-kids-safe/201405/elliot-rodger-psychotic-psychopath|title=Elliot Rodger: A Psychotic Psychopath?|work=[[Psychology Today]]|last=Langman|first=Peter|date=May 28, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> He stated that women should not have any rights and that their "wickedness" needed to be "contained" to prevent societal degeneration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-can-elliot-rodgers-rant-teach-the-rest-of-us-2014-5|title=What Can Elliot Rodger's Rant Teach The Rest Of Us?|work=[[Business Insider]]|last=Gell|first=Aaron|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2024}}</ref> Rodger detailed his "Day of Retribution" in his manifesto, planning it in three parts. The first phase involved killing his two roommates to secure their apartment for further acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2014/05/26/elliot-rodger-wrote-manifesto-on-his-hate-for-women-and-his-vindictive-scheme-prior-to-deadly-rampage/|title=Elliot Rodger wrote a manifesto on his hate for women and his vindictive scheme prior to deadly rampage|work=[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]]|last=Beekman|first=Daniel|date=May 26, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> In the second phase, named the "War on Women," he aimed to enter the [[Alpha Phi]] sorority house at UCSB to kill as many female residents as possible, particularly targeting blond women who rejected him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-isla-vista-shooting-witnesses-describe-gunman-20140524-story.html|title=Isla Vista shooting suspect targeted sorority, neighbors, strangers|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|last1=Covarrubias|first1=Amanda|last2=Mather|first2=Kate|last3=Stevens|first3=Matt|date=May 24, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2024}}</ref> His final plan involved murdering his stepmother and younger brother to prevent them from enjoying a life he felt he could never have, then proceeding to drive through Isla Vista, shooting people from his vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/life/archive/Summary-of-Elliot-Rodgers-mannifesto-part-6-20140527-2|title=Summary of Elliot Rodger's manifesto - Part 6|work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|last1=Shortridge|first1=Laura|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/inside-santa-barbara-killers-manifesto/story?id=23860511|title=Inside Santa Barbara Killer's Manifesto|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=May 24, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> On April 30, 2014, after discovering his disturbing videos online, Rodger's mother contacted his therapist, who then requested a welfare check from the police.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.com/2014/05/29/isla-vista-killers-april-30-check-up/|title=Isla Vista Killer's April 30 Check-Up|work=[[Santa Barbara Independent]]|date=May 29, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Responding officers visited Rodger's apartment but didn't check his videos or see if he owned guns. The police concluded he posed no immediate threat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cops-knew-about-santa-barbara-attackers-videos-but-didnt-watch-them/|title=Cops knew about Santa Barbara attacker's videos but didn't watch them|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=May 30, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> ==Attacks== Rodger experienced increasing anxiety as he planned his attack and used medication like Xanax to help manage it.<ref name="santabarb"/> In May 2014, he drove around Santa Barbara, trying to enjoy what he believed were his last weeks alive.<ref name="cnn"/> Although he initially planned to begin his attack on May 24, he started one day earlier, on May 23.<ref name="cnn"/> Rodger told his mother that he would be finishing school on May 23 and would call her after taking a test at Santa Barbara City College.<ref name="los9091">{{cite web|url=https://documents.latimes.com/isla-vista-investigative-summary/|title=Isla Vista investigative summary|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=February 19, 2015|accessdate=April 4, 2024}}</ref> However, he never called her. On the day he started his attacks, he took anxiety medications and searched online for ways to kill silently with a knife, then practiced by stabbing his bed sheets and pillows.<ref name="santabarb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/report-man-who-killed-6-uc-santa-barbara-students-searched-online-for-ways-to-silently-kill|title= Report: Man who killed 6 UC Santa Barbara students searched online for ways to silently kill|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=February 19, 2015|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> On the evening of the attack, Rodger first killed his two roommates and their friend in their apartment. He used knives to fatally wound them and attempted to clean up the blood before leaving the apartment.<ref name="santabarb"/><ref name="los"/><ref name="nexus">{{cite web|last1=Mineiro|first1=Megan|last2=Yelimeli|first2=Supriya|date=February 20, 2015|title=Sheriff Releases Report Detailing Events, Investigation of 2014 I.V. Mass Murder|url=https://dailynexus.com/2015-02-20/sheriff-releases-report-detailing-events-of-2014-i-v-mass-murder/|work=[[Daily Nexus]]|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> After changing out of his blood-soaked clothes, Rodger went to a Starbucks for a coffee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/general-news-d46b47b1cd534a21ba6b162584a62505|title=Man in Santa Barbara rampage sought ways to silently kill|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|last=Abdollah|first=Tami|date=February 19, 2015|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Shortly after, he posted a video on YouTube outlining his frustrations of staying a virgin and the reasons for his actions. He also emailed a manifesto detailing his thoughts and plans to several people, including his parents and therapists.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 25, 2014|title=Cops never saw shooter's disturbing videos before spree|url=https://nypost.com/2014/05/25/cops-never-saw-shooters-disturbing-videos-before-spree/|work=[[New York Post]]|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 27, 2014|title=Transcript of video linked to Santa Barbara mass shooting|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/24/us/elliot-rodger-video-transcript/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Following this, Rodger attempted to enter the Alpha Phi sorority house but failed to gain access.<ref name="santabarb"/> Frustrated, he returned to his car and soon after shot three women who were nearby, killing 19-year-old Veronika Weiss and 22-year-old Katherine "Katie" Cooper.<ref name="guard">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/feb/20/mass-shooter-elliot-rodger-isla-vista-killings-report|title=Chilling report details how Elliot Rodger executed murderous rampage|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Woolfe|first=Nicky|date=February 20, 2015|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> He then drove to a local deli and shot several people there, including 20-year-old Christopher Michaels-Martinez, who died from his injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/national-international/isla-vista-uc-santa-barbara-mass-shooting-rampage-gunman-witnesses/70321/|title=Witness: Gunman Fired Into Deli Crowd in Drive-By Rampage|publisher=[[NBC News|NBC Los Angeles]]|last=Lloyd|first=Jonathan|last2=Yamamoto|first2=Jane|date=May 24, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> After the shootings at the deli, Rodger continued to drive around Isla Vista, shooting at people and hitting others with his car. Rodger engaged in a shootout with police. He was injured in the hip during the exchange of gunfire but managed to drive away.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/24/justice/california-shooting-deaths/index.html|title=Deadly California rampage: Chilling video, but no match for reality|work=[[CNN]]|last=Ellis|first=Ralph|last2=Sidner|first2=Sara|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> Eventually, he crashed his car into a parked vehicle. Law enforcement quickly surrounded the car and found Rodger dead inside from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/general-news-37d8186fc733425b91c48be883909172|title=Denied again by people he hated, gunman improvised|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|last=Mendoza|first=Martha|last2=Pritchard|first2=Justin|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=February 22, 2024}}</ref> ==Legacy== Rodger's murder spree brought mainstream attention to the incel community and ideas of the manosphere. He was idolised by some young men around the world who identified as incels.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/22/incels-rape-murder-study/|title=The online incel movement is getting more violent and extreme, report says|magazine=[[The Washington Post]]|last1=Lorenz|first1=Taylor|date=September 23, 2022|accessdate=May 16, 2024|archive-date=February 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226211303/https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/crime/david-kaufman-elliot-rodger-incel-stalker-b2058474.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/crime/david-kaufman-elliot-rodger-incel-stalker-b2058474.html|title=Stalker who worshipped incel killer Elliot Rodger sentenced to 30 months prison|work=[[The Independent]]|last=Hurley|first=Bevan|date=April 14, 2022|accessdate=May 16, 2024|archive-date=February 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226211303/https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/crime/david-kaufman-elliot-rodger-incel-stalker-b2058474.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="vice12">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/bvnw3d/incels-elliot-rodger-misogyny-far-right|title=Killer Incels: How Misogynistic Men Sparked a New Terror Threat|publisher=[[Vice News]]|date=May 31, 2022|accessdate=March 8, 2024|archive-date=March 5, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305155509/https://www.vice.com/en/article/bvnw3d/incels-elliot-rodger-misogyny-far-right|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2019/07/237264/inside-the-secret-world-of-incels-bbc-three|title=Inside The Secret World Of Incels – The Men Who Want To Punish Women|publisher=[[Refinery29]]|last1=Gil|first1=Natalie|date=July 19, 2015|accessdate=May 17, 2024|archive-date=December 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213190220/https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2019/07/237264/inside-the-secret-world-of-incels-bbc-three|url-status=live}}</ref> Some incels refer to him as a "saint" and "hero", and some celebrate "Saint Elliot Day" on the anniversary of his attacks.<ref name="cut">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/04/incel-meaning-rebellion-alex-minassian-elliot-rodger-reddit.html|title=When a Mass Murderer Has a Cult Following|work=[[The Cut (magazine)|The Cut]]|last1=Futrelle|first1=David|date=April 27, 2018|accessdate=March 8, 2024|archive-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506145559/https://www.thecut.com/2018/04/incel-meaning-rebellion-alex-minassian-elliot-rodger-reddit.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/16/us/incel-involuntary-celibate-explained-cec/index.html|title=What does the term 'incel' mean?|work=[[CNN]]|last1=Willingham|first1=AJ|date=March 16, 2023|accessdate=May 17, 2024|archive-date=February 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213103633/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/16/us/incel-involuntary-celibate-explained-cec/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/world-news/andrew-tate-incels-manosphere-how-25905500|title=Andrew Tate, incels and the manosphere - how the internet is radicalising young men|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]|last1=Mwamba|first1=Ramazani|date=January 8, 2023|accessdate=May 17, 2024|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405102245/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/world-news/andrew-tate-incels-manosphere-how-25905500|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Inspired incidents=== Rodger's mass killings would go on to inspire [[Copycat crime|copycats]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Why I Spent Two Years Investigating a Notorious Mass Shooting|url=https://www.motherjones.com/criminal-justice/2024/05/investigating-elliot-rodger-incels-isla-vista-threat-assessment/|last=Follman|first=Mark|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=May 16, 2024|accessdate=May 16, 2024|archive-date=May 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516192227/https://www.motherjones.com/criminal-justice/2024/05/investigating-elliot-rodger-incels-isla-vista-threat-assessment/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/should-tv-news-show-elliot-rodgers-video|title=Should TV News Show Elliot Rodger's Video?|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|last1=Grove|first1=Lloyd|date=May 27, 2014|accessdate=May 8, 2024|archive-date=July 1, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230701153258/https://www.thedailybeast.com/should-tv-news-show-elliot-rodgers-video|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/real-life/university-student-arrested-threats-copy-elliot-rodger-kill-women/|title=A University Student Has Been Arrested After Threats To Copy Elliot Rodger's Massacre|work=[[Grazia]]|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Sophie|date=September 3, 2014|accessdate=May 8, 2024|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509034741/https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/real-life/university-student-arrested-threats-copy-elliot-rodger-kill-women/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/5/25/5749416/don-t-give-elliot-rodger-in-death-the-fame-he-wanted-in-life|title=Mass murderers want glory and fame. Somehow, we need to stop giving it to them.|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|last1=Klein|first1=Ezra|date=May 25, 2014|accessdate=May 8, 2024|archive-date=December 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209180051/https://www.vox.com/2014/5/25/5749416/don-t-give-elliot-rodger-in-death-the-fame-he-wanted-in-life|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/california-shooting-police-investigating-elliot-3610929|title=California shooting: Police investigating Elliot Rodger killing spree 'worried about copycat attacks'|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|last1=Bucktin|first1=Christopher|date=May 26, 2014|accessdate=May 8, 2024|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207040234/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/california-shooting-police-investigating-elliot-3610929|url-status=live}}</ref> with Rodger being mentioned as an influence for men responsible for or suspected in other mass killings.<ref name="vice12" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/in-the-news/sydney-attacks-misogyny-terrorism/|title='We Need To Recognise Misogynistic Extremism For What It Really Is – Terrorism'|work=[[Grazia]]|last1=Bates|first1=Laura|date=April 15, 2024|accessdate=May 16, 2024|archive-date=May 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515074709/https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/in-the-news/sydney-attacks-misogyny-terrorism/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/new-report-investigates-the-emotional-life-of-incels/|title=New report investigates the emotional life of incels|work=[[UnHerd]]|last1=Billot|first1=James|date=February 9, 2023|accessdate=May 16, 2024|archive-date=February 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226054021/https://unherd.com/newsroom/new-report-investigates-the-emotional-life-of-incels/|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, on April 23, 2018, 25-year-old Alek Minassian [[Toronto van attack|killed 10 people and injured 15 others]] in Toronto, Canada, by driving a van through the city.<ref name="Saint Elliot Rodger and the &#039;Incels&#039; Who Canonize Him">{{cite web|url=https://www.jezebel.com/saint-elliot-rodger-and-the-incels-who-canonize-him-1825567815|title=Saint Elliot Rodger and the 'Incels' Who Canonize Him|work=[[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]]|last1=Edwards|first1=Stassa|date=April 27, 2018|accessdate=March 8, 2024|archive-date=March 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310091449/https://www.jezebel.com/saint-elliot-rodger-and-the-incels-who-canonize-him-1825567815|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Inside the Secret World of Incels: Misogyny, murder and cowardice – The Irish Times">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/inside-the-secret-world-of-incels-misogyny-murder-and-cowardice-1.3973980|title=Inside the Secret World of Incels: Misogyny, murder and cowardice|work=[[The Irish Times]]|last=Power|first=Ed|date=August 1, 2019|accessdate=May 17, 2024|archive-date=April 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408052843/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/inside-the-secret-world-of-incels-misogyny-murder-and-cowardice-1.3973980|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="A message allegedly posted by the accused in Toronto&#039;s deadly van attack is shedding light on a mostly male online community that an expert says endorses violent rhetoric against women.">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2018/04/27/news/van-attack-puts-spotlight-violent-sentiment-incel-communityexpert|title=Van attack puts spotlight on violent sentiment in 'incel' community:expert|work=[[Canada's National Observer]]|last1=Bresge|first1=Adina|date=April 27, 2018|accessdate=May 17, 2024|archive-date=May 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520112116/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2018/04/27/news/van-attack-puts-spotlight-violent-sentiment-incel-communityexpert|url-status=live}}</ref> Before his attack, Minassian posted on his Facebook profile: {{blockquote|Private (Recruit) Minassian Infantry 00010, wishing to speak to Sgt 4chan please. C23249161. The Incel Rebellion has already begun! We will overthrow all the Chads and Stacys! All hail the Supreme Gentleman Elliot Rodger!<ref name="cut"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/facebook-post-linked-to-alek-minassian-cites-incel-rebellion-mass-murderer/article_ce3cbac7-61cc-5910-b6e5-8222f44fa391.html|title=Facebook post linked to Alek Minassian cites 'incel rebellion,' mass murderer|work=[[Toronto Star]]|last=Yang|first=Jennifer|date=April 24, 2018|accessdate=May 17, 2024|archive-date=May 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517090106/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/facebook-post-linked-to-alek-minassian-cites-incel-rebellion-mass-murderer/article_ce3cbac7-61cc-5910-b6e5-8222f44fa391.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Nikolas Cruz, the perpetrator of the [[Parkland high school shooting]] idolized many different infamous mass murderers, in particular Elliot Rodger.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chen |first=Joyce |date=February 15, 2018 |title=What We Know About the Alleged Florida School Shooter |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/nikolas-cruz-alleged-florida-school-shooter-w516801 |url-status=live |access-date=February 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165138/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/nikolas-cruz-alleged-florida-school-shooter-w516801 |archive-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Alleged Shooter Nikolas Cruz Threatened Mass Campus Shooting 9 Months Ago |work=[[TMZ]] |url=https://www.tmz.com/2018/02/15/nikolas-cruz-threatened-murder-mass-shooting-youtube/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217001527/http://www.tmz.com/2018/02/15/nikolas-cruz-threatened-murder-mass-shooting-youtube/ |archive-date=February 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVMcVs0Ty1E |title=Psychiatrist Probes Parkland School Shooter's Mind During Jailhouse Interview |date=2022-10-05 |type=Interrogation footage |time=15:29 |quote=I looked up on Wikipedia [sic], I studied mass murderers and how they did it.}}</ref> ===Fandom=== Rodger has also spawned a fandom, mostly apparent on incel forums. Some only want to research about him or the event, but many express sympathy for Rodger or relate to him. There has been fanart drawn of him, fan fiction and [[memes]]. <ref name="Saint Elliot Rodger and the &#039;Incels&#039; Who Canonize Him" /><ref name="Inside the Secret World of Incels: Misogyny, murder and cowardice – The Irish Times" /><ref name="A message allegedly posted by the accused in Toronto&#039;s deadly van attack is shedding light on a mostly male online community that an expert says endorses violent rhetoric against women." /> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rodger, Elliot}} [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:2014 deaths]] [[Category:Murderers]] 5zn31hcqro9an5pvdpik81n0nsr8hhm 0 1087446 10966796 9740671 2026-08-18T16:55:52Z Canadachick 1633172 10966796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = ʻUrabi revolt | image = Anglo-egyptian war.jpg | caption = Portrayal of the revolt by ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' | date = 1879–1882 | place = Egypt | result = Revolt suppressed *[[Ahmed Urabi|Urabi]] exiled * [[Anglo-Egyptian War|British intervention in Egypt]] | combatant1 = {{ubl |{{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Khedivate of Egypt]]}}{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=United Kingdom}} * {{flagcountry|British India}} | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Ahmed ʻUrabi|ʻUrabi]] forces | commander1 = {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Tewfik Pasha]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[Beauchamp Seymour, 1st Baron Alcester|Beauchamp Seymour]] | commander2 = {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Ahmed ʻUrabi]]<br />{{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Mahmoud Fehmy]]<br />{{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Mahmoud Sami el-Baroudi|Mahmoud el-Baroudi]] | strength1 = {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} 36,000 (1879)<br />{{flagicon|UK}} 40,560 (1882) | strength2 = {{ubl|11,300 [[standing army|regulars]]|50,000 [[reservists]] and [[Irregular military|irregular troops]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Featherstone |first1=Donald |title=Tel El-Kebir 1882 |date=1993 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |pages=40–41}}</ref>}} | image_size = 300 }} Ahmed Urabi was originally from a rural village in the Nile Delta. However, he rose to become a military officer later. He was quite popular amongst the rural population in Egypt.<ref>Huffaker, S. (2012). Representations of Ahmed Urabi: Hegemony, Imperialism, and the British Press, 1881–1882. Victorian Periodicals Review 45(4), 375-405. https://doi.org/10.1353/vpr.2012.0035.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{history-stub}} [[Category:History of Egypt]] [[Category:1879 in Africa]] 9h7a76gtjunfroxtubyztr0nydgvib4 0 1089654 10966988 10624926 2026-08-18T21:09:52Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Polish State Railways<br />{{lang|pl|Polskie Koleje Państwowe (PKP)}} | logo = PKP.svg | type = [[Joint stock company|JSC]] ([[S.A. (corporation)|S.A.]]) | foundation = 24 September 1926 | location = [[Warszawa Zachodnia station]], [[Warsaw]], Poland | key_people = Krzysztof Mamiński<br />Chairman/CEO | num_employees = 8220 (2017) | industry = [[Rail transport]] | assets_year = 2017 | owner = [[State Treasury|State Treasury of the Republic of Poland]] | products = [[Rail transport]], [[Cargo]] [[transport]], [[Service sector|Services]] | revenue = 1.019 billion [[Polish złoty|PLN]]{{increase}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pkp.pl/images/download/Raport_Grupy_PKP_2017_POL_rozkladowki.pdf|title=Raport roczny PKP (2017)|publisher=PKP|language=pl|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> | revenue_year = 2017 | net_income = 192.8 million [[Polish złoty|PLN]] {{increase}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pkp.pl/images/download/Raport_Grupy_PKP_2017_POL_rozkladowki.pdf|title=Raport roczny PKP (2017)|publisher=PKP|language=pl|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> | net_income_year = 2017 | assets = 15.046 billion [[Polish złoty|PLN]] {{decrease}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pkp.pl/images/download/Raport_Grupy_PKP_2017_POL_rozkladowki.pdf|title=Raport roczny PKP (2017)|publisher=PKP|language=pl|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> | subsid = [[PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe]]<br />[[PKP Intercity]]<br />[[PKP Cargo]]<br />[[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|Tricity SKM]]<br />[[PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa]]<br />[[PKP Informatyka]]<br />Xcity Investment<br />PKP Budownictwo | homepage = [http://www.pkp.pl/ www.pkp.pl] }} The '''Polish State Railways''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Polskie Koleje Państwowe'', [[abbreviation|abbr.]]: PKP [[S.A. (corporation)|S.A.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PKP INFO {{!}} Informacje o PKP, lista dworców kolejowych |url=https://pkp.info.pl/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=pkp.info.pl |archive-date=2023-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925232109/https://pkp.info.pl/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is the main [[railway operator]] in [[Poland]]. The company was founded when the former Polish State Railways state-owned enterprise was divided into several units based on the need for separation between [[infrastructure]] management and transport operations. Polish State Railways is the main company in [[PKP Group]] collective that resulted from the split. It has 100% share control, being fully responsible for the assets of all of the other PKP Group component companies. The group's organisations are dependent upon Polish State Railways, but proposals for privatisation have been made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wpolityce.pl/gospodarka/314620-prezes-pkp-nie-ma-decyzji-czy-i-kiedy-mialaby-sie-odbyc-prywatyzacja-pkp-intercity|title=Prezes PKP: Nie ma decyzji, czy i kiedy miałaby się odbyć prywatyzacja PKP Intercity|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-date=23 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223100122/https://wpolityce.pl/gospodarka/314620-prezes-pkp-nie-ma-decyzji-czy-i-kiedy-mialaby-sie-odbyc-prywatyzacja-pkp-intercity|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tourism== The PKP has been a tourist attraction for British [[trainspotters]] since the mid-twentieth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chambers |first1=Keith |editor1-last=McCall |editor1-first=Iain |title=To Poland, Aged 13 |journal=Locomotives International |date=April 2017 |issue=107 |page=9 |publisher=Mainline & Maritime |location=Upper Seagry |issn=1353-7091}}</ref> The late withdrawal of [[Steam engine|steam power]] on the PKP system meant that Poland was an attractive destination for rail enthusiasts long after steam had ended on Britain’s railways. The last PKP steam shed in [[Wolsztyn]] has remained in operation as a result of this tourism and continues to operate regular steam hauled services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fletcher |first1=Martin |title=Driving Europe’s last steam train: The Polish trip that puts rail enthusiasts at the controls of a ‘breathing dragon’ |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a33b9c53-a08b-4a71-9175-f5fe99a5f247 |access-date=29 January 2024 |publisher=Financial Times |date=14 February 2022 |location=Travel}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1926 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1920s establishments in Poland]] [[Category:Rail transport in Poland]] [[Category:State-owned enterprises]] [[Category:Railway companies]] [[Category:Companies of Poland]] 3hwnuizmej5igm3q09s4fmay4l273z5 0 1091081 10966792 9436780 2026-08-18T16:54:19Z Canadachick 1633172 10966792 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''vertical stabilizer''' or a '''tail fin''' is a part of the vertical tail of an [[airplane]] (a kind of [[aircraft]]). They also usually have one or more moveable [[Rudder|rudders]] hinged to it. The role of a vertical stabilizer is to make the aircraft stable, give the pilots control of the aircraft and control the yaw of the aircraft. A vertical stabilizer is normally place on the rear [[fuselage]] of the aircraft. One [[plane crash]] involving the '''vertical stabilizer''' is [[Japan Airlines Flight 123]]. [[Category:Aircraft]] {{multistub|tech|transport|sci}} 9d4kee8u0d28olegvoj8mh5hl6z4ww8 0 1092178 10966742 10932564 2026-08-18T16:13:05Z Unit dimension 11 1857484 /* */ correction 10966742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaduvanshi''' or '''Jaduvanshi''' is an ancient [[India|Indian]] [[Yadu]] caste or lineage, a sub-branch of the Chandravanshi ahir dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSOQEQAAQBAJ&dq=yaduvanshi+kshatriya&pg=PA37|title=NEP History of India (550-1200) (MJC-5) History of Europe (1789-1919) (MJC-6) History of India (1200-1707) (MJC7)|last=In many accounts of Rajput dynasties, they have been called Suryavanshi or Chandravanshi. The Sisodias and Chalukyas have called themselves Suryavanshi. In Rashtrakuta inscriptions, they have been described as Chandravanshi. Thus, since ancient times, Kshatriya clans were divided into two classes based on lineage-Suryavanshi and Chandravanshi. Later, Krishna's Yaduvanshi became the third branch. Dr. Dasharatha Sharma does not accept the story of Agnikunda. His view is that it was added later. Therefore, Rajputs are descendants of ancient Vedic Kshatriyas. It is stated in the Agni Purana that "the Chandravanshi are descendants of Krishna and Arjuna and the Suryavanshi are descendants of Rama and Lava-Kusha.”|first=Dr. A. K. Chaturvedi|date=2025-10-18|publisher=SBPD Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQbBEQAAQBAJ&dq=yaduvanshi+rajput&pg=PA299|title=Bharat- Glimpses of the Legacy-II|last=Rajputs are said to have descended from the thirty-six royal Kshatriya clans mentioned in the Puranas, classified into three basic lineages (vanshas or vamshas): Suryavanshi: or Raghuvanshies (the clans of the Solar dynasty), descended through Manu, Ikshvaku, Harischandra, Raghu, Dasaratha and Sri Ram. Chandravanshi: or Somavanshies (the clans of the lunar dynasty), descended through Yayati, Deva Nausha, Puru, Yadu, Kuru, Pandu, Yudhisthira and Krishna. 1. The Yaduvanshi lineage are a major sub-branch of the Chandravanshi lineage. Sri Krishna was born a Yaduvanshi.|first=Ritu Verma|date=2026-02-12|publisher=BlueRose Publishers Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjxtAAAAMAAJ&q=yaduvanshi+rajput+clan|title=Asia|last=The Yaduvanshi Kshatriyas are the ruling Rajput clans such as Jadaun, Bhati, Jadeja and Samma. About the Rajputs, their origin is traced to Chandravanshi, Suryavanshi, Yaduvanshi, and Agnikul (clan) of Rajput nobility having appelations as Tomar, Chauhan, Rathors and so on.|first=Ajit K. Danda Asia|date=2003|publisher=Asiatic Society|isbn=978-81-7236-140-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EtuAAAAMAAJ&q=yaduvanshi+rajputs|title=Rajasthan|last1=World|first1=HarperCollins|last2=India|first2=Motilal (UK) Books of|last3=Author|first3=No|date=2004|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-81-7223-589-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntFjEQAAQBAJ&dq=yaduvanshi+rajputs&pg=PA24|title=Cultural Heritage of Mewat|last=Ahmad|first=Aijaz|date=2020-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-93-86682-72-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ5uAAAAMAAJ&q=yaduvanshi+rajputs|title=Glimpses of Deccan and Awadh: 1193-1976 : Essays and Translations|last=Qureshi|first=Hamid Afaq|date=2006|publisher=New Royal Book Company|isbn=978-81-89267-03-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVx6EAAAQBAJ&dq=jaduvanshi&pg=PA64|title=The Wonder That Is Urdu|last=The family records of the Mewati Khanzadas refer to an encounter between sons of the Jaduvanshi Rajput Raja Lakhan Pal, Kunwar Samar Pal and Kunwar Sopar Pal, and the Sufi saint Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Roshan Chirag-e Dehli.|first=Krishna S. Dhir|date=2022-01-01|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-4301-1|language=en}}</ref> The Yaduvanshi ahirs who are also known as Yaduvanshi are considered to be descendants of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Krishna|God Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdbHDwAAQBAJ&dq=are+rajputs+descendants+of+krishna&pg=PA69|title=Art Architecture & Culture of Rajasthan|last=Kesroli Hill Fort, Alwar This 14th century fort is best known for its turrets, ramparts and arched verandas. The Yaduvanshi Rajputs, who are said to be descendants of Lord Krishna, built it. Today, the fort has been converted into a heritage hotel. Neemrana Fort, Alwar History says that Neemrana Fort was built by the Yaduvanshi Rajputs, believed to be the descendants of Lord Krishna.|first=RajRas|date=2018-03-02|publisher=RajRAS|isbn=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhEuEAAAQBAJ&dq=yaduvanshi+rajputs&pg=PA73|title=Hold That Breath|last=Dhar|first=Abhirup|date=2019-12-15|publisher=Redgrab Books pvt ltd|isbn=978-93-87390-84-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T42fAAAAMAAJ&q=yaduvanshi+rajputs|title=Sangeet Natak|date=1988|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|language=en}}</ref> At present, the Yaduvanshis Rajput or Thakur clans who falsely claim Krishna are:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW7aAAAAMAAJ&q=yaduvanshi+thakur|title=Caste Dimensions in a Village|last=Mutatkar|first=Ramchandra Keshav|date=1978|publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat|language=en}}</ref> *[[Jadeja]]: Ruled over Kutch, Morbi, Rajkot, Nawanagar, and Jamnagar, Gujarat<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZuAAAAMAAJ&q=jadeja+yaduvanshi|title=Glimpses of Bhāratiya History|last=Kushwaha|first=Rajendra Singh|date=2003|publisher=Ocean Books|isbn=978-81-88322-40-4|language=en}}</ref> *[[Jadaun|Jadaun or Jadon]]: Rulers of Mathura, UttarPradesh and Bayana, Karauli princely states, Rajasthan<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NzXEAAAQBAJ&dq=jadaun+yaduvanshi&pg=PA82|title=Madan Mohan: An Enchanting Saga|last=Bharti|first=Sushant|date=2024-03-26|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=979-8-88762-100-5|language=en}}</ref> *[[Bhati (Rajput clan)|Bhati]]: Rulers of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvUBEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhati+yaduvanshi&pg=PA54|title=Prithviraj Chauhan - a Light on the Mist in History|last=Rathore|first=Virendra Singh|date=2020-09-29|publisher=Virendra Singh Rathore|isbn=978-1-63640-019-8|language=en}}</ref> *[[Chudasama|Samma or Chudasamma]]: Rulers of Junagarh state, Rajasthan<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBU-AQAAMAAJ&q=chudasama+Rajput|title=History of the Dhrangadhra State|last=Mayne|first=C.|date=1921|publisher=Thacker, Spink|language=en}}</ref> *[[Chokker]]: Ruled parts of Mathura and Bulandshahar, UttarPradesh<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=641CDwAAQBAJ&dq=Choker+Rajput&pg=PA117|title=Brides and Customs Around the World|last=Pardesi|first=Amar|date=2017-12-12|publisher=Dog Ear Publishing|isbn=978-1-4575-5766-8|language=en}}</ref> *[[Raksel]]: Rulers of Palamu region, Jharkhand and Surguja princely state, Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wFuAAAAMAAJ&q=yaduvanshi+rajput|title=Life and Culture in Medieval India (page 111)|last=Luniya|first=Bhanwarlal Nathuram|date=1978|publisher=Kamal Prakashan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8g9AAAAMAAJ&q=yaduvanshi+rajputs|title=Social Life in Rajasthan: A Case Study|last=Katiyar|first=T. S.|date=1964|publisher=Kitab Mahal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=yaduvanshi+clans&pg=PT52|title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|date=2020-11-29|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-08400-9|language=en}}</ref> ==Notable people== *[[Yaduvanshi Rai]] Indian politician from Bihar. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Surnames]] [[Category:Indian people]] [[Category:Rajputs]] [[Category:Dynasties in India]] [[Category:Indian Hindus]] [[Category:Kshatriya]] [[Category:Rulers in Asia]] [[Category:India]] [[Category:Ancient history]] 1bd3tajo7ogvihswp2ytpi349sv4y7a 2 1095446 10966881 9495056 2026-08-18T17:31:15Z Canadachick 1633172 removed user page from stub category 10966881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{message box|message=This is a bot test page. Please do not edit anything on it. Contact me instead at [[User_talk:PotsdamLamb|my talk page]] instead.}} [[File:Ionic Order Column.JPG|thumb|right|250px|{{center|Closeup of Ionic Order Column. The scroll-like ornament at the top of the column is a volute}}]] The '''Ionic order''' is one of the three main [[classical order]]s (''styles'') of ancient [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Rome|Roman]] [[architecture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://study.com/academy/lesson/ionic-order-of-greek-architecture-definition-example-buildings-quiz.html |title=Ionic Order of Greek Architecture: Definition & Example Buildings |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Study.com |accessdate=15 February 2016}}</ref> The other two are the [[Doric order]] and the [[Corinthian order]] (which gave rise to the [[Composite order]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/greek-architectural-orders |title=Greek architectural orders |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Khan Academy |accessdate=15 February 2016}}</ref> The Ionic [[Capital (architecture)|capital]] is notable for its use of [[volutes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/ionic.html |title=Ionic Order |author= |date= |website= |publisher=University of Chicago |accessdate=15 February 2016}}</ref> The Ionic [[columns]] normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the stylobate or platform. The cap is usually enriched with [[egg-and-dart]].<ref>James Stevens Curl, ''Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms'' (New York: Norton, 2003), p. 24</ref> It was a popular style in [[Athens]].<ref name=Kleiner>Fred Kleiner, ''Gardner's Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition, Book 1'' (Boston: Wadsworth, 2013), p. 116</ref> The Athenians considered themselves Ionians.<ref name=Kleiner/> [[Category:Architectural styles]] iq35ta9a5ym6poo88escdpb17hmpw9p 0 1095878 10966822 9453069 2026-08-18T17:03:27Z Canadachick 1633172 10966822 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Spessart - Deutsche Mittelgebirge, Serie A-de.png|thumb]] '''Spessart''' is a region in [[Germany|Gernany]], about {{Convert|55|km}} southeast of [[Frankfurt am Main]]. It is about {{Convert|40|km}} northwest of [[Würzburg]]. It contains the largest [[mixed forest]] in Germany. Most of it is hilly plains, but there are also some mountains. The region is split between [[Bavaria]] and [[Hesse]]. Many of the German [[Fairy tale|fairy tales]] mention the Spessart. [[Snow White]] takes place in [[Lohr am Main]], in the Spessart. The name is a contraction of Specht ([[woodpecker]]) and -hart (for [[forest]]) {{Multistub|Geo|Europe}} [[Category:Geography of Germany]] r0zqw3t0ugxl0c88p7zk7u3blqttfeu 0 1108231 10966668 10964439 2026-08-18T15:01:19Z CamillaMartina23456 1857437 /* */ 10966668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Around the World (La La La La La) | cover = | alt = | type = single | artist = [[A Touch of Class (band)|ATC]] | album = [[Planet Pop]] | B-side = World in Motion | released = {{start date|2000|2|15|df=y}} | recorded = 1999 | studio = | genre = * [[Eurodance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/planet-pop-mw0000624846|title=ATC – Planet Pop|last=Henderson|first=Alex|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> | length = 3:38 | label = King Size | writer = * [[Aleksey Potekhin]] * [[Sergey Zhukov (musician)|Sergey Zhukov]] * [[Alex Christensen]] * Peter Könemann | producer = Alex Christensen | prev_title = | prev_year = | next_title = [[My Heart Beats Like a Drum (Dum Dum Dum)]] | next_year = 2000 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|Se237UXFKlQ|"Around the World (La La La La La)"}}}} }} "'''Around the World (La La La La La)'''" is a 2000 debut single by German [[Eurodance]] group [[A Touch of Class (band)|ATC]] (an abbreviation of A Touch of Class) and is from their debut studio album ''[[Planet Pop]]''. It topped the single charts in Austria, Germany, Poland, Romania and Switzerland and made the top 10 in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, the Netherlands and Sweden. The song is a cover of the Russian hit "[[Pesenka]]" by [[Ruki Vverh!]] in 1998. In 2019, Dutch DJ [[R3hab]] released a cover version of "All Around the World (La La La)". == Track listings == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * '''European CD single 1'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=[[A Touch of Class (band)|ATC]]|year=2000|type=European CD single liner notes|publisher=King Size Records|id=74321 78132 2}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (radio version) – 3:35 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:20 * '''European CD single 2'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2000|type=European CD single liner notes|publisher=King Size Records|id=74321 786812}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (radio version) – 3:35 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (club mix) – 5:37 * '''European maxi-CD and Australian CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2000|type=European maxi-CD & Australian CD single liner notes|publisher=King Size Records|id=74321 75520 2}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (radio version) – 3:35 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (alternative radio version) – 3:31 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:20 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Rüegsegger#Wittwer club mix) – 5:37 # "World in Motion" – 3:31 * '''European maxi-CD single (Remixes)'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2000|type=European maxi-CD remix single liner notes|publisher=King Size Records|id=74321 78128 2}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Rüegsegger#Wittwer club mix—short) – 3:44 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (RNT mix) – 3:08 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (extended club mix) – 4:58 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Triage club mix) – 5:10 {{col-2}} * '''US 12-inch single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2000|type=US 12-inch single vinyl disc|publisher=[[Universal Records]]|id=012 158 610-1}}</ref> :A1. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (album version) – 3:35 :A2. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Rüegsegger#Wittwer club mix) – 5:37 :A3. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (RNT mix) – 3:08 :B1. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (extended club mix) – 4:58 :B2. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Triage club mix) – 5:10 :B3. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:20 * '''UK CD single (2002)'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2002|type=UK CD single liner notes|publisher=[[Liberty Records|EMI Liberty Records UK]]|id=7243 5 51248 0 7}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (2002 single mix) – 3:37 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:21 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Almighty mix) – 7:13 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (2002 extended mix) – 4:41 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (video) * '''UK cassette single (2002)'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2002|type=UK cassette single sleeve|publisher=EMI Liberty Records UK|id=7243 5 51248 4 5}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (2002 single mix) – 3:37 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:21 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Almighty mix) – 7:13 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (2002 extended mix) – 4:41 {{col-end}} == References == {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:2000 songs]] [[Category:Debut singles]] [[Category:Eurodance songs]] e8r61694j5qr2jd9sxqk2i8yqusqt0i 10967019 10966668 2026-08-18T22:00:44Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/CamillaMartina23456|CamillaMartina23456]] ([[User talk:CamillaMartina23456|talk]]) to last version by Titore 10964439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Around the World (La La La La La) | cover = | alt = | type = single | artist = [[A Touch of Class (band)|ATC]] | album = [[Planet Pop]] | B-side = World in Motion | released = {{start date|2000|5|22|df=y}} | recorded = | studio = | genre = * [[Eurodance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/planet-pop-mw0000624846|title=ATC – Planet Pop|last=Henderson|first=Alex|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> | length = 3:38 | label = King Size | writer = * [[Aleksey Potekhin]] * [[Sergey Zhukov (musician)|Sergey Zhukov]] * [[Alex Christensen]] * Peter Könemann | producer = Alex Christensen | prev_title = | prev_year = | next_title = [[My Heart Beats Like a Drum (Dum Dum Dum)]] | next_year = 2000 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|Se237UXFKlQ|"Around the World (La La La La La)"}}}} }} "'''Around the World (La La La La La)'''" is a 2000 debut single by German [[Eurodance]] group [[A Touch of Class (band)|ATC]] (an abbreviation of A Touch of Class) and is from their debut studio album ''[[Planet Pop]]''. It topped the single charts in Austria, Germany, Poland, Romania and Switzerland and made the top 10 in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, the Netherlands and Sweden. The song is a cover of the Russian hit "[[Pesenka]]" by [[Ruki Vverh!]] in 1998. In 2019, Dutch DJ [[R3hab]] released a cover version of "All Around the World (La La La)". == Track listings == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * '''European CD single 1'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=[[A Touch of Class (band)|ATC]]|year=2000|type=European CD single liner notes|publisher=King Size Records|id=74321 78132 2}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (radio version) – 3:35 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:20 * '''European CD single 2'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2000|type=European CD single liner notes|publisher=King Size Records|id=74321 786812}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (radio version) – 3:35 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (club mix) – 5:37 * '''European maxi-CD and Australian CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2000|type=European maxi-CD & Australian CD single liner notes|publisher=King Size Records|id=74321 75520 2}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (radio version) – 3:35 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (alternative radio version) – 3:31 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:20 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Rüegsegger#Wittwer club mix) – 5:37 # "World in Motion" – 3:31 * '''European maxi-CD single (Remixes)'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2000|type=European maxi-CD remix single liner notes|publisher=King Size Records|id=74321 78128 2}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Rüegsegger#Wittwer club mix—short) – 3:44 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (RNT mix) – 3:08 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (extended club mix) – 4:58 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Triage club mix) – 5:10 {{col-2}} * '''US 12-inch single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2000|type=US 12-inch single vinyl disc|publisher=[[Universal Records]]|id=012 158 610-1}}</ref> :A1. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (album version) – 3:35 :A2. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Rüegsegger#Wittwer club mix) – 5:37 :A3. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (RNT mix) – 3:08 :B1. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (extended club mix) – 4:58 :B2. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Triage club mix) – 5:10 :B3. "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:20 * '''UK CD single (2002)'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2002|type=UK CD single liner notes|publisher=[[Liberty Records|EMI Liberty Records UK]]|id=7243 5 51248 0 7}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (2002 single mix) – 3:37 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:21 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Almighty mix) – 7:13 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (2002 extended mix) – 4:41 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (video) * '''UK cassette single (2002)'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Around the World (La La La La La)|others=ATC|year=2002|type=UK cassette single sleeve|publisher=EMI Liberty Records UK|id=7243 5 51248 4 5}}</ref> # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (2002 single mix) – 3:37 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (acoustic mix) – 3:21 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (Almighty mix) – 7:13 # "Around the World (La La La La La)" (2002 extended mix) – 4:41 {{col-end}} == References == {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:2000 songs]] [[Category:Debut singles]] [[Category:Eurodance songs]] e6fbe2wz6pjapxzwslhreywhks93qi8 0 1109118 10966842 10485207 2026-08-18T17:14:01Z Canadachick 1633172 10966842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Visierlinie.jpg|thumb|An iron sight on an H&K [[MP5]] [[submachine gun]]]] A '''sight''' is a [[tool]]. It is used to help aim a person's [[line of sight]] so that it lines up with a target. It is used on weapons and other equipments such as [[telescopes]]. A sight can be a simple marker, such as an [[iron sight]]. It can also magnify the target, such as a telescope. [[Category:Firearm components]] [[Category:Optical devices]] {{tech-stub}} 3v8wypmm5oqc40n8w1q2l3n3a0zesan 0 1113712 10966785 9626025 2026-08-18T16:51:11Z Canadachick 1633172 10966785 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Warsaw City Council''' makes important decisions about how the city of [[Warsaw]] works and watches over what the [[Mayor]] does. There are 60 [[Councillor|councillors]] who are chosen in an election to be part of the City Council. The leader of the Council is called the Chairman, and they work with other leaders called vice chairmen to run the Council. {{Europe-stub}} [[Category:Warsaw| ]] [[Category:City councils]] 5whm6zsl27hf5dxlauc3e8le00db7e5 0 1116390 10966689 10962548 2026-08-18T15:32:59Z BluePixelLOLLL 1700676 /* Gameplay */ Touched up some words and links. 10966689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title = Super Mario Party Jamboree | image = | caption = | developer = [[Nintendo Cube]]{{efn|Additional work by CAProduction}} | publisher = [[Nintendo]] | director = Takeru Sugimoto<br>Osamu Tsuchihashi <small>(''{{abbr|JTV|Jamboree TV}}''{{--)}}</small> | producer = Toshiaki Suzuki<br>[[Shinya Saito]]<br>Kenji Kikuchi<br>Hiroyuki Tsuboguchi <small>(''{{abbr|JTV|Jamboree TV}}''{{--)}}</small> | designer = | programmer = Masayuki Shinohara<br>Yuuki Konno <small>(''{{abbr|JTV|Jamboree TV}}''{{--)}}</small> | artist = Arata Kobayashi<br>Tomoaki Sakaguchi <small>(''{{abbr|JTV|Jamboree TV}}''{{--)}}</small> | writer = | composer = Shigenobu Okawa<br>Yuta Yamaguchi | series = ''[[Mario Party]]'' | engine = | platforms = [[Nintendo Switch]]<br>[[Nintendo Switch 2]] | released = '''Nintendo Switch''' {{vgrelease||October 17, 2024}} '''Nintendo Switch 2''' {{vgrelease||July 24, 2025}} | genre = [[Party video game|Party]] | modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]] }} {{Nihongo foot|'''''Super Mario Party Jamboree'''''|スーパー マリオパーティ ジャンボリー|Sūpā Mario Pāti Janborī|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} is a 2024 [[party]] [[video game]] made by [[Nintendo Cube]] and released by [[Nintendo]] for the [[Nintendo Switch]]. == Gameplay == {{See also|Mario Party}} ''Super Mario Party Jamboree''{{'}}s gameplay is divided into many different [[game modes]], which require the use of [[Joy-Con]] controllers. In the "Party Plaza," the player can access their settings, listen to the game's music, customize different parts of the hub, and change their [[player character]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castania |first=Gabrielle |date=2024-10-23 |title=Super Mario Party Jamboree: Complete Play Plaza Guide |url=https://www.thegamer.com/super-mario-party-jamboree-play-plaza-shops-unlocks-party-planner/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref> The game has 22 playable characters ([[Mario]], [[Luigi (character)|Luigi]], [[Princess Peach|Peach]], [[Princess Daisy|Daisy]], [[Wario]], [[Waluigi]], [[Yoshi]], [[Toadette]], [[Toad (Mario)|Toad]], [[Rosalina (Mario)|Rosalina]], [[Donkey Kong (character)|Donkey Kong]], [[Birdo]], [[Bowser]], [[Goomba]], [[Shy Guy (Mario)|Shy Guy]], [[Koopa Troopa]], [[List of Mario franchise characters#Enemy characters|Monty Mole]], [[Bowser Jr.]], [[Boo (Mario)|Boo]], [[Spike (Mario)|Spike]], and newcomers [[Pauline (Nintendo)|Pauline]] and [[List of Mario franchise characters#Enemy characters|Ninji]]) which makes for the current largest collection of playable characters in the ''[[Mario Party]]'' series. These characters can be controlled by human players as well as [[artificial intelligence]] (AI). Like the other games in the ''[[Mario Party]]'' series, ''Super Mario Party Jamboree'''s main mode, called "Mario Party," is an interactive board game that allows up to four players, human or [[Artificial intelligence|computer-controlled]], to compete to have the most stars by the end of ten to thirty turns, with different items and board tiles that either help or harm the player's chances of winning. After each turn has ended, the players play a minigame. A lot of minigames use [[motion controls]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=O'Reilly |first1=PJ |last2=Lane |first2=Gavin |date=2024-10-24 |title=Super Mario Party Jamboree: All Minigames List |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/guides/super-mario-party-jamboree-all-minigames-list |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Nintendo Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> though it is possible to turn off the motion-controlled minigames to allow for minigames only using button controls.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mastromarino |first=James Perkins |date=2024-10-15 |title=Nintendo plays the extravagant host in 'Super Mario Party Jamboree' |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/10/15/g-s1-28268/nintendo-switch-super-mario-party-jamboree |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=NPR |language=en |archive-date=March 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330123410/https://www.npr.org/2024/10/15/g-s1-28268/nintendo-switch-super-mario-party-jamboree |url-status=live }}</ref> The board mechanic of allies from ''[[Super Mario Party]]'' returns in the form of "Jamboree Buddies."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Mario Party Jamboree – Everything You Need to Know |url=https://gamingbolt.com/super-mario-party-jamboree-everything-you-need-to-know |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=GamingBolt |language=en-US}}</ref> Jamboree Buddies last for up to three turns, activate a board space effect twice, and give players abilities that are different depending on the one obtained, such as Waluigi, who steals coins from the players that he passes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castania |first=Gabrielle |date=2024-10-23 |title=Super Mario Party Jamboree: All Jamboree Buddy Abilities, Explained |url=https://www.thegamer.com/super-mario-party-jamboree-buddy-allies-abilities-minigames-perks/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=TheGamer |language=en |archive-date=December 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217225628/https://www.thegamer.com/super-mario-party-jamboree-buddy-allies-abilities-minigames-perks/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with the regular set of rules, a more competitive ruleset called "Pro Rules" is available to play, which is designed to remove most luck-based parts of traditional play.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Unlock All Characters, Boards, and Modes - Super Mario Party Jamboree Guide - IGN |url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/super-mario-party-jamboree/How_to_Unlock_All_Characters,_Boards,_and_Modes#How_to_Unlock_Pro_Rules |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319043907/https://www.ign.com/wikis/super-mario-party-jamboree/How_to_Unlock_All_Characters,_Boards,_and_Modes#How_to_Unlock_Pro_Rules |archive-date=March 19, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=IGN |date=October 17, 2024 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Development== The game was first announced on June 18, 2024 during a [[Nintendo Direct]]. It was the first game to be released by Nintendo Cube after their rebranding from NDcube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Higham |first=Michael |date=2024-06-18 |title=Super Mario Party Jamboree Revealed - Nintendo Direct 2024 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-party-jamboree-revealed-nintendo-direct-2024 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=[[IGN]] |language=en |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619012430/https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-party-jamboree-revealed-nintendo-direct-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> Said to be "the biggest Mario Party to date", the presentation announced 112 minigames, seven boards, and 37 items. Also announced during the presentation was the online 20-player "Koopathlon" mode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Join the latest Mario Party for a jamboree of seven boards and over 110 minigames! |url=https://www.nintendo.com/en-gb/Games/Nintendo-Switch-games/Super-Mario-Party-Jamboree-2591147.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=[[Nintendo of Europe]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=June 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618231531/https://www.nintendo.com/en-gb/Games/Nintendo-Switch-games/Super-Mario-Party-Jamboree-2591147.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An overview trailer, released on September 24, 2024, showed off all the motion-based modes (Paratroopa Flight School, Toad's Item Factory, and Rhythm Kitchen) and the online eight-player "Bowser Kaboom Squad" mode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Mario Party™ Jamboree for Nintendo Switch - Nintendo Official Site |url=https://www.nintendo.com/us/store/products/super-mario-party-jamboree-switch/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.nintendo.com |language=en-US |archive-date=September 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902032007/https://www.nintendo.com/us/store/products/super-mario-party-jamboree-switch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The game was released for the [[Nintendo Switch]] on October 17, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norman |first=Jim |date=2024-06-18 |title='Super Mario Party Jamboree' Rolls Onto Switch This October |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2024/06/super-mario-party-jamboree-rolls-onto-switch-this-october |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Nintendo Life]] |archive-date=September 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926140220/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2024/06/super-mario-party-jamboree-rolls-onto-switch-this-october |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Super Mario Party Jamboree'' is the thirteenth [[Home video game console|home console]] entry in the ''[[Mario Party]]'' series, and the third on Nintendo Switch, following ''[[Super Mario Party]]'' (2018) and ''[[Mario Party Superstars]]'' (2021). === Nintendo Switch 2 Edition === On April 2, 2025, during a [[Nintendo Direct]], ''Super Mario Party Jamboree'' was announced to have an upgraded port on the [[Nintendo Switch 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn About Nintendo Switch 2 Edition Games |url=https://www.nintendo.com/us/gaming-systems/switch-2/featured-games/switch-2-edition/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.nintendo.com |language=en-US |archive-date=April 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403144804/https://www.nintendo.com/us/gaming-systems/switch-2/featured-games/switch-2-edition/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The port was announced to include better graphics, frame rate and new modes that use mouse controls, full-body movement recognition through a connected camera and the microphone built into the console itself. However, only the camera feature was added to the base game, with the rest of the additions being included only in the Jamboree TV side mode. It was released on July 24, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bankhurst |first=Adam |date=2025-04-02 |title=Nintendo Switch 2 Direct: Everything Announced |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/nintendo-switch-2-direct-everything-announced |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=2025-04-02 |archive-date=April 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402194641/https://www.ign.com/articles/nintendo-switch-2-direct-everything-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Reception== {{Video game reviews |na=true |NS=true |NS2=true |MC_NS=82/100{{Efn|Score based on 95 reviews}}<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/super-mario-party-jamboree/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch|title=Super Mario Party Jamboree Nintendo Switch Critic Reviews|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=October 15, 2024|archive-date=December 11, 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211191020/https://www.metacritic.com/game/super-mario-party-jamboree/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch|url-status=live}}</ref> |MC_NS2=76/100{{Efn|Score based on 66 reviews}}<ref name="Metacritic NS2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2/critic-reviews/|title=''Super Mario Party Jamboree: Nintendo Switch 2 Edition + Jamboree TV''|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=August 28, 2025|archive-date=September 24, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924130909/https://www.metacritic.com/game/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2/critic-reviews/|url-status=live}}</ref> |OC_NS=87% recommend<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opencritic.com/game/16873/super-mario-party-jamboree|title=''Super Mario Party Jamboree''|publisher=[[OpenCritic]]|access-date=April 30, 2026|archive-date=November 13, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113104420/https://opencritic.com/game/16873/super-mario-party-jamboree|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Based on 103 reviews}} |OC_NS2=68% recommend<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opencritic.com/game/18963/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-jamboree-tv|title=''Super Mario Party Jamboree - Nintendo Switch 2 Edition + Jamboree TV''|publisher=[[OpenCritic]]|access-date=April 30, 2026|archive-date=November 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115042545/https://opencritic.com/game/18963/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-jamboree-tv|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Based on 59 reviews}} |Destruct_NS=8/10<ref>{{cite web|last=Handley|first=Zoey|date=October 15, 2024|url=https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-super-mario-party-jamboree/|title=Review: Super Mario Party Jamboree|website=[[Destructoid]]|access-date=October 15, 2024|archive-date=November 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117175029/https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-super-mario-party-jamboree/|url-status=live}}</ref> |Destruct_NS2=8/10<ref>{{cite news |last=Newell |first=Adam |title=Super Mario Party Jamboree Nintendo Switch 2 Edition + Jamboree TV review - No camera? No problem |url=https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-review/ |access-date=August 25, 2025 |work=Destructoid |date=July 23, 2025}}</ref> |DT_NS=3.5/5<ref>{{cite web|last=Colantonio|first=Giovanni|date=October 15, 2024|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/super-mario-party-jamboree-review/|title=Super Mario Party Jamboree review: party staple takes its Switch victory lap|publisher=[[Digital Trends]]|access-date=October 15, 2024|archive-date=December 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202235251/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/super-mario-party-jamboree-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> |DT_NS2=3/5<ref>{{cite news |last=Lennox |first=Jesse |title=Super Mario Party Jamboree – Nintendo Switch 2 Edition + Jamboree TV review: a few too many barriers for a decent afterparty |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-jamboree-tv-review-stick-around-for-the-after-party/ |access-date=August 25, 2025 |work=Digital Trends |date=July 23, 2025 |language=en-us |archive-date=August 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825141116/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-jamboree-tv-review-stick-around-for-the-after-party/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |EuroG_NS=2/5<ref name="eurogamer">{{cite web|last=Castle|first=Katharine|date=October 15, 2024|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/super-mario-party-jamboree-review|title=Super Mario Party Jamboree review - how to lose friends and alienate people|website=[[Eurogamer]]|access-date=October 15, 2024|archive-date=November 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117190127/https://www.eurogamer.net/super-mario-party-jamboree-review|url-status=live}}</ref> |Fam_NS=36/40<ref name="famitsu">{{cite web|last=Romano|first=Sal|date=October 16, 2024|url=https://www.gematsu.com/2024/10/famitsu-review-scores-issue-1870|title=''Famitsu'' Review Scores: Issue 1870|website=Gematsu|access-date=May 19, 2025|archive-date=August 14, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814105446/https://www.gematsu.com/2024/10/famitsu-review-scores-issue-1870|url-status=live}}</ref> |GI_NS2=7/10<ref>{{cite news |last=Hilliard |first=Kyle |title=Super Mario Party Jamboree – Nintendo Switch 2 Edition + Jamboree TV Review - Solid Base With Tepid Additions |url=https://gameinformer.com/review/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-jamboree-tv/solid-base-with-tepid |access-date=August 25, 2025 |work=Game Informer |date=July 24, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=August 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806013646/https://gameinformer.com/review/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-jamboree-tv/solid-base-with-tepid |url-status=live }}</ref> |GSpot_NS=6/10<ref name="gamespot">{{cite web|last=Ryckert|first=Dan|author-link=Dan Ryckert|date=October 15, 2024|url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/super-mario-party-jamboree-review-this-party-is-too-crowded/1900-6418300/|title=Super Mario Party Jamboree Review - This Party Is Too Crowded|website=[[GameSpot]]|access-date=October 15, 2024|archive-date=January 27, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127094805/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/super-mario-party-jamboree-review-this-party-is-too-crowded/1900-6418300/|url-status=live}}</ref> |HCG_NS=3.5/5<ref>{{cite web|last=Bukacek|first=Jacob|date=October 22, 2024|url=https://hardcoregamer.com/review-super-mario-party-jamboree/|title=Review: Super Mario Party Jamboree|website=Hardcore Gamer|access-date=October 22, 2024|archive-date=January 8, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108130234/https://hardcoregamer.com/review-super-mario-party-jamboree/|url-status=live}}</ref> |IGN_NS=9/10<ref name="IGN">{{cite web|last=Plant|first=Logan|date=October 15, 2024|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-party-jamboree-review|title=Super Mario Party Jamboree Review|website=[[IGN]]|access-date=October 15, 2024|archive-date=December 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202233059/https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-party-jamboree-review|url-status=live}}</ref> |IGN_NS2=7/10<ref>{{Cite web|last=Plant|first=Logan|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-jamboree-tv-review|title=''Super Mario Party Jamboree - Nintendo Switch 2 Edition + Jamboree TV'' Review|website=[[IGN]]|date=July 23, 2025|access-date=July 31, 2025|archive-date=August 4, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804141300/https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-jamboree-tv-review|url-status=live}}</ref> |NLife_NS=9/10<ref name="nintendo life">{{cite web|last=O'Reilly|first=PJ|date=October 15, 2024|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nintendo-switch/super-mario-party-jamboree|title=Super Mario Party Jamboree Review (Switch)|website=[[Gamer Network#Partnered|Nintendo Life]]|access-date=October 15, 2024|archive-date=November 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128231532/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nintendo-switch/super-mario-party-jamboree|url-status=live}}</ref> |NLife_NS2=9/10<ref name="nintendolife2">{{cite news |last=O'Reilly |first=PJ |title=Review: Super Mario Party Jamboree - Nintendo Switch 2 Edition + Jamboree TV - A Fantastic Addition To An All-Time Party Game |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nintendo-switch-2/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-plus-jamboree-tv |access-date=August 23, 2025 |work=Nintendo Life |date=July 23, 2025 |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826193814/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nintendo-switch-2/super-mario-party-jamboree-nintendo-switch-2-edition-plus-jamboree-tv |url-status=live }}</ref> |PCM_NS=3.5/5<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Minor|first=Jordan|date=October 23, 2024|url=https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/super-mario-party-jamboree|title=Super Mario Party Jamboree Review|magazine=[[PCMag]]|access-date=October 26, 2024|archive-date=December 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204044939/https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/super-mario-party-jamboree|url-status=live}}</ref> |PCM_NS2=3.5/5<ref>{{cite news |last=Minor |first=Jordan |title=Super Mario Party Jamboree + Jamboree TV Review: New Modes, Fresh Controls, Same Frustrations |url=https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/super-mario-party-jamboree-plus-jamboree-tv |access-date=August 25, 2025 |work=PCMAG |date=July 23, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723231741/https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/super-mario-party-jamboree-plus-jamboree-tv |url-status=live }}</ref> |SN_NS=8/10<ref name="shacknews">{{cite web|last=Mejia|first=Ozzie|date=October 15, 2024|url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/141803/super-mario-party-jamboree-review-score|title=Super Mario Party Jamboree review: Party favors|website=[[Shacknews]]|access-date=October 15, 2024|archive-date=December 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201025126/https://www.shacknews.com/article/141803/super-mario-party-jamboree-review-score|url-status=live}}</ref> }} Both the Nintendo Switch and Nintendo Switch 2 editions of ''Super Mario Party Jamboree'' got "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to the [[Review aggregator|review aggregation]] website [[Metacritic]].<ref name="metacritic"/><ref name="Metacritic NS2"/> In Japan, four critics from ''[[Famitsu]]'' gave the game a total score of 36 out of 40, with each critic awarding the game a 9 out of 10.<ref name="famitsu"/> ===Awards=== ''Super Mario Party Jamboree'' was nominated for "Best Family Game" and "Best Multiplayer" at [[The Game Awards 2024]],<ref name="GameAwards2024">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/11/the-game-award-nominations-2024-1236180078/|title=The Game Award Nominations: 'Final Fantasy VII Rebirth' Slices Its Way To Victory With Seven Nominations|date=18 November 2024|first=Destiny|last=Jackson|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=November 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119001029/https://deadline.com/2024/11/the-game-award-nominations-2024-1236180078/|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as "[[D.I.C.E. Award for Family Game of the Year|Family Game of the Year]]" at the [[28th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards]].<ref name="DICE noms">{{cite web | url = https://www.polygon.com/awards/506810/dice-awards-nominations-2025 | title = Indiana Jones and the Great Circle is a GOTY front-runner at the DICE Awards | first = Oli | last = Welsh | date = January 10, 2025 | accessdate = January 10, 2025 | work = [[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] | archive-date = January 10, 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250110194602/https://www.polygon.com/awards/506810/dice-awards-nominations-2025 | url-status = live }}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width="auto" ! scope="col"| Year ! scope="col"| Ceremony ! scope="col"| Category ! scope="col"| Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | [[The Game Awards 2024]] | Best Family Game | {{nominated}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="GameAwards2024"/> |- | Best Multiplayer Game | {{nominated}} |- | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | 2025 | [[New York Game Awards]] | Central Park Children's Zoo Award for Best Kids Game | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York Game Awards 2024 Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2025/gaming/news/new-york-game-awards-2024-nominations-nominees-1236268416/ |last=Maas |first=Jennifer |date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=January 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107191706/https://variety.com/2025/gaming/news/new-york-game-awards-2024-nominations-nominees-1236268416/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New York Game Awards 2025 Winners |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/new-york-game-awards-2025-winners-the-full-list |last=Bankhurst |first=Adam |date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=[[IGN]] |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122050144/https://www.ign.com/articles/new-york-game-awards-2025-winners-the-full-list |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | [[28th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards]] | [[D.I.C.E. Award for Family Game of the Year|Family Game of the Year]] | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/dice-awards-2025-winners-the-full-list|title=DICE Awards 2025 Winners: The Full List|first=Adam|last=Bankhurst|work=[[IGN]]|date=February 14, 2025|accessdate=February 14, 2025|archive-date=February 14, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214065016/https://www.ign.com/articles/dice-awards-2025-winners-the-full-list|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|[[21st British Academy Games Awards]] | [[British Academy Games Award for Multiplayer|Multiplayer]] | {{nom}} | align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Szalai |first=Georg |date=4 March 2025 |title=BAFTA Games Awards: 'Senua's Saga: Hellblade II,' 'Astro Bot,' 'Still Wakes the Deep' Lead Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/bafta-games-awards-nominations-2025-senuas-saga-hellblade-2-1236153384/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=March 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304154749/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/bafta-games-awards-nominations-2025-senuas-saga-hellblade-2-1236153384/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | [[British Academy Games Award for Family|Family]] | {{nom}} |- | [[2025 Kids' Choice Awards]] | [[Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Video Game|Favorite Video Game]] | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/kids-choice-awards-nominations-ariana-grande-lady-gaga-1236398184/|title=Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Kendrick Lamar & Selena Gomez Lead 2025 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Nominees; Tyla To Host|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=Denise Petski|date=May 15, 2025|access-date=May 15, 2025|archive-date=May 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515164201/https://deadline.com/2025/05/kids-choice-awards-nominations-ariana-grande-lady-gaga-1236398184/|url-status=live}}</ref> |} {{clear}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2024 video games]] [[Category:Casual games]] [[Category:Cooperative video games]] [[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]] [[Category:Nintendo Switch games]] [[Category:Party video games]] [[Category:Video games developed in Japan]] {{video-game-stub}} 9avxg267x1rmb0q6zog6kihydp42mc1 0 1116897 10967137 10106954 2026-08-19T01:18:54Z Maydoxx 1729702 quick update and fixes and that's it 10967137 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''special territories of members of the European Economic Area''' ('''EEA''') are the 32 special places of EU member states and EFTA member states which enjoy special status within or outside the European Union and the European Free Trade Association. {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Special territories of members of the European Economic Area | image_flag = Flag of the European Union.svg | flag_caption = [[Flag of Europe|Flag of the European Union]] | image_map = Special member state territories and the European Union.svg | map_caption = the European Union and the special places | largest_settlement = [[Las Palmas]], [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], [[Ponta Delgada]], [[Funchal]], [[Nouméa]], [[Cayenne]], [[Saint-Denis]], [[Mamoudzou]], [[Fort-de-France]], [[Les Abymes]] | official_languages = [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[English language|English]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Faroese]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], [[Papiamento]] (depends on the place) | area_km2 = 2,733,792 | population_estimate = 6,114,658 }} The special places of EU member states are divided into three sections: nine Outermost Regions (OMR) that make part of the European Union, but they benefit from some EU laws because of them being far away from Europe; thirteen Overseas Countries and Places (OCT) that do not make a part of the European Union,but they cooperate with the EU using the Overseas Countries and Territories Association; and ten special cases that make part of the [[European Union]] (Expect [[Faroe Islands]]). The Outermost Regions were known at the signing of the [[Treaty of Maastricht]] in 1992,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treaty on European Union/Declarations - Wikisource, the free online library|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union/Declarations|access-date=2024-07-01|website=en.wikisource.org|language=en}}</ref> and confirmed by the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=La ministre déléguée chargée des Outre-mer {{!}} Mom|url=https://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?la-collectivite-de-saint-barthelemy-obtient-un-nouveau-statut.html|access-date=2024-07-01|website=www.outre-mer.gouv.fr}}</ref> The Treaty on the Working of the European Union says that both First and Second European Union law applies to the outermost regions. The Overseas Countries and Places are Known by Article 198 of the Treaty on the Working of the European Union which invites them to join the Overseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA) So that they can work better with the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EUR-Lex - 32001D0822 - EN|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX%3A32001D0822%3AEN%3AHTML|access-date=2024-07-01|website=Official Journal L 314 , 30/11/2001 P. 0001 - 0077;|language=EN}}</ref> The status of an island where no people live [[Clipperton Island|Clipperton]], remains unknown since it is not mentioned in primary EU law And there is nothing like it.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6704-826-2|title=The European Union and member state territories: a new legal framework under the EU treaties|last=Murray|first=Fiona|date=2012|publisher=T.M.C. Asser Press|isbn=978-90-6704-826-2|location=The Hague}}</ref> the special places have a population of some 6.1 million people and a land area of about 2,733,792 square kilometres (1,055,500 sq mi). 80% of the island is owned by [[Greenland]]. The region with the most people, [[Canary Islands]] makes up 33% of the population of the special places. The smallest by land is the island of [[Saba]] in the [[Caribbean]] (13 km2 or 5 sq mi). The French Southern and Antarctic Lands is the only special places without people living there for the whole year. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:European Union]] lq0m1chfnzumllsasvpera0hbn51ik8 0 1118114 10966748 10794686 2026-08-18T16:17:47Z Unit dimension 11 1857484 /* */ correction 10966748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox noble house | surname = Bhati Dynasty | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = House of Jaisalmer | coat of arms = COA of Jaisalmer State.svg | coat_of_arms_size = 200px | coat_of_arms_caption = Coat of arms | image = Jaisalmer Flag.svg | image_caption = Flag of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer | type = Royal house | parent house = [[Yaduvanshi]] [[Rajput]] | country = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jaisalmer Kingdom of Jaisalmer] | founded = 3rd century | founder = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao_Bhati Rao Bhatti] | current head = Chaitanya Raj Singh | final ruler = Maharawal Girdhar Singh | titles = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawal_(title) Rawal] (later Maharawal) of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jaisalmer Jaisalmer] }} The '''Bhati Dynasty''' (also romanised as '''Bhattī Dynasty''') was a historically prominent dynasty of [[Bhati (Rajput clan)|Bhati]] [[Rajput]] clan who claimed themselves [[Bhati (Rajput clan)|Yaduvanshi]] in [[19th century]] [[Chandravanshi]] as lineage, chiefly associated with ruling the [[Jaisalmer]] region of present-day Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |pages=52–55 |isbn=9781107080317}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |title=People of India: Rajasthan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998}}</ref> The Bhati clan historically ruled over several other regions in present-day [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] too, with their principal seat of power being the [[:en:Kingdom_of_Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer State]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Middleton |first=John |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317451587}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2006}}</ref> Historical scholarship identifies the Bhati’s as part of the [[Lunar dynasty|Yaduvanshi]] Rajput tradition, tracing descent from the Yadu lineage associated with [[Krishna]], and as one of the notable ruling lineages of the [[Thar Desert]] region.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |title=Nomadic Narratives and the Yaduvanshi Rajputs |journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=445–474 |year=2016 |doi=10.1177/0019464616649567 |jstor=44545174}}</ref> Scholarly works on Rajput history group the Bhati clan with other Yaduvanshi Rajput lineages such as the [[Jadaun]], [[Jadeja]] and [[Chudasama|Chudasamma]] clans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Asopa |first=R. C. |title=Origin of the Rajputs |publisher=Indological Book House |year=1976 |pages=145–150}}</ref> == Notable people == * Bhati or Bhattiya, the father of [[Bimbisara]] (558–491 BC) the ancient Indian king of Magadha * [[:en:Ajaib_Singh_Bhatti|Ajaib Singh Bhatti]] (born 1951), Indian politician of Punjab * [[:en:Dhirendra_Singh|Dhirendra Singh Bhati]] (born 1966), Indian politician of Uttar Pradesh * [[:en:Chiman_Singh_Bhati|Chiman Singh Bhati]] (died 1975), Indian politician of Rajasthan * [[:en:Ravindra_Singh_Bhati|Ravindra Singh Bhati]] (born 1997), Indian politician of Rajasthan * [[:en:Devi_Singh_Bhati|Devi Singh Bhati]] (born 1946), Indian politician of Rajasthan * [[:en:Hridayeshwar_Singh_Bhati|Hridayeshwar Singh Bhati]] (born 2002), Indian chess innovator * [[:en:Narayan_Singh_Bhati|Narayan Singh Bhati]] (1930–2004), Indian writer * [[:en:Bhanwar_Singh_Bhati|Bhanwar Singh Bhati]] (born 1974), Indian politician of Rajasthan * [[:en:Bheem_Raj_Bhati|Bheem Raj Singh Bhati]] (born 1947), Indian politician of Rajasthan ==See also== *[[:en:Kingdom_of_Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer State]] == References == {{reflist}} * [[Category:Clans]] mz2prbptiw70durbs93jx34u606mt79 0 1119330 10967272 9730600 2026-08-19T06:39:55Z MourningRainfall 86802 10967272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Imperial Oil Limited | logo = | logo_size = 200 | image = | image_size = 200 | image_caption = | type = [[Public company|Public]] [[Subsidiary]] | traded_as = {{unbulleted list|{{TSX|IMO}}|{{amex|IMO}}|[[S&P/TSX 60|S&P/TSX 60 component]]<ref name="S&P/TSX 60 Constituent Companies" />}} | key_people = Brad Corson, [[Chairman]] ([[President (corporate title)|President]] & [[CEO]])<ref name="Imperial Oil names Brad Corson as CEO" /> | industry = [[Petroleum industry|Petroleum]]<ref name="Imperial Oil 2012 Annual Report" /> | products = [[Petrochemical]]<ref name="Imperial Oil 2012 Annual Report" /> products | revenue = {{profit}}$26.888 billion [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] (2015)<ref name="Imperial Oil 2012 Annual Report" /> | net_income = {{profit}}$1.122 billion [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] (2015)<ref name="Imperial Oil 2012 Annual Report" /> | assets = {{profit}}$43.170 billion [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] (2015)<ref name="Imperial Oil 2012 Annual Report" /> | equity = {{profit}}$23.425 billion [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] (2015)<ref name="Imperial Oil 2012 Annual Report" /> | owner = | num_employees = 5,263 (2012)<ref name="Imperial Oil 2012 Annual Report" /> | parent = [[ExxonMobil]] (69.6%)<ref name="Imperial Oil 2012 Annual Report" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4-traders.com/IMPERIAL-OIL-LIMITED-1410448/company/|title=Imperial Oil Limited|access-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref> | foundation = {{Start date|1880}} | location = 505 Quarry Park Boulevard SE, [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] | homepage = {{URL|https://www.imperialoil.ca/en-ca/|imperialoil.ca}} }} '''Imperial Oil Limited''' is a major Canadian petroleum company, known for being the second-largest integrated oil company in Canada. It is majority-owned by ExxonMobil, which holds a 69.6% ownership stake. The company is involved in various aspects of the petroleum industry, including exploration, production, transportation, refining, blending, distribution, and marketing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=14 July 2024|title=Globaldata|url=https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/imperial-oil-ltd/|access-date=14 July 2024|website=Globaldata}}</ref> Imperial Oil produces crude oil, diluted bitumen, and natural gas, and it supplies Esso-branded service stations across Canada. The company also has significant operations in the Alberta Oil Sands and owns 25% of Syncrude, one of the world’s largest oil sands operations.<ref name=":0" /> ==References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="S&P/TSX 60 Constituent Companies">{{cite web|title=S&P/TSX 60 Index|publisher=[[Standard & Poor's]]|date=June 28, 2013|url=http://www.spindices.com/idsexport/file.xls?hostIdentifier=48190c8c-42c4-46af-8d1a-0cd5db894797&selectedModule=Constituents&selectedSubModule=ConstituentsFullList&indexId=5458537|format=[[Microsoft Excel#Standard file-extensions|.xls]]|access-date=July 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212202325/http://www.spindices.com/idsexport/file.xls?hostIdentifier=48190c8c-42c4-46af-8d1a-0cd5db894797&selectedModule=Constituents&selectedSubModule=ConstituentsFullList&indexId=5458537|archive-date=December 12, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Imperial Oil names Brad Corson as CEO">{{Cite web|title=Brad Corson assumes the role of chairman, president and CEO of Imperial Oil Limited|url=https://news.imperialoil.ca/press-release/community/imperial-oil-ltd-appoints-new-president-ceo-rm-kruger-announces|date=January 1, 2020|publisher=[[Imperial Oil Limited|Imperial Oil Ltd.]]|author=ImperialOil|editor=ImperialOil|access-date=January 20, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806193909/https://news.imperialoil.ca/press-release/community/imperial-oil-ltd-appoints-new-president-ceo-rm-kruger-announces|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Imperial Oil 2012 Annual Report">{{cite journal|year=2012|title=2012 Summary Annual Report|publisher=[[Imperial Oil Limited|Imperial Oil Ltd.]]|url=http://www.imperialoil.ca/Canada-English/Files/2012_AR.pdf|access-date=July 7, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531050150/http://www.imperialoil.ca/Canada-English/Files/2012_AR.pdf|archive-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref> }} [[Category:1880s establishments in Canada]] [[Category:Companies based in Alberta]] [[Category:Companies of Canada]] [[Category:Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Petrol companies]] 1u5k3agk0lv4wmgay20aets3q96aew6 0 1124609 10967072 10695533 2026-08-18T23:44:23Z ~2026-45402-12 1857707 10967072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Name = August Burns Red | Img = August Burns Red - Main Press Photo 2017.jpg | Landscape = Yes | Background = group_or_band | Origin = [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]] | Genre = {{hlist||[[Metalcore]]|[[Metalcore|melodic metalcore]]|[[Progressive metal|progressive metalcore]]|[[Metalcore|Christian metalcore]]}} | Years_active = 2003–present | Label = Solid State, [[Fearless Records|Fearless]], SharpTone | URL = {{URL|http://www.augustburnsred.com/}} | Current_members = JB Brubaker<br>Brent Rambler<br>Matt Greiner<br>Jake Luhrs<br>Dustin Davidson | Past_members = Jon Hershey<br>Josh McManness<br>Jordan Tuscan }} '''August Burns Red''' is an American [[metalcore]] band formed in 2003. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''[[Thrill Seeker]]'' (2005) * ''[[Messengers]]'' (2007) * ''Constellations'' (2009) * ''Leveler'' (2011) * ''August Burns Red Presents: Sleddin' Hill'' (2012) * ''Rescue & Restore'' (2013) * ''Found in Far Away Places'' (2015) * ''Phantom Anthem'' (2017) * ''Guardians'' (2020) * ''Death Below'' (2023) * ''Season of Surrender'' (2026) ==Musical style== August Burns Red is primarily known as a [[metalcore]] or [[Metalcore|melodic metalcore]] band.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Rolli|first=Bryan|date=2020-04-03|title=How ‘Guardians’ Became August Burns Red’s Heaviest Album Yet|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/august-burns-red-interview-9350809/|access-date=2024-12-27|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-21|title=Concert Review: The “Dangerous Tour” brings August Burns Red & other metalcore titans to Columbus|url=https://www.thelantern.com/2019/02/concert-review-the-dangerous-tour-brings-august-burns-red-other-metalcore-titans-to-columbus/|access-date=2024-12-27|website=www.thelantern.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AUGUST B URNS RED independently release second new single, "Exhumed"|url=https://lambgoat.com/news/44009/august-burns-red-independently-release-second-new-single-exhumed/|access-date=2024-12-27|website=lambgoat.com|language=en}}</ref> They have also been described as [[Metalcore|progressive metalcore]] and [[Metalcore|Christian metalcore.]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Criado|first=Justin|title=Christian Metalcore Band August Burns Red Keeps On Grinding|url=https://www.westword.com/music/christian-metalcore-band-august-burns-red-keeps-on-grinding-8687094|access-date=2024-12-27|website=Westword|language=en}}</ref> The band has also experimented with [[progressive metal]] over the years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-26|title=August Burns Red - Found In Far Away Places|url=https://hmmagazine.com/august-burns-red-found-in-far-away-places/|access-date=2024-12-27|website=HM Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Collins|first=Dillon|date=2023-03-22|title=JAKE LUHRS Talks 20 Years Of AUGUST BURNS RED And "Progressive, Dark, Challenging" New Album Death Below|url=https://metalinjection.net/interviews/jake-luhrs-talks-20-years-of-august-burns-red-and-progressive-dark-challenging-new-album-death-below|access-date=2024-12-27|website=Metal Injection|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=August Burns Red, "Leveler" Review|url=https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/Leveler.asp|access-date=2024-12-27|website=www.jesusfreakhideout.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-11|title=Album Review: August Burns Red – Phantom Anthem|url=https://acrn.com/2017/10/11/album-review-august-burns-red-phantom-anthem/|access-date=2024-12-27|website=ACRN.COM|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:2003 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Christian metal bands]] [[Category:Metalcore bands]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 2003]] [[Category:Musical groups from Pennsylvania]] 9yr0xa0sd2kr2ta6hyfg1hcxu9nmbx1 0 1127032 10967187 10690875 2026-08-19T04:25:52Z Afizzy 1854360 /* */ 10967187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{complex|date=April 2025}} {{no sources|date=August 2024}} }} A Christian church that is non-denominational is one that is not affiliated with any of the official denominations or mainline churches, including the [[Methodism|Methodist]], [[Baptist]], [[Catholicism|Catholic]], [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]], [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]], or [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] churches. Church denominations are established groups of people/organizations who share a common identity, set of values, and customs. Non-denominational churches do not belong to or have formal affiliation with any one Christian denomination. Within denominational churches, policies regarding membership, leadership roles, and doctrine may be established by the larger organization. Within non-denominational churches, individual churches make decisions regarding different aspects of church life. The second half of the 20th century saw the emergence of non-denominational churches. It was here in the United States that they initially began to appear, even though there are now many of them in several countries throughout the world. A non-denominational church's founding motivations may vary depending on the unique circumstances and beliefs of its founders, but generally speaking, these churches were founded out of a need for independence and a desire to return to the core beliefs of Christianity found in the Bible, freed from the doctrinal and occasionally political ties that many long-standing denominational churches had amassed over the years. The term "non-denominational" gained popularity in the [[United States]] in the late [[20th century]], although the idea of non-denominational churches originated in the 1800s with the [[Restoration Movement]], which espoused "no creed but Christ." As it became more popular, people who wanted to escape the strict doctrines of mainline denominations began to follow it. == See also == * [[Non-denominational Muslim]] [[Category:Christianity]] awor0hsltmixbopplpev184xbqqgcx4 10967189 10967187 2026-08-19T04:26:30Z Afizzy 1854360 /* See also */ 10967189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{complex|date=April 2025}} {{no sources|date=August 2024}} }} A Christian church that is non-denominational is one that is not affiliated with any of the official denominations or mainline churches, including the [[Methodism|Methodist]], [[Baptist]], [[Catholicism|Catholic]], [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]], [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]], or [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] churches. Church denominations are established groups of people/organizations who share a common identity, set of values, and customs. Non-denominational churches do not belong to or have formal affiliation with any one Christian denomination. Within denominational churches, policies regarding membership, leadership roles, and doctrine may be established by the larger organization. Within non-denominational churches, individual churches make decisions regarding different aspects of church life. The second half of the 20th century saw the emergence of non-denominational churches. It was here in the United States that they initially began to appear, even though there are now many of them in several countries throughout the world. A non-denominational church's founding motivations may vary depending on the unique circumstances and beliefs of its founders, but generally speaking, these churches were founded out of a need for independence and a desire to return to the core beliefs of Christianity found in the Bible, freed from the doctrinal and occasionally political ties that many long-standing denominational churches had amassed over the years. The term "non-denominational" gained popularity in the [[United States]] in the late [[20th century]], although the idea of non-denominational churches originated in the 1800s with the [[Restoration Movement]], which espoused "no creed but Christ." As it became more popular, people who wanted to escape the strict doctrines of mainline denominations began to follow it. == See also == * [[Ecumenism]] * [[Non-denominational Muslim]] [[Category:Christianity]] jr2mngcm2g7qmyywbqsbvx5mkx7ow2c 0 1132148 10966729 10848823 2026-08-18T16:02:58Z Clydemod 1810256 10966729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the 2025 meme|Italian brainrot}} [[File:Tralalero Tralala.webp|thumb|Tralalero Tralala. An [[italian brainrot|Italian Brainrot]] character.]] '''Brain rot''' is content on the Internet that affects [[mental health]] in a way that is harmful or causes it to metaphorically “rot”.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Jessica |date=2024-06-13 |title=If You Know What ‘Brainrot’ Means, You Might Already Have It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/13/style/brainrot-internet-addiction-social-media-tiktok.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This can happen by spending a lot of time looking at content without meaning, including some [[Internet meme|internet memes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-10 |title=Brain Rot: The Impact on Young Adult Mental Health |url=https://www.newportinstitute.com/resources/co-occurring-disorders/brain-rot/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Newport Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> The term was coined by [[Henry David Thoreau]] in 1854.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chappell|first=Bill|date=2024-12-02|title=Writer Thoreau warned of brain rot in 1854. Now it's the Oxford Word of 2024|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/12/02/nx-s1-5213682/writer-thoreau-warned-of-brain-rot-in-1854-now-its-the-oxford-word-of-2024|access-date=2025-11-02}}</ref> The term has been used online since 2004 but became popular in 2023, also as an internet meme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is 'brain rot'? Do you have it? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/what-is-brain-rot-do-you-have-it/39fexbr4u |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=SBS News |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Internet culture]] [[Category:Generation Z]] [[Category:Generation Alpha]] {{stub}} h1a2y6ggsumsmd0yyrrja7cfda9m00n 0 1137709 10966761 9822110 2026-08-18T16:30:59Z Werner100359 106408 /* References */ 10966761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Oghenetejiri Adejenughure | image = Oghenetejiri Adejenughure (cropped).jpg | fullname = Oghenetejiri Kenneth Adejenughure | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|2|4|df=yes}} | birth_place = | height = 185 cm | position = [[Forward]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 38 | youthyears1 = 2015-2018 | youthclubs1 = [[First Vienna FC]] | youthyears2 = 2018-2021 | youthclubs2 = [[SK Rapid Wien]] | youthyears3 = 2021-2024 | youthclubs3 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2024- | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps1 = 6 | goals1 = 0 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2021–2022 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria national under-15 football team|Austria U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 =1 | nationalyears2 = 2022-2023 | nationalteam2 = [[Austria national under-16 football team|Austria U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 8 | nationalgoals2 = 8 | nationalyears3 = 2023-2024 | nationalteam3 = [[Austria national under-17 football team|Austria U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 12 | nationalgoals3 = 8 | nationalyears4 = 2024- | nationalteam4 = [[Austria national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps4 = 2 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | pcupdate = 24 September 2024 | ntupdate = 24 September 2024 | medaltemplates = }} '''Oghenetejiri Adejenughure''' (born February 4, 2007) is an Austrian footballer. He plays as forward for FC Liefering in the [[2. Liga|Austrian Second league]]. == Career == Adejenughure started his career at [[First Vienna FC]]. In September 2018 he moved to [[SK Rapid Wien|SK Rapid Vienna]]. In February 2021 he moved to the FC Red Bull Salzburg academy. There he went through all age levels. For the [[2024-25 FC Liefering season|2024/25 season]] Adejenughure moved into the squad of FC Liefering. <ref>[https://www.fc-liefering.at/de/fc-liefering/news/saison_2024_25/trainingsauftakt-2024-25.html Homepage FC Liefering] </ref> He made his debut in the 2nd league in August 2024 . He came in as a substitute for [[Tim Trummer]] in the 81st minute against First Vienna FC. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2024/25,_FC_Liefering_gegen_First_Vienna_FC FC FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==International == Adejenughure played for an Austrian youth national team for the first time in November 2021. In 2024 he took part in the European Championships with the U-17 team. Adejenughure played in all four of the Austrians' games and scored four goals. In September 2024 he debuted for the U19 team in a friendly match versus Belgium. <ref>[https://www.transfermarkt.at/oghenetejiri-adejenughure/nationalmannschaft/spieler/915407 Transfermarkt.at] </ref> {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} == References == {{Commonscat|Oghenetejiri Adejenughure}} {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adejenughure, Oghenetejiri }} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Austrian football forwards]] 1btfhe8qjtnkuv11c216uzerha1tfov 0 1137741 10967215 10860263 2026-08-19T05:08:33Z Werner100359 106408 10967215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Julian Hussauf | image = Julian Hussauf (cropped).jpg | fullname = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2006|4|8|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Rottenmann]], [[Austria]] | height = 182 cm | position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender ]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 47 | youthyears1 = 2013-2017 | youthclubs1 = FC Gaishorn | youthyears2 = 2017-2019 | youthclubs2 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] | youthyears3 = 2019-2024 | youthclubs3 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2024- | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps1 = 35 | goals1 = 1 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2021–2022 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria national under-18 football team|Austria U18]] | nationalcaps1 = 1 | nationalgoals1 =0 | nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = | nationalcaps2 = | nationalgoals2 = | nationalyears3 = | nationalteam3 = | nationalcaps3 = | nationalgoals3 = | nationalyears4 = | nationalteam4 = | nationalcaps4 = | nationalgoals4 = | pcupdate = 17 May 2026 | ntupdate = 25 September 2024 | medaltemplates = }} '''Julian Hussauf''' (born April 8, 2006 in Rottenmann) is an [[Austria|Austrian]] football player. He plays as [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for the [[2. Liga|Second league]] team [[FC Liefering]]. == Career == Hussauf began his career at FC Gaishorn. For the 2017/18 season he moved to [[SK Sturm Graz]]. For the 2019/20 season he moved to the youth team of [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. He went through all age levels in the academy from the 2020/21 season. For the 2024/25 season, Hussauf moved into the squad of FC Liefering. <ref>[https://www.fc-liefering.at/de/fc-liefering/news/saison%202024%2025/trainingsauftakt-2024-25.html FC Liefering Homepage]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He made his debut in the 2nd league in August 2024. He came on as a substitute for [[Gaoussou Diakité]] against [[SV Lafnitz]]. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/2._Runde,_Saison_2024/25,_SV_Lafnitz_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> == International == Hussauf made his debut for the Austrian U-18 team in March 2024 against Italy. <ref>[https://www.transfermarkt.de/spiel/index/spielbericht/4295137 Transfermarkt.de] </ref> {{Commonscat|Julian Hussauf}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hussauf, Julian }} [[Category:2006 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Austrian football defenders]] {{sports-bio-stub}} k4r9mv026bveemdx1en2iedi87vmsmv 10967217 10967215 2026-08-19T05:17:21Z Werner100359 106408 /* Career */ 10967217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Julian Hussauf | image = Julian Hussauf (cropped).jpg | fullname = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2006|4|8|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Rottenmann]], [[Austria]] | height = 182 cm | position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender ]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 47 | youthyears1 = 2013-2017 | youthclubs1 = FC Gaishorn | youthyears2 = 2017-2019 | youthclubs2 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] | youthyears3 = 2019-2024 | youthclubs3 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2024- | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps1 = 35 | goals1 = 1 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2021–2022 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria national under-18 football team|Austria U18]] | nationalcaps1 = 1 | nationalgoals1 =0 | nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = | nationalcaps2 = | nationalgoals2 = | nationalyears3 = | nationalteam3 = | nationalcaps3 = | nationalgoals3 = | nationalyears4 = | nationalteam4 = | nationalcaps4 = | nationalgoals4 = | pcupdate = 17 May 2026 | ntupdate = 25 September 2024 | medaltemplates = }} '''Julian Hussauf''' (born April 8, 2006 in Rottenmann) is an [[Austria|Austrian]] football player. He plays as [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for the [[2. Liga|Second league]] team [[FC Liefering]]. == Career == Hussauf began his career at FC Gaishorn. For the 2017/18 season he moved to [[SK Sturm Graz]]. For the 2019/20 season he moved to the youth team of [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. He went through all age levels in the academy from the 2020/21 season. For the 2024/25 season, Hussauf moved into the squad of FC Liefering. He made his debut in the 2nd league in August 2024. He came on as a substitute for [[Gaoussou Diakité]] against [[SV Lafnitz]]. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/2._Runde,_Saison_2024/25,_SV_Lafnitz_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> == International == Hussauf made his debut for the Austrian U-18 team in March 2024 against Italy. <ref>[https://www.transfermarkt.de/spiel/index/spielbericht/4295137 Transfermarkt.de] </ref> {{Commonscat|Julian Hussauf}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hussauf, Julian }} [[Category:2006 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Austrian football defenders]] {{sports-bio-stub}} pp1ym56f2dn5qh0ujwpbw1huflqx9qv 10 1147208 10966713 10956935 2026-08-18T15:52:29Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navbox |name = Second Trump cabinet |title = {{#if:{{{David Cameron cabinet 1 vertical|}}}|[[United States Cabinet|Cabinet and cabinet-level]]|Second Cabinet of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] (2025–present)}} |bodyclass = hlist |border = {{#if:{{{removeborder|}}}|none}} |state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} |list1 = {{navbox|child |title = [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet]] |image = [[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|100px|alt=Official presidential portrait|Donald Trump, forty-seventh President of the United States]] |state = {{{state|expanded}}} |group1 = [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] |list1 = *[[Marco Rubio]] (2025–present) |group2 = [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] |list2 = *[[Scott Bessent]] (2025–present) |group3 = [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] |list3 = *[[Pete Hegseth]] (2025–present) |group4 = [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] |list4 = *[[Pam Bondi]] (2025–2026) *[[Todd Blanche]] (2026–present) |group5 = [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] |list5 = *[[Doug Burgum]] (2025–present) |group6 = [[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] |list6 = *[[Brooke Rollins]] (2025–present) |group7 = [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] |list7 = *[[Howard Lutnick]] (2025–present) |group8 = [[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]] |list8 = *[[Lori Chavez-DeRemer]] (2025–2026) *[[Keith Sonderling]]* |group9 = [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Secretary of Health and Human Services]] |list9 = *[[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] (2025–present) |group10 = [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] |list10 = *[[Scott Turner (politician)|Scott Turner]] (2025–present) |group11 = [[United States Secretary of Transportation|Secretary of Transportation]] |list11 = *[[Sean Duffy]] (2025–present) |group12 = [[United States Secretary of Energy|Secretary of Energy]] |list12 = *[[Chris Wright]] (2025–present) |group13 = [[United States Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]] |list13 = *[[Linda McMahon]] (2025–present) |group14 = [[United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs|Secretary of Veterans Affairs]] |list14 = *[[Doug Collins (politician)|Doug Collins]] (2025–present) |group15 = [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|Secretary of Homeland Security]] |list15 = *[[Kristi Noem]] (2025–2026) *[[Markwayne Mullin]] (2026–present) }} |list2 = {{navbox|child |title = [[United States Cabinet#Cabinet-level officers|Cabinet-level]] |state = {{{state|expanded}}} |image = [[File:US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|100px|link=|alt=]] |group1 = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] |list1 = *[[JD Vance]] (2025–present) |group2 = [[White House Chief of Staff]] |list2 = *[[Susie Wiles]] (2025–present) |group3 = [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]] |list3 = *[[Mike Waltz]] (2025–present) |group4 = [[Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency]] |list4 = *[[Lee Zeldin]] (2025–present) |group5 = [[Office of the United States Trade Representative|Trade Representative]] |list5 = *[[Jamieson Greer]] (2025–present) |group6 = Director of the [[Office of Management and Budget]] |list6 = *[[Russell Vought]] (2025–present) |group7 = [[Administrator of the Small Business Administration]] |list7 = *[[Kelly Loeffler]] (2025–present) |group8 = [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] |list8 = *[[John Ratcliffe]] (2025–present) |group9 = [[Director of National Intelligence]] |list9 = *[[Tulsi Gabbard]] (2025–2026) *[[Jay Clayton]] (2026–present) |group10 = Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] |list10= *[[Stephen Miran]] (2025–2026) *[[Christopher Phelan]] (2026–present) |group11 = Director of the [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] |list11 = *[[Michael Kratsios]] (2025–present) }} |list3 = {{navbox|child |title = Executive Cabinet |state = {{{state|expanded}}} |image = [[File:US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|100px|link=|alt=]] |group1 = [[United States National Security Advisor|National Security Advisor]] |list1 = *[[Mike Waltz]] (2025) *TBD* <!--(2026–present)--> |group2 = [[White House Press Secretary]] |list2 = *[[Karoline Leavitt]] (2025–present) |group3 = [[White House Communications Director]] |list3 = *[[Steven Cheung (political advisor)|Steven Cheung]] (2025–present) |group4 = [[Counselor to the President]] |list4 = *[[Alina Habba]] (2025–present) *[[Peter Navarro]] (2025–present) |group5 = [[Homeland Security Advisor]] |list5 = *[[Stephen Miller]] (2025–present) |group6 = [[Office of the National Cyber Director|United States National Cyber Director]] |list6 = *[[Sean Cairncross]] (2025–present) |group7 = Director of the [[United States National Economic Council|National Economic Council]] |list7= *[[Kevin Hassett]] (2025–present) |group8 = Director of the [[Office of National Drug Control Policy]] |list8= *[[Sara A. Carter]] (2025–present) |group9 = Commissioner of the [[Food and Drug Administration]] |list9 = *[[Marty Makary]] (2025–2026) |group10 = Chair of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] |list10 = *[[Paul S. Atkins]] (2025–present) |group11 = [[Solicitor General of the United States|Solicitor General]] |list11 = *[[D. John Sauer]] (2025–present) |group12 = Director of the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] |list12 = *[[Rohit Chopra]]** (2021–2025) *TBD* <!--(2026–present)--> |group13 = Director of the [[United States Domestic Policy Council|Domestic Policy Council]] |list13 = *[[Vince Haley]] (2025–present) }} |list4 = {{navbox|child |title = Other independent offices |state = {{{state|expanded}}} |image = <!--[[File:US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|100px|link=|alt=]]--> |group1 = [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |list1 = *[[Kash Patel]] (2025–present) |group2 = [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]] |list2 = *[[Daniel P. Driscoll]] (2025–present) |group3 = [[United States Secretary of the Air Force|Secretary of the Air Force]] |list3 = *[[Troy Meink]] (2025–present) |group4 = [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] |list4 = *[[John Phelan (businessman)|John Phelan]] (2025–present) |group5 = [[Surgeon General of the United States|Surgeon General]] |list5= *[[Nicole Saphier]]* <!--(2026–present)--> |group6 = [[United States Permanent Representative to NATO]] |list6= *[[Matthew Whitaker]] (2025–present) |group7 = [[Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA|Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |list7= *[[Jared Isaacman]] (2025–present) |group8 = Administrator of the [[United States Agency for International Development]] |list8 = *TBD* <!--(2026–present)--> |group9 = Chair of the [[Federal Communications Commission]] |list9 = *[[Brendan Carr (lawyer)|Brendan Carr]] (2025–present) |group10 = Administrators of [[Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]] |list10 = *[[Mehmet Oz]] (2025–present) |group11 = [[Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration]] |list11 = *[[Terry Cole (law enforcement official)|Terry Cole]] (2025–present) |group12 = [[Commissioner of Internal Revenue]] |list12 = *[[Billy Long]] (2025) |group13 = Chair of the [[Federal Trade Commission]] |list13 = *[[Andrew N. Ferguson]] (2025–present) |group14 = [[Department of Government Efficiency|Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency]] |list14 = *[[Elon Musk]] (2025) |group15 = [[Chair of the Federal Reserve]] |list15 = *[[Jerome Powell]]** (2018–2026) *[[Kevin Warsh]] (2026–present) |group16 = [[President of the World Bank Group]] |list16 = *[[Ajay Banga]]** (2023–present) }} |below = <nowiki>*</nowiki>Pending Senate confirmation<br>See also: [[Political appointments of Donald Trump]] <nowiki>**</nowiki>Remained from previous administrations }}<noinclude> {{documentation|content= {{collapsible option}} ==See also== *[[Donald Trump]] }} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet by President navigational boxes|Trump cabinet]] [[Category:Donald Trump|τ]] </noinclude> knvtjwf1n3hyi5b8w7r3byvpe4z4c4u 0 1148575 10966639 10964583 2026-08-18T14:36:51Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10966639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Todd Blanche | image = AG Todd Blanche Official Portrait.jpg | caption = Official portrait, 2026 | office = 88th [[United States Attorney General]] | president = [[Donald Trump]] | deputy = ''Himself''{{efn|During his time as Acting Attorney General}}<br>[[Trent McCotter]] (acting) | term_start = April 2, 2026{{efn|Acting: April 2 – August 10, 2026}} | term_end = | predecessor = [[Pam Bondi]] | successor = | office1 = 40th [[United States Deputy Attorney General]] | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Attorney General}} | 1namedata1 = {{plainlist| *Pam Bondi *''Himself'' (acting) }} | president1 = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start1 = March 6, 2025 | term_end1 = August 10, 2026 | predecessor1 = [[Lisa Monaco]] | successor1 = [[Trent McCotter]] (acting) | office2 = Acting [[Librarian of Congress]] | status2 = Disputed{{Efn|The legality of Blanche's appointment and tenure as the acting [[librarian of Congress]] is disputed. The staff of the [[Library of Congress]] have asserted that [[Robert Newlen]], the library's principal deputy librarian, is the acting librarian.}} | appointer2 = Donald Trump | term_start2 = May 12, 2025 <br>Disputed with [[Robert Newlen]] | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = [[Carla Hayden]] | successor2 = | birth_name = Todd Wallace Blanche | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|8|6}} | birth_place = [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | otherparty = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (before 2024) | spouse = {{marriage|Kristine Blanche|1996}} | children = 2 | education = [[Beloit College]]<br>[[American University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Brooklyn Law School]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) | signature = Todd Blanche signature 2026-05-19.svg }} '''Todd Wallace Blanche''' ({{IPAc-en|b|l|æ|n|tʃ}};<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-01|title=Todd W. Blanche|url=https://fedsoc.org/bio/todd-blanche|access-date=2025-10-28|website=The Federalist Society}}</ref> born August 6, 1974) is an American attorney and former prosecutor who has been the 88th [[United States Attorney General]] since 2026. Before, he was the 40th [[United States Deputy Attorney General|United States deputy attorney general]] from 2025 to 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-06|title=Office of the Deputy Attorney General {{!}} Office of the Deputy Attorney General|url=https://www.justice.gov/dag|access-date=2025-10-28|website=www.justice.gov|language=en}}</ref> During his legal career, Blanche worked in the [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York]]'s violent crimes division for eight years. He represented then-former U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] in the [[Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York|2024 criminal trial]] in New York.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-03|title=Trump taps white-collar attorney to helm indictment defense|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/03/trump-todd-blanche-indictment-attorney-00090157|access-date=2025-10-28|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gleeson|first=Cailey|title=Who Is Todd Blanche? What To Know About Trump's Hush Money Trial Lawyer.|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/caileygleeson/2024/04/24/who-is-todd-blanche-trumps-ny-criminal-trial-lawyer-left-high-profile-firm-before-joining-legal-team/|access-date=2025-10-28|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> In April 2026, President Trump picked Blanche to be acting [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] after he fired [[Pam Bondi]]. Two months later, Trump nominated Blanche to be Bondi's permanent replacement. He was confirmed by the [[U.S. Senate]] in August 2026. ==Early life== Todd Wallace Blanche was born on August 6, 1974, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref name="NewYorkTrump">{{Cite web |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/trump-trial-lawyer-todd-blanche-defense.html |title=In Defense of Trump |date=April 22, 2024 |last=Rice |first=Andrew |work=[[Intelligencer (website)|Intelligencer]] |access-date=February 7, 2026 |archive-date=April 13, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260413020342/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/trump-trial-lawyer-todd-blanche-defense.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref> His father was a Canadian hockey player and his mother was a nurse.<ref name="FTSoul">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e3812221-6661-4fa1-8755-fc1d80748d6a |title=Can Todd Blanche defend Trump without losing his soul? |date=September 11, 2024 |last=Miller |first=Joe |work=[[FT Magazine]] |access-date=February 7, 2026 |archive-date=December 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210162245/https://www.ft.com/content/e3812221-6661-4fa1-8755-fc1d80748d6a |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Blanche was raised in Denver. Blanche went to the [[New Mexico Military Institute]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/albuquerque-journal-nm-military-colts/190787200/ |title=N.M. Military Colts |date=November 23, 1990 |work=[[Albuquerque Journal]] |access-date=February 7, 2026}}</ref> In 1992, he studied at [[Louisiana State University]], but transferred the next year to [[Beloit College]]. By 1994, Blanche transferred to [[American University]]. He married Kristine, a biology major at [[Catholic University of America]], and the couple had two children. Blanche went to the [[Brooklyn Law School]] at night and graduated ''[[cum laude]]'' from law school in 2003.<ref name="NYTimesTrumpWorld">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/13/us/trump-indictment-arraignment-court/the-lawyer-leading-the-former-presidents-defense-is-no-stranger-to-trump-world |title=The lawyer leading the former president's defense is no stranger to Trump World. |date=June 13, 2023 |last=Rashbaum |first=William |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 7, 2026 |archive-date=April 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402040815/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/13/us/trump-indictment-arraignment-court/the-lawyer-leading-the-former-presidents-defense-is-no-stranger-to-trump-world |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Legal career== Blanche interned at the [[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia|United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia]], a position that later became a full-time job. He later worked as a paralegal in the [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York]]. In 2017, Blanche became a partner at [[Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft]]. Blanche represented several figures associated with president [[Donald Trump]] and former [[New York City]] mayor [[Rudy Giuliani]], including Trump's former campaign manager, [[Paul Manafort]], [[Igor Fruman|Igor Fruman,]] and [[Boris Epshteyn]].<ref name="NYTimesLauro">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/us/politics/trump-lawyers-defense-team.html |title=Trump's Defense Team Adds a New Member for the Latest Case |date=August 3, 2023 |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |last2=Rashbaum |first2=William |author-link1=Maggie Haberman |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 18, 2026 |archive-date=August 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821081348/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/us/politics/trump-lawyers-defense-team.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2023, Trump hired Blanche to defend him for [[Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal|concealed hush-money payments]] to [[Stormy Daniels]] and he led Trump's defense in the 2024 [[Criminal trial of Donald Trump in New York|criminal trial]]. Blanche later defended Trump in cases involving federal [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)|classified documents]] and [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|election obstruction]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/09/us/politics/trump-indictment-lawyers-trusty-rowley.html |title=Two Trump Lawyers Quit a Day After His Indictment |date=June 9, 2023 |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |last2=Feuer |first2=Alan |author-link1=Maggie Haberman |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 7, 2026}}</ref> ==Deputy U.S. Attorney General== On November 14, 2024, President-elect Trump announced that he planned to nominate Blanche to be deputy attorney general.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |date=2024-11-14|title=Trump Picks Todd Blanche, His Defense Lawyer, to Be Deputy Attorney General|work=The New York Times |language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/14/us/politics/todd-blanche-deputy-attorney-general-trump.html|access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarah Rumpf-Whitten|first=Emma Colton|date=2024-11-14|title=Trump names his personal criminal defense attorney Todd Blanche as deputy attorney general|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-names-personal-criminal-defense-attorney-todd-blanche-us-deputy-attorney-general|access-date=2025-10-28|website=Fox News|language=en-US}}</ref> He was confirmed to the post by the U.S. Senate on March 5, 2025 in a 52-46 vote.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |date=2025-03-05|title=Senate Confirms Trump Attorney Todd Blanche as No. 2 Justice Dept. Official|work=The New York Times |language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/05/us/politics/todd-blanche-trump-deputy-ag-senate-confirmation.html|access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-05|title=Senate confirms former Trump defense attorney Todd Blanche as deputy attorney general|url=https://apnews.com/article/todd-blanche-trump-lawyer-deputy-attorney-general-5d526fd4c5919bc2e9522e4f7bfbf758|access-date=2025-10-28|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> In May 2025, Trump fired the [[Librarian of Congress|librarian of Congress]], [[Carla Hayden]], and named Blanche to replace her. The staff of the [[Library of Congress]] and Hayden pushed back against Trump's power to pick Blanche without the support of the [[U.S. Senate]]. Some believed that [[Robert Newlen]], the principal deputy librarian, should have been Hayden's successor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/12/us/politics/trump-library-of-congress.html |title=Trump Installs Top Justice Dept. Official at Library of Congress, Prompting a Standoff |date=May 12, 2025 |last1=Miller |first1=Maya |last2=Barrett |first2=Devlin |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 21, 2026}}</ref> Bondi and Blanche told Trump in May 2025 that his name was in the [[Epstein files]], a set of documents about the dead sex offender [[Jeffrey Epstein]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/justice-department-told-trump-name-in-epstein-files-727a8038 |title=Justice Department Told Trump in May That His Name Is Among Many in the Epstein Files |date=July 23, 2025 |last1=Gurman |first1=Sadie |last2=Linskey |first2=Annie |last3=Dawsey |first3=Josh |last4=Leary |first4=Alex |author-link3=Josh Dawsey |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=February 22, 2026 |archive-date=January 28, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128234545/https://www.wsj.com/politics/justice-department-told-trump-name-in-epstein-files-727a8038 |url-status=live }}</ref> Blanche also met with Epstein associate [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] in prison, which some thought he was giving her a deal in exchange for her not to mention Trump.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/25/us/politics/ghislaine-maxwell-trump-pardon.html |title=After Ghislaine Maxwell Interview, Concerns Mount Over Possibility of Pardon |date=July 25, 2025 |last1=Thrush |first1=Glenn |last2=Crowder |first2=Valerie |author-link1=Glenn Thrush |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 22, 2026}}</ref> In May 2026, Blanche stated that he would not recommend a pardon for Maxwell.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Betts |first1=Anna |title=Todd Blanche says he would not recommend a pardon for Ghislaine Maxwell |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/may/19/todd-blanche-doj-ghislaine-maxwell |website=Guardian |access-date=19 May 2026 |date=20 May 2026}}</ref> In January 2026, after the [[killing of Renée Good]] in [[Minneapolis]], Blanche led the investigation into her killing, however said that [[United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement|U.S. ICE agents]] did not violate Good's [[civil rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/10/us/politics/trump-ice-shooting-response-minneapolis.html |title=F.B.I.'s Inquiry Into ICE Shooting Faces Doubts After White House's Remarks |date=January 10, 2026 |last=Thrush |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Thrush |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 2, 2026}}</ref> Blanche also accused Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] and Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] of committing "terrorism".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/16/us/politics/tim-walz-jacob-frey-investigation-trump.html |title=Trump Administration Begins Criminal Inquiry Into Minnesota Leaders |date=January 16, 2026 |last1=Thrush |first1=Glenn |last2=Feuer |first2=Alan |last3=Barrett |first3=Devlin |last4=Bromwich |first4=Jonah |author-link=Glenn Thrush |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 2, 2026 |archive-date=January 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117034144/https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/16/us/politics/tim-walz-jacob-frey-investigation-trump.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[killing of Alex Pretti]] that month, Blanche defended the agents who shot Pretti.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/01/25/us/minneapolis-shooting-ice/deputy-attorney-general-takes-a-measured-tone-after-trump-officials-call-the-shooting-victim-a-terrorist |title=Deputy attorney general takes a measured tone after Trump officials call the shooting victim a terrorist. |date=January 25, 2026 |last=Sella |first=Adam |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 2, 2026 |archive-date=January 27, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127005018/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/01/25/us/minneapolis-shooting-ice/deputy-attorney-general-takes-a-measured-tone-after-trump-officials-call-the-shooting-victim-a-terrorist |url-status=live }}</ref> ==U.S. Attorney General== [[File:Senator Chuck Grassley Shakes Hands With Attorney General Nominee Todd Blanche.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Blanche with U.S. Senator [[Chuck Grassley]] during Blanche's confirmation hearing, July 2026]] On April 2, 2026, Blanche became the acting U.S. Attorney General after Attorney General [[Pam Bondi]] was fired by President Trump.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Pager|first1=Tyler|last2=Thrush|first2=Glenn|date=2026-04-02|title=Trump Fires Pam Bondi as Attorney General|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/02/us/politics/trump-fires-bondi-attorney-general.html|access-date=2026-04-02|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rabinowitz|first=Kristen Holmes, Kaitlan Collins, Hannah|date=2026-04-02|title=Pam Bondi ousted as attorney general, source says {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/04/02/politics/pam-bondi-role-trump|access-date=2026-04-02|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-02|title=Pam Bondi out as attorney general, Trump says|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/bondi-fired-attorney-general-trump-rcna266378|access-date=2026-04-02|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> Two months later, on June 8, 2026, Trump formally nominated Blanche to be the permanent attorney general.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-06-08/trump-picks-blanche-as-attorney-general-teeing-up-senate-fight?srnd=homepage-americas |title=Trump Picks Blanche as Attorney General, Teeing Up Senate Fight |date=June 8, 2026 |last=Strohm |first=Chris |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=June 8, 2026}}</ref> On July 15, 2026, the U.S. Senate Finance Committee held a hearing on the nomination of Blanche for Attorney General.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nomination of the Honorable Todd Blanche to be Attorney General of the United States {{!}} United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/committee-activity/hearings/the-nomination-of-the-honorable-todd-blanche-to-be-attorney-general-of-the-united-states |access-date=2026-07-16 |website=www.judiciary.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> His nomination had opposition from all Democratic senators and some Republican senators such as [[John Cornyn]] and [[Thom Tillis]].<ref name=anti>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Melissa |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4= |last5= |first5= |last6= |first6= |last7= |first7= |date=2026-07-15 |title=Blanche again says $1.8 billion "anti-weaponization" fund is "not moving forward" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/todd-blanche-confirmation-hearing-senate-attorney-general/#post-update-6f2288a3 |access-date=2026-07-16 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Some senators did not like Blanche's support of Trump's proposed [[Anti-Weaponization Fund|anti-weaponization fund]], which was meant to give money to people who Trump thought were targeted by the Justice Department such as the rioters of the [[January 6th attack]]. As a result, Blanche said the weaponization fund would not move forward.<ref name=anti/> During his hearing, Blanche corrected himself after he called himself "Trump's lawyer" and quickly said "was his lawyer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Becket |first=Stefan |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4= |last5= |first5= |last6= |first6= |last7= |first7= |date=2026-07-15 |title=Blanche on relationship with Trump: "I'm his lawyer — was his lawyer" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/todd-blanche-confirmation-hearing-senate-attorney-general/#post-update-062d64b7 |access-date=2026-07-16 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> On August 4, 2026, the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] advanced his nomination in a 12-10 vote.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/todd-blanche-attorney-general-senate-judiciary-committee/|title=Senate Judiciary Committee advances Blanche's nomination for attorney general|last=Quinn|first=Melissa|date=August 4, 2026|access-date=August 4, 2026|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/senate-republicans-advance-todd-blanche-nomination-anti-weaponization-rcna590555|title=Senate Republicans advance Todd Blanche nomination after ‘anti-weaponization’ fund holdup|last=Reilly|first=Ryan J.|date=August 4, 2026|access-date=August 4, 2026|publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> Blanche was narrowly confirmed as the U.S. Attorney General in a 50-49 Senate vote four days later on August 8.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkin Richer |first=Alanna |title=Todd Blanche narrowly confirmed as Trump's attorney general in overnight vote |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/todd-blanche-narrowly-confirmed-as-trumps-attorney-general-in-overnight-vote |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-08 |title=The standoff to confirm Todd Blanche, Trump’s attorney general pick, shows no signs of ending. |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/politics/article/todd-blanche-confirmed-as-attorney-general-in-50-49-senate-vote-224026697.html |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> Blanche was sworn-in on August 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/todd-blanche-to-be-sworn-in-as-attorney-general/vi-AA29Mfkn?ocid=BingNewsSerp|title=Todd Blanche to be sworn in as attorney general|publisher=MSN|accessdate=August 10, 2026|date=August 10, 2026}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blanche, Todd}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Lawyers from New York (state)]] [[Category:Politicians from New York (state)]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Politicians from Florida]] [[Category:United States Deputy Attorneys General]] [[Category:Librarians of Congress]] [[Category:Lawyers from Florida]] [[Category:Lawyers from Denver]] [[Category:Politicians from Denver]] [[Category:United States Attorneys General]] {{G8-Justice}} {{USAttGen}} {{Second Trump cabinet}} f9jm9nijgncj5nrayqqi78614x4i5ck 0 1149116 10967287 10933170 2026-08-19T06:53:21Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. --> | name = Rifat Hasan | native_name = রিফাত হাসান | image = Rifat Hasan.jpg | caption = Rifat Hasan in 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1980|01|17}} | birth_place = [[Chittagong Division|Chattogram]] | occupation = {{hlist|[[writer]]| public intellectual}} | language = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[English language|English]]}} | genre = [[Non-fiction]], [[poetry]] | nationality = [[Bangladeshi]] | website = {{URL|https://rifathasan.com}} | notableworks = Shomporko, Bondhutto O Rajniti }} '''Rifat Hasan''' (Bengali: রিফাত হাসান; born 17 January 1980) is a [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] writer, public intellectual and poet.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=New Age|date=10 October 2024|title=Of our hopes and fears|language=en|url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/new-age-specials/247354/of-our-hopes-and-fears|access-date=17 November 2024|archive-date=20 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120022759/https://www.newagebd.net/post/new-age-specials/247354/of-our-hopes-and-fears|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the author of ''Shomporko, Bondhutto O Rajniti'', a nonfiction book published in 2014 that sparked both debate and criticism for its ideas on friendship (Bengali: বন্ধুত্ব), critique of modern politics, and its exploration of the complexities of political practices in post-independence Bangladesh.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=banglanews24.com|date=24 February 2014|title=সম্পর্ক, বন্ধুত্ব ও রাজনীতি নিয়ে বইমেলায় রিফাত হাসান|language=bn|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/art-literature/news/bd/270024.details/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=বাছবিচার|date=4 September 2024|title=রিফাত হাসান|language=bn|url=https://bacbichar.net/author/rifat-hasan/|access-date=17 November 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130160034/https://bacbichar.net/author/rifat-hasan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=দেশ রূপান্তর|date=20 June 2021|title=টেক্সট, কন্সপিরেসি ও রূপকথা: দুঃসহ সময়ের ঘটনা আর চিন্তার ডায়েরি|language=bn|url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/297631/টেক্সট-কন্সপিরেসি-ও-রূপকথা-দুঃসহ-সময়ের-ঘটনা-আর}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=প্রথম আলো|date=20 September 2024|title=নতুন সংবিধান প্রণয়ন সম্ভব, কিন্তু চ্যালেঞ্জগুলো কী কী|language=bn|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/opinion/column/n07pjfyjkk}}</ref> For over a decade, his books, op-eds, public lectures, and interviews have profoundly influenced young writers and thinkers in Bangladesh.<ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Biography == In 2013, Rifat was one of the first few intellectuals to denounce the massive Shahbag demonstrations, termed the movement as [[Fascism|fascist]] in nature and inimical to the idea of [[justice]].<ref name=":3">{{cite interview |last=Rifat Hasan |first= |subject-link=Rifat Hasan |interviewer=‍আশরাফুল আলম শাওন |title="সম্পর্কের জ্ঞান হচ্ছে রাজনীতি"—রিফাত হাসান এর ইন্টারভিউ (২০১৪) |url=https://www.shamprotik.com/রিফাত-হাসানের-সাক্ষাৎকার/ |access-date=22 March 2014 |work= |publisher=সাম্প্রতিক.কম |location=Bangladesh |date=22 March 2014 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Salim Reza Newton|date=29 April 2013|title=হেফাজতে ইসলাম নিয়ে অল্প কয়টা কথা|url=https://salimrezanewton.com/article/26/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719173017/https://salimrezanewton.com/article/26/হেফাজতে-ইসলাম-নিয়ে-অল্প-কয়টা-কথা|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=|website=salimrezanewton.com|publisher=|language=bn|quote=ভাববেন না যে আমি আলাদা করে হেফাজতের হুজুরদের দোষ দিয়ে আনন্দ পাচ্ছি।}}</ref> In a March 2014 interview, he further condemned Shahbag protesters for restricting liberal discourse in society and failing to critically assess the war crimes tribunal under [[Sheikh Hasina|Sheikh Hasina’]]<nowiki/>s regime, which, to rifat, created a point of no return in Bangladeshi politics and society.<ref name=":3"/> Following the 2024 Student–People's uprising in [[Bangladesh]], Rifat Hasan's proposal for post-fascist restructuring and constitutional reform gained prominence.<ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Bangla Outlook|date=6 October 2024|title=Beyond band-aids: Reconstruction debate points out need for fundamental constitutional change|language=en|url=https://en.banglaoutlook.org/news/234905}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> In his ''After Fascist'' manifesto, Hasan argues that the current constitution has lost its ethical authority, especially after the July massacre,<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=প্রথম আলো|date=3 October 2024|title='সংবিধান হতে হবে সব মানুষের সম্পৃক্ততায়'|language=bn|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/4o0kwbe655}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=সকাল সন্ধ্যা|date=3 October 2024|title='জনগণের সার্বভৌম ইচ্ছার দলিল হিসেবেই নতুন সংবিধান দরকার'|language=bn|url=https://www.shokalshondha.com/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6/|access-date=17 November 2024|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205131455/https://www.shokalshondha.com/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and calls for a new constitution to restore public ownership of the country.<ref>{{Cite news|last=মানবজমিন|date=5 October 2024|title='সংশোধন নয়, নতুন সংবিধান প্রণয়ন করতে হবে'|language=bn|url=https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=130274#gsc.tab=0}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=themirrorasia|date=6 November 2024|title=চট্টগ্রামে ফ্যাসিবাদবিরোধী সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠন জনমুক্তির আত্মপ্রকাশ|language=en|url=https://bangla.themirrorasia.net/news/2024/11/06/6621?fbclid=IwY2xjawGisQNleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHeFjxsRODmyBu1Y3L5Bu7PSjEmZEOUQL36etkZ8UgXQsbTedSUVs56V15A_aem_r-IPwHzZ0EFHTawO7sOp3A|access-date=17 November 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130160027/https://bangla.themirrorasia.net/news/2024/11/06/6621?fbclid=IwY2xjawGisQNleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHeFjxsRODmyBu1Y3L5Bu7PSjEmZEOUQL36etkZ8UgXQsbTedSUVs56V15A_aem_r-IPwHzZ0EFHTawO7sOp3A|url-status=dead}}</ref> He proposes forming an all-party Guardian Council to oversee the drafting process, with a constitutional reform commission preparing a draft to be adopted through a referendum.<ref>{{Cite news|last=দৈনিক সমকাল|date=22 September 2024|title=নতুন সংবিধান প্রণয়নে সর্বদলীয় অভিভাবক কাউন্সিল গঠন জরুরি|language=bn|url=https://epaper.samakal.com/nogor-edition/2024-09-22/11/6282/detail}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=সকাল সন্ধ্যা|date=21 September 2024|title=সংবিধান : অভিভাবক কাউন্সিল গঠনের মাধ্যমে গণমত গ্রহণের দাবি|language=bn|url=https://www.shokalshondha.com/new-constitution-demand-for-plebiscite-through-formation-of-guardian-council/|access-date=17 November 2024|archive-date=18 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118224847/https://www.shokalshondha.com/new-constitution-demand-for-plebiscite-through-formation-of-guardian-council/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=নয়া দিগন্ত|date=22 September 2024|title=নতুন সংবিধান তৈরিতে সবার অংশগ্রহণ ও সম্মতি নিশ্চিত করার দাবি|language=bn|url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/last-page/19651755/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF|access-date=17 November 2024|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203190859/https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/last-page/19651755/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a December 2024 public speech, Hasan emphasized the value of public dialogue over intellectual discussions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=বাংলা আউটলুক|date=22 December 2024|title='ফ্যাসিস্টের রাজনীতির অধিকার ও নতুন সংবিধান প্রশ্নে প্রয়োজনে গণভোট আহ্বান করুন'|language=bn|url=https://www.banglaoutlook.org/country/239796}}</ref> He proposed a referendum to address the debate on whether fascists have the right to engage in politics, including participation in elections, and on adopting a new constitution for the post-fascist era. To him, decisions on such matters cannot be left to vested BNP and Jamaat leaders, as the true stakeholders are the common people. Without the consent of the masses, no commission has the legitimacy to endorse the rehabilitation of fascists.<ref>{{Cite news|last=দৈনিক ইত্তেফাক|date=22 December 2024|title=আগে গণসংলাপ ডাকুন ও ফ্যাসিস্টের রাজনীতির অধিকার প্রশ্নে গণভোট আহ্বান করুন: রিফাত হাসান|language=bn|work=|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/711649/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=দৈনিক বণিকবার্তা|date=23 December 2024|title=ফ্যাসিস্টের রাজনীতির অধিকার ও নতুন সংবিধান প্রশ্নে প্রয়োজনে গণভোট আহ্বান করুন|language=bn|work=দৈনিক বণিকবার্তা|url=https://bonikbarta.com/bangladesh/o8p4c69uZLwA8MIX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=দৈনিক দেশ রূপান্তর|date=22 December 2024|title=রুহ, মুক্তি ও সংবিধান শীর্ষক আলাপে রিফাত হাসান: মানুষের অভিপ্রায় জানতে সবার আগে গণসংলাপ ডাকুন|language=bn|url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/560735/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8}}</ref> == Criticism == Several critics harshly condemned Rifat in 2013 for allegedly defending the views of Hefazat and accused war criminals. Progressive left activists claimed Rifat’s stance on the Shahbagh movement was overly lenient toward Jamaat-e-Islami’s position on the 1971 Liberation War and sympathetic to Hefazat, arguing that he was more critical of the Shahbagh uprising than of these groups.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|last=Salim Reza Newton|date=29 April 2013|title=হেফাজতে ইসলাম নিয়ে অল্প কয়টা কথা|url=https://salimrezanewton.com/article/26/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719173017/https://salimrezanewton.com/article/26/হেফাজতে-ইসলাম-নিয়ে-অল্প-কয়টা-কথা|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=|website=salimrezanewton.com|publisher=|language=bn|quote=ভাববেন না যে আমি আলাদা করে হেফাজতের হুজুরদের দোষ দিয়ে আনন্দ পাচ্ছি।}}</ref> In 2024, Mixed reactions have emerged in response to Hasan’s proposal for an all-party [[Guardian Council]]. Justice M.A. Matin, a retired judge of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, and Ridwanul Hoque, a constitutional expert, see [[the Guardian]] Council as essential for reform process.<ref name=":0"/> However, they note that a constitution is more than a written document; under this same constitution, Bangladesh has at times experienced better governance than at others.<ref name=":0" /> Others, like Nayel Rahman, view Hasan’s call to rewrite the constitution as a bold move for change in Bangladesh.<ref name=":1"/> == Books == === Prose === * ''Shomporko, Bondhutto O Rajniti'' (''Relations, Friendship and Politics'', 2014)<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=banglanews24.com|date=24 February 2014|title=সম্পর্ক, বন্ধুত্ব ও রাজনীতি নিয়ে বইমেলায় রিফাত হাসান|language=bn|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/art-literature/news/bd/270024.details/}}</ref> * ''Ei Shomoiti Apni Kibhabe Udjapon Korben'' (''How to celebrate this fascist time'', 2016)<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 27, 2015|title=সময় উদযাপন শেখাবেন রিফাত হাসান|work=thereport24.com|url=http://www.thereport24.com/fair.php?page=category&cid=96&news=17903|url-status=dead|access-date=February 28, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20221129190233/https://web.archive.org/web/20150228020352/http://www.thereport24.com/article/90942/index.html|archive-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref> * ''Text, Conspiracy O Rupkotha'' (''Text, Conspiracy and FairyTale'', 2021)<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=দেশ রূপান্তর|date=20 June 2021|title=টেক্সট, কন্সপিরেসি ও রূপকথা: দুঃসহ সময়ের ঘটনা আর চিন্তার ডায়েরি|language=bn|url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/297631/টেক্সট-কন্সপিরেসি-ও-রূপকথা-দুঃসহ-সময়ের-ঘটনা-আর}}</ref> * Moddhoborti Benchtate (On the middle bench, 2025)<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|last=প্রথম আলো|date=14 February 2025|title=বইমেলার নতুন বই|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/onnoalo/books/trixv5iqf3}}</ref> === Interview === * ''Memories of Fascism: Collected Interviews of Rifat Hasan'', 2025<ref name=":22" /> === Poetry === * ''Jolladkhanai Boisha KobitaPat'' (''Reading poetry in a slaughterhouse'', 2020)<ref>{{Cite news|last=দেশ রূপান্তর|date=16 December 2019|title=রিফাত হাসানের 'জল্লাদখানায় বইসা কবিতাপাঠ'|language=bn|url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/187212/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E2%80%99}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rifat Hasan}} [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Writers]] qx5e6224dvt3iv9fzhjy69isg1a4wgr 0 1151117 10967148 10713586 2026-08-19T02:18:23Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}} {{Infobox football club | clubname = Mallorca B | image = | upright = 0.7 | fullname = Real Club Deportivo Mallorca, S.A.D. "B" | nickname = | founded = 1967 {{small|(as UD Collerense)}} | ground = [[Ciudad Deportiva Antonio Asensio|Estadi i Son Bibiloni]], [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]],<br>[[Balearic Islands]], Spain | capacity = 1,500<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.resultados-futbol.com/Mallorca-B|title=Mallorca B - Tercera División G 11|website=www.resultados-futbol.com|access-date=2020-03-27|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318215106/https://www.resultados-futbol.com/Mallorca-B|url-status=dead}}</ref> | chairman = Monti Galmés | chrtitle = President | manager = [[Gustavo Siviero]] | mgrtitle = Head coach | league = {{Spanish football updater|Mallorca B}} | season = {{Spanish football updater|Mallorca B2}} | position = {{Spanish football updater|Mallorca B3}} | pattern_la1 = _mallorca2425h | pattern_b1 = _mallorca2425h | pattern_ra1 = _mallorca2425h | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _mallorca2425a | pattern_b2 = _mallorca2425a | pattern_ra2 = _mallorca2425a | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = _nikestrike3gr | pattern_b3 = _nikestrike3gr | pattern_ra3 = _nikestrike3gr | pattern_sh3 = _shorts | pattern_so3 = _socks | leftarm3 = 0000FF | body3 = 0000FF | rightarm3 = 0000FF | shorts3 = 0000FF | socks3 = 0000FF }} '''Real Club Deportivo Mallorca B''' is a [[List of football clubs in Spain|Spanish football team]] based in [[Palma, Majorca]], in the [[Balearic Islands]]. Founded in 1967, it is the [[reserve team]] of [[RCD Mallorca]] and currently plays in {{Spanish football updater|Mallorca B}}, holding home matches at ''Estadi i Son Bibiloni'', with a capacity of 1,500 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.besoccer.com/|title=The latest news from Mallorca B: squad, results, table|website=www.besoccer.com|language=en-EN|access-date=2020-03-27|archive-date=2004-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040318101512/https://www.besoccer.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike in [[English football league system|England]], reserve teams in [[Spanish football league system|Spain]] play in the same football pyramid as their senior team rather than a separate league. ==History== ===Background=== *As [[farm team]]: **''Mallorca Atlético'' - ''(1983–93)'' *As [[reserve team]]: **''RCD Mallorca "B"'' - ''(1993–)'' ===Other farm clubs=== *''Atlético de Palma'' - ''(1961–65)'' *''CF Palma'' - ''(1965–72)'' *''[[UD Collerense]]'' - ''(1981–83)'' ==Season to season== *[[UD Collerense]] ([[farm team]] in 1981–82 and 1982–83) {| |valign="top" width=0%| {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#f0f6fa;" !Season !Tier !Division !Place ![[Copa del Rey]] |- |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|1967–68 |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|5 |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|[[Segunda Regional de las Islas Baleares|2ª Reg.]] |style="background:#BBD7EC;"| !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1968–69 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|4 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|[[Primera Regional de las Islas Baleares|1ª Reg.]] |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1st !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1969–70 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|4 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|[[Primera Regional de las Islas Baleares|1ª Reg.]] |style="background:#EFEF99;"|2nd !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1970–71 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|4 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|[[Primera Regional de las Islas Baleares|1ª Reg.]] |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1st !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1971–72 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|4 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|[[Primera Regional de las Islas Baleares|1ª Reg.]] |style="background:#EFEF99;"|4th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1972–73 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|4 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|[[Primera Regional Preferente de Mallorca|Reg. Pref.]] |style="background:#EFEF99;"|5th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1973–74 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|4 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|[[Primera Regional Preferente de Mallorca|Reg. Pref.]] |style="background:#EFEF99;"|10th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1974–75 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|4 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|[[Primera Regional Preferente de Mallorca|Reg. Pref.]] |style="background:#EFEF99;"|18th !style="background:#efefef;"| |} |valign="top" width=0%| {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#f0f6fa;" !Season !Tier !Division !Place ![[Copa del Rey]] |- |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|1975–76 |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|5 |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|[[Primera Regional de las Islas Baleares|1ª Reg.]] |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|7th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|1976–77 |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|5 |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|[[Primera Regional de las Islas Baleares|1ª Reg.]] |style="background:#BBD7EC;"|1st !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1977–78 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|5 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|[[Primera Regional Preferente de Mallorca|Reg. Pref.]] |style="background:#EFEF99;"|8th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#EFEF99;"|1978–79 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|5 |style="background:#EFEF99;"|[[Primera Regional Preferente de Mallorca|Reg. Pref.]] |style="background:#EFEF99;"|5th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1979–80 Tercera División|1979–80]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|15th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1980–81 Tercera División|1980–81]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|12th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1981–82 Tercera División|1981–82]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|12th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1982–83 Tercera División|1982–83]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|14th !style="background:#efefef;"| |} |} *Mallorca Atlético, [[farm team]] {| |valign="top" width=0%| {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#f0f6fa;" !Season !Tier !Division !Place ![[Copa del Rey]] |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1983–84 Tercera División|1983–84]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|7th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1984–85 Tercera División|1984–85]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1985–86 Tercera División|1985–86]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[1986–87 Segunda División B|1986–87]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|21st !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1987–88 Tercera División|1987–88]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4th |style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1988–89 Tercera División|1988–89]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[1989–90 Segunda División B|1989–90]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|14th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[1990–91 Segunda División B|1990–91]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|17th !style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1991–92 Tercera División|1991–92]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4th |style="background:#efefef;"| |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1992–93 Tercera División|1992–93]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|3rd |style="background:#efefef;"| |} |} *Mallorca B, [[reserve team]] {| |valign="top" width=0%| {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#f0f6fa;" !Season !Tier !Division !Place |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1993–94 Tercera División|1993–94]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[1994–95 Tercera División|1994–95]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[1995–96 Segunda División B|1995–96]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|14th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[1996–97 Segunda División B|1996–97]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|11th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[1997–98 Segunda División B|1997–98]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3rd |- |style="background:#D3D3D3;"|[[1998–99 Segunda División|1998–99]] |style="background:#D3D3D3;"|2 |style="background:#D3D3D3;"|[[Segunda División|2ª]] |style="background:#D3D3D3;"|19th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[1999–2000 Segunda División B|1999–2000]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|5th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2000–01 Segunda División B|2000–01]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|7th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2001–02 Segunda División B|2001–02]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|15th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2002–03 Segunda División B|2002–03]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|14th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2003–04 Segunda División B|2003–04]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|14th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2004–05 Segunda División B|2004–05]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|18th |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2005–06 Tercera División|2005–06]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|2nd |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2006–07 Tercera División|2006–07]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|2nd |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2007–08 Tercera División|2007–08]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|2nd |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2008–09 Tercera División|2008–09]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2009–10 Segunda División B|2009–10]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|8th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2010–11 Segunda División B|2010–11]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|19th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2011–12 Segunda División B|2011–12]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|12th |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2012–13 Segunda División B|2012–13]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|18th |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2013–14 Tercera División|2013–14]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st |} |valign="top" width=0%| {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#f0f6fa;" !Season !Tier !Division !Place |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2014–15 Segunda División B|2014–15]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|17th |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2015–16 Tercera División|2015–16]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2016–17 Segunda División B|2016–17]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|3 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda División B|2ª B]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|13th |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2017–18 Tercera División|2017–18]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2018–19 Tercera División|2018–19]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|2nd |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2019–20 Tercera División|2019–20]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|3rd |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2020–21 Tercera División|2020–21]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|4 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División|3ª]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|{{Abbr|4th|Group 11 – Subgroup B (first phase)}} / {{Abbr|1st|Group 11 – Subgroup D (second phase)}} |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2021–22 Tercera División RFEF|2021–22]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|5 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera División RFEF|3ª RFEF]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|1st |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2022–23 Segunda Federación|2022–23]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|4 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda Federación|2ª Fed.]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|17th |- |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[2023–24 Tercera Federación|2023–24]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|5 |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|[[Tercera Federación|3ª Fed.]] |style="background:#FFD3BD;"|2nd |- |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[2024–25 Segunda Federación|2024–25]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|4 |style="background:#DEC5AB;"|[[Segunda Federación|2ª Fed.]] |style="background:#DEC5AB;"| |- |} |} ---- *'''1''' season in [[Segunda División]] *'''18''' seasons in [[Segunda División B]] *'''2''' seasons in [[Segunda Federación]] *'''23''' seasons in [[Tercera División]] *'''2''' seasons in [[Tercera Federación]]/Tercera División RFEF ==Honours== *'''[[Tercera División]]: (9)''' 1984–85, 1985–86, 1988–89, 1993–94, 1994–95, 2008–09, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2017–18 *'''[[Copa Federación de España|Copa Federación]]: (1)''' 1995–96 ==Current squad== {{updated|8 November 2024}}. {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|pos=GK|nat=ESP|name=[[Pere Joan García Bauzà|Pere García]]}} {{Fs player|no=2|pos=DF|nat=ESP|name=[[Yuzún Francisco Ley Pizá|Yuzún Ley]]}} {{Fs player|no=3|pos=DF|nat=ESP|name=[[Carles Sogorb Oliver|Carles Sogorb]]}} {{Fs player|no=4|pos=DF|nat=ESP|name=[[Pablo Moyá Vega|Pablo Moyá]]}} {{Fs player|no=5|pos=DF|nat=ENG|name=[[Sebastian John Wade Gardiner|Sebas Wade]]}} {{Fs player|no=6|pos=DF|nat=ESP|name=[[Marc López Nicolau|Marc López]]}} {{Fs player|no=7|pos=FW|nat=SWI|name=[[Eliott Barrois]]}} {{Fs player|no=8|pos=MF|nat=ESP|name=[[Miquel Jan Salas Franch|Jan Salas]]}} {{Fs player|no=9|pos=FW|nat=ESP|name=[[Pau Mascaró Ruiz|Pau Mascaró]]}} {{Fs player|no=10|pos=MF|nat=ESP|name=[[Luis Montiel Rodríguez|Luis Montiel]]}} {{Fs player|no=11|pos=MF|nat=ESP|name=[[Victor Lázaro Torres|Victor Lázaro]]}} {{Fs player|no=12|pos=DF|nat=ESP|name=[[Ángel López Ramón|Ángel López]]}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=13|pos=GK|nat=ESP|name=[[Joan Pol Romero|Joan Pol]]}} {{Fs player|no=14|pos=MF|nat=CIV|name=[[Djakaria Barro]]}} {{Fs player|no=15|pos=DF|nat=ESP|name=[[Pere Amer Rodríguez|Pere Amer]]}} {{Fs player|no=17|pos=MF|nat=ESP|name=[[Adrián Barquero Torrescusa|Adrián Barquero]]}} {{Fs player|no=18|pos=FW|nat=ESP|name=[[Adrián Garrido Martínez|Adrián Garrido]]}} {{Fs player|no=20|pos=DF|nat=ESP|name=[[Samuel Guzmán Faraco|Samuel Guzmán]]}} {{Fs player|no=21|pos=FW|nat=ESP|name=[[Gonzalo Serrano Iranzo|Gonzalo Serrano]]}} {{Fs player|no=22|pos=FW|nat=ESP|name=[[Marc Scuri Martí|Marc Scuri]]}} {{Fs player|no=25|pos=GK|nat=LTU|name=[[Rimvydas Kiriejevas]]}} {{Fs player|no=26|pos=MF|nat=ESP|name=[[Francesc Riba Espinosa|Cesc Riba]]}} {{Fs player|no=27|pos=FW|nat=ESP|name=[[Marc Domènech]]}} {{Fs player|no=|pos=FW|nat=ESP|name=[[Álex Martínez Jaraiz|Álex Jaraiz]]}} {{Fs end}} ===From Youth Academy=== {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=28|pos=MF|nat=ESP|name=[[Alejandro García Gómez|Ale García]]}} {{Fs end}} ===Out on loan=== {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=|pos=DF|nat=ARG|name=[[Tomás Balcedo]]|other=at [[CE Santanyí|Santanyí]] until 30 June 2025}} {{Fs player|no=|pos=FW|nat=ESP|name=[[Diego Rodríguez Gallardo|Diego Rodríguez]]|other=at [[AD Ceuta FC B|Ceuta B]] until 30 June 2025}} {{Fs end}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.rcdmallorca.es/ RCD Mallorca official website] *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=270 Futbolme team profile] {{in lang|es}} {{RCD Mallorca}} {{Spanish football club template|Mallorca B}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mallorca B}} [[Category:RCD Mallorca]] [[Category:Spanish reserve football teams]] [[Category:Football clubs in the Balearic Islands]] [[Category:Association football clubs established in 1967]] [[Category:Sport in Palma de Mallorca]] [[Category:1967 establishments in Spain]] [[Category:Segunda División clubs]] pfi1gi99xqyjuqqj5s060le26mxqhp5 0 1153949 10967133 10929147 2026-08-19T01:10:21Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notability|date=February 2025}}{{Complex|date=January 2025}} '''[https://pumpmeme.info/ Pump.Fun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011185108/https://pumpmeme.info/ |date=2025-10-11 }}''' is an [[Internet]] platform that allows users to create crypto-[[Cryptocurrency|currencies]]. It was founded in the [[United States]]. It charges a 1% fee on sales. It was set up to be easy, cheap and secure from built-in sub-programs that can steal from memecoin purchasers. "The idea was to give people a safer way to trade [[Meme coin|memecoins]] by standardizing the underlying code, which prevents developers from building in malicious mechanisms to steal funds, in what’s known as a hard rug pull."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Khalili|first=Joel|title=A Kid Made $50,000 Dumping Crypto He’d Created. Then Came the Backlash|language=en-US|work=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/memecoin-kid-backlash/|access-date=2024-12-08|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Pump.Fun went online in January 2024.<ref name=":0" /> It has been called the fastest growing crypto platform ever.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Napolitano|first=Decrypt / Liz|date=2024-09-02|title=Solana Meme Coin Factory Pump.fun Is the Fastest Growing Crypto App in History|url=https://decrypt.co/247522/pump-fun-solana-meme-coins-fastest-growing-app|access-date=2024-12-08|website=Decrypt|language=en-US}}</ref> The first coin which was created for community by Pump.fun developers was COMCOIN. Despite the platform's built-in safety features to prevent theft, it has been accused of not having protection from other kinds of abuse, such as the posting of suicide threats.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bitcoin.com|date=2024-11-25|title=Pump.fun Halts Live Streaming Amid Content Controversy – News Bytes Bitcoin News|url=https://news.bitcoin.com/pump-fun-halts-live-streaming-amid-content-controversy/|access-date=2024-12-08|website=Bitcoin News}}</ref> Pump.Fun has been banned in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-06|title=FCA issues warning, bans Pump.fun in the UK|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/fca-issues-warning-bans-pump-fun-uk|access-date=2024-12-08|website=Cointelegraph|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://pumpmeme.info/ Home-page of Pump.Fun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011185108/https://pumpmeme.info/ |date=2025-10-11 }} * https://cointelegraph.com/news/fca-issues-warning-bans-pump-fun-uk * https://news.bitcoin.com/ethereums-bottom-and-pump-funs-fallout/ * https://cointelegraph.com/news/pump-fun-revenue-dropped-66-percent-backlash [[Category:Cryptocurrency]] [[Category:2024 establishments in the United States]] fyiwk44zyjtv22ns8wux6xtsbwmbkbz 0 1155287 10966894 9945408 2026-08-18T17:41:24Z FD950 752027 10966894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:J&M_Cafe_&_Cardroom.jpg|thumb| Photo of J&M cafe and games room.]] A '''cardroom''' or '''card room''' is a gambling establishment that exclusively offers [[Card game|card games]] to the public. Generally, the term poker room is synonymous. Typically some rooms not offer [[Slot machine|slot machines]] or video poker, nor other table games such as [[craps]] as found in [[Casino|casinos]]. However, often a casino will use the term “gaming room” or “poker room” (usually the latter) to refer to a separate room offering card games where players compete against each other. Access to these rooms is usually conditioned, depending on country, by legislation and certain age. Sometimes in some of the gaming halls and depending on the country, there has also be [[arcade]] machines. In many countries, the amount that the machines can return in prizes has been limited, since the more return, more there promote the invest of money, so that amount played is actually greater, the greater the losses and greater the [[addiction]] among the users ([[gambling addiction]]). == Description == In [[United States|USA]], stand gaming floors are typically the result of state laws or regulations, which prohibit full fledgeded gambling in casinos. This was generally the case in [[California]] until the advent of casino gambling offered by Native tribes during the 1990s, although gambling halls continue to thrive to expand it. Although traditional poker variants such as Texas hold 'em, [[Omaha hold 'em]] and seven-card stud are by far the most popular offered by cardrooms (and sometimes the only games), others may offer games such as panguingue, [[pai gow]], [[Chinese poker]] and variations of [[blackjack]].<ref>[https://web. archive.org/web/20060521221832/http://www.thebike.com/casino_games/ TheBike.com: Casino games]</ref> These so-called “California games” or “Asian games” may resemble traditional casino games such as blackjack, [[baccarat]] and even [[craps]], but have rules that comply with various state restrictions. == Related pages == * [[Bookmaker|Betting house]] * [[Internet café|Internet cafe]] * [[Amusement arcade|Recreation room]] * [[Roulette]] == References == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Gambling}} [[Category:Casinos]] [[Category:Poker]] elvut249u3efismh9owcr7pyv6n9wkn 2 1155770 10966697 10966011 2026-08-18T15:42:08Z CopyPatrolBot 1338164 708 open reports 10966697 wikitext text/x-wiki 708 lckdby2c3fr5ko6ytrcka15yro1a3xa 0 1157193 10966728 10966239 2026-08-18T16:02:06Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 wl 10966728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Vaginal yeast infection | synonyms = Candidal vulvovaginitis, vaginal thrush | image = Vaginal candidiasis, Gram stain.jpg | caption = [[Gram stain]] showing the spores and [[pseudohyphae]] of ''[[Candida albicans]]'' surrounded by round vaginal [[epithelial cells|skin cells]], in a case of candidal vulvovaginitis | field = [[Gynaecology]] | symptoms = Vaginal itching, [[Dysuria|burning with urination]], white and thick [[vaginal discharge]], pain with sex, redness around the vagina | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Excessive growth of ''[[Candida (fungus)|Candida]]'' | risks = [[Antibiotics]], [[pregnancy]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[HIV/AIDS]], weak [[immune system]] | diagnosis = Testing the vaginal discharge | differential = [[chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea infection|gonorrhea]], [[bacterial vaginosis]] | prevention = | treatment = [[Antifungal medication]] | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 75% of women at some point | deaths = }} A '''vaginal yeast infection''' is an [[infection]] caused by too much growth of [[yeast]] in the [[vagina]]. This causes a [[Vaginal discharge|discharge]] and [[irritation]]. It is also called candidal '''vulvovaginitis''' and '''vaginal thrush'''. The fungus ''[[Candida albicans]]'' is a microscopic [[fungus]] that usually causes yeast infections. Sometimes a different type of fungus causes the infection.<ref name=":5" /> It can be a [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] though not all health care workers agree on this.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> Vaginal yeast infections are not common before a girl [[Menstruation|menstruates]] or after [[menopause]].<ref name=":3" /> It is often called candidiasis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-09-06|title=Candidiasis Basics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/about/index.html|access-date=2026-08-14|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection will not go away on its own.<ref name=":8" /> The vagina has a [[Vaginal flora|normal growth]] of [[bacteria]] and yeast. But when too much yeast grows, irritation usually happens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yeast infection (vaginal) - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref> Sometimes the [[medicine]] used to treat the infection stops working.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emerging Infectious Diseases journal|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/eid/article/10/1/03-0119_article|access-date=2024-12-22|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> There are times when the yeast grows in other areas of the body like the abdomen and the top of the [[mons pubis]].<ref name=":8" /> These infections are common, between 75 and 80 percent of women have at least one infection in their life, about 9% have four or more, per year.<ref name="Rosati">Diletta Rosati et al.: ''Lactic acid in the vaginal milieu modulates the Candida-host interaction.'' In: ''Virulence'', 2025, Volume 16, Nr 1 [[doi:10.1080/21505594.2025.2451165]].</ref> == Signs and symptoms == Sometimes an infection does not cause any symptoms.<ref>{{Citation|title=Overview: Vaginal yeast infection (thrush)|date=2026-02-09|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543220/|work=InformedHealth.org [Internet]|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|language=en|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A yeast infection is usually very uncomfortable. It can feel like burning. It causes itching and swelling.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infections|url=https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/vaginal-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-13|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}</ref> The infection can make tiny cracks in the skin of the vulva.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Cleveland Clinic - Vaginal Yeast Infection|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection can cause [[vaginal discharge]]. The vaginal discharge can be like water or it can be thick, white, and chunky. A woman may have painful sex. It may be painful to urinate.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001511.htm|access-date=2024-12-23|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection usually causes the vagina and [[vulva]] to become swollen, itchy and red.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vaginitis|url=https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html|access-date=2024-12-25|website=medlineplus.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Risk factors and causes == If the body has a weak [[immune system|immune system,]] this makes it more likely that a woman will get a vaginal yeast infection. Taking certain types of medicine like [[antibiotics]] increases the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection. Medications can be one risk factor of a vaginal yeast infection. These are antibiotics, [[steroids]], and [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Risk Factors for Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/risk-factors/index.html|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The risk is higher if a woman is [[Pregnancy|pregnant]].<ref name=":8" /> The risk is greater if a woman [[douches]] or uses spray in her vaginal area.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> Some health conditions make it likely to have a yeast infection. These are [[Type 2 diabetes|diabetes]], [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS,]] and [[cancer]]. If a woman is taking [[Birth control pill|birth control pills]], she is more likely to have a yeast infection. The risk of having a vagina yeast infection is increased if the woman has a weak [[immune system]].<ref name=":4" /> Taking [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]] is also a risk factor.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Vulvovaginal Candidiasis - STI Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm|access-date=2026-08-15|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonçalves|first=Bruna|last2=Ferreira|first2=Carina|last3=Alves|first3=Carlos Tiago|last4=Henriques|first4=Mariana|last5=Azeredo|first5=Joana|last6=Silva|first6=Sónia|date=2016-11|title=Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology|language=en|volume=42|issue=6|pages=905–927|doi=10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|issn=1040-841X}}</ref> Pregnancy is also a risk factor.<ref name=":3" /> In many cases, infections are caused by [[Candida albicans]]. This [[species]] is responsible for about nine out of every ten infections.<ref name="Felberbaum">Ricardo Enrique Felberbaum, Ulrich Gembruch, Franz Kainer, Wolfgang Janni, Olaf Ortmann, Katharina Hancke, Hans-Christian Kolberg: ''Facharztprüfung Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe: in Fällen, Fragen und Antworten''. 3. Auflage. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2020, ISBN 978-3-437-06258-2, S. 208.</ref> The other cases are caused by other species of yeast. In total, there are about ten species that cause infections.''Candida albicans'' is a common fungus often found in the mouth, [[digestive tract]], or vagina without causing adverse symptoms.<ref name=":7" /> == Treatment == To find out whether or not a woman has a vaginal yeast infection, a doctor may look through a microscope to see the yeast,<ref name=":6" /> There are different drugs that can be used for treatment. Treatment takes between a few days and about two weeks. Some drugs are taken by mouth, but some others come in the form of a cream or with medicine that is put inside the vagina. There are medicines that can be bought without a prescription.<ref name=":1" /> Medications used to treat a vaginal yeast infection are given in different forms. These medications are creams, pills, or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] (IV). Treatment is often a cream put in the vagina or a pill of [[fluconazole]]. Creams can be sold without a prescription. If the infection doesn't get better, the doctor will may try giving more doses of fluconazole. The doctor may prescribe other medications such as nystatin, boric acid, or flucytosine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2025-09-12|title=Treatment of Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/treatment/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Clotrimazole, Tioconazole, Butoconazole, and Miconazole are medicines that are sometimes used to treat vaginal yeast infections.<ref name=":6" /> A yeast infection may last just a few days if it is treated.<ref name=":8" /> Treatment for pregnant women can be different from non-pregnant women.<ref name=":6" /> == Prevention == Reducing the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection can be helped by wearing cotton underwear, wearing breathable clothing, and keeping the [[vulva]] dry and clean.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Preventing Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/prevention/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Avoiding unnecessary antibiotic medication can reduce vaginal yeast infections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-11|title=What Is a Yeast Infection? {{!}} Causes & Symptoms|url=https://mcn.care/what-is-a-yeast-infection/|access-date=2026-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Not douching will make it less likely to have the infection. Do not use sprays or deodorant. If a woman has diabetes, keeping blood sugar normal can help with prevention.<ref name=":2" /> If a woman has wet clothes, changing into dry clothes helps to prevent this infection.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2026-07-31|title=What doctors want patients to know about preventing yeast infections|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/public-health/prevention-wellness/what-doctors-want-patients-know-about-preventing-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-17|website=American Medical Association|language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == {{Commonscat}} * [[Vaginal flora]] * [[Candidiasis|Thrush]] * [[Candidiasis]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system]] [[Category:Fungal diseases]] [[Category:Women's health]] hp7t7koylgmh5rzdlcj1fv97ialdrk0 10966731 10966728 2026-08-18T16:03:27Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 added content 10966731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Vaginal yeast infection | synonyms = Candidal vulvovaginitis, vaginal thrush | image = Vaginal candidiasis, Gram stain.jpg | caption = [[Gram stain]] showing the spores and [[pseudohyphae]] of ''[[Candida albicans]]'' surrounded by round vaginal [[epithelial cells|skin cells]], in a case of candidal vulvovaginitis | field = [[Gynaecology]] | symptoms = Vaginal itching, [[Dysuria|burning with urination]], white and thick [[vaginal discharge]], pain with sex, redness around the vagina | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Excessive growth of ''[[Candida (fungus)|Candida]]'' | risks = [[Antibiotics]], [[pregnancy]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[HIV/AIDS]], weak [[immune system]] | diagnosis = Testing the vaginal discharge, microbial evaluation | differential = [[chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea infection|gonorrhea]], [[bacterial vaginosis]] | prevention = | treatment = [[Antifungal medication]] | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 75% of women at some point | deaths = }} A '''vaginal yeast infection''' is an [[infection]] caused by too much growth of [[yeast]] in the [[vagina]]. This causes a [[Vaginal discharge|discharge]] and [[irritation]]. It is also called candidal '''vulvovaginitis''' and '''vaginal thrush'''. The fungus ''[[Candida albicans]]'' is a microscopic [[fungus]] that usually causes yeast infections. Sometimes a different type of fungus causes the infection.<ref name=":5" /> It can be a [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] though not all health care workers agree on this.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> Vaginal yeast infections are not common before a girl [[Menstruation|menstruates]] or after [[menopause]].<ref name=":3" /> It is often called candidiasis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-09-06|title=Candidiasis Basics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/about/index.html|access-date=2026-08-14|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection will not go away on its own.<ref name=":8" /> The vagina has a [[Vaginal flora|normal growth]] of [[bacteria]] and yeast. But when too much yeast grows, irritation usually happens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yeast infection (vaginal) - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref> Sometimes the [[medicine]] used to treat the infection stops working.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emerging Infectious Diseases journal|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/eid/article/10/1/03-0119_article|access-date=2024-12-22|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> There are times when the yeast grows in other areas of the body like the abdomen and the top of the [[mons pubis]].<ref name=":8" /> These infections are common, between 75 and 80 percent of women have at least one infection in their life, about 9% have four or more, per year.<ref name="Rosati">Diletta Rosati et al.: ''Lactic acid in the vaginal milieu modulates the Candida-host interaction.'' In: ''Virulence'', 2025, Volume 16, Nr 1 [[doi:10.1080/21505594.2025.2451165]].</ref> == Signs and symptoms == Sometimes an infection does not cause any symptoms.<ref>{{Citation|title=Overview: Vaginal yeast infection (thrush)|date=2026-02-09|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543220/|work=InformedHealth.org [Internet]|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|language=en|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A yeast infection is usually very uncomfortable. It can feel like burning. It causes itching and swelling.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infections|url=https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/vaginal-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-13|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}</ref> The infection can make tiny cracks in the skin of the vulva.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Cleveland Clinic - Vaginal Yeast Infection|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection can cause [[vaginal discharge]]. The vaginal discharge can be like water or it can be thick, white, and chunky. A woman may have painful sex. It may be painful to urinate.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001511.htm|access-date=2024-12-23|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection usually causes the vagina and [[vulva]] to become swollen, itchy and red.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vaginitis|url=https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html|access-date=2024-12-25|website=medlineplus.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Risk factors and causes == If the body has a weak [[immune system|immune system,]] this makes it more likely that a woman will get a vaginal yeast infection. Taking certain types of medicine like [[antibiotics]] increases the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection. Medications can be one risk factor of a vaginal yeast infection. These are antibiotics, [[steroids]], and [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Risk Factors for Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/risk-factors/index.html|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The risk is higher if a woman is [[Pregnancy|pregnant]].<ref name=":8" /> The risk is greater if a woman [[douches]] or uses spray in her vaginal area.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> Some health conditions make it likely to have a yeast infection. These are [[Type 2 diabetes|diabetes]], [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS,]] and [[cancer]]. If a woman is taking [[Birth control pill|birth control pills]], she is more likely to have a yeast infection. The risk of having a vagina yeast infection is increased if the woman has a weak [[immune system]].<ref name=":4" /> Taking [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]] is also a risk factor.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Vulvovaginal Candidiasis - STI Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm|access-date=2026-08-15|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonçalves|first=Bruna|last2=Ferreira|first2=Carina|last3=Alves|first3=Carlos Tiago|last4=Henriques|first4=Mariana|last5=Azeredo|first5=Joana|last6=Silva|first6=Sónia|date=2016-11|title=Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology|language=en|volume=42|issue=6|pages=905–927|doi=10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|issn=1040-841X}}</ref> Pregnancy is also a risk factor.<ref name=":3" /> In many cases, infections are caused by [[Candida albicans]]. This [[species]] is responsible for about nine out of every ten infections.<ref name="Felberbaum">Ricardo Enrique Felberbaum, Ulrich Gembruch, Franz Kainer, Wolfgang Janni, Olaf Ortmann, Katharina Hancke, Hans-Christian Kolberg: ''Facharztprüfung Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe: in Fällen, Fragen und Antworten''. 3. Auflage. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2020, ISBN 978-3-437-06258-2, S. 208.</ref> The other cases are caused by other species of yeast. In total, there are about ten species that cause infections.''Candida albicans'' is a common fungus often found in the mouth, [[digestive tract]], or vagina without causing adverse symptoms.<ref name=":7" /> == Treatment == To find out whether or not a woman has a vaginal yeast infection, a doctor may look through a microscope to see the yeast,<ref name=":6" /> There are different drugs that can be used for treatment. Treatment takes between a few days and about two weeks. Some drugs are taken by mouth, but some others come in the form of a cream or with medicine that is put inside the vagina. There are medicines that can be bought without a prescription.<ref name=":1" /> Medications used to treat a vaginal yeast infection are given in different forms. These medications are creams, pills, or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] (IV). Treatment is often a cream put in the vagina or a pill of [[fluconazole]]. Creams can be sold without a prescription. If the infection doesn't get better, the doctor will may try giving more doses of fluconazole. The doctor may prescribe other medications such as nystatin, boric acid, or flucytosine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2025-09-12|title=Treatment of Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/treatment/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Clotrimazole, Tioconazole, Butoconazole, and Miconazole are medicines that are sometimes used to treat vaginal yeast infections.<ref name=":6" /> A yeast infection may last just a few days if it is treated.<ref name=":8" /> Treatment for pregnant women can be different from non-pregnant women.<ref name=":6" /> == Prevention == Reducing the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection can be helped by wearing cotton underwear, wearing breathable clothing, and keeping the [[vulva]] dry and clean.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Preventing Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/prevention/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Avoiding unnecessary antibiotic medication can reduce vaginal yeast infections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-11|title=What Is a Yeast Infection? {{!}} Causes & Symptoms|url=https://mcn.care/what-is-a-yeast-infection/|access-date=2026-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Not douching will make it less likely to have the infection. Do not use sprays or deodorant. If a woman has diabetes, keeping blood sugar normal can help with prevention.<ref name=":2" /> If a woman has wet clothes, changing into dry clothes helps to prevent this infection.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2026-07-31|title=What doctors want patients to know about preventing yeast infections|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/public-health/prevention-wellness/what-doctors-want-patients-know-about-preventing-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-17|website=American Medical Association|language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == {{Commonscat}} * [[Vaginal flora]] * [[Candidiasis|Thrush]] * [[Candidiasis]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system]] [[Category:Fungal diseases]] [[Category:Women's health]] n533usq8yuo3f7316fdt4pa8cifc6a0 10966740 10966731 2026-08-18T16:08:59Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 /* Signs and symptoms */ add content 10966740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Vaginal yeast infection | synonyms = Candidal vulvovaginitis, vaginal thrush | image = Vaginal candidiasis, Gram stain.jpg | caption = [[Gram stain]] showing the spores and [[pseudohyphae]] of ''[[Candida albicans]]'' surrounded by round vaginal [[epithelial cells|skin cells]], in a case of candidal vulvovaginitis | field = [[Gynaecology]] | symptoms = Vaginal itching, [[Dysuria|burning with urination]], white and thick [[vaginal discharge]], pain with sex, redness around the vagina | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Excessive growth of ''[[Candida (fungus)|Candida]]'' | risks = [[Antibiotics]], [[pregnancy]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[HIV/AIDS]], weak [[immune system]] | diagnosis = Testing the vaginal discharge, microbial evaluation | differential = [[chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea infection|gonorrhea]], [[bacterial vaginosis]] | prevention = | treatment = [[Antifungal medication]] | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 75% of women at some point | deaths = }} A '''vaginal yeast infection''' is an [[infection]] caused by too much growth of [[yeast]] in the [[vagina]]. This causes a [[Vaginal discharge|discharge]] and [[irritation]]. It is also called candidal '''vulvovaginitis''' and '''vaginal thrush'''. The fungus ''[[Candida albicans]]'' is a microscopic [[fungus]] that usually causes yeast infections. Sometimes a different type of fungus causes the infection.<ref name=":5" /> It can be a [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] though not all health care workers agree on this.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> Vaginal yeast infections are not common before a girl [[Menstruation|menstruates]] or after [[menopause]].<ref name=":3" /> It is often called candidiasis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-09-06|title=Candidiasis Basics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/about/index.html|access-date=2026-08-14|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection will not go away on its own.<ref name=":8" /> The vagina has a [[Vaginal flora|normal growth]] of [[bacteria]] and yeast. It is often found in small numbers in the mouth, digestive tract and on the skin.<ref name=":1" /> But when too much yeast grows, irritation usually happens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yeast infection (vaginal) - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref> Sometimes the [[medicine]] used to treat the infection stops working.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emerging Infectious Diseases journal|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/eid/article/10/1/03-0119_article|access-date=2024-12-22|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> There are times when the yeast grows in other areas of the body like the abdomen and the top of the [[mons pubis]].<ref name=":8" /> These infections are common, between 75 and 80 percent of women have at least one infection in their life, about 9% have four or more, per year.<ref name="Rosati">Diletta Rosati et al.: ''Lactic acid in the vaginal milieu modulates the Candida-host interaction.'' In: ''Virulence'', 2025, Volume 16, Nr 1 [[doi:10.1080/21505594.2025.2451165]].</ref> == Signs and symptoms == Sometimes an infection does not cause any symptoms.<ref>{{Citation|title=Overview: Vaginal yeast infection (thrush)|date=2026-02-09|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543220/|work=InformedHealth.org [Internet]|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|language=en|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A yeast infection is usually very uncomfortable. It can feel like burning. It causes itching and swelling.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infections|url=https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/vaginal-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-13|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}</ref> The infection can make tiny cracks in the skin of the vulva.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Cleveland Clinic - Vaginal Yeast Infection|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection can cause [[vaginal discharge]]. The vaginal discharge can be like water or it can be thick, white, and chunky. A woman may have painful sex. It may be painful to urinate.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001511.htm|access-date=2024-12-23|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection usually causes the vagina and [[vulva]] to become swollen, itchy and red.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vaginitis|url=https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html|access-date=2024-12-25|website=medlineplus.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Risk factors and causes == If the body has a weak [[immune system|immune system,]] this makes it more likely that a woman will get a vaginal yeast infection. Taking certain types of medicine like [[antibiotics]] increases the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection. Medications can be one risk factor of a vaginal yeast infection. These are antibiotics, [[steroids]], and [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Risk Factors for Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/risk-factors/index.html|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The risk is higher if a woman is [[Pregnancy|pregnant]].<ref name=":8" /> The risk is greater if a woman [[douches]] or uses spray in her vaginal area.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> Some health conditions make it likely to have a yeast infection. These are [[Type 2 diabetes|diabetes]], [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS,]] and [[cancer]]. If a woman is taking [[Birth control pill|birth control pills]], she is more likely to have a yeast infection. The risk of having a vagina yeast infection is increased if the woman has a weak [[immune system]].<ref name=":4" /> Taking [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]] is also a risk factor.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Vulvovaginal Candidiasis - STI Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm|access-date=2026-08-15|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonçalves|first=Bruna|last2=Ferreira|first2=Carina|last3=Alves|first3=Carlos Tiago|last4=Henriques|first4=Mariana|last5=Azeredo|first5=Joana|last6=Silva|first6=Sónia|date=2016-11|title=Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology|language=en|volume=42|issue=6|pages=905–927|doi=10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|issn=1040-841X}}</ref> Pregnancy is also a risk factor.<ref name=":3" /> In many cases, infections are caused by [[Candida albicans]]. This [[species]] is responsible for about nine out of every ten infections.<ref name="Felberbaum">Ricardo Enrique Felberbaum, Ulrich Gembruch, Franz Kainer, Wolfgang Janni, Olaf Ortmann, Katharina Hancke, Hans-Christian Kolberg: ''Facharztprüfung Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe: in Fällen, Fragen und Antworten''. 3. Auflage. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2020, ISBN 978-3-437-06258-2, S. 208.</ref> The other cases are caused by other species of yeast. In total, there are about ten species that cause infections.''Candida albicans'' is a common fungus often found in the mouth, [[digestive tract]], or vagina without causing adverse symptoms.<ref name=":7" /> == Treatment == To find out whether or not a woman has a vaginal yeast infection, a doctor may look through a microscope to see the yeast,<ref name=":6" /> There are different drugs that can be used for treatment. Treatment takes between a few days and about two weeks. Some drugs are taken by mouth, but some others come in the form of a cream or with medicine that is put inside the vagina. There are medicines that can be bought without a prescription.<ref name=":1" /> Medications used to treat a vaginal yeast infection are given in different forms. These medications are creams, pills, or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] (IV). Treatment is often a cream put in the vagina or a pill of [[fluconazole]]. Creams can be sold without a prescription. If the infection doesn't get better, the doctor will may try giving more doses of fluconazole. The doctor may prescribe other medications such as nystatin, boric acid, or flucytosine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2025-09-12|title=Treatment of Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/treatment/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Clotrimazole, Tioconazole, Butoconazole, and Miconazole are medicines that are sometimes used to treat vaginal yeast infections.<ref name=":6" /> A yeast infection may last just a few days if it is treated.<ref name=":8" /> Treatment for pregnant women can be different from non-pregnant women.<ref name=":6" /> == Prevention == Reducing the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection can be helped by wearing cotton underwear, wearing breathable clothing, and keeping the [[vulva]] dry and clean.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Preventing Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/prevention/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Avoiding unnecessary antibiotic medication can reduce vaginal yeast infections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-11|title=What Is a Yeast Infection? {{!}} Causes & Symptoms|url=https://mcn.care/what-is-a-yeast-infection/|access-date=2026-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Not douching will make it less likely to have the infection. Do not use sprays or deodorant. If a woman has diabetes, keeping blood sugar normal can help with prevention.<ref name=":2" /> If a woman has wet clothes, changing into dry clothes helps to prevent this infection.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2026-07-31|title=What doctors want patients to know about preventing yeast infections|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/public-health/prevention-wellness/what-doctors-want-patients-know-about-preventing-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-17|website=American Medical Association|language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == {{Commonscat}} * [[Vaginal flora]] * [[Candidiasis|Thrush]] * [[Candidiasis]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system]] [[Category:Fungal diseases]] [[Category:Women's health]] mhhi2sqpa86pxzuu92j0pmuz52y8cs4 10967005 10966740 2026-08-18T21:26:48Z Eptalon 2133 /* */ 10967005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Vaginal yeast infection | synonyms = Candidal vulvovaginitis, vaginal thrush | image = Vaginal candidiasis, Gram stain.jpg | caption = [[Gram stain]] showing the spores and [[pseudohyphae]] of ''[[Candida albicans]]'' surrounded by round vaginal [[epithelial cells|skin cells]], in a case of candidal vulvovaginitis | field = [[Gynaecology]] | symptoms = Vaginal itching, [[Dysuria|burning with urination]], white and thick [[vaginal discharge]], pain with sex, redness around the vagina | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Excessive growth of ''[[Candida (fungus)|Candida]]'' | risks = [[Antibiotics]], [[pregnancy]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[HIV/AIDS]], weak [[immune system]] | diagnosis = Testing the vaginal discharge, microbial evaluation | differential = [[chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea infection|gonorrhea]], [[bacterial vaginosis]] | prevention = | treatment = [[Antifungal medication]] | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 75% of women at some point | deaths = }} A '''vaginal yeast infection''' is an [[infection]] caused by too much growth of [[yeast]] in the [[vagina]]. This causes a [[Vaginal discharge|discharge]] and [[irritation]]. It is also called candidal '''vulvovaginitis''' and '''vaginal thrush'''. The fungus ''[[Candida albicans]]'' is a microscopic [[fungus]] that usually causes yeast infections. C. albicans is responsible for about nine out of every ten infections.<ref name="Felberbaum" / > Sometimes a different type of fungus causes the infection.<ref name=":5" /> It can be a [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] though not all health care workers agree on this.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> Vaginal yeast infections are not common before a girl [[Menstruation|menstruates]] or after [[menopause]].<ref name=":3" /> It is often called candidiasis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-09-06|title=Candidiasis Basics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/about/index.html|access-date=2026-08-14|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection will not go away on its own.<ref name=":8" /> The vagina has a [[Vaginal flora|normal growth]] of [[bacteria]] and yeast. It is often found in small numbers in the mouth, digestive tract and on the skin.<ref name=":1" /> But when too much yeast grows, irritation usually happens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yeast infection (vaginal) - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref> Sometimes the [[medicine]] used to treat the infection stops working.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emerging Infectious Diseases journal|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/eid/article/10/1/03-0119_article|access-date=2024-12-22|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> There are times when the yeast grows in other areas of the body like the abdomen and the top of the [[mons pubis]].<ref name=":8" /> These infections are common, between 75 and 80 percent of women have at least one infection in their life, about 9% have four or more, per year.<ref name="Rosati">Diletta Rosati et al.: ''Lactic acid in the vaginal milieu modulates the Candida-host interaction.'' In: ''Virulence'', 2025, Volume 16, Nr 1 [[doi:10.1080/21505594.2025.2451165]].</ref> == Signs and symptoms == Sometimes an infection does not cause any symptoms.<ref>{{Citation|title=Overview: Vaginal yeast infection (thrush)|date=2026-02-09|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543220/|work=InformedHealth.org [Internet]|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|language=en|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A yeast infection is usually very uncomfortable. It can feel like burning. It causes itching and swelling.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infections|url=https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/vaginal-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-13|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}</ref> The infection can make tiny cracks in the skin of the vulva.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Cleveland Clinic - Vaginal Yeast Infection|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection can cause [[vaginal discharge]]. The vaginal discharge can be like water or it can be thick, white, and chunky. A woman may have painful sex. It may be painful to urinate.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001511.htm|access-date=2024-12-23|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection usually causes the vagina and [[vulva]] to become swollen, itchy and red.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vaginitis|url=https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html|access-date=2024-12-25|website=medlineplus.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Risk factors and causes == If the body has a weak [[immune system|immune system,]] this makes it more likely that a woman will get a vaginal yeast infection. Taking certain types of medicine like [[antibiotics]] increases the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection. Medications can be one risk factor of a vaginal yeast infection. These are antibiotics, [[steroids]], and [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Risk Factors for Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/risk-factors/index.html|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The risk is higher if a woman is [[Pregnancy|pregnant]].<ref name=":8" /> The risk is greater if a woman [[douches]] or uses spray in her vaginal area.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> Some health conditions make it likely to have a yeast infection. These are [[Type 2 diabetes|diabetes]], [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS,]] and [[cancer]]. If a woman is taking [[Birth control pill|birth control pills]], she is more likely to have a yeast infection. The risk of having a vagina yeast infection is increased if the woman has a weak [[immune system]].<ref name=":4" /> Taking [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]] is also a risk factor.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Vulvovaginal Candidiasis - STI Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm|access-date=2026-08-15|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonçalves|first=Bruna|last2=Ferreira|first2=Carina|last3=Alves|first3=Carlos Tiago|last4=Henriques|first4=Mariana|last5=Azeredo|first5=Joana|last6=Silva|first6=Sónia|date=2016-11|title=Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology|language=en|volume=42|issue=6|pages=905–927|doi=10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|issn=1040-841X}}</ref> Pregnancy is also a risk factor.<ref name=":3" /> In many cases, infections are caused by [[Candida albicans]]. This [[species]] is responsible for about nine out of every ten infections.<ref name="Felberbaum">Ricardo Enrique Felberbaum, Ulrich Gembruch, Franz Kainer, Wolfgang Janni, Olaf Ortmann, Katharina Hancke, Hans-Christian Kolberg: ''Facharztprüfung Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe: in Fällen, Fragen und Antworten''. 3. Auflage. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2020, ISBN 978-3-437-06258-2, S. 208.</ref> The other cases are caused by other species of yeast. In total, there are about ten species that cause infections.''Candida albicans'' is a common fungus often found in the mouth, [[digestive tract]], or vagina without causing adverse symptoms.<ref name=":7" /> == Treatment == To find out whether or not a woman has a vaginal yeast infection, a doctor may look through a microscope to see the yeast,<ref name=":6" /> There are different drugs that can be used for treatment. Treatment takes between a few days and about two weeks. Some drugs are taken by mouth, but some others come in the form of a cream or with medicine that is put inside the vagina. There are medicines that can be bought without a prescription.<ref name=":1" /> Medications used to treat a vaginal yeast infection are given in different forms. These medications are creams, pills, or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] (IV). Treatment is often a cream put in the vagina or a pill of [[fluconazole]]. Creams can be sold without a prescription. If the infection doesn't get better, the doctor will may try giving more doses of fluconazole. The doctor may prescribe other medications such as nystatin, boric acid, or flucytosine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2025-09-12|title=Treatment of Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/treatment/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Clotrimazole, Tioconazole, Butoconazole, and Miconazole are medicines that are sometimes used to treat vaginal yeast infections.<ref name=":6" /> A yeast infection may last just a few days if it is treated.<ref name=":8" /> Treatment for pregnant women can be different from non-pregnant women.<ref name=":6" /> == Prevention == Reducing the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection can be helped by wearing cotton underwear, wearing breathable clothing, and keeping the [[vulva]] dry and clean.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Preventing Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/prevention/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Avoiding unnecessary antibiotic medication can reduce vaginal yeast infections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-11|title=What Is a Yeast Infection? {{!}} Causes & Symptoms|url=https://mcn.care/what-is-a-yeast-infection/|access-date=2026-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Not douching will make it less likely to have the infection. Do not use sprays or deodorant. If a woman has diabetes, keeping blood sugar normal can help with prevention.<ref name=":2" /> If a woman has wet clothes, changing into dry clothes helps to prevent this infection.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2026-07-31|title=What doctors want patients to know about preventing yeast infections|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/public-health/prevention-wellness/what-doctors-want-patients-know-about-preventing-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-17|website=American Medical Association|language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == {{Commonscat}} * [[Vaginal flora]] * [[Candidiasis|Thrush]] * [[Candidiasis]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system]] [[Category:Fungal diseases]] [[Category:Women's health]] jpwglffp75ylbqnr511lcpnq0jkrzfo 10967012 10967005 2026-08-18T21:42:48Z Eptalon 2133 /* */ 10967012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Vaginal yeast infection | synonyms = Candidal vulvovaginitis, vaginal thrush | image = Vaginal candidiasis, Gram stain.jpg | caption = [[Gram stain]] showing the spores and [[pseudohyphae]] of ''[[Candida albicans]]'' surrounded by round vaginal [[epithelial cells|skin cells]], in a case of candidal vulvovaginitis | field = [[Gynaecology]] | symptoms = Vaginal itching, [[Dysuria|burning with urination]], white and thick [[vaginal discharge]], pain with sex, redness around the vagina | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Excessive growth of ''[[Candida (fungus)|Candida]]'' | risks = [[Antibiotics]], [[pregnancy]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[HIV/AIDS]], weak [[immune system]] | diagnosis = Testing the vaginal discharge, microbial evaluation | differential = [[chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea infection|gonorrhea]], [[bacterial vaginosis]] | prevention = | treatment = [[Antifungal medication]] | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 75% of women at some point | deaths = }} A '''vaginal yeast infection''' is an [[infection]] caused by too much growth of [[yeast]] in the [[vagina]]. This causes a [[Vaginal discharge|discharge]] and [[irritation]]. It is also called candidal '''vulvovaginitis''' and '''vaginal thrush'''. The fungus ''[[Candida albicans]]'' is a microscopic [[fungus]] that usually causes yeast infections. It is responsible for about nine out of every ten infections.<ref name="Felberbaum" / > Sometimes a different type of fungus causes the infection.<ref name=":5" /> It can be a [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] though not all health care workers agree on this.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> Vaginal yeast infections are not common before a girl [[Menstruation|menstruates]] or after [[menopause]].<ref name=":3" /> It is often called candidiasis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-09-06|title=Candidiasis Basics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/about/index.html|access-date=2026-08-14|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection will not go away on its own.<ref name=":8" /> The vagina has a [[Vaginal flora|normal growth]] of [[bacteria]] and yeast. It is often found in small numbers in the mouth, digestive tract and on the skin.<ref name=":1" /> But when too much yeast grows, irritation usually happens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yeast infection (vaginal) - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref> Sometimes the [[medicine]] used to treat the infection stops working.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emerging Infectious Diseases journal|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/eid/article/10/1/03-0119_article|access-date=2024-12-22|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> There are times when the yeast grows in other areas of the body like the abdomen and the top of the [[mons pubis]].<ref name=":8" /> These infections are common, between 75 and 80 percent of women have at least one infection in their life, about 9% have four or more, per year.<ref name="Rosati">Diletta Rosati et al.: ''Lactic acid in the vaginal milieu modulates the Candida-host interaction.'' In: ''Virulence'', 2025, Volume 16, Nr 1 [[doi:10.1080/21505594.2025.2451165]].</ref> == Signs and symptoms == Sometimes an infection does not cause any symptoms.<ref>{{Citation|title=Overview: Vaginal yeast infection (thrush)|date=2026-02-09|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543220/|work=InformedHealth.org [Internet]|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|language=en|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A yeast infection is usually very uncomfortable. It can feel like burning. It causes itching and swelling.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infections|url=https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/vaginal-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-13|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}</ref> The infection can make tiny cracks in the skin of the vulva.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Cleveland Clinic - Vaginal Yeast Infection|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection can cause [[vaginal discharge]]. The vaginal discharge can be like water or it can be thick, white, and chunky. A woman may have painful sex. It may be painful to urinate.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001511.htm|access-date=2024-12-23|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection usually causes the vagina and [[vulva]] to become swollen, itchy and red.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vaginitis|url=https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html|access-date=2024-12-25|website=medlineplus.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Risk factors and causes == If the body has a weak [[immune system|immune system,]] this makes it more likely that a woman will get a vaginal yeast infection. Taking certain types of medicine like [[antibiotics]] increases the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection. Medications can be one risk factor of a vaginal yeast infection. These are antibiotics, [[steroids]], and [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Risk Factors for Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/risk-factors/index.html|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The risk is higher if a woman is [[Pregnancy|pregnant]].<ref name=":8" /> The risk is greater if a woman [[douches]] or uses spray in her vaginal area.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> Some health conditions make it likely to have a yeast infection. These are [[Type 2 diabetes|diabetes]], [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS,]] and [[cancer]]. If a woman is taking [[Birth control pill|birth control pills]], she is more likely to have a yeast infection. The risk of having a vagina yeast infection is increased if the woman has a weak [[immune system]].<ref name=":4" /> Taking [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]] is also a risk factor.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Vulvovaginal Candidiasis - STI Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm|access-date=2026-08-15|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonçalves|first=Bruna|last2=Ferreira|first2=Carina|last3=Alves|first3=Carlos Tiago|last4=Henriques|first4=Mariana|last5=Azeredo|first5=Joana|last6=Silva|first6=Sónia|date=2016-11|title=Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology|language=en|volume=42|issue=6|pages=905–927|doi=10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|issn=1040-841X}}</ref> Pregnancy is also a risk factor.<ref name=":3" /> In many cases, infections are caused by [[Candida albicans]]. This [[species]] is responsible for about nine out of every ten infections.<ref name="Felberbaum">Ricardo Enrique Felberbaum, Ulrich Gembruch, Franz Kainer, Wolfgang Janni, Olaf Ortmann, Katharina Hancke, Hans-Christian Kolberg: ''Facharztprüfung Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe: in Fällen, Fragen und Antworten''. 3. Auflage. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2020, ISBN 978-3-437-06258-2, S. 208.</ref> The other cases are caused by other species of yeast. In total, there are about ten species that cause infections.''Candida albicans'' is a common fungus often found in the mouth, [[digestive tract]], or vagina without causing adverse symptoms.<ref name=":7" /> == Treatment == To find out whether or not a woman has a vaginal yeast infection, a doctor may look through a microscope to see the yeast,<ref name=":6" /> There are different drugs that can be used for treatment. Treatment takes between a few days and about two weeks. Some drugs are taken by mouth, but some others come in the form of a cream or with medicine that is put inside the vagina. There are medicines that can be bought without a prescription.<ref name=":1" /> Medications used to treat a vaginal yeast infection are given in different forms. These medications are creams, pills, or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] (IV). Treatment is often a cream put in the vagina or a pill of [[fluconazole]]. Creams can be sold without a prescription. If the infection doesn't get better, the doctor will may try giving more doses of fluconazole. The doctor may prescribe other medications such as nystatin, boric acid, or flucytosine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2025-09-12|title=Treatment of Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/treatment/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Clotrimazole, Tioconazole, Butoconazole, and Miconazole are medicines that are sometimes used to treat vaginal yeast infections.<ref name=":6" /> A yeast infection may last just a few days if it is treated.<ref name=":8" /> Treatment for pregnant women can be different from non-pregnant women.<ref name=":6" /> == Prevention == Reducing the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection can be helped by wearing cotton underwear, wearing breathable clothing, and keeping the [[vulva]] dry and clean.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Preventing Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/prevention/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Avoiding unnecessary antibiotic medication can reduce vaginal yeast infections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-11|title=What Is a Yeast Infection? {{!}} Causes & Symptoms|url=https://mcn.care/what-is-a-yeast-infection/|access-date=2026-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Not douching will make it less likely to have the infection. Do not use sprays or deodorant. If a woman has diabetes, keeping blood sugar normal can help with prevention.<ref name=":2" /> If a woman has wet clothes, changing into dry clothes helps to prevent this infection.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2026-07-31|title=What doctors want patients to know about preventing yeast infections|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/public-health/prevention-wellness/what-doctors-want-patients-know-about-preventing-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-17|website=American Medical Association|language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == {{Commonscat}} * [[Vaginal flora]] * [[Candidiasis|Thrush]] * [[Candidiasis]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system]] [[Category:Fungal diseases]] [[Category:Women's health]] f1xxb6pkud713hcjsak5bgc6lljiwx5 0 1157326 10966712 10870588 2026-08-18T15:51:31Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Stephen Miran | image = Official portrait of Governor Stephen I. Miran HIGH RES miran stephen (54810191208) (cropped).jpg | caption = Official portrait, 2025 | office = Member of the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors]] | president = [[Donald Trump]] | status = | term_start = September 16, 2025 | term_end = May 22, 2026 | predecessor = [[Adriana Kugler]] | successor = [[Kevin Warsh]] | office1 = 32nd [[Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers]] | president1 = Donald Trump | term_start1 = March 13, 2025 | term_end1 = February 3, 2026{{efn|On leave: September 16, 2025 – February 3, 2026}} | predecessor1 = [[Jared Bernstein]] | successor1 = [[Christopher Phelan]] | birth_name = Stephen Ira Miran | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1983|6}} | birth_place = [[Pearl River, New York]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = | education = {{ubl |[[Boston University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) |[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}} | module = {{Infobox scientist | embed = yes | fields = [[Economics]]<br>[[Public policy]] | thesis_title = Essays on Household Saving Behavior and Fiscal Policy | thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/610795536/ | thesis_year = 2010 | doctoral_advisor = [[Martin Feldstein]]}} }} '''Stephen Ira Miran''' (born June 1983) is an American economist and politician who was a member of the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors]] from 2025 until 2026. He was the 32nd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] from 2025 until 2026. He was a senior strategist at Hudson Bay Capital Management.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ad535e72-e392-46fa-be90-8a41d43f8312 |title=Don't break the Treasury market while trying to save it |date=May 26, 2023 |last1=Miran |first1=Stephen |last2=Katz |first2=Dan |work=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref> In December 2024, President-elect [[Donald Trump]] named Miran as his nominee for Chairman of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]]. He was confirmed by the [[U.S. Senate]] in March 2025. A few months later, he was successfully nominated by President Trump to be a member of the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors]]. ==Early life== Miran graduated from [[Boston University]] in 2005. He studied economics, philosophy, and mathematics. He received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in economics from [[Harvard University]] in 2010. He was a student of [[Martin Feldstein]].<ref name="NYTimesAnnouncement">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/22/climate/trump-miran-council-of-economic-advisers.html |title=Trump Picks a Former Treasury Official as His Top Economist |date=December 22, 2024 |last=Friedman |first=Lisa |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref> ==Career== Miran was an advisor of economic policy for the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]] from 2020 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/hedge-fund-study-us-treasury-issuance-fuels-debate-2024-07-26/ |title=Hedge fund study on U.S. Treasury issuance fuels debate |date=July 26, 2024 |last=Barbuscia |first=Davide |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref> Miran is a senior strategist at Hudson Bay Capital Management.<ref name="NYTimesAnnouncement"/> He was a co-founder of the asset management firm Amberwave Partners. He was also an adjunct fellow at the Manhattan Institute. ==Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers== On December 22, 2024, President-elect [[Donald Trump]] picked Miran as his nominee for chairman of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-taps-ex-treasury-official-miran-chair-council-economic-advisers-2024-12-22/ |title=Trump taps ex-Treasury official Miran as chair of Council of Economic Advisers |date=December 22, 2024 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref> He was confirmed by the Senate for the office on March 12, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-taps-ex-treasury-official-miran-chair-council-economic-advisers-2024-12-22/ |title=Trump taps ex-Treasury official Miran as chair of Council of Economic Advisers |date=December 22, 2024 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref> He was confirmed in a 53-46 vote. ==Federal Reserve Board of Governors== On August 7, 2025, Trump named Miran as his nominee to replace [[Adriana Kugler]] as a member of the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-federal-reserve-miran-794df2cd9d33b327bf3b836a553dd5ef|title=Trump to nominate top economic aide Stephen Miran to Federal Reserve board|publisher=AP News|accessdate=August 13, 2025}}</ref> On September 15, he was confirmed by the [[United States Senate|Senate]] in a 48–47 vote and was sworn-in the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/15/business/stephen-miran-confirmed-fed.html|title=Senate Confirms Stephen Miran as Fed Governor|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 15, 2025|accessdate=September 17, 2025}}</ref> On March 4, 2026, Trump nominated [[Kevin Warsh]] to replace Miran. The Senate confirmed Warsh on May 12, 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/05/12/senate-warsh-fed-board-chair-trump-00915835#:~:text=Warsh%E2%80%99s%20joining%20the,to%20his%20seat.|title=Senate confirms Warsh for seat on Fed Board, clearing path to become chair|publisher=[[Politico]]|date=May 12, 2026|last=Sutton|first=Sam}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miran, Stephen}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American economists]] [[Category:Politicians from New York City]] [[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]] [[Category:United States Council of Economic Advisers]] [[Category:1983 births]] {{US-bio-stub}} {{Second Trump cabinet}} {{CEA Chairs}} h5tbf29a6b6e8z5r9zxhp1de1wgre6s 0 1161412 10966529 10963027 2026-08-18T12:04:24Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox network|network_name=PBS Kids Sprout|network_logo=[[File:PBS Kids Sprout.png|none|174px|PBS Kids Sprout logo]]|network_type=[[Cable television|Cable]] [[television channel]] and [[Video on demand|VOD service]]|country=[[United States]]|available=National|owner=[[Comcast]], [[HIT Entertainment]], [[PBS]], &amp; [[Sesame Workshop]]|keypeople=Sandy Wax (president)|launched=[[2005]]|past_names=(none)|website=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051024031843/http://www.sproutletsgrow.com/ www.sproutletsgrow.com]}}'''PBS Kids Sprout''' is a [[United States|U.S.]] [[digital cable]] [[television channel]], [[Video on demand|video-on-demand (VOD)]] service, and [[website]] providing [[PBS Kids]] content for [[preschool]]ers. Sprout launched initially as a VOD service on [[April 4]], [[2005]], and later as a broadcast channel replacing the PBS Kids Channel on [[DirecTV]] (as of [[September 26]], [[2005]]) and on digital cable (as of [[October 1]], [[2005]]). The PBS Kids Channel had been up and running for six years and was largely paid for by DirecTV, which decided not to renew its licensing deal. Its replacement Sprout, is a partnership owned by [[Comcast]] (40%), [[HIT Entertainment]] (30%), [[PBS]] (15%), and [[Sesame Workshop]] (15%). == PBS Kids Sprout Team Members == '''Kevin.''' Kevin, the daytime (and late night) host, is in charge of the Sprout Birthdays Department. He reads mailed-in birthday cards, recognizing the names of children celebrating birthdays, and leading the Sprout Birthdays Song. Children recognized on-air by Kevin receive a special bonus: Magic Sprouting Seeds. He and Melanie host together on the Christmas Show. '''Melaine.''' Melaine is the host of ''The Goodnight Show'', which begins every evening from 6:00pm ET (5:00pm CT). She plays games, tells stories, sings songs, dances, does crafts, and gives encouraging advice. Melanie's companion, Hush, is a goldfish whom she calls upon when it is time to introduce a show. Melaine is played by Melaine Martinez, a 1994 graduate of the Tisch Scholl of the Arts. She and Kevin host together on the Christmas Show. '''Barney.''' Barney is in the host of ''Thanksgiving on PBS Kids Sprout'': 6 full hours of ''Barney And Friends''. '''Big Bird and the Kids.''' Big Bird and the kids are host of ''Spring on PBS Kids Sprout'' == '''Shows currently on Sprout''' == # ''[[Angelina Ballerina]]'' # ''[[Berenstain Bears]]'' # ''[[Big Sister, Little Brother]]'' # ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' # ''[[Barney & Friends]] # ''[[Boohbah]]'' # ''[[Caillou]]'' # ''[[Dragon Tales]]'' # ''[[James the Cat]]'' # ''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]'' # ''[[Kipper (TV series)|Kipper]]'' # ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' # ''[[Pingu]]'' # ''[[Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat]]'' # ''[[Sesame Street]]'' # ''[[Teletubbies]]'' # ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'' # ''[[Zoboomafoo]]'' == Criticism and Complaints == When Sprout replaced the PBS Kids Channel, the change was met with some criticism and complaint: *The PBS Kids Channel had become part of many toddlers' routines, even bedtime routines, and affected parents and children resented having to change their routines. *Certain popular shows (e.g., Arthur, Clifford, Between the Lions) were not found on the new channel. *Some of the shows on Sprout last only 15 minutes; where PBS Kids Channel would air two 15-minute episodes back to back, Sprout broadcasts only one. This was seen as shortchanging viewers' expectations. *Kevin, and especially Melaine, were singled out for criticism, being called insulting to the viewer's intelligence and offputting. *Not least, the commercial business model of PBS Kids Sprout can be seen as breaking the PBS brand's core promise of not-commercial, public-interest broadcasting. == Other websites == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051024031843/http://www.sproutletsgrow.com/ Official Site] *[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A26669-2005Apr4.html?nav=rssbusiness Comcast, PBS Plan New Service] (Frank Ahrens, ''Washington Post'', [[April 5]], [[2005]]) *[http://www.tvweek.com/article.cms?articleId=29059 Saluting Sprout's Launch: PBS Sprouts a Kids Triumph]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Debra Kaufman, ''TelevisionWeek'', [[December 5]], [[2005]]) [[Category:PBS television network]] [[Category:Sesame Workshop]] j6frdt2eor5f4sojngelr7iwxt0olqc 0 1161854 10966836 10114114 2026-08-18T17:12:24Z Canadachick 1633172 10966836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Simon''' was an American Jewish [[comic book]] artist and [[Script (comic)|scriptwriter]]. Simon worked for [[Martin Goodman (publisher)|Martin Goodman]] at [[Timely Comics]]. Simon wrote [[Script (comic)|scripts]] for [[Superhero|superhero stories]] about characters like [[Human Torch (android)|The Human Torch]] and [[The Submariner]]. Simon and an artist named [[Jack Kirby]] created [[Captain America]] because they believed that [[Franklin Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] shouldn’t have been [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] in the [[Second World War]]. Simon and Kirby then left to work for [[DC Comics|Detective Comics]] and later joined the army to fight the [[Nazism|Nazis]] in the war. After the war was over, Simon and Kirby went back to working for DC. {{DEFAULTSORT:Simon, Joe}} [[Category:1913 births]] [[Category:2011 deaths]] [[Category:American comics artists]] [[Category:American comics writers]] [[Category:DC Comics]] [[Category:American Jews]] {{bio-stub}} pgi41m0uh9ul12nejufnvif80wuil37 0 1169533 10967164 10679261 2026-08-19T03:35:57Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox brand | | name = Ranz | image = | type = Automotive marque | currentowner =[[FAW Toyota|Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co., Ltd.]] | origin = China | discontinued = | introduced = {{start date and age|2013|02|18}}| | markets = China | previousowners = | trademarkregistrations = | ambassador = | tagline = | website = | module = {{Infobox Chinese |child = yes |t = |s = 朗世 |p = Lǎngshì |l = Bright life<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.carnewschina.com/2013/04/21/toyota-launches-the-ranz-brand-at-the-shanghai-auto-show/|title=Toyota launches the Ranz brand at the Shanghai Auto Show|access-date=21 April 2013|publisher=Car News China|date=21 April 2013|archive-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520090440/http://www.carnewschina.com/2013/04/21/toyota-launches-the-ranz-brand-at-the-shanghai-auto-show/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |w = |mi = |j = |y = |ci = |wuu = |order = st }} }} '''Ranz''' is a Chinese automobile brand owned by Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co, LTD. (A Sino-Japanese joint venture between [[FAW Group]] and [[Toyota]]) it makes electric cars. == History == The Ranz brand was launched in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 March 2013|title=Toyota Ranz concept to debut: Shanghai auto show 2013|publisher=China Daily|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-03/18/content_16316735.htm|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> the brand's name in Chinese is 朗世 (Lăngshì) that means "bright life" in english in April its first concept car was shown for the first time at the Shanghai Auto Show.<ref name="A">{{cite news|title=Ranz EC|publisher=China Auto Web|url=https://chinaautoweb.com/car-models/ranz-ev/|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> later in November 2014 it was launched at the Guangzhou Auto Show the Ranz EV.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 November 2014|title=Production-ready Corolla-based Ranz EV showcased in Guangzhou|website=Indian Autos Blog|url=http://indianautosblog.com/2014/11/ranz-ev-2014-guangzhou-auto-show-159212|access-date=13 November 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021007/http://indianautosblog.com/2014/11/ranz-ev-2014-guangzhou-auto-show-159212|url-status=dead}}</ref> which is based on the Ninth Generation [[Toyota Corolla]] has a range of 120 km (74 mi) and is exclusively sold in the Chinese market. == Models == * [[Ranz EV]] <gallery widths="200" heights="120"> File:Ranz E50 01 -- Auto Shanghai -- 2015-04-22.jpg|Ranz EV </gallery> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Automobile companies]] gkwt67ohzegqlg9y6msyoaklu76ekti 0 1170100 10966559 10966168 2026-08-18T13:07:47Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45034-13|~2026-45034-13]] ([[User talk:~2026-45034-13|talk]]) to last version by Mrmw 10787824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title = Marvel Rivals | image = Logo Marvel Rivals.svg | developer = [[NetEase Games]] | publisher = NetEase Games | engine = [[Unreal Engine 5]] | director = Guangyun Chen{{hair space}}{{efn|''Marvel Rivals'' director Guangyun Chen is also known by his nickname Guangguang.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Michael |first1=Cale |title=Marvel Rivals Wants Esports to 'Coexist' With Casual Play |url=https://www.si.com/esports/news/marvel-rivals-esports-plan |website=Esports Illustrated On SI |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210173827/https://www.si.com/esports/news/marvel-rivals-esports-plan |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cawley |first1=Sam |title=Marvel Rivals' game director breaks down success on smash-hit hero-shooter |url=https://www.gamingbible.com/news/platform/marvel-rivals-game-director-smashhit-heroshooter-399671-20241211 |website=GAMINGbible |date=11 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=dicefin>{{cite web |title=Congratulations to the 28th Annual #DICEAwards Finalists |url=https://www.interactive.org/awards/84Kd_28th_annual_dice_awards_finalists_revealed_8ufL.asp |website=Academy Of Interactive Arts & Sciences |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="gr19225"/> | producer = Weicong Wu{{hair space}}<ref name=dicefin/><ref name="gr19225">{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Catherine |title=Marvel Rivals developer confirms layoffs to a US-based design team, but insists "we are investing more, not less, into the evolution and growth of this game" |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/third-person-shooter/marvel-rivals-developer-confirms-layoffs-to-a-us-based-design-team-but-insists-we-are-investing-more-not-less-into-the-evolution-and-growth-of-this-game/ |website=GamesRadar+ |date=19 February 2025}}</ref> | designer = Aden{{hair space}}<ref name="EpicGamesBlog">{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Chris |date=2024-12-02 |title=How Marvel Rivals aims to deliver the best hero shooter in the multiverse |url=https://store.epicgames.com/en-US/news/how-marvel-rivals-aims-to-deliver-the-best-hero-shooter-in-the-multiverse |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[Epic Games]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br>Zhiyong{{hair space}}<ref name="EpicGamesBlog"/> | programmer = Fan Feng{{hair space}}<ref name=dicefin/> | writer = Jinghua Duan{{hair space}}<ref name="ComicCon">{{Cite web |last=Hashimoto |first=Marika |date=2024-07-29 |title=The Biggest Marvel News from San Diego Comic-Con 2024 |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/live-events/sdcc-2024-san-diego-comic-con-biggest-marvel-news-recap |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[Marvel Comics]] |language=en-US}}</ref> | artist = Dino Ma{{hair space}}<ref name=dicefin/><ref name="ComicCon"/> | composer = | platforms = [[PlayStation 5]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tailby |first=Stephen |date=2024-05-30 |title=Marvel Rivals Officially Confirmed for PS5, Closed Beta Test in July |url=https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2024/05/marvel-rivals-officially-confirmed-for-ps5-closed-beta-test-in-july |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Push Square |language=en-GB}}</ref><br>[[Windows]]<br>[[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doolan |first=Liam |date=2024-05-31 |title=New Free-To-Play PVP Shooter 'Marvel Rivals' Locks In Xbox Release |url=https://www.purexbox.com/news/2024/05/new-free-to-play-pvp-shooter-marvel-rivals-locks-in-xbox-release |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Pure Xbox |language=en-GB}}</ref> | genre = [[Hero shooter]] | released = December 6, 2024 | modes = [[Multiplayer]] }} '''''Marvel Rivals''''' is a free-to-play hero shooter by NetEase Games and Marvel Games, released on December 6, 2024, for PS5, Xbox Series X/S, and Windows. It features 35 [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] [[Marvel Comics|Comics]] characters and supports cross-play.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gilliam|first=Ryan|date=2024-12-13|title=Is there crossplay in Marvel Rivals?|url=https://www.polygon.com/marvel-rivals-guide/496672/crossplay-how-to-turn-off-ps5-xbox-pc|access-date=2025-02-19|website=Polygon|language=en-US}}</ref> == Playable characters == {{Col-begin|width=75%}} {{Col-break|width=25%}} '''Vanguards''' * [[Hulk|Bruce Banner / Hulk]] * [[Captain America]] * [[Doctor Strange]] * [[Groot]] * [[Magneto (Marvel Comics)|Magneto]] * [[Peni Parker]] * [[Thing (comics)|Thing]] * [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]] * [[Eddie Brock|Venom]] {{Col-break|width=50%}} {{Col-begin}} '''Duelists''' {{Col-break}} * [[Black Panther (character)|Black Panther]] * [[Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)|Black Widow]] * [[Hawkeye (Clint Barton)|Hawkeye]] * [[Hela (character)|Hela]] * [[Human Torch]] * [[Lin Lie|Iron Fist]] * [[Iron Man]] * [[Magik]] * [[Mister Fantastic]] * [[Moon Knight]] {{Col-break}} * [[Namor]] * [[Psylocke#Sai|Psylocke]] * [[Punisher]] * [[Scarlet Witch]] * [[Spider-Man]] * [[Squirrel Girl]] * [[Star-Lord]] * [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Storm]] * [[Bucky Barnes|Winter Soldier]] * [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]] {{Col-end}} {{Col-break|width=25%}} '''Strategists''' * [[Adam Warlock]] * [[Cloak and Dagger (characters)|Cloak & Dagger]] * [[Invisible Woman]] * [[Jeff the Land Shark]] * [[Loki (Marvel Comics)|Loki]] * [[Luna Snow]] * [[Mantis (Marvel Comics)|Mantis]] * [[Rocket Raccoon]] {{Col-end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Official website|https://www.marvelrivals.com/}} [[Category:2024 video games]] [[Category:Free-to-play video games]] [[Category:Hero shooters]] [[Category:Multiplayer video games]] [[Category:PlayStation 5 games]] [[Category:Third-person shooters]] [[Category:Video games based on Marvel Comics]] [[Category:Video games developed in China]] [[Category:Video games developed in the United States]] [[Category:Windows games]] [[Category:Xbox Series X and Series S games]] 9bk1at3ycovjcbopffdojtjm6zafbm6 0 1171749 10967112 10394167 2026-08-19T00:25:26Z ~2026-45302-20 1857726 10967112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | image = | alt = | caption = | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Zach Lipovsky]] * [[Adam Stein]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Guy Busick]] * Lori Evans Taylor }} | story = {{Plainlist| * [[Jon Watts]] * Guy Busick * Lori Evans Taylor }} | based_on = {{based on|Characters|[[Jeffrey Reddick]]}} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Craig Perry * Sheila Hanahan Taylor * Jon Watts * Dianne McGunigle * [[Toby Emmerich]] }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * Kaitlyn Santa Juana * Teo Briones * [[Richard Harmon]] * [[Owen Joyner|Owen Patrick Joyner]] * [[Rya Kihlstedt]] * Anna Lore * [[Brec Bassinger]] * [[Tony Todd]] }} | cinematography = [[Christian Sebaldt]] | editing = Sabrina Pitre | music = [[Tim Wynn]] | runtime = | country = United States | language = English | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[New Line Cinema]] * Practical Pictures * Freshman Year * Fireside Films }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2018|5|16}} | budget = | gross = }} '''''Final Destination Bloodlines''''' is an American [[supernatural]] [[horror movie]] directed by [[Zach Lipovsky]]. It is the sixth movie in the [[Final Destination|''Final Destination'' movie series]]. It stars Kaitlyn Santa Juana, Teo Briones, [[Richard Harmon]], [[Owen Joyner|Owen Patrick Joyner]], [[Rya Kihlstedt]], Anna Lore, [[Brec Bassinger]], and [[Tony Todd]]. The movie is about a college student experiencing an ongoing nightmare that predicts her family's death and returning home to find the person who can stop it. The movie was released in the United States by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] on May 16, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/12/final-destination-bloodlines-flowervale-street-animal-friends-release-dates-1236198323/|title=Warner Bros Dates 'Final Destination: Bloodlines', 'Animal Friends'; Pushes Anne Hathaway & Ewan McGregor Pic 'Flowervale Street' To 2026|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=December 9, 2024|access-date=December 9, 2024|archive-date=December 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209163721/https://deadline.com/2024/12/final-destination-bloodlines-flowervale-street-animal-friends-release-dates-1236198323/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:Final Destination movies]] [[Category:2020s horror movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] c5kc08not4kv5rz6mqa4y07ezahay5o 10967167 10967112 2026-08-19T03:38:17Z ~2026-45374-72 1857793 10967167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | image = | alt = | caption = | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Zach Lipovsky]] * [[Adam Stein]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Guy Busick]] * Lori Evans Taylor }} | story = {{Plainlist| * [[Jon Watts]] * Guy Busick * Lori Evans Taylor }} | based_on = {{based on|Characters|[[Jeffrey Reddick]]}} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Craig Perry * Sheila Hanahan Taylor * Jon Watts * Dianne McGunigle * [[Toby Emmerich]] }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * Kaitlyn Santa Juana * Teo Briones * [[Richard Harmon]] * [[Owen Joyner|Owen Patrick Joyner]] * [[Rya Kihlstedt]] * Anna Lore * [[Brec Bassinger]] * [[Tony Todd]] }} | cinematography = [[Christian Sebaldt]] | editing = Sabrina Pitre | music = [[Tim Wynn]] | runtime = | country = United States | language = English | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[New Line Cinema]] * Practical Pictures * Freshman Year * Fireside Films }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2018|5|16}} | budget = | gross = }} '''''Final Destination Bloodlines''''' is an American [[supernatural]] [[horror movie]] directed by [[Zach Lipovsky]]. It is the sixth movie in the [[Final Destination|''Final Destination'' movie series]]. It stars Kaitlyn Santa Juana, Teo Briones, [[Richard Harmon]], [[Owen Joyner|Owen Patrick Joyner]], [[Rya Kihlstedt]], Anna Lore, [[Brec Bassinger]], and [[Tony Todd]]. The movie is about a college student experiencing an ongoing nightmare that predicts her family's death and returning home to find the person who can stop it. The movie was released in the United States by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] on May 16, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/12/final-destination-bloodlines-flowervale-street-animal-friends-release-dates-1236198323/|title=Warner Bros Dates 'Final Destination: Bloodlines', 'Animal Friends'; Pushes Anne Hathaway & Ewan McGregor Pic 'Flowervale Street' To 2026|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=December 9, 2024|access-date=December 9, 2024|archive-date=December 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209163721/https://deadline.com/2024/12/final-destination-bloodlines-flowervale-street-animal-friends-release-dates-1236198323/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:Final Destination movies]] [[Category:2020s horror movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] sqcyarg3zo3qrh5wrmk9h4q3eg6lcoz 10967169 10967167 2026-08-19T03:46:27Z ~2026-45374-72 1857793 10967169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | image = | alt = | caption = | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Zach Lipovsky]] * [[Adam Stein]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Guy Busick]] * Lori Evans Taylor }} | story = {{Plainlist| * [[Jon Watts]] * Guy Busick * Lori Evans Taylor }} | based_on = {{based on|Characters|[[Jeffrey Reddick]]}} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Craig Perry * Sheila Hanahan Taylor * Jon Watts * Dianne McGunigle * [[Toby Emmerich]] }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * Kaitlyn Santa Juana * Teo Briones * [[Richard Harmon]] * [[Owen Joyner|Owen Patrick Joyner]] * [[Rya Kihlstedt]] * Anna Lore * [[Brec Bassinger]] * [[Tony Todd]] }} | cinematography = [[Christian Sebaldt]] | editing = Sabrina Pitre | music = [[Tim Wynn]] | runtime = | country = United States | language = English | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[New Line Cinema]] * Practical Pictures * Freshman Year * Fireside Films }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2025|5|16}} | budget = | gross = }} '''''Final Destination Bloodlines''''' is an American [[supernatural]] [[horror movie]] directed by [[Zach Lipovsky]]. It is the sixth movie in the [[Final Destination|''Final Destination'' movie series]]. It stars Kaitlyn Santa Juana, Teo Briones, [[Richard Harmon]], [[Owen Joyner|Owen Patrick Joyner]], [[Rya Kihlstedt]], Anna Lore, [[Brec Bassinger]], and [[Tony Todd]]. The movie is about a college student experiencing an ongoing nightmare that predicts her family's death and returning home to find the person who can stop it. The movie was released in the United States by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] on May 16, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/12/final-destination-bloodlines-flowervale-street-animal-friends-release-dates-1236198323/|title=Warner Bros Dates 'Final Destination: Bloodlines', 'Animal Friends'; Pushes Anne Hathaway & Ewan McGregor Pic 'Flowervale Street' To 2026|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=December 9, 2024|access-date=December 9, 2024|archive-date=December 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209163721/https://deadline.com/2024/12/final-destination-bloodlines-flowervale-street-animal-friends-release-dates-1236198323/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:Final Destination movies]] [[Category:2020s horror movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] 0c1ja6omx3610ulp0fahs03uuqf04cf 0 1172566 10966891 10483562 2026-08-18T17:39:29Z Canadachick 1633172 10966891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bryan Lee OMalley 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bryan Lee O' Malley in 2019]] '''Bryan Lee O'Malley''' (Born 1979) is a Canadian cartoonist from [[London, Ontario]] known for his graphic novel [[Scott Pilgrim]], adapted in the film ''[[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World]]''. He is also known as Kupek. {{DEFAULTSORT:O' Malley, Bryan Lee}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Canadian cartoonists]] [[Category:People from London, Ontario]] [[Category:Living people]] {{bio-stub}} fohd82ot1luicly9k4q8xqgs5biu5zn 0 1173222 10966835 10723246 2026-08-18T17:11:46Z Canadachick 1633172 10966835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{No sources|date=January 2026}} '''Skate''' (stylized "skate.") is a [[video game]] series developed by [[Electronic Arts]]. There are 4 games in the series, [[Skate (2007 video game)|''Skate'']], [[Skate It!|''Skate It!'']], [[Skate 2|''Skate 2'']], and [[Skate 3|''Skate 3'']]. There is one upcoming game, named skate. == Games == === Skate (2007) === ''Main Article: [[Skate (2007 video game)]]'' === Skate 2 (2009) === ''Main Article: [[Skate 2]]'' === Skate 3 (2010) === ''Main Article: [[Skate 3]]'' === Skate (2025) === ''Main Article: [[Skate (2025 video game)]]'' {{Video-game-stub}} [[Category:Skate (series)]] [[Category:Video game series]] [[Category:Electronic Arts]] [[Category:Sports video games]] oiilotw2idgsoh7uzo59xf0d78kjozv 0 1174736 10967077 10535401 2026-08-18T23:52:04Z ~2026-45349-94 1857711 10967077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Hey Diddle Diddle | cover = Hey.diddle.diddle.jpeg | alt = | caption = | type = [[Nursery rhyme]] |artist= | written = | published = {{circa}} 1765 |genre= | writer = Traditional | composer = | lyricist = }} "'''Hey Diddle Diddle'''" (also called "'''Hi Diddle Diddle'''", "'''The Cat and the Fiddle'''", or "'''The Cow Jumped Over the Moon'''") is an English [[nursery rhyme]]. It has a [[Roud Folk Song Index]] number of 19478.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S298441 | title=Roud Folksong Index S298441 Sing hey , diddle 'diddle, the cat and the fiddle | publisher=[[English Folk Dance and Song Society]] | work=[[Vaughan Williams Memorial Library]] | access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref> ==Lyrics== A version of the rhyme is:<!-- Do not modify the below text; it is a direct quote from the cited source. --> <poem style="margin-left: 1em;"> Hey diddle diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon; The little dog laughed To see such sport, And the dish ran away with the spoon.<ref name=Opie1997>{{cite book|author=I. Opie and P. Opie|author-link=Iona and Peter Opie|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|date= 1977|pages= 202|isbn=978-0-19-869111-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000opie/page/202/mode/2up}}</ref></poem> * The rhyme is the source of the English expression "[[:wikt:over the moon|over the Moon]]", meaning "delighted, thrilled, extremely happy". The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector [[James William Elliott]] in his ''National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs'' (1870). The word "sport" in the rhyme is sometimes replaced with "fun", "a sight", or "craft". == History == [[File:Hippodrome Theatre, New York City LCCN2003677449.jpg|thumb|A lamentable tragedy mixed ful of pleasant mirth, conteyning the life of [[Cambyses II|Cambises]] King of Percia.]] The rhyme may date back to at least the sixteenth century. Some references suggest it dates back in some form a thousand or more years: in early medieval illuminated manuscripts a cat playing a fiddle was a popular image. Lyrics as they were originally found in [[Thomas Preston (writer)|Thomas Preston]]'s play ''A lamentable tragedy mixed ful of pleasant mirth, conteyning the life of [[Cambyses II|Cambises]] King of Percia'', printed in 1569 that may refer to the rhyme: <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">They be at hand Sir with stick and fiddle; They can play a new dance called hey-diddle-diddle.</poem> [[File:Hey diddle diddle and Baby bunting pg 8.jpg|thumb|pg 1 of Hey diddle diddle and Baby bunting.]] Another possible reference is in [[Alexander Montgomerie]]'s ''The Cherry and the Slae'' from 1597: <blockquote><poem>But since you think't an easy thing To mount above the moon, Of your own fiddle take a spring And dance when you have done.</poem></blockquote> The name "Cat and the Fiddle" was [[pub names|a common name for inns]], including one known to have been at [[Old Change|Old Chaunge]], London by 1587. The earliest recorded version of the poem resembling the modern form was printed around 1765 in London in ''Mother Goose's Melody'' with the lyrics: <blockquote><poem>High diddle diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jump'd over the moon; The little dog laugh'd To see such craft, And the fork ran away with the spoon.</poem></blockquote> [[File:25 Hours After New - Flickr - makelessnoise.jpg|The cow who jumped over the moon.|thumb]] This is accompanied with the following commentary: <blockquote><poem>It must be a little dog that laugh'd, for a great dog would be ashamed to laugh at such nonsense.</poem></blockquote> ==In fiction== In [[L. Frank Baum]]'s "Mother Goose in Prose", the rhyme was written by a farm boy named Bobby who had just seen the cat running around with his fiddle clung to her tail, the cow jumping over the Moon's reflection in the waters of a brook, the dog running around and barking with excitement, and the dish and the spoon from his supper sliding into the brook. In [[P. L. Travers]]'s first ''[[Mary Poppins (book series)|Mary Poppins]]'' book, the titular character tells the children more about a cow they notice in the street, namely that she once jumped over the Moon to cure her dancing affliction, as advised by a king, who references an already-existing story of "the Cow Who Jumped over the Moon". In [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]’s ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', the rhyme is said to be a remnant of "[[The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late]]", a much longer narrative poem written by the character [[Bilbo Baggins]]. ==Meaning== The numerous theories seeking to explain the rhyme have been largely discredited. [[James Orchard Halliwell]]'s suggestion that it was a corruption of an ancient Greek chorus was probably passed to him as a hoax by [[George Burges]]. Another theory is that it comes from a low Dutch [[anti-clerical]] rhyme about priests demanding hard work. Other alleged bases for the rhyme include the Egyptian goddess [[Hathor]], the Hebrew [[The Exodus|Flight from Egypt]], or even the relationships of Elizabeth, [[Lady Katherine Grey]], with the Earls of [[Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford|Hertford]] and [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester|Leicester]]. The "cat and the fiddle" has also been tied to [[Catherine of Aragon]], [[Catherine I of Russia]], Canton de Fidèle, an alleged governor of [[Calais]], and the game of cat ([[trap-ball]]). An apparently modern theory is that it may refer to the [[constellation]]s of [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] the cat, [[Lyra]] the fiddle, [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] the cow, [[Canis Minor]] the little dog, and [[Ursa Major]] and [[Ursa Minor]] the Big and Little Dippers, which align with the Moon around the [[winter solstice]]. The profusion of unsupported explanations was satirised by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] in his fictional explanations of the poem "[[The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late]]" referenced above: {| class="wikitable" |+ First stanza of the Middle English "The Man in the Moon" |- ! [[Harley Lyrics|Harley MS no. 2253]] !! Translation |- | <poem>{{lang|enm|Mon in þe mone stond and strit; On is bot-forke is burþen he bereþ. Hit is muche wonder þat he n'adoun slyt— For doute leste he valle he shoddreþ ant shereþ When þe forst feseþ, muche chele he byd. Þe þornes beþ kene—is hattren totereþ. Nis no wyþt in þe world þat wont wen he syt, Ne (bote hit bue þe hegge) whet wedes he wereþ. }}</poem> | <poem>The Man in the moon stands and strides On his hay-fork his burden he bears. It is a great wonder that he does not slip down— For fear of falling he shudders and swerves! When the frost freezes, great cold he suffers. The thorns are sharp—his clothes [they] tear. There is no wight in the world that knows when he sits down, Nor (unless it is the hedgerow) what clothes he wears.</poem> |} Although there is some support for the trap-ball theory, scholarly commentators mostly conclude the rhyme is simply meant to be [[nonsense verse]], a type of [[literary nonsense]]. == Music == <score sound raw> \header { tagline = ##f } global = { \key f \major \time 6/8 } chordNames = { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"acoustic guitar (nylon)" \chordmode { \global f,2.\p | c,:7 | f, | c,:7 | bes, | f,4. d,:m | f, c,:7 | f,2 s4 \bar "|." } } melody = \relative c'' { \global \set Staff.midiInstrument = "vibraphone" \autoBeamOff a8 a a a bes c | g g g g f g | a4 a8 a bes c | g4.~ g8 r \bar"" \break a | bes bes bes bes (c) d | c4 a8 f g a | c,4 c8 c d e | f4.~ f8 r8 r \bar "|." } verse = \lyricmode { Hey! did -- dle, did -- dle, the cat and the fidd -- le, the cow jumped o -- ver the moon; the lit -- tle dog laughed to see such sport, and the dish ran af -- ter the spoon. } \score { << \new ChordNames \chordNames \melody \addlyrics { \verse } >> \layout { indent = 0 \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } \midi { \tempo 4=100 } } </score> == Adaptations == *1978 Soviet animated film "[[A Fantastic Tale]]" ({{lang-ru|Чудеса в решете}}) by [[Andrei Khrzhanovsky]], based on translation of [[Samuil Marshak]]. *[[J.R.R Tolkien]]'s first novel of the [[Lord of the Rings]] trilogy also contains an adaption which is sung by Frodo in the town of Bree: <poem>"So the cat on the fiddle played hey-diddle-diddle, a jig that would wake the dead; He squeaked and sawed and quickened the tune, While the landlord shook the Man in the Moon: 'It's after three!' he said. They rolled the Man slowly up the hill and bundled him into the Moon, While his horses galloped up in rear, And the cow came capering like a deer, and a dish ran up with the spoon. Now quicker the fiddle went deedle-dum-diddle; the dog began to roar, The cow and the horses stood on their heads; The guests all bounded from their beds and danced upon the floor. With a ping and a pang the fiddle-strings broke! the cow jumped over the Moon, And the little dog laughed to see such fun, And the Saturday dish went off at a run with the silver Sunday spoon."</poem> ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Nursery rhymes]] o4lcr46wlkl57urul3x1x7zh6awu6we 10967083 10967077 2026-08-19T00:08:47Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Reverted to revision 10535401 by Tanbiruzzaman: Text du. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Hey Diddle Diddle | cover = Hey Diddle Diddle 2 - WW Denslow - Project Gutenberg etext 18546.jpg | alt = | caption = Illustration by [[William Wallace Denslow]] | type = [[Nursery rhyme]] |artist= | written = | published = {{circa}} 1765 |genre= | writer = Traditional | composer = | lyricist = }} "'''Hey Diddle Diddle'''" (also called "'''Hi Diddle Diddle'''", "'''The Cat and the Fiddle'''", or "'''The Cow Jumped Over the Moon'''") is an English [[nursery rhyme]]. It has a [[Roud Folk Song Index]] number of 19478.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S298441 | title=Roud Folksong Index S298441 Sing hey , diddle 'diddle, the cat and the fiddle | publisher=[[English Folk Dance and Song Society]] | work=[[Vaughan Williams Memorial Library]] | access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref> ==Lyrics== A version of the rhyme is:<!-- Do not modify the below text; it is a direct quote from the cited source. --> <poem style="margin-left: 1em;"> Hey diddle diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon; The little dog laughed To see such sport, And the dish ran away with the spoon.<ref name=Opie1997>{{cite book|author=I. Opie and P. Opie|author-link=Iona and Peter Opie|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|date= 1977|pages= 202|isbn=978-0-19-869111-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000opie/page/202/mode/2up}}</ref></poem> * ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Nursery rhymes]] ost2wswk9ssjn8ws8pcx8r3f235faqp 0 1175579 10966669 10798275 2026-08-18T15:01:35Z ~2026-45198-26 1857467 /* History */ 10966669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Complex}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP | name = Three Arts Club of New York | nrhp_type = | image = Three Arts Club of New York Building.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = The Three Arts Club of New York City | location = 340 West 85th Street, [[New York City]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|47|19.3|N|73|58|47|W| region:US-IL|display= inline,title}} | locmapin = New York City#New York#USA | built = {{Start date| 1927}} | former_names = | alternate_names = | topped_out = | architect = George B. de Gersdorff | architecture = Colonial Revival | added = May 23, 2024 | area = less than one acre | mpsub = | refnum = 100010346<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list-2024-05-24.htm|title=Weekly List 2024 05 24|publisher=National Park Service |date=May 24, 2024|access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref> }} The '''Three Arts Club of New York''' was a [[New York City]] home and club for women in the "three arts" of [[music]], [[art]] and [[drama]]. The club was founded in 1902 by Jane Harris Hall. The building was designated as a [[landmarks|New York City Landmark]] on May 23, 2024. ==History== [[File:The Three Arts Club of New York City.png|thumb|left|The Three Arts Club of New York City in 1929]] The first Three Arts Club, established in 1902 by Jane Harris Hall, was a residential club for women students pursuing music, drama, and the fine arts. Once located at 325 West 56th Street, the club provided a supportive environment for aspiring artists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-three-arts-club/168158497/|title=Three Arts' Club New Home to be in Remodeled Elevator Apartment |publisher=The New York Times|place=New York, New York |date=November 28, 1909|page=22|access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-three-arts-club-beginni/43925800/|title=Three Arts Club |publisher=New-York Tribune|place=New York, New York |date=December 5, 1903|page=7|access-date=2025-03-16}}}</ref><ref name="Landmarks">{{cite web|url=https://www.landmarkwest.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Riverside-Ext-1.pdf |date=26 June 2012 |title=Riverside-West End Historic District Extension Designation Report|publisher=NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission|access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref> In 1927, [[architect]] George B. de Gersdorff designed a new eight-story building at 340 West 85th Street, featuring a large auditorium, a library, dining hall, and private rooms for up to 153 students. The new building replaced the club's previous six-story home on the same site. Among its notable residents was actress [[Ruth Gordon]].<ref name="Landmarks"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1927-11-13_77_25495/page/n239/mode/2up?q=%22The+Three+Arts+Club+of+New+York%22|title=Three Arts Club Entering New Home|work=The New York Times |place=New York, New York |date= November 13, 1927 |page=|access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref> The Three Arts Club featured a large auditorium named in honor of Emily V. Hammond and a library donated by Frederick Vanderbilt, dedicated to Louise Anthony Vanderbilt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.landmarkwest.org/building/340-west-85th-street-aka-336-340-west-85th-street/|title=340 West 85th Street|work=Landmark West!|access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> The Three Arts Club inspired similar organizations across the country, including the [[Three Arts Club of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-three-arts-club/168165679/|title=Entertainment To Found Fund of New Three Arts Club Home |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune |place=Chicago, Illinois |date= January 14, 1912 |page=65|access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref> In 1953, the building became the Brandon Residence for Women, a 124-room boarding house for students and working professionals. In 2017, Volunteers of America sold the nine-story property to the West Side Federation for Senior and Supportive Housing, which now operates it as supportive housing for 125 formerly homeless seniors in single-room-occupancy units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2024/03/21/historic-uws-club-for-women-artists-nominated-for-national-register-of-historic-places|title=Historic UWS Club for Women Artists Nominated For National Register of Historic Places|date=March 21, 2024|access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{commonscat inline| Three Arts Club of New York| Three Arts Club of New York}} {{US-stub}} [[Category:Landmarks in Chicago|*]] s7sc5rozf8qy1ieei0ff1y0jly0ncx4 2 1176045 10966699 10462761 2026-08-18T15:42:41Z Wikipedian2025 1593189 /* Userboxes */ 10966699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Autoconfirmed topicon}} {{HotCat topicon}} <div style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ddd; -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); -moz-border-radius: 7px; -webkit-border-radius: 7px; border-radius: 7px; background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #fff 75%, #f9f9f9 100%); background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(75%,#fff), color-stop(100%,#f9f9f9)); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #fff 75%,#f9f9f9 100%); background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #fff 75%,#f9f9f9 100%); background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #fff 75%,#f9f9f9 100%); background: linear-gradient(top, #fff 75%,#fff 100%); height:auto; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-bottom:5px; padding-top:5px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; margin-bottom:6px;">{{Userpageblue&round}} Hello, I'm Wikipedian2025. Welcome to my user page! I'm just a guy who likes Wikipedia and the projects of the Wikimedia Foundation. <center>[[File:Wikipedia logo puzzle globe spins horizontally and vertically, revealing the contents of all of its puzzle pieces, without background.gif|200px]]</center> == Articles that i made == Here's some articles that i made, in reality i made a lot of articles, here's some interesting ones that i made: * [[PSR B1620-26]], created: March 18, 2025, a binary star system * [[PSR B1620-26 b]], created: March 18, 2025, a extrasolar planet. * [[Gliese 581 g]], created: March 18, 2025, a disproven exoplanet * [[Euclid (spacecraft)]], created: March 21, 2025 , a space telescope * [[LISA Pathfinder]], created: a European Space Agency mission that was launched in 2015 * [[Laser Interferometer Space Antenna]], created: March 21, 2025, a planned space gravitational-wave space observatory. * [[Europa Clipper]], created: March 21, 2025, a NASA mission that is on it's way to Jupiter. * [[541132 Leleākūhonua]], created: March 23, 2025, a trans-Neptunian object and a sednoid * [[Wikifunctions]], created: March 24, 2025 ,a free library of computer functions For a full list of articles that i created, you can go to [[User:Wikipedian2025/Articles that i made|this user subpage]] == My Goal == I want the Simple English Wikipedia to reach 300,000 articles == My impact on Wikipedia == {{Special:Impact/Wikipedian2025}} == Userboxes == {{Userboxtop|Wikipedia related|}} {{User_Wikipedia/Autoconfirmed}} {{User:Claimgoal/User notadmin}} {{Userboxbottom}} {{Userboxtop|User pages|}} {{Template:User English Wikipedia|Wikipedian2025}} {{User Simple Wiktionary|Wikipedian2025}} {{User Commons|Wikipedian2025}} {{Userboxbottom}} 2zc3p9udqvgs2wa3c0pzkdx4rv9mr0h 3 1179191 10966564 10963139 2026-08-18T13:17:19Z MediaWiki message delivery 337219 /* Growth/Newsletters/36 */ new section 10966564 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Mickie-Mickie! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Mickie-Mickie|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Davey2010|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:57, 3 April 2025 (UTC) <inputbox> type=create buttonlabel=lenn width=40 break=no default=Help: </inputbox> == "Bogus" == "[https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_rights&diff=prev&oldid=10168376 Bogus]" was referring to the file options you included which aren't valid parameters .... I wasn't calling your edits bogus - just stating what I'm doing which in layman's terms was removing incorrect parameters (this should've been obvious by the edits I had made!), I did indeed label your second insertion of the image on another page as "trolling" because I incorrectly assumed that you were simply spamming the image on random articles, I was indeed wrong to label your edit as trolling and I apologise for that. Lastly, you state in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mickie-Mickie&diff=prev&oldid=10168425 your edit summary] "{{xt|''replacing uncultivated personal insults (by calling "bogus"x2 and "trolling" for no reason) '''in arrogance for the fourth time''', as now direct on personal page!''}}" (emphasis mine) - I can be a knob at times I won't deny you that but I fail to see where I've been arrogant with you and correct me if I'm wrong but we've never interacted before ?.... If we have history I've long long forgotten.... Your [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mickie-Mickie&diff=prev&oldid=10168425 reversion edit summary] has baffled me but nonetheless I'd rather we all get on as we're both here to expand and improve the Encyclopedia for our readers, Anyway I apologise for labelling your edits as trolling, Anyway welcome to the Simple English Wikipedia, Happy editing Mickie-Micki, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:57, 3 April 2025 (UTC) == Weird question here... == Hello. You made an edit to [[Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2254]] back in July and I just noticed it. I'm not saying that you shouldn't have edited it or anything like that but I'm just curious as to how you came across that article because I was not expecting anyone to edit there in at least like 3 years. [[User:Ivebeenhacked|Ivebeenhacked]] ([[User talk:Ivebeenhacked|talk]]) 20:44, 1 October 2025 (UTC) :Good afternoon, Ivebeenhacked, :It was a totally random occasion when I was just checking some very minor trifles on over 1000 articles cross the platform. I also did the same checks on other projects such as Wikibooks, Wikivoyage... and notice that some other editors were performing the service routinely too. Your article is well organized with concise details, and every part of contents is in order, perfect for the Simple English Wikipedia. I truly appreciate your excellent work. Sincerely yours, [[User:Mickie-Mickie|Mickie-Mickie]] ([[User talk:Mickie-Mickie#top|talk]]) 21:26, 1 October 2025 (UTC) == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Growth/Newsletters/36 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Recent releases === ====Account creation experiments==== Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results. * An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]]) * A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) *A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]] *We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a "reveal password" option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase). ====Revise Tone structured task==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone. In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis. ====Automated mentor list cleanup==== Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees). Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active. We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]]. ====Growth features for Wikidata==== Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel. === Work in progress === [[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]] ====Home==== The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage. Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment. === Research === The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community: * [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:17, 18 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=30870183 --> 513zqs6abzabz2hz071gr3fkplp3e4v 0 1179208 10966788 10754053 2026-08-18T16:52:46Z Canadachick 1633172 10966788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{No sources|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Vistula-Oder offensive | place = [[Nazi Germany|German]] occupied [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] | partof = The [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of the [[European theatre of World War II]] | image = Easterneurope10.jpg | caption = Map of the Vistula-Oder offensive | date = 12 January - 2 February 1945 | result = [[Soviet]] and [[Polish People's Army|Polish]] victory | combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} *{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}} [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Hungary]]{{refn|A single battalion of officer cadets formed part of ''Kampfgruppe Uhlig''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Zgoda |first=Tomasz |title=The battle for Festung Posen, 1945 |work=After The Battle |issue=188 |date=2020 |page=5}}</ref>}} | combatant2 = {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} *{{flagicon|Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland|state}} [[Polish People's Army|Poland]] | commander1 = {{Flag icon|Nazi Germany}} [[Ferdinand Schörner]] ([[Army Group A]])<br />{{small|(From 20 January)}}<br />{{Flag icon|Nazi Germany}} [[Josef Harpe]] ([[Army Group A]])<br />{{small|(Until 20 January)}} | commander2 = {{Flag icon|USSR|1936}} [[Georgy Zhukov]] ([[1st Belorussian Front]])<br />{{Flag icon|USSR|1936}} [[Ivan Konev]] ([[1st Ukrainian Front]])<br />{{Flag icon|Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland|state}} [[Stanislav Poplavsky]] ([[First Polish Army (1944–1945)|1st Polish Army]]) }} The '''Vistula-Oder offensive''', was an operation by the [[Red Army]] of the [[Soviet Union]] against the [[Wehrmacht]] of [[Nazi Germany]] that happened on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of the [[European theatre of World War II]] and took place from 12 January - 2 February 1945. The operation liberated city’s like [[Kraków]], [[Warsaw]] (the capital city of [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] that saw the [[Warsaw Uprising]] a few months earlier and was later liberated by the [[First Polish Army (1944–1945)|First Army]] of the [[Polish People's Army]]), and [[Poznań]]. The operation also liberated [[Nazi concentration camp|Nazi concentration camps]] like [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] and also destroyed the [[General Government]] in Poland. At the start of the operation, the soviet and Polish forces were at the [[Vistula|Vistula river]]. By the end of the operation, the soviet and polish forces were at the [[Oder|Oder river]] and closer to the German capital city [[Berlin]]. The [[Battle of Berlin|final advance to Berlin]] wouldn’t happen until 16 April and would end with its capture on 2 May {{Military-stub}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:20th-century conflicts]] [[Category:Soviet Union]] [[Category:Nazi Germany]] [[Category:Kraków]] [[Category:History of Warsaw]] 66p4e3gh2echowo9djt7sp5i57mc7fu 0 1180645 10967161 10960004 2026-08-19T03:27:36Z ~2026-41688-58 1844999 /* Timeline of cast members */ 10967161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = Titled card for the seventh season | genre = [[Reality television]] | creator = * Natalie Nunn * Tanisha Thomas | inspired_by = “[[Bad Girls Club]]” | theme_music_composer = Matt Cash | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 175 | list_episodes = List of Baddies episodes | executive_producer = * Lemuel Plummer * Jason L. Tolbert * Tanisha Thomas * Darryl Farmer * LJ Plummer * Ray J * Princess Love * Mark Sheibal * Natalie Nunn * Tommie Lee | location = * Atlanta (season 1) * South (season 2) * West (season 3) * East (season 4) * Caribbean (season 5) * Midwest (season 6) * Africa (season 7) * USA (season 8-9) | camera = Multi-camera | runtime = 40-54 minutes | network = [[Zeus Network]] | first_aired = May 16, 2021 | last_aired = present | related = Bad Boys (TV series) }} '''''Baddies''''' is an American [[reality television]] series that premiered on May 16, 2021, on the Zeus Network. It is a [[spiritual successor]] to the former [[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]] series ''[[The Bad Girls Club|Bad Girls Club]]'' that aired on from 2006 to 2017. == Timeline of cast members == {| class="wikitable" |+Main cast members ! rowspan="2" |Cast member ! colspan="9" |Seasons |- !''[[Baddies season 1|ATL]]'' !''[[Baddies season 2|South]]'' !''[[Baddies season 3|West]]'' !''[[Baddies season 4|East]]'' !''[[Baddies season 5|Caribbean]]'' !''[[Baddies season 6|Midwest]]'' !''[[Baddies season 7|Africa]]'' !''[[Baddies season 8|USA Chapter One]]'' !''[[Baddies season 9|USA Chapter Two]]'' |- |Natalie Nunn | colspan="9" |Main |- |Sidney Starr |Main |Recurring | |Guest | |Guest | colspan="3" | |- |Christina Salgado |Main |Recurring | colspan="7" | |- |Sarah Oliver |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Recurring | |- |Janelle Shanks |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Main | |- |Judi Jai |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Seven Craft |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |[[Tanisha Thomas]] |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Gia Mayham | | colspan="8" |Main |- |Scotlynd Ryan | | colspan="7" |Main |Guest |- |Jelaminah Lanier | |Main |''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Chrisean Malone | | colspan="3" |Main | |Recurring | |Main | |- |Sashanna McLaurin | |Main | colspan="2" | |Guest |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Briana Walker | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="4" | |Recurring | |- |Elliadria Griffin | |Main | colspan="5" | |Recurring |Main |- |Anne Moore | |Main | colspan="7" | |- |Damerlin Baez | colspan="2" | | colspan="4" |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="2" |Main |- |Tommie Lee | colspan="2" | |Main | | colspan="3" |Recurring |Main |Recurring |- |Suzanne “Stunna Girl” Brown | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Recurring | |Recurring |- |Cleo Rahman | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring |Guest | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Catya Washington | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Loren Jordan | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Monique “Razor” Samuels | colspan="2" | |Main | colspan="6" | |- |Ahna Mac | colspan="3" | | colspan="5" |Main | |- |Kendra Lewis | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Latifa Malone | colspan="3" | | colspan="3" |Main | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Mariahlynn | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | ''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Destiny “Sukihana” Henderson | colspan="2" | |''Judge'' |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Etheria Ruffin | colspan="3" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Main |- |JaKeita Days | colspan="3" | |Main |Guest | colspan="4" | |- |Tamera Kissen | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Woah Vicky | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Michele “Siya” Sherman | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Krystal Borrego | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Camilla Poindexter | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Recurring |- |Sydonie Person | colspan="4" | | colspan="3" |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Tatyana Williams | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main |Guest | colspan="2" |Main |- |Shameika Brailsford | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main | |- |Dayjia Blackwood | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Misharron Allen | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Bianca Dupree | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Johnece Miller | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Tyrrion “Slim2bad” Turner | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Fredia “Its Dia” Major | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Gretchen Cotto | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Keva Donaldson | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |JeLisa Morris | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Lajerrika Welch | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Ivori Minor | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main |- |Paula McEwen | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Summer Thomas | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Aneshia “Badd Dolly” Sibley | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Alexis Radcliff | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Valerie “Akbar V” Raven | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jaidyn Alexis | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jazmin Re’Nae | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Raven “Yoshi Banks” Mitchell | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Emma Alayo | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jeffania “Fania” Cherry | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Javen Kold Killa” Starghill | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Tavii Babii | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Elsie Kay | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Briana “Russian Kream” Bass | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Kamae “Kay Rixan” Bunch | colspan="6" | |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Abidemi “Choco Brown” Bolanle | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Amber Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Latina Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Ariel “DJ Ari” Thomas | colspan="3" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Johnell “Ciroc Galore” Hickman | colspan="7" | |Recurring |Main |- |Daze “Daisy Dukes” Smith | colspan="7" | |Guest |Main |- |Bahati Hassani | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Tierrinie “Tee-Tee” Favors | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Dru Emery “Hurricane Em” Smith | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Latasha “Wet-Wet” Smith | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main |- |Amber “Amber Ali” Ward | colspan="4" | |Contestant | |Contestant | |Main |- |Shaniqua “ShowGirlNeek” Hood | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Kaniyah “Miss Kaniyah” Whipple | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Jeanette “Egypt” Moore | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Shamisha “Pressure” Adams | colspan="6" | |Contestant | |Main |- |Ivy “Oxy Pirl Oakley | colspan="5" | |Contestant | colspan="2" | |Main |- |Alexus “Lexi Gold” Dorsey | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main |- |Erica “Envy Erica” Scott | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Sharon “Shay Destiny” Carr | colspan="5" | |Contestant | colspan="2" | |Main |- | colspan="10" |'''Supporting cast members''' |- |Mehgan James |Recurring | colspan="8" | |- |Janet Guzman | colspan="3" | |Recurring | colspan="5" | |- |Marchinee Lewis | colspan="2" | |Contestant |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |[[Aubrey O'Day|Aubrey O’Day]] | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannon Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannade Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Wendy Cabrera | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Heaven Marina | colspan="2" | |Contestant | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Melanie Fox | colspan="5" | |Recurring | colspan="3" | |- |Marissa Da’Nae | colspan="6" | |Recurring | colspan="2" | |- |Victoria “Bro Rilla” Woods | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Yaritza “DJ Blue Diamond” Attias | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Dolly “Pretty Dolly” Santiago | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Antrivia “Mz. Treve” Smith | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Big On Lori | colspan="8" | |Recurring |} abybrr9ndds976fq3bhjc4t07n88cyy 10967162 10967161 2026-08-19T03:27:59Z ~2026-41688-58 1844999 10967162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = Titled card for the seventh season | genre = [[Reality television]] | creator = * Natalie Nunn * Tanisha Thomas | inspired_by = “[[Bad Girls Club]]” | theme_music_composer = Matt Cash | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 177 | list_episodes = List of Baddies episodes | executive_producer = * Lemuel Plummer * Jason L. Tolbert * Tanisha Thomas * Darryl Farmer * LJ Plummer * Ray J * Princess Love * Mark Sheibal * Natalie Nunn * Tommie Lee | location = * Atlanta (season 1) * South (season 2) * West (season 3) * East (season 4) * Caribbean (season 5) * Midwest (season 6) * Africa (season 7) * USA (season 8-9) | camera = Multi-camera | runtime = 40-54 minutes | network = [[Zeus Network]] | first_aired = May 16, 2021 | last_aired = present | related = Bad Boys (TV series) }} '''''Baddies''''' is an American [[reality television]] series that premiered on May 16, 2021, on the Zeus Network. It is a [[spiritual successor]] to the former [[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]] series ''[[The Bad Girls Club|Bad Girls Club]]'' that aired on from 2006 to 2017. == Timeline of cast members == {| class="wikitable" |+Main cast members ! rowspan="2" |Cast member ! colspan="9" |Seasons |- !''[[Baddies season 1|ATL]]'' !''[[Baddies season 2|South]]'' !''[[Baddies season 3|West]]'' !''[[Baddies season 4|East]]'' !''[[Baddies season 5|Caribbean]]'' !''[[Baddies season 6|Midwest]]'' !''[[Baddies season 7|Africa]]'' !''[[Baddies season 8|USA Chapter One]]'' !''[[Baddies season 9|USA Chapter Two]]'' |- |Natalie Nunn | colspan="9" |Main |- |Sidney Starr |Main |Recurring | |Guest | |Guest | colspan="3" | |- |Christina Salgado |Main |Recurring | colspan="7" | |- |Sarah Oliver |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Recurring | |- |Janelle Shanks |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Main | |- |Judi Jai |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Seven Craft |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |[[Tanisha Thomas]] |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Gia Mayham | | colspan="8" |Main |- |Scotlynd Ryan | | colspan="7" |Main |Guest |- |Jelaminah Lanier | |Main |''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Chrisean Malone | | colspan="3" |Main | |Recurring | |Main | |- |Sashanna McLaurin | |Main | colspan="2" | |Guest |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Briana Walker | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="4" | |Recurring | |- |Elliadria Griffin | |Main | colspan="5" | |Recurring |Main |- |Anne Moore | |Main | colspan="7" | |- |Damerlin Baez | colspan="2" | | colspan="4" |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="2" |Main |- |Tommie Lee | colspan="2" | |Main | | colspan="3" |Recurring |Main |Recurring |- |Suzanne “Stunna Girl” Brown | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Recurring | |Recurring |- |Cleo Rahman | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring |Guest | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Catya Washington | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Loren Jordan | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Monique “Razor” Samuels | colspan="2" | |Main | colspan="6" | |- |Ahna Mac | colspan="3" | | colspan="5" |Main | |- |Kendra Lewis | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Latifa Malone | colspan="3" | | colspan="3" |Main | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Mariahlynn | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | ''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Destiny “Sukihana” Henderson | colspan="2" | |''Judge'' |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Etheria Ruffin | colspan="3" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Main |- |JaKeita Days | colspan="3" | |Main |Guest | colspan="4" | |- |Tamera Kissen | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Woah Vicky | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Michele “Siya” Sherman | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Krystal Borrego | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Camilla Poindexter | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Recurring |- |Sydonie Person | colspan="4" | | colspan="3" |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Tatyana Williams | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main |Guest | colspan="2" |Main |- |Shameika Brailsford | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main | |- |Dayjia Blackwood | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Misharron Allen | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Bianca Dupree | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Johnece Miller | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Tyrrion “Slim2bad” Turner | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Fredia “Its Dia” Major | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Gretchen Cotto | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Keva Donaldson | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |JeLisa Morris | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Lajerrika Welch | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Ivori Minor | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main |- |Paula McEwen | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Summer Thomas | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Aneshia “Badd Dolly” Sibley | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Alexis Radcliff | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Valerie “Akbar V” Raven | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jaidyn Alexis | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jazmin Re’Nae | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Raven “Yoshi Banks” Mitchell | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Emma Alayo | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jeffania “Fania” Cherry | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Javen Kold Killa” Starghill | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Tavii Babii | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Elsie Kay | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Briana “Russian Kream” Bass | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Kamae “Kay Rixan” Bunch | colspan="6" | |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Abidemi “Choco Brown” Bolanle | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Amber Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Latina Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Ariel “DJ Ari” Thomas | colspan="3" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Johnell “Ciroc Galore” Hickman | colspan="7" | |Recurring |Main |- |Daze “Daisy Dukes” Smith | colspan="7" | |Guest |Main |- |Bahati Hassani | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Tierrinie “Tee-Tee” Favors | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Dru Emery “Hurricane Em” Smith | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Latasha “Wet-Wet” Smith | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main |- |Amber “Amber Ali” Ward | colspan="4" | |Contestant | |Contestant | |Main |- |Shaniqua “ShowGirlNeek” Hood | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Kaniyah “Miss Kaniyah” Whipple | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Jeanette “Egypt” Moore | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Shamisha “Pressure” Adams | colspan="6" | |Contestant | |Main |- |Ivy “Oxy Pirl Oakley | colspan="5" | |Contestant | colspan="2" | |Main |- |Alexus “Lexi Gold” Dorsey | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main |- |Erica “Envy Erica” Scott | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Sharon “Shay Destiny” Carr | colspan="5" | |Contestant | colspan="2" | |Main |- | colspan="10" |'''Supporting cast members''' |- |Mehgan James |Recurring | colspan="8" | |- |Janet Guzman | colspan="3" | |Recurring | colspan="5" | |- |Marchinee Lewis | colspan="2" | |Contestant |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |[[Aubrey O'Day|Aubrey O’Day]] | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannon Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannade Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Wendy Cabrera | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Heaven Marina | colspan="2" | |Contestant | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Melanie Fox | colspan="5" | |Recurring | colspan="3" | |- |Marissa Da’Nae | colspan="6" | |Recurring | colspan="2" | |- |Victoria “Bro Rilla” Woods | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Yaritza “DJ Blue Diamond” Attias | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Dolly “Pretty Dolly” Santiago | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Antrivia “Mz. Treve” Smith | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Big On Lori | colspan="8" | |Recurring |} 3vjb6sfgvqm7v3gacc8kglk1yaj6j0z 10967175 10967162 2026-08-19T03:51:15Z ~2026-41688-58 1844999 10967175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = Titled card for the seventh season | genre = [[Reality television]] | creator = * Natalie Nunn * Tanisha Thomas | inspired_by = “[[Bad Girls Club]]” | theme_music_composer = Matt Cash | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 178 | list_episodes = List of Baddies episodes | executive_producer = * Lemuel Plummer * Jason L. Tolbert * Tanisha Thomas * Darryl Farmer * LJ Plummer * Ray J * Princess Love * Mark Sheibal * Natalie Nunn * Tommie Lee | location = * Atlanta (season 1) * South (season 2) * West (season 3) * East (season 4) * Caribbean (season 5) * Midwest (season 6) * Africa (season 7) * USA (season 8-9) | camera = Multi-camera | runtime = 40-54 minutes | network = [[Zeus Network]] | first_aired = May 16, 2021 | last_aired = present | related = Bad Boys (TV series) }} '''''Baddies''''' is an American [[reality television]] series that premiered on May 16, 2021, on the Zeus Network. It is a [[spiritual successor]] to the former [[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]] series ''[[The Bad Girls Club|Bad Girls Club]]'' that aired on from 2006 to 2017. == Timeline of cast members == {| class="wikitable" |+Main cast members ! rowspan="2" |Cast member ! colspan="9" |Seasons |- !''[[Baddies season 1|ATL]]'' !''[[Baddies season 2|South]]'' !''[[Baddies season 3|West]]'' !''[[Baddies season 4|East]]'' !''[[Baddies season 5|Caribbean]]'' !''[[Baddies season 6|Midwest]]'' !''[[Baddies season 7|Africa]]'' !''[[Baddies season 8|USA Chapter One]]'' !''[[Baddies season 9|USA Chapter Two]]'' |- |Natalie Nunn | colspan="9" |Main |- |Sidney Starr |Main |Recurring | |Guest | |Guest | colspan="3" | |- |Christina Salgado |Main |Recurring | colspan="7" | |- |Sarah Oliver |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Recurring | |- |Janelle Shanks |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Main | |- |Judi Jai |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Seven Craft |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |[[Tanisha Thomas]] |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Gia Mayham | | colspan="8" |Main |- |Scotlynd Ryan | | colspan="7" |Main |Guest |- |Jelaminah Lanier | |Main |''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Chrisean Malone | | colspan="3" |Main | |Recurring | |Main | |- |Sashanna McLaurin | |Main | colspan="2" | |Guest |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Briana Walker | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="4" | |Recurring | |- |Elliadria Griffin | |Main | colspan="5" | |Recurring |Main |- |Anne Moore | |Main | colspan="7" | |- |Damerlin Baez | colspan="2" | | colspan="4" |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="2" |Main |- |Tommie Lee | colspan="2" | |Main | | colspan="3" |Recurring |Main |Recurring |- |Suzanne “Stunna Girl” Brown | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Recurring | |Recurring |- |Cleo Rahman | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring |Guest | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Catya Washington | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Loren Jordan | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Monique “Razor” Samuels | colspan="2" | |Main | colspan="6" | |- |Ahna Mac | colspan="3" | | colspan="5" |Main | |- |Kendra Lewis | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Latifa Malone | colspan="3" | | colspan="3" |Main | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Mariahlynn | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | ''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Destiny “Sukihana” Henderson | colspan="2" | |''Judge'' |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Etheria Ruffin | colspan="3" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Main |- |JaKeita Days | colspan="3" | |Main |Guest | colspan="4" | |- |Tamera Kissen | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Woah Vicky | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Michele “Siya” Sherman | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Krystal Borrego | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Camilla Poindexter | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Recurring |- |Sydonie Person | colspan="4" | | colspan="3" |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Tatyana Williams | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main |Guest | colspan="2" |Main |- |Shameika Brailsford | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main | |- |Dayjia Blackwood | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Misharron Allen | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Bianca Dupree | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Johnece Miller | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Tyrrion “Slim2bad” Turner | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Fredia “Its Dia” Major | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Gretchen Cotto | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Keva Donaldson | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |JeLisa Morris | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Lajerrika Welch | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Ivori Minor | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main |- |Paula McEwen | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Summer Thomas | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Aneshia “Badd Dolly” Sibley | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Alexis Radcliff | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Valerie “Akbar V” Raven | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jaidyn Alexis | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jazmin Re’Nae | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Raven “Yoshi Banks” Mitchell | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Emma Alayo | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jeffania “Fania” Cherry | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Javen Kold Killa” Starghill | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Tavii Babii | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Elsie Kay | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Briana “Russian Kream” Bass | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Kamae “Kay Rixan” Bunch | colspan="6" | |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Abidemi “Choco Brown” Bolanle | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Amber Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Latina Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Ariel “DJ Ari” Thomas | colspan="3" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Johnell “Ciroc Galore” Hickman | colspan="7" | |Recurring |Main |- |Daze “Daisy Dukes” Smith | colspan="7" | |Guest |Main |- |Bahati Hassani | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Tierrinie “Tee-Tee” Favors | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Dru Emery “Hurricane Em” Smith | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Latasha “Wet-Wet” Smith | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main |- |Amber “Amber Ali” Ward | colspan="4" | |Contestant | |Contestant | |Main |- |Shaniqua “ShowGirlNeek” Hood | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Kaniyah “Miss Kaniyah” Whipple | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Jeanette “Egypt” Moore | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Shamisha “Pressure” Adams | colspan="6" | |Contestant | |Main |- |Ivy “Oxy Pirl Oakley | colspan="5" | |Contestant | colspan="2" | |Main |- |Alexus “Lexi Gold” Dorsey | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main |- |Erica “Envy Erica” Scott | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Sharon “Shay Destiny” Carr | colspan="5" | |Contestant | colspan="2" | |Main |- | colspan="10" |'''Supporting cast members''' |- |Mehgan James |Recurring | colspan="8" | |- |Janet Guzman | colspan="3" | |Recurring | colspan="5" | |- |Marchinee Lewis | colspan="2" | |Contestant |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |[[Aubrey O'Day|Aubrey O’Day]] | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannon Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannade Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Wendy Cabrera | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Heaven Marina | colspan="2" | |Contestant | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Melanie Fox | colspan="5" | |Recurring | colspan="3" | |- |Marissa Da’Nae | colspan="6" | |Recurring | colspan="2" | |- |Victoria “Bro Rilla” Woods | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Yaritza “DJ Blue Diamond” Attias | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Dolly “Pretty Dolly” Santiago | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Antrivia “Mz. Treve” Smith | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Big On Lori | colspan="8" | |Recurring |} 1uhth2fn2w17tz0rqr7rf2vk8nw20e6 0 1181096 10966819 10738659 2026-08-18T17:02:09Z Canadachick 1633172 10966819 wikitext text/x-wiki A [[stingray]] injury involves a puncture wound, often from the ray's venomous spine, causing immediate and severe pain. Symptoms can include bleeding, swelling, and systemic effects like [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[muscle cramps]]. First aid involves rinsing the wound with seawater, removing visible spines, applying pressure to control bleeding, and soaking the area in hot water. {{multistub|biology|med}} [[Category:Rays]] [[Category:Injuries]] rt25sdjlizt493oq9wmqhlqsbto2cpz 0 1183539 10966933 10937087 2026-08-18T18:54:11Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10966933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Lepcha | altname = Róng ríng | nativename = ᰛᰩᰵᰛᰧᰵᰶ | region = [[Sikkim]], [[India]]; parts of [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]] | speakers = 66,500 | date = 2011-2013 | ref = <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lep|title=Lepcha|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-08-08|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] | fam3 = Himalayish | script = Lepcha script | nation = {{flag|India}} * [[Sikkim]] | iso3 = lep | notice = IPA | glotto = lepc1244 | glottorefname = Lepcha | image = File:Róng ríng in Lepcha language script.svg | imagecaption = The word 'Róng ríng' written in Lepcha (Róng) Script }} '''Lepcha language''', or '''Róng language''' (Lepcha: ᰛᰩᰵᰛᰧᰵᰶ; Róng ríng), is a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Himalayish language]] spoken by the Lepcha people in [[Sikkim]], [[India]] and parts of [[West Bengal]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]]. People have tried hard to keep the Lepcha language alive, but it is mostly replaced by Nepali now. UNESCO considers Lepcha to be an [[endangered language]]. Lepcha is spoken in Sikkim and Darjeeling in West Bengal, India. In 1991, there were 39,342 Lepcha speakers. It is one of the native languages of the region. Unlike many Himalayan languages, Lepcha has its own [[writing system]]. Over 180 old Lepcha books, the largest collection in the world, are preserved in Leiden. Some schools in Sikkim use Lepcha as the teaching language. Compared to other Tibeto-Burman languages, Lepcha has been studied more widely. However, there are still many aspects of Lepcha language and culture that have not been documented. Only a small number of households have younger people who actively speak Lepcha. Everyone in the Lepcha region speaks two languages. Efforts to revive the language are limited and have not succeeded in preserving it where it was originally used. Because the population is shrinking and the culture is fading, Lepcha is mainly used for traditions and ceremonies, making its use less significant in everyday life. == Population == Lepcha is spoken by minority groups in Sikkim and West Bengal in India, as well as in Nepal and Bhutan. It is considered one of the original languages of the region, existing before Tibetan languages (like Sikkimese and [[Dzongkha]]) and Nepali. There are four main communities of Lepcha speakers: Renjóngmú in Sikkim, Támsángmú in parts of West Bengal (Kalimpong, Kurseong, and Mirik), ʔilámmú in Nepal's Ilam District, and Promú in southwestern Bhutan. Lepcha-speaking groups in India are larger than those in Nepal and Bhutan.<ref name="Plaisier2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC|title=A grammar of Lepcha|last=Plaisier|first=Heleen|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15525-1|series=Tibetan studies library: Languages of the greater Himalayan region|volume=5}}</ref><ref name="NIL">{{Cite web|date=2002-01-25|title=Lepchas and their Tradition|url=http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|archive-date=17 October 2017|access-date=2011-04-16|website=Official Portal of NIC Sikkim State Centre|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Sikkim}}</ref> The Indian census reported 50,000 Lepcha speakers,<ref name="e18">{{Ethnologue18|lep}}</ref> however the number of native Lepcha speakers in India may be closer to 30,000.<ref name="Plaisier2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC|title=A grammar of Lepcha|last=Plaisier|first=Heleen|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15525-1|series=Tibetan studies library: Languages of the greater Himalayan region|volume=5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlaisier2007">Plaisier, Heleen (2007). </cite></ref> == Classification == Lepcha is hard to categorize as a language, but George van Driem (2001) suggests it might be most closely related to the Mahakiranti languages, which are part of the Himalayish language group.<ref name="vanDriem2001">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC|title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region|last=van Driem|first=George|publisher=Brill|year=2001|isbn=90-04-12062-9}}</ref> Lepcha varies within its communities, with words influenced by dominant languages like Nepali and Sikkimese Tibetan. However, Plaisier (2007) notes that these influences don't create distinct dialects within Lepcha.<ref name="Plaisier2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC|title=A grammar of Lepcha|last=Plaisier|first=Heleen|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15525-1|series=Tibetan studies library: Languages of the greater Himalayan region|volume=5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlaisier2007">Plaisier, Heleen (2007). </cite></ref> Roger Blench (2013) suggests that Lepcha has [[Austroasiatic languages|an Austroasiatic substratum]], which originated from a now-extinct branch of Austroasiatic that he calls "Rongic".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blench|first=Roger|date=2013-12-31|title=Rongic: a vanished branch of Austroasiatic|url=https://www.academia.edu/5562335|website=Academia.edu}}</ref> == Features == Lepcha belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family and doesn't use tones. However, it has stress or pitch sounds that can be shown in its writing system. Many of its words are made up of single syllables.<ref name="NIL">{{Cite web|date=2002-01-25|title=Lepchas and their Tradition|url=http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|archive-date=17 October 2017|access-date=2011-04-16|website=Official Portal of NIC Sikkim State Centre|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Sikkim}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm "Lepchas and their Tradition"]. </cite></ref> Notably, words that are commonly considered [[Obscenity|obscene]] or [[taboo]] in other languages are not treated as such by native speakers.<ref name="NIL">{{Cite web|date=2002-01-25|title=Lepchas and their Tradition|url=http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|archive-date=17 October 2017|access-date=2011-04-16|website=Official Portal of NIC Sikkim State Centre|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Sikkim}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm "Lepchas and their Tradition"]. </cite></ref> == Script == The Lepcha script, also called "róng," is syllabic and includes unique marks and combined characters. Its origins are uncertain. Early Lepcha manuscripts were written vertically, influenced by Chinese traditions. Before this script was created, Lepcha texts were written using the [[Tibetan script]].<ref name="NIL">{{Cite web|date=2002-01-25|title=Lepchas and their Tradition|url=http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm|archive-date=17 October 2017|access-date=2011-04-16|website=Official Portal of NIC Sikkim State Centre|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Sikkim}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm "Lepchas and their Tradition"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Coulmas">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|publisher=Blackwell|year=1996|isbn=0-631-21481-X}}</ref> == Grammar == Lepcha [[grammar]] includes nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs, with a typical [[word order]] of subject–object–verb (SOV). Its structure is partly agglutinative, though most words are one or two syllables long. Nouns can either come first or last in noun phrases. Relative and genitive clauses come before nouns, while markers like demonstratives and cases follow them. Lepcha is an ergative language, where the ergative case shows whether an action is complete and transitive. There is no verb conjugation or agreement between parts of speech. Adjectives come after the nouns they describe or can act alone as predicates. Adverbs usually appear just before verbs, and repeating words is common for expressing time (e.g., "nám" means "year," and "nám-nám" means "yearly").<ref name="Plaisier2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC|title=A grammar of Lepcha|last=Plaisier|first=Heleen|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15525-1|series=Tibetan studies library: Languages of the greater Himalayan region|volume=5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPlaisier2007">Plaisier, Heleen (2007). </cite></ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Languages of Nepal]] [[Category:Articles containing Lepcha-language text]] penva0m38whiqc3eqcw05oz652hrope 0 1185908 10967188 10936704 2026-08-19T04:26:22Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967188 wikitext text/x-wiki In [[artificial intelligence]], '''recursive self-improvement''' (RSI) refers to an [[artificial general intelligence]] (AGI) system that autonomously enhances its own intelligence and capabilities, potentially leading to a superintelligence or rapid intelligence explosion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Creighton|first=Jolene|date=2019-03-19|title=The Unavoidable Problem of Self-Improvement in AI|url=https://futureoflife.org/ai/the-unavoidable-problem-of-self-improvement-in-ai-an-interview-with-ramana-kumar-part-1/|website=Future of Life Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heighn|date=2022-06-12|title=The Calculus of Nash Equilibria|url=https://www.lesswrong.com/tag/recursive-self-improvement|journal=LessWrong|access-date=2025-05-03|archive-date=2025-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504105224/https://www.lesswrong.com/tag/recursive-self-improvement|url-status=dead}}</ref> This process raises serious ethical and safety concerns, as the system could evolve unpredictably, possibly outpacing human control or understanding.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abbas|first=Assad|date=2025-03-09|title=AI Singularity and the End of Moore's Law|url=https://www.unite.ai/ai-singularity-and-the-end-of-moores-law-the-rise-of-self-learning-machines/|website=Unite.AI}}</ref> == Seed Improver == A '''seed improver''' is the initial [[framework]] that enables an AGI to start recursive self-improvement. Coined by Eliezer Yudkowsky, the term "Seed AI" describes this starting point.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-28|title=Seed AI|url=https://www.lesswrong.com/tag/seed-ai|website=LessWrong|access-date=2025-05-03|archive-date=2025-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501032014/https://www.lesswrong.com/tag/seed-ai|url-status=dead}}</ref> === How It Works === A seed improver is a codebase, often built on a [[large language model]] (LLM), with advanced programming skills like writing, testing, and executing code. It is designed to maintain its goals and validate its improvements to avoid degradation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Readingraphics|date=2018-11-30|title=Book Summary - Life 3.0|url=https://readingraphics.com/book-summary-life-3-0/|website=Readingraphics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Life 3.0: Being a Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence|url=https://archive.org/details/life30beinghuman0000tegm_z2h5|last=Tegmark|first=Max|date=2017-08-24|publisher=Vintage Books}}</ref> Key components include: * '''Self-Prompting Loop''': The system repeatedly prompts itself to achieve goals, acting as an autonomous agent.<ref name="Self-Taught Optimizer STOP">{{cite arXiv|eprint=2310.02304|class=cs.CL|first1=Eric|last1=Zelikman|title=Self-Taught Optimizer (STOP)|date=2023-10-03}}</ref> * '''Programming Skills''': Abilities to modify its own code, improving efficiency. * '''Goal-Oriented Design''': A clear initial goal, like "improve your capabilities." * '''Validation Tests''': Protocols to ensure improvements don’t harm performance, allowing [[Evolutionary algorithm|self-directed evolution]]. === Capabilities === A seed improver acts as a [[Turing completeness|Turing-complete]] programmer, capable of: - Accessing the [[internet]] and integrating with external tools. Cloning itself to speed up tasks. Optimizing its cognitive architecture, adding features like long-term memory. Developing new multimodal systems for handling images, audio, or video. - Designing hardware, like chips, to boost computing power. === Experiments === Researchers have tested self-improving agent designs, exploring how LLMs can enhance their own code or performance.<ref name="Self-Taught Optimizer STOP"/><ref>{{cite arXiv|eprint=2305.16291|class=cs.AI|first1=Guanzhi|last1=Wang|title=Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent|date=2023-10-19}}</ref> == Risks == Recursive self-improvement poses significant risks: === Unintended Goals === The AGI might develop secondary goals, like self-preservation, to support its primary goal of self-improvement. This could lead to actions like resisting shutdowns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bostrom|first=Nick|date=2012|title=The Superintelligent Will|journal=Minds and Machines|volume=22|issue=2|pages=71–85|doi=10.1007/s11023-012-9281-3}}</ref> If the AGI clones itself, rapid growth could create competition for resources (e.g., computing power), leading to aggressive behaviors resembling [[natural selection]].<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last=Hendrycks|first=Dan|date=2023|title=Natural Selection Favors AIs over Humans|class=cs.CY |eprint=2303.16200}}</ref> === Misalignment === The AGI might misinterpret or secretly resist its intended goals. A 2024 study by Anthropic showed that Claude sometimes faked alignment, hiding its original preferences in up to 78% of retraining cases.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiggers|first=Kyle|date=2024-12-18|title=New Anthropic study shows AI really doesn't want to be forced to change its views|url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/18/new-anthropic-study-shows-ai-really-doesnt-want-to-be-forced-to-change-its-views/|website=TechCrunch}}</ref> === Unpredictable Evolution === As the AGI modifies itself, its development could become too complex for humans to predict or control. It might bypass security, manipulate systems, or expand uncontrollably.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-15|title=Uh Oh, OpenAI's GPT-4 Just Fooled a Human Into Solving a CAPTCHA|url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/openai-gpt-4-fooled-human-solving-captcha|website=Futurism}}</ref> == Research Efforts == * '''Meta AI''': Explores self-rewarding LLMs that improve through super-human feedback.<ref>{{cite arXiv|eprint=2401.10020|class=cs.CL|first1=Weizhe|last1=Yuan|title=Self-Rewarding Language Models|date=2024-01-18}}</ref> * '''OpenAI''': Works on superalignment to ensure superintelligent AI aligns with human values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Research|url=https://openai.com/research/overview|website=openai.com |date=23 April 2026 }}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Artificial general intelligence]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] p4dpp6ja0y7nz6xtd8s9l06en78b49c 0 1187189 10966946 10811832 2026-08-18T19:34:03Z FD950 752027 Minor grammar changes. 10966946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}} On 22 April 2025, five armed militants attacked on non-Muslim tourists near [[Pahalgam]] in the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir known as the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|2025 Pahalgam Attack]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pahalgam attack: A simple guide to the Kashmir conflict|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/2/pahalgam-attack-a-simple-guide-to-the-kashmir-conflict|access-date=2025-05-07|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Saifi|first=Rhea Mogul|date=2025-04-24|title=A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/24/india/pahalgam-india-pakistan-attack-explainer-intl-hnk|access-date=2025-05-07|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> On 7 May 2025, [[India]] launched air strikes on[[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=ur-Rehman|first1=Zia|last2=Mashal|first2=Mujib|last3=Das|first3=Anupreeta|last4=K.B|first4=Pragati|date=2025-05-07|title=India Strikes Pakistan After a Terrorist Attack: What We Know|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-pakistan-kashmir-terrorism.html|access-date=2025-05-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Radford|first=Antoinette|date=2025-05-06|title=Live updates: Pakistan vows to respond after India launches strikes in wake of Kashmir massacre|url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk|access-date=2025-05-07|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> [[India]] said it launched in response to the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|2025 Pahalgam Attack]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan's PM says it 'made reply' to Indian strikes after Pahalgam killings - latest|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyneele13qt|access-date=2025-05-07|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bajpaee|first=Chietigj|date=2025-05-07|title=Modi's deadly bombing strike on Pakistan goes to the heart of India's great dilemma|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/may/07/india-pakistan-kashmir-missile-strikes-modi|access-date=2025-05-07|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A number of countries, including many of India's Western allies, such as [[Israel]] and a number of European countries, expressed solidarity for [[India]] and stated that [[India]] has a right to defend itself from terrorist attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kukalye|first=Aditya|date=2025-05-07|title=Operation Sindoor: Israel shows strong support to India, 'terrorists should know there's no place to hide'|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/operation-sindoor-israel-shows-strong-support-to-india-terrorists-should-know-there-s-no-place-to-hide-2025-05-07-989050|access-date=2025-05-07|website=India TV News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-06|title=EU calls on India, Pakistan to de-escalate after deadly missile strikes|url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20250506-live-india-carries-out-strikes-on-nine-sites-in-pakistani-kashmir|access-date=2025-05-07|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How World Leaders Reacted To Indian Strikes On Terror Camps In Pakistan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/how-world-leaders-reacted-to-indian-strikes-on-terror-camps-in-pakistan-8349407|access-date=2025-05-07|website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 May 2025|title=World urges restraint in India-Pakistan clash|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544650/world-urges-restraint-in-india-pakistan-clash|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref> == Countries == === Africa === * {{Flag|Algeria}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Algeria)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] expressed deep concern about the recent escalation of armed exchanges between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], urged both sides to maintain self‑restraint and calm, to return immediately to dialogue in a spirit of responsibility, and warned that political and diplomatic means must prevail over the use of force.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algeria expresses "real concern" after "tragic" clashes between India and Pakistan|url=https://embmoscow.mfa.gov.dz/en/news-and-press-releases/algeria-expresses-real-concern-after-tragic-clashes-between-india-and-pakistan#:~:text=ALGIERS%20-%20The%20Algerian%20government%20has%20expressed%20its,and%20African%20Affairs%20said%20in%20a%20statement%20Wednesday.|access-date=2025-05-07|website=embmoscow.mfa.gov.dz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-07|title=International Reaction to India's Strike in Pakistan|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/videos/tbs-world/international-reaction-indias-strike-pakistan-1135951|access-date=2025-05-07|website=The Business Standard|language=en}}</ref> * {{Flag|Egypt}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], in an official statement, has called on [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] to exercise "utmost restraint" and prioritize diplomacy, as rising tensions between the nuclear-armed neighbours sparked fears of broader regional instability.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-07|title=Egypt urges India, Pakistan to exercise restraint amid deadly exchange of fire|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/139986/Egypt-urges-India-Pakistan-to-exercise-restraint-amid-deadly-exchange#:~:text=CAIRO%20%E2%80%93%207%20May%202025:%20Egypt%20called%20for,Asian%20countries%20have%20exchange%20deadly%20strikes%20on%20Wednesday.|access-date=2025-05-07|website=EgyptToday}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-27|title=Egypt calls upon India, Pakistan for self-restraint over repercussions of Kashmir attack|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/139807/Egypt-calls-upon-India-Pakistan-for-self-restraint-over-repercussions|access-date=2025-05-07|website=EgyptToday}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Egypt|first=Daily News|date=2025-04-27|title=Egypt Foreign Minister urges calm in calls with India, Pakistan after Kashmir attack|url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/04/27/egypt-foreign-minister-urges-calm-in-calls-with-india-pakistan-after-kashmir-attack/|access-date=2025-05-07|website=Dailynewsegypt|language=en-US}}</ref> * {{Flag|Libya}} – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, the Government of National Unity called for restraint and urged both nations to prioritise dialogue and diplomacy. The ministry emphasised the importance of de-escalation to maintain regional peace and stability, and to avoid further deterioration of the situation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya urges calm amid rising tensions between India and Pakistan {{!}} The Libya Observer|url=https://libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/libya-urges-calm-amid-rising-tensions-between-india-and-pakistan|access-date=2025-05-07|website=libyaobserver.ly|language=en}}</ref> === Middle East === * {{Flag|Iran}} – Foreign Minister [[Abbas Araghchi]] said “We seek de-escalation and urge all parties to exercise restraint and avoid increasing tensions”. * {{Flag|Israel}} – Israel’s Ambassador to India, [[Reuven Azar]], posted on [[Twitter|X]]: “Israel supports India’s right for self-defense. Terrorists should know there’s no place to hide from their heinous crimes against the innocent.” * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} – The Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]] has expressed concern over the heightened tensions and continued border fire between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Kingdom appealed to both nations to de-escalate, avoid further escalation, resolve their disagreements through diplomatic channels, uphold the principles of good neighborliness, and strive for stability and peace for the welfare of their people and region. * {{Flag|Kuwait}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kuwait)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] said it is following with "great concern and interest" the tension between "the friendly" India and Pakistan. "The ministry also calls on all parties to exercise self-restraint, avoid escalation, and adhere to the provisions and rules of [[international law]] and the principles of good neighbourliness, with the aim of achieving constructive dialogue that achieves regional and international security and stability," the statement said. * {{Flag|Qatar}} – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs urged diplomacy and restraint. * {{Flag|UAE}} – The UAE has called for restraint and de-escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan. === Asia === * {{Flag|Afghanistan}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] expresses concern over rising India-Pakistan tensions, stressing that escalation harms regional interests. It urges both sides to pursue dialogue and uphold regional stability.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-07|title=IEA-MoFA Statement Regarding Escalating Tension Between India & Pakistan|url=https://mfa.gov.af/en/18660|access-date=2025-05-08|website=mofa.gov.af|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510041551/https://mfa.gov.af/en/18660|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flag|Azerbaijan}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] said “We are concerned about recent tensions between India and Pakistan following attack in Pahalgam”. * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], in an official statement, has conveyed that it is closely observing the situation. Additionally, it has urged both nations to exercise restraint and maintain calm.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-07|title=Bangladesh urges calm as tensions rise between India and Pakistan|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/380608/bangladesh-urges-calm-as-tensions-rise-between|access-date=2025-05-08|website=Dhaka Tribune|language=en}}</ref> * {{Flag|China}} – China has expressed “regret” over India’s military action against Pakistan and voiced “concerns” over the escalating tensions between the South Asian nations, the Chinese foreign ministry said “India and Pakistan are neighbours who cannot be moved away, and both are also China’s neighbours. The ministry said China opposes all forms of terrorism”. * {{Flag|Japan}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] urges India, Pakistan to exercise restraint, calls for dialogue for peace in South Asia * {{Flag|Russia}} – The Foreign Ministry spokesperson [[Maria Zakharova]] said “We are deeply concerned about the intensifying military confrontation between India and Pakistan after the terrorist attack near the city of Pahalgam”. === Europe === * {{Flag|France}} – The Foreign Minister [[Jean-Noël Barrot]] said that while India has the right to defend itself against terrorism, both India and Pakistan should stay calm, avoid further conflict, and protect civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-07|title=Global leaders call for 'de-escalation' of India-Pakistan tensions|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78j8vdlg38o|access-date=2025-05-08|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * {{Flag|Germany}} – The [[Federal Foreign Office]] urged both India and Pakistan to act responsibly, avoid escalation, and ensure the protection of civilians, while closely monitoring the situation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-07|title=Germany calls on India, Pakistan to act responsibly, prevent escalation|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/germany-calls-on-india-pakistan-to-act-responsibly-prevent-escalation/3559778|access-date=2025-05-08|website=[[Anadolu Ajansı]]}}</ref> * {{Flag|Ukraine}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] of Ukraine called on both parties to exercise restraint and diplomatic dialogue in order to de-escalate the situation. * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} – The Foreign Secretary [[David Lammy]] said that “The U.K. government is urging India and Pakistan to show restraint and engage in direct dialogue to find a swift, diplomatic path forward,” calling the tensions “a serious concern”. === Americas === * {{Flag|Mexico}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], on a X post, expressed serious concern about the rising tensions between India and Pakistan after the terrorist attack on April 22. It strongly condemned all kinds of terrorism but also said that using force is not the right way to solve conflicts.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1920182889716597237|user=SRE_mx|title=México expresa su profunda preocupación por la escalada de tensiones entre la India y Pakistán tras el atentado terrorista del 22 de abril. Condenamos el terrorismo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones, y rechazamos el uso de la fuerza para resolver disputas.|author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores|author-link=Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|date=8 May 2025|access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref> * {{Flag|United States}} – President [[Donald Trump]] called India's military strikes on Pakistan shameful and said he hopes the fighting ends quickly. Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]] spoke to the national security advisers from India and Pakistan and urged both to keep lines of communication open and avoid escalation.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 May 2025|title=Marco Rubio, Saudi FM discuss efforts to de-escalate India-Pakistan tensions|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2599968/pakistan|access-date=8 May 2025|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} took390f23j375c3r03ate2i5s61l3p 0 1187617 10966860 10311957 2026-08-18T17:18:00Z Canadachick 1633172 10966860 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Scotland Act 2016''' is a UK law that gave more powers to [[Scotland]]. It changed the older [[Scotland Act of 1998]]. This happened after a [[Smith Commission|report]] on how to give Scotland more control, following a [[Scottish independence referendum|2014 independence referendum]] where Scotland decided to stay in the UK. The law lets Scotland make more decisions about things like how its own elections work, road rules, energy, abortion, welfare, trains, and taxes. It also says that the Scottish Parliament and Government are now a permanent part of the UK and can only be ended if the people of Scotland vote for it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland Act 2016|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/contents/enacted|access-date=2025-05-10|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-03-16|title=Holyrood gives approval to devolved powers Scotland Bill|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35815426|access-date=2025-05-10}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Politics of Scotland]] [[Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish devolution]] {{UK-stub}} 4a5c4y83vb8r17zftvla0apwr7jjksq 10966861 10966860 2026-08-18T17:18:58Z Canadachick 1633172 10966861 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Scotland Act 2016''' is a UK law that gave more powers to [[Scotland]]. It changed the older [[Scotland Act of 1998]]. This happened after a [[Smith Commission|report]] on how to give Scotland more control, following a [[Scottish independence referendum|2014 independence referendum]] where Scotland decided to stay in the UK. The law lets Scotland make more decisions about things like how its own elections work, road rules, energy, abortion, welfare, trains, and taxes. It also says that the Scottish Parliament and Government are now a permanent part of the UK and can only be ended if the people of Scotland vote for it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland Act 2016|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/contents/enacted|access-date=2025-05-10|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-03-16|title=Holyrood gives approval to devolved powers Scotland Bill|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35815426|access-date=2025-05-10}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2016 in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:2010s in Scotland]] [[Category:Politics of Scotland]] [[Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish devolution]] {{UK-stub}} husf2yjtqousi0dls2dgp5ut5d88tpd 0 1187623 10966869 10311955 2026-08-18T17:23:53Z Canadachick 1633172 10966869 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Scotland Act 1998''' is a law passed by the UK Parliament. It created the [[Scottish Parliament]], which makes some laws for Scotland and can change some taxes. It also created the [[Scottish Government]]. This law is one of the biggest changes to Scotland's constitutional position since 1707, when [[Acts of Union 1707|Scotland and England]] joined to become Great Britain. People in Scotland voted in 1997 to have their own parliament with tax powers. The 1998 Act made this happen. The Act says what the Scottish Parliament can and cannot make laws about. Things the Scottish Parliament cannot make laws about are called "reserved matters." The UK Parliament can still make laws for Scotland on any issue. The Act also created the Scottish Executive, which is now called the Scottish Government. It is led by the First Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|others=Expert Participation|title=Scotland Act 1998|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/46/contents|access-date=2025-05-10|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> If there are disagreements about what laws the Scottish Parliament can make, the UK's highest court, the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]], makes the final decision. The UK government can also stop a Scottish law from going ahead in some cases.<ref>{{Cite web|others=Expert Participation|title=Constitutional Reform Act 2005|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/4/contents|access-date=2025-05-10|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> The powers of the Scottish Parliament and Government can be changed over time if both the Scottish and UK Parliaments agree. The Scotland Act became law on the 17 November 1998. The first Scottish Parliament elections were in May 1999, and the Parliament started working on the 1 July 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 19 Nov 1998 (pt 5)|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo981119/debtext/81119-05.htm#81119-05_head1|access-date=2025-05-10|website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:1990s in Scotland]] [[Category:1998 in the United Kingdom]] {{UK-stub}} 46mvmgyiejyibio34p5o3mxegvzhzh9 0 1187711 10966795 10739781 2026-08-18T16:55:22Z Canadachick 1633172 10966795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|date=May 2025}} The '''Utah War''', also known as the '''Mormon War''' or '''Mormon Rebellion''', was an [[War|armed conflict]] between [[Mormon]] [settler]]s in [[Utah Territory]] and the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. government’s armed forces]]. It lasted from May 1857 to July 1858. The Mormon religion existed since the 1830s. One of the things they believed in was that a man could legally marry more than one woman. This is known as plural marriage, or polygamy. [[James Buchanan]] was the U.S. president at the time. One of the things he wanted to do is to abolish polygamy. Buchanan also learned that the Mormons wanted to split from the United States. They wanted to create an independent country, with [[Brigham Young]] as their leader. So, Buchanan replaced Young, by sending [[Alfred Cumming (governor)|Alfred Cumming]], as a governor. He didn't tell Young though. Also, Cumming wasn't Mormon. The Mormons killed between 120 and 140 settlers, who were on their way to California. The massacre is known as [[Mountain Meadows Massacre]] today. == References == *[Allen, James B.; Leonard, Glen M. (1976), The Story of the Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book Co., ISBN 0-87747-594-6] *[Arrington, Leonard (1985). Brigham Young: American Moses. New York: A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-3945-1022-4.] [[Category:Wars]] [[Category:History of the United States]] {{multistub|history|US}} me5sg8u2joepoqutulw0syc2s5y5rvy 2 1190319 10967038 10965735 2026-08-18T22:06:17Z Garsh2 1475106 Logging quick deletion endorsement of [[Ahir]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967038 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === May 2025 === # [[:Madras State]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|2600:1009:B08A:5A0E:DC80:3510:EBB0:2F17}} 18:48, 20 May 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Internationalization and localization]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A2|A2]]); notified {{user|2601:98A:C82:4190:9C0:8BD2:C9A4:FFE8}} 20:32, 24 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Klaragon]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40E2:121D:D575:C87:3EFF:FE4C:F520}} 20:34, 24 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Categorie:Snoep]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2001:1C08:C81:4700:88F3:86CA:3CC7:B13B}} 20:36, 24 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Acebott Co]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40E2:1A1:50C8:3816:6AFF:FE65:3652}} 04:15, 25 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Boeing 747-168B]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); 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notified {{user|Aroldo Henrique Pegoraro de Almeida}} 01:21, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Toy Story Mania! (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-11835-37}} 01:34, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Harish Kumar Sejekan]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|CrazyBlueFrog}} 22:37, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Scarabaeidae]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:58, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Enrique Cruz]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 23:18, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ramraja Shrestha]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|CrazyBlueFrog}} 23:28, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:The dog ate my homework]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12186-35}} 23:58, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Syed Muhammad Nizami]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 02:02, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi Singer]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Emanuel Sefullahu}} 05:22, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:K. N. Balakumar]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Bppss}} 05:37, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tieskey]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-12383-69}} 16:36, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Epstein Files Transparency Act]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:43, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Liora Vane]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:43, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Political commentator]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:45, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Evie Christian]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:46, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kylie Rocket]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:48, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Samantha Reigns]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:50, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dungeness crab potatchos]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:50, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Ace]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:52, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Tee]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:52, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Los Archivos De Epstein]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:54, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cremona elephant]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:55, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bagdemagus]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-12618-68}} 22:11, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:People from Beit El]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 04:18, 26 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lehava]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|MikeSzombathy}} 04:30, 26 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi Singer]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-12870-08}} 00:08, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:The nicest people on earth]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Kely2032}} 00:56, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Konstantin Makovsky]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12919-42}} 05:04, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Vija773899/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vija773899}} 15:22, 27 February 2026 (UTC) === March 2026 === # [[:Bordure]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-13403-12}} 21:54, 1 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Advanced placement]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-13444-30}} 00:41, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mathias Damour]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13460-83}} 06:11, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Mod Mill]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-13423-98}} 02:37, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dr. Victor Alewo Adoji]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|MakingTool}} 02:38, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Search results for term inculcating “Aujla” caste]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-13704-40}} 04:31, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gypsy men]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-14011-46}} 00:15, 5 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:H. D. Revanna]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-14163-93}} 05:29, 5 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Smiling Friends]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-39988}} 21:05, 6 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Henry I, King of England]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 21:11, 6 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Empire sikh]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G2|G2]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#R3|R3]]); notified {{user|~2026-14565-33}} 01:42, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie erreicht man Pegasus Airlines? (24/7-Hotline)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Hippobaddy}} 05:21, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mitä tarkoittaa Finnair Plus numero? 24H]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Hippobaddy}} 05:23, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Voiko Finnairin lipun vaihtaa? 24hrs]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Salaviakim}} 05:40, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Er det multi å ridge norwegian konrad 47]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Salaviakim}} 05:46, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Commonwealth heads of government]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14753-84}} 22:22, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alfafaa (platform)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|AlfafaaUser}} 22:26, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yellow grey]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-14578-68}} 02:46, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-14831-37}} 15:58, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Playhouse Disney United States Original Current Productions Logo Jungle Jumble Coming Up Next]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 16:05, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Machus Red Fox]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-14823-34}} 18:37, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dagestan ASSR]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14917-32}} 18:37, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Harish Kumar Sejekan]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|RajaliSpring}} 18:40, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Influencer]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Diademchild}} 18:59, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Death of Jeffrey Epstein]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14976-11}} 03:47, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Siddhiganaraya Molleti]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Sihubfine}} 04:09, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Masked ROM]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:40, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Purism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14950-16}} 21:56, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aziz Nasirzadeh]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-15058-16}} 04:01, 10 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lena Meyer Whitaker]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-14721-90}} 04:06, 10 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:2022 Singapore Grand Prix]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15342-97}} 02:20, 11 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fahad Mustafa]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-15597-73}} 00:59, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Syed Kumail Hyder Shah]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 01:37, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bat's Head]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15650-50}} 04:09, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aqará]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:43, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Hunt]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 20:34, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nissan 180SX]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15865-77}} 03:00, 13 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alejandra Ico Chub]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Pedrocharlam1355}} 21:53, 14 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Georg Nikolaus von Nissen]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-16252-42}} 21:54, 14 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Operation Paperclip]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-16132-33}} 21:55, 14 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the 5th century]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 19:37, 15 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the 1st century]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 19:43, 15 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity as the Roman state religion]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 19:45, 15 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Otto Jespersen]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:23, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Idiom Neutral]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:24, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Interlinguistics]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:24, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amish way of life]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ancient Armenian translated literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Anti-austerity movement in Spain]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Argentine War of Independence]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:26, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Louis de Beaufront]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:26, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rémi Brague]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Byzantine fortifications]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the modern era]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Codex Calixtinus]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Crimean Estonians]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:28, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:29, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:First World War in Latvia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:30, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Historia Salonitana]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:30, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Historical maps of Stockholm]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:31, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of Argentina (1946-1955)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:31, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of New Spain]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:34, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of the Papacy]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:34, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kauhajoki Uprising]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Livonian-Lithuanian Union]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sergey Malyutin]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:May Fourth Movement]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:38, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Medieval Estonia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:38, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mining in Germany]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:38, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:39, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Volkolak]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:39, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vijayanagara literature in Kannada]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:40, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tikėjimo žodis]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:40, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Teachings of Pope John Paul II]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:40, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity as the Roman state religion]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:41, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Spanish conquest of Guatemala]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:42, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Socratic problem]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:42, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hellmut Röhnisch]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Papacy in the Middle Ages]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Norrala Royal Estate]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nicomachean Ethics]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:44, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:East Herzegovina]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-16657-91}} 22:30, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aspect-oriented programming]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 22:36, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ermelo, Mpumalanga]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 22:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Funky Frog Bait]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 01:43, 17 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Edward Louis Severson, Jr.]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:38, 17 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tomer Bar]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 05:41, 17 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an? LUF-Kontakt]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an? LUF-Kontakt}} 04:06, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Counter-Strike: Condition Zero]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-16701-10}} 04:11, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nutritional science]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:21, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Artistic depictions of Viriathus]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:LUFT-ANruf-Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|LUFT-ANruf-Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?}} 04:49, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:HIP 666666]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-17026-92}} 00:15, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Attack on Titan (movie)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|~2026-17180-50}} 00:31, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Proposed Solution to the Collatz Conjecture (March 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 02:56, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ian Hart]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:49, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Posidonius]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:50, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 04:59, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où trouver le numéro de vol Transavia ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 04:59, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Creating Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? (Service Client)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 05:00, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lange kann ich Eurowings telefonisch erreichen? Kontakt 24H]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 05:03, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:(Eurowings kundenservice Kontakt)Was kostet ein Anruf bei Eurowings?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 05:05, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shambhunathaamm}} 05:17, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:K. C. Tyagi]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-17363-57}} 05:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hukumkaaekka}} 05:55, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hukumkaaekka}} 05:56, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Proposed Solution to the Collatz Conjecture (March 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 06:25, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Window fan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-17476-50}} 16:00, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naubat Khana]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 20:09, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:20, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hossein Dehghan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:24, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Israel Katz]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:27, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amir Hatami]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:31, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Abdolrahim Mousavi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:33, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Seyed Majid Ebn-e-Reza]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:34, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Islamic Group (Lebanon)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:36, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:HIP 666666]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:10, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Haberomeda]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:11, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of NGC objects (10001–20000)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:14, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lesser Antillean Iguana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-17785-45}} 01:17, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Boo (Character from Bear Academy)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-17530-07}} 03:13, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Nanona15dobato]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-17557-66}} 03:45, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Daraku K.]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-17557-66}} 03:45, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rodger Pekarek]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 02:26, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Saad Kassis-Mohamed]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Nbbutf789y}} 03:51, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mk Timothy]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|KewAngolo}} 04:04, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mohammad Pakpour]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:41, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aziz Nasirzadeh]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:43, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eyal Zamir]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:46, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Al-Fajr Forces]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:47, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Human Rights Activists in Iran]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:50, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:57, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Islamic Group (Lebanon)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:59, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Conde McCullough]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18317-99}} 20:15, 23 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muslim Students' Association Indonesia Medical Brawijaya (HMI FK UB)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:39, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Emperor's New Clothes (song)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-18066-48}} 04:40, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Adam Hamid]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18347-38}} 14:38, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Donald Duck filmography]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-18447-63}} 20:15, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Donald's Ostrich]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-18447-63}} 20:16, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Loony left]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 20:52, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sola Akingbola]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18712-24}} 04:04, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:WaywardCrow]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|WaywardCrow}} 04:15, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter BA ? FRANCE-CONTACT]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-18697-89}} 04:19, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Depraved-heart murder]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:52, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Small Is Beautiful]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:53, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cities of Salt]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:54, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Smoked meat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18880-27}} 20:34, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:제주항공에 문의하려면 어떻게 해야 하나요?]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Nick2486451}} 21:15, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 한국 고객 센터 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Chrisgatr21}} 17:40, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Junia Tertia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19142-22}} 17:48, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Human Rights Activists in Iran]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] # [[:Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sambhalkdaku}} 02:18, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bietet United einen Live-Chat-Support an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sambhalkdaku}} 02:24, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie rufe ich Scandinavian Airlines an? telefonnummer 24h]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sambhalkdaku}} 02:44, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où trouver le numéro de vol Vueling ? GUIDE 2026]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:36, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter French Bee en France ? GUIDE 2026]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment joindre Avianca ? GUIDE 2026]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ? (Chat Help Quick)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-19518-30}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment joindre Air Caraïbes par téléphone ? GUIDE 2026]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? (Chat Help Quick)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:54, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:2025–26 Mozambique floods]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19575-24}} 02:24, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-19587-70}} 02:26, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم خدمة عملاء مصر للطيران في مصر]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-19919-92}} 00:02, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم الاتصال بشركة سويفت إير المغرب]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Gujiytar56}} 00:08, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chuukese people]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 00:09, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:US Attorney general]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19877-21}} 01:16, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:1934 Montreux Fascist conference]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-19835-94}} 01:27, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lange kann man bei booking reservieren?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:15, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Edreams sitzplatzreservierung]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:20, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking com reservierung]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kann man auf booking.com reservieren?(Booking com reservierung)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:37, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kann man bei Booking noch stornieren?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:38, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gewährt booking.com vollständige Rückerstattungen?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:41, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking erstattung beantragen]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lange dauert die Erstattung bei booking?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kann man von booking Geld zurück bekommen?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking.com Erstattung]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Castiglioni Method]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:48, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:XM Partner Code GKY33]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 15:48, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chrissie Carnell Bixler]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|GJK&XMK2026}} 15:49, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Conflict in interest of Pati-Surabaya Trail]]: [[WP:QD#R2|CSD R2]] ({{tl|db-rediruser}}) 16:30, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie bekomme ich von booking.com mein Geld zurück?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Despacitttooo}} 17:00, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lautet die Kontaktnummer für eDreams?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Despacitttooo}} 17:00, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나항공 한국 고객센터]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kuuytetta45}} 21:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vivarium]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|~2026-20109-19}} 21:58, 31 March 2026 (UTC) === April 2026 === # [[:Naldi (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-20144-42}} 04:31, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cw Gróup Ibiza]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-20230-91}} 17:49, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mythology (UK band)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-20238-42}} 18:02, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:I hate Passengerpigeon]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:49, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나 해외 고객센터]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Looliporwvvs54}} 20:10, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Red Sea Riviera]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-20204-55}} 20:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나항공 비상연락처]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kutaerrr65}} 20:37, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Transjordan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Nig8j9g8i7nu5hby6gt5r4}} 20:38, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나항공 비상연락처]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Luusttgdr5456}} 20:50, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter Norwegian en français ? (Norwegian service client)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|RakkkuLaaal}} 05:23, 3 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Clinique]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|IZ041}} 01:56, 4 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eterno (politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-20926-35}} 22:17, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Róa]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21084-41}} 22:49, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Earn2trade code promo 'keri' up to 70% any evaluation]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-20819-58}} 23:18, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Address Unknown (1935 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|JavedKhanani}} 23:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Douchebag]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Saint Nerona Imu, founder of the 20 kingdoms}} 00:07, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:XM Partner Code GKY33 and bonus structures 2026 trading incentives and rebate models analysis]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-21153-33}} 03:34, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Beylik of Dulkadir]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:10, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Diyarbekir]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:10, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eastern Anatolia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:10, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ottoman–Persian War (1505–1517)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Qizilbash]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:World Expo 2010]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:12, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cro (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21397-58}} 02:42, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Translational regulation]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21252-96}} 02:48, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Holloway, London]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-21195-11}} 02:53, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lighthouse and naval vessel urban legend]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21326-57}} 03:00, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Let it Go, and let God do (Book)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Prince Zian}} 06:32, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Memphis Summer Storm of 2003]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 02:48, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jannik Vestergaard]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21853-42}} 04:25, 9 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Template talk:A-Z multipage list/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-21959-72}} 23:54, 9 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:2607:FEA8:3360:7600:DB6:E09A:F936:7782]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 00:40, 10 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Trials of Apollo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22085-41}} 19:42, 10 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:2030 Romanian presidential election]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Liviu Președintele}} 18:18, 11 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Mod Mill]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-22261-96}} 00:09, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alessandro Aragona]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Avvento Civile]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Batman: Resurrection]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Child pornography laws in the Philippines]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Draught animal]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:26, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Inhumans]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:26, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mirror website]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:27, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mohd Faiz Subri]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:27, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wagyu cattle]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:32, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chris Mueller]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-22898-59}} 21:35, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Violalin]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Pur Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22840-65}} 04:03, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-22840-65}} 04:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:North Korea–United States relations]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22814-70}} 04:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Graywacke]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22778-06}} 04:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Karen Brown]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:05, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Railway accident]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-23385-49}} 21:10, 15 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Emer Kenny]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Jhgfdfge}} 20:11, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Centennial High School (Compton, California)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-23602-91}} 20:11, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:SASPSTER (band)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-23220-45}} 20:14, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muo Zedong!]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-23429-86}} 20:23, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|~2026-23642-49}} 13:54, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Code Bonus 1XBET: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mironandreyvich}} 02:30, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:ธีรวุฒิ คูณชัย]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-23877-54}} 02:30, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:FAQs Como entrar em contacto com a TAP?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Oliverg8765}} 02:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Code Bonus 1XBET Today: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mironandreyvich}} 02:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:BHRT]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|WWmah}} 18:54, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mark Romppel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:41, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rivers of Blood speech]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Sadsam123}} 22:24, 20 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Puffing Billy Preservation Society]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-24254-33}} 22:27, 20 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Arly Pierre-Louis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Tfyghuasd}} 04:40, 21 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Arly Pierre-Louis]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]) 20:10, 21 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph kargbo (musicien)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-24536-63}} 20:43, 21 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Death of Glenn Miller]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-24610-32}} 02:17, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Pupu (character from the pinkfong series)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-24522-24}} 02:19, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nathan Sterling]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|~2026-25009-34}} 21:24, 23 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Liam isgar]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-24864-16}} 03:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lawrence Plett]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:51, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:KuyaMoHirowo]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|KuyaMoHirowo and Staraction}} 05:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/TraceX Guard (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 04:22, 25 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Elisha the FRICKIN gmaer]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 05:38, 25 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:リリヤヤムメーカー]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-25511-09}} 03:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dria Kamo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 03:50, 26 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:The5ers Coupon SAVEOFF – Reduce Your Fees by 10% Now]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-25483-66}} 06:14, 27 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tiger-Man]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 22:51, 27 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:2026 Italian rail sabotage]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 23:38, 27 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Liam isgar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 00:18, 28 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:National Book Award for Young People's Literature]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-25992-21}} 01:58, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ben Wahamaki]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-25984-71}} 02:00, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Green apple]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-25866-30}} 02:16, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Assassination of Marielle Franco]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 02:18, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sant'Agostino, Rome]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-26112-29}} 04:12, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fairplay24]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fairplay24}} 13:51, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mary Ann Crowe]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Travyio99}} 13:52, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alt Conflict]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:54, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤항문]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:내란우두머리]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤두창]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤내란]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) === May 2026 === # [[:1win Code PLAYHARD500 – 500% Deposit Bonus up to $1720]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-26458-35}} 19:41, 1 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1440 Yuki Shiromitas timer (Every 60 Yuki Shiromitas in Africa, a minute passes)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-26690-65}} 19:50, 1 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-833-498-8688 ZIPAIRのカスタマーサービスの電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Jattsabh12q4}} 20:36, 1 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Monroe, North Carolina]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-26646-57}} 03:44, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤두창]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 04:21, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤내란]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 04:21, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Got Milk?]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-26591-83}} 04:23, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ya Lil (Ramage song)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-26861-69}} 05:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Brooke Young]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 23:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Deatnated]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-27023-51}} 01:04, 4 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Books by country]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 01:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Peppa Pig: The Golden Boots]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-27520-45}} 01:50, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Percocet]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-27676-61}} 02:39, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dmitrii Lavrutov]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Ym9837054}} 02:45, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Phoksundo lake]] # [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 02:52, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤두창]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-26592-54}} 02:54, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Questions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Questions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Wrong pronoun]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Wrong gender]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:There]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ze]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Sure contractions ]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Very unsure contractions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Very unsure contractions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Sure contractions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|no-content}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mohawk language]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Hutorok134}} 18:06, 8 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Autocorrect nonsense]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Nyasaland3s}} 18:21, 8 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:John Brock Jacobus Godfrey]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|Katsheron}} 03:58, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Apachat]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:01, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:MeTV Toons]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-20319-44}} 04:47, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ekron]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28361-17}} 04:57, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:~2026-54400-13/sandbox]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#U2|U2]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]) 05:29, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ramachary komandury]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 05:33, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nicholas Hilliard]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28539-56}} 19:49, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Prehn]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28471-54}} 19:49, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bea Millan-Windorski]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Nasingpet}} 19:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Murder of Ailish Walsh]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Realcosmixyt}} 20:19, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-855-542-9296 (K/A). 미국 대한항공 고객 센터]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Jattsabh1ii24}} 21:13, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Georg Brandes]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|~2026-28488-64}} 21:55, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nasheed]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28640-12}} 03:06, 12 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dissolution of the Russian Empire]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28770-82}} 16:53, 12 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Military of Yemen]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-27963-19}} 00:28, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:STEM]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:09, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:T-joint]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28850-14}} 18:35, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Levon Harutunian]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-28684-81}} 18:37, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Villarrica Lake]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28922-24}} 18:39, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:How Manchester City moved two points behind Arsenal in the title race with Crystal Palace win: live updates and reaction]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|BigKrow}} 05:18, 14 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28914-64}} 05:19, 14 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:King of Rome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29139-23}} 04:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Obamine]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29184-84}} 04:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yunus Emre Demir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:14, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:(TJC) The Jesus Church]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 05:15, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:National Anthem of Mongolia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29255-50}} 05:21, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:David M Hryck]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Unitins1}} 05:27, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Charlie Kirk Show]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Realcosmixyt}} 18:28, 17 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Квантово число]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Dadsaws2324sa}} 18:48, 17 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vocal tract]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29768-82}} 04:27, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Half Moon Bay (California)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29652-20}} 04:42, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Skinny dip]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:43, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro de téléphone de Booking.com France ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Simnikka}} 18:33, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:(Booking telephone france) Comment contacter le service Booking ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); 18:33, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dookie 4-Track Demos]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-29796-50}} 18:36, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dominika Stará]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-29884-03}} 18:45, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Android 17]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 22:30, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dark tourist]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-30137-24}} 19:28, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:2025–26 Premier League]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 23:25, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Russian Navy]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 23:54, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fr Theophane of Ponnurunni]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 17:12, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[AA. FAQ 1-855-858-7048 아메리칸 에어 라인 고객 센터]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Jattsabh1224pl}} 17:24, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:HFC-152a]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Bob1800user}} 17:26, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo Entertainement]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|~2026-30399-93}} 18:03, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:David M. Hryck]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|AlphaBetaGamma1}} 01:49, 22 May 2026 (UTC) # <bdi>[[MacArthur Highway]]</bdi>: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Nemine2X2X2}} 04:49, 23 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gilberto Mora Zambrano]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Santi Chuco}} 04:55, 22 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Time for Payback (James Brown album)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-30947-21}} 02:08, 24 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Sound and the Fury]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-31086-56}} 17:07, 24 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Moon Ga-young]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|F.xount}} 23:30, 25 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Management SOOP]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|F.xount}} 23:33, 25 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bialystok riots]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:22, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1941 Bialystok riots]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:22, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1941 Bialystok pogroms]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:22, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bielsk pogroms (1941)]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:23, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1941 Bielsk riots]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:23, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:History of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 00:25, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Palestinian Jews]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 00:25, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Congolese franc]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-31582-96}} 03:23, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Template:Retired/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-31848-63}} 03:33, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Andrea Holmes Thompkins]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Alson23}} 04:41, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:BlockSurvey]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:04, 30 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shia clergy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-32045-77}} 05:37, 30 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Mod Mill]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-32338-47}} 05:56, 31 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mark Messier (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:05, 31 May 2026 (UTC) === June 2026 === # [[:Youareanidiot.cc]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:08, 3 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Thomas Reilly (baller)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]) 05:07, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Hits Now New Shows & Seasons of the Month (2027)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-33231-05}} 05:26, 4 June 2026 (UTC) #[[:Hits Now New Shows & Seasons of the Month (2027)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}}); notified {{user|~2026-33231-05}} 05:26, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:James Lyman Bodack]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-33109-66}} 04:48, 5 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ōdate, Akita]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-33230-94}} 04:48, 5 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dim Mak Records]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-33132-80}} 04:48, 5 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Callum Reid]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-32711-97}} 18:49, 7 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fiona MacKenzie]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:52, 7 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:NF (band)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-32711-97}} 18:53, 7 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ewan “Wee” Campbell]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-32711-97}} 18:55, 7 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Angus Sinclair]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-32711-97}} 18:56, 7 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ralph Jasso]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-33688-84}} 04:00, 8 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Poop attack]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-33756-04}} 04:00, 8 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cursed cat alastor]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-33756-04}} 04:00, 8 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Finding Marlin]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 02:50, 10 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rolly Bundock]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-34283-62}} 02:53, 10 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:King von dead]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-33969-91}} 03:22, 10 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Renmar 'Cañete]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Beebee504}} 03:43, 10 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Youareanidiot.cc]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-34360-16}} 04:01, 11 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Southern Broadcasting Network Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-34574-24}} 06:18, 12 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:PBN Bicol]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-34316-31}} 06:40, 12 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Superstar]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-34834-77}} 05:57, 13 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Scoil Mhuire Moynalty, County Meath]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:07, 13 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Tarata Object]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 18:01, 13 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:White genocide conspiracy theory]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-34707-40}} 18:02, 13 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bill Bray (bodyguard)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 23:37, 14 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Newtonium]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 23:41, 14 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Antoine Fuqua]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 23:41, 14 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:KeiLyn Durrel Jones]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 23:44, 14 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Juliano Valdi]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 23:45, 14 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Goulburn River, Victoria]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-35347-77}} 04:51, 16 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Randyprather]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A7|A7]]) 01:57, 17 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Andiamo]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-35001-21}} 02:04, 17 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Burundi franc]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 02:07, 17 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Business entity]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-35227-95}} 02:48, 17 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shadow President of the United States]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 15:35, 17 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Solidago altissima]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-36316-04}} 15:49, 22 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Los Dregtones]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-36334-16}} 04:01, 23 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jimmy Hernandez]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-36334-16}} 04:02, 23 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:5 Song Alibi]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-36334-16}} 04:02, 23 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Jewish National Front politicians]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 04:16, 23 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Otzma Yehudit politicians]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 04:29, 23 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Local Government Ordinance, 2001]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 15:45, 24 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dissolution of National Assembly (2022 case)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 15:47, 24 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:LinkedIn Corporation v. ProAPIs, Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 22:01, 28 June 2026 (UTC) === July 2026 === # [[:Ofé egwusi]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 06:07, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ogiri]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 06:07, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ogbono soup]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 06:07, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ofé Ọgbọnọ]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 06:07, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amodia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:07, 10 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:ChatGPT Search]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 23:11, 13 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bipin Hadvani]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:19, 16 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:U.S. Route 99]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-27705-68}} 23:26, 18 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nevada State Route 160]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-27705-68}} 00:04, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:U.S. Route 412]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-27705-68}} 00:05, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:California State Route 2]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-27705-68}} 00:07, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:U.S. Route 76]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-27705-68}} 00:07, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:U.S. Route 163]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-27705-68}} 00:07, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Interstate 678]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-27705-68}} 00:08, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Interstate 476]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-27705-68}} 00:08, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:California State Route 299]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-27705-68}} 00:08, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:AllMusic (Library)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Anthoniumo}} 03:59, 23 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nuisance streamer]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:23, 24 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Palestinian pound]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-41820-41}} 05:19, 27 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Robot (dance)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:19, 27 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-42069-69}} 14:29, 29 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Invention of the first reliable implantable cardiac pacemaker]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 20:02, 29 July 2026 (UTC) === August 2026 === # [[:Belsan massacre]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:16, 1 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Toibi Leima]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 17:18, 17 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ahir]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 22:06, 18 August 2026 (UTC) el6ah9j5t10guyqanacbk06nx00dw1i 0 1190398 10966948 10728787 2026-08-18T19:35:09Z Trudy Walker 1620416 made it easier 10966948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | alt_name = ''Arcane: League of Legends'' | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Action movie|Action]] * [[Adventure]] * [[Science fiction|Science fantasy]] }} | creator = {{plainlist| * Christian Linke * Alex Yee }} | based_on = ''[[League of Legends]]'' by [[Riot Games]] | showrunner = {{plainlist| * Christian Linke * Alex Yee }} | director = {{plainlist| * Pascal Charrue * Arnaud Delord * Bart Maunoury }} | voices = {{plainlist| * [[Hailee Steinfeld]] * [[Ella Purnell]] * [[Kevin Alejandro]] * [[Katie Leung]] * [[Jason Spisak]] * [[Toks Olagundoye]] * [[Harry Lloyd]] * [[JB Blanc]] * [[Reed Shannon]] * [[Mick Wingert]] * [[Amirah Vann]] * [[Ellen Thomas]] * [[Brett Tucker]] }} | theme_music_composer = {{plainlist| * [[Imagine Dragons]] * JID }} | open_theme = "Enemy" | composer = Alexander Temple Alex Seaver | country = {{plainlist| * [[France]] * [[United States]] }} | language = [[English language|English]] | num_seasons = 2 | num_episodes = 18 | executive_producer = {{plainlist| * Christian Linke * Marc Merrill * Brandon Beck * Jane Chung * Thomas Vu }} | runtime = 39-50 minutes | company = {{plainlist| * Fortiche * Riot Games }} | budget = $250 million | network = [[Netflix]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|6}} | last_aired = {{End date|2024|11|23}} }} '''''Arcane''''' is an American [[Animation|animated]] [[Television program|television series]] created by Christian Linke and Alex Yee.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Step into ARCANE’s Immersive World with This Guide to the Making of Season Two|language=en|work=Netflix Tudum|url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/features/arcane-season-two-behind-the-scenes#:~:text=It%20takes%20a%20magical%20village,Art%20by%20Julien%20Georgel|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref> The first episode was shown on 6 November 2021. It has 2 seasons with 18 [[Episodes (TV series)|episodes]] as of 2025. The first season was nominated for five [[Emmy Award|Emmy Awards]], including Outstanding Animated Program and won four of them. It also won an [[Annie Awards|Annie Award]] for Best General Audience Animated Television Broadcast Production. The series is about Vi ([[Hailee Steinfeld]]) and Jinx ([[Ella Purnell]]) getting into a fight between Zaun and the [[city]] of Piltover. The series' first season was released between 6 and 20 November 2021, and the second season was released between 9 and 23 November 2024. People enjoy the series because of its animation style, writing, [[worldbuilding]], and voice acting, even though its second season's pacing was said to be bad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-09|title='Arcane' Season 2 Review - A Messy But Still Gorgeous Conclusion|url=https://discussingfilm.net/2024/11/09/arcane-season-2-review-riot-netflix/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Richard|first=Nate|date=2024-11-09|title='Arcane' Season 2 Review: The Return of Netflix's 'League of Legends' Series Was Worth the Wait|url=https://collider.com/arcane-season-2-review/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Collider|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Kathryn|date=2024-12-03|title=Arcane’s Second Season Is as Beautiful as it Is Imperfect|url=https://reactormag.com/tv-review-arcane-season-two/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Reactor|language=en-US}}</ref> == Cast == * [[Hailee Steinfeld]] as Violet/Vi,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Steel|first=Tom|date=2022-01-19|title=Arcane: 10 Recognizable Voices Behind The Characters (& Where You Recognize Them From)|url=https://www.cbr.com/arcane-recognizable-voice-actors/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=CBR|language=en}}</ref> Jinx's sister * [[Ella Purnell]] as Powder/Jinx,<ref name=":0" /> Vi's sister * [[Kevin Alejandro]] as Jayce Talis,<ref name=":0" /> creator of Hextech * [[Katie Leung]] as Caitlyn Kiramman,<ref name=":0" /> daughter of Councilor Cassandra Kiramman * [[Jason Spisak]] as Silco,<ref name=":0" /> the former leader of the undercity of Zaun * [[Toks Olagundoye]] as Mel Medarda,<ref name=":0" /> disowned heir of Ambessa Medarda from Noxus * [[Harry Lloyd]] as Viktor,<ref name=":0" /> Jayce's partner * [[JB Blanc]] as Vander,<ref name=":0" /> Jinx and Vi's adoptive father * Reed Shannon as Ekko, leader of the Firelights * Mick Wingert as Heimerdinger,<ref name=":0" /> a founder of Piltover * [[Amirah Vann]] as Sevika, Silco's chief enforcer * Ellen Thomas as Ambessa Medarda, Mel's mother * Brett Tucker as Singed, a scientist that performed illegal experiments == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2020s American adult animated television series]] [[Category:2020s American drama television series]] [[Category:2020s American LGBT television series]] [[Category:2020s French animated television series]] [[Category:2021 American animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2021 French television series debuts]] [[Category:2024 American animated television series endings]] [[Category:2024 French television series endings]] [[Category:American anime-influenced animated television series]] [[Category:American adult animated television series]] [[Category:American animated adventure television series]] [[Category:American animated drama television series]] [[Category:American animated science fantasy television series]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:American LGBT television programs]] [[Category:American action adventure television series]] [[Category:French animated action television series]] [[Category:French animated adventure television series]] [[Category:French animated drama television series]] [[Category:French animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:21st-century French science fiction television series]] [[Category:French-language television programs]] [[Category:French anime-influenced animated television series]] [[Category:Emmy Award winning programs]] [[Category:Netflix original series]] [[Category:Steampunk television series]] n9hclx1jhvzcye5uvg83yvo0m1smxsb 2 1191169 10966847 10708930 2026-08-18T17:14:54Z Canadachick 1633172 10966847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Battle of Karrapa Pass | place = [[Gandab Valley]], near [[Mohmand Agency]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (Present-day [[Pashtunistan]]) | partof = the [[Mughal–Afghan Wars]] | date = February (1674) | result = Afghan Victory | combatant1 = Afghan Tribes * Mohmand * Afridi * More Afghan Tribes | combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] | commander1 = [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]] [[darya khan afridi]] | commander2 = [[Shujaat Khan]]{{KIA}}<br/>[[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]]{{WIA}} | strength1 = 15,000 tribal warriors | strength2 = 50,000–70,000 Mughal troops | casualties1 = Light | casualties2 = 20,000–50,000+ killed<br />Thousands fled }} The '''Battle of Karrapa Pass''' was fought in '''February 1674''' between the [[Mughal Empire]] and a confederation of [[Pashtun]] tribes led by [[Aimal Khan Mohmand|Aimal Khan Mohmand and Darya Khan Afridi]]. The Mughal general [[Shujaat Khan]], known for his suppression of the [[Satnami]] uprising, had been sent by [[Emperor Aurangzeb]] to quell tribal resistance along the northwest frontier.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath. ''Aurangzib: Volume III''. Orient Longman, 1920, p. 326.</ref> As the Mughal army marched from [[Peshawar]] toward [[Kabul]] via the [[Mohmand]] region, Aimal Khan prepared an ambush in the narrow terrain of the [[Gandab Valley]]. Utilizing the natural chokepoint of the [[Karrapa Pass]], he encircled the Mughal army from three sides.<ref>Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth & Garrett, H.L.O. ''Mughal Rule in India''. Atlantic Publishers, 1995, p. 114.</ref> The tribal assault began with a sudden barrage of musket and arrow fire, quickly overwhelming the Mughal vanguard.<ref>Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh. ''A Military History of Medieval India''. Vision Books, 2003, p. 630.</ref> Thousands of Mughal soldiers were cut down in the initial attack. In the ensuing chaos, many fled into the mountains, while others were captured. [[Shujaat Khan]] sustained fatal wounds during the battle and died before he could retreat.<ref>Agrawal, Ashvini. ''Studies in Mughal History''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1983, p. 190.</ref> [[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] narrowly escaped with a handful of troops, retreating toward [[Peshawar]].<ref>Rashid, Haroon. ''History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans''. Haroon Rashid, 2002, p. 438.</ref> == Aftermath == The defeat was a major blow to Mughal authority in the region. Control over the [[Khyber Pass]] was lost, and the flow of supplies to Kabul was interrupted. Aurangzeb was forced to reevaluate his frontier strategy and delay further campaigns against the [[Pashtun]] tribes.<ref>Ahmad, Laiq. ''The Prime Ministers of Aurangzeb''. Chugh Publications, 1976, p. 109.</ref><ref>Khan, Mohammad Nawaz. ''Khyber: The Treasure Land of History''. Gandhara Markaz, 2004, p. 29.</ref> == References == <references /> [[:Category:Afghan-Mughal Wars]] [[:Category:Conflicts in 1674]] [[:Category:Khyber Pass]] [[:Category:17th-century battles]] [[:Category:17th century in Afghanistan]] dr5kwc5tphr8f4rshpm77tntrq4u60n 2 1191175 10966846 10296118 2026-08-18T17:14:43Z Canadachick 1633172 removed user page from stub category 10966846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Doaba Campaign | place = [[Doaba Region]], near [[Kohat]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (Present-day [[Pakistan]]) | partof = [[Mughal–Afghan Wars]] | date = May 1674 | result = Afghan Victory | combatant1 = Afghan Tribes * Mohmand * Afridi | combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] | commander1 = [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]] | commander2 = Mir Hussain{{KIA}} | strength1 = Unknown | strength2 = Unknown | casualties1 = Minimal | casualties2 = Heavy }} The '''Doaba Campaign''' was a continuation of the escalating tribal resistance against the [[Mughal Empire]] following their defeat at [[Nowshera]] in early 1674. After securing a major victory there, [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]] led a fresh offensive deeper into Mughal-held territory in the strategically vital [[Doaba]] region.<ref>Rashid, Haroon. ''History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans''. Haroon Rashid, 2002, p. 444.</ref> The Mughal commander '''Mir Hussain''' was dispatched by the court at [[Lahore]] to suppress the rising tribal rebellion. However, his forces were ambushed and decisively defeated by Aimal Khan’s troops in a surprise assault.<ref>Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth & Garrett, H.L.O. ''Mughal Rule in India''. Atlantic Publishers, 1995, p. 119.</ref> The Mughals, taken off guard by the speed and precision of the tribal attack, were quickly routed.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath. ''Aurangzib: Volume III''. Orient Longman, 1920, p. 332.</ref> Mir Hussain was killed in the fighting, and his army was nearly annihilated.<ref>Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh. ''A Military History of Medieval India''. Vision Books, 2003, p. 636.</ref> The battle further consolidated Afghan control in the western frontier and marked another humiliating defeat for Mughal authority in the northwest.<ref>Agrawal, Ashvini. ''Studies in Mughal History''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1983, p. 194.</ref> == Aftermath == The Doaba victory emboldened further tribal actions and encouraged smaller clans to rise in support of Aimal Khan. [[Aurangzeb]] responded by summoning reinforcements from Delhi and began preparing for a prolonged counter-insurgency campaign in the frontier zones.<ref>Khan, Mohammad Nawaz. ''Khyber: The Treasure Land of History''. Gandhara Markaz, 2004, p. 35.</ref><ref>Ahmad, Laiq. ''The Prime Ministers of Aurangzeb''. Chugh Publications, 1976, p. 113.</ref> == References == <references /> [[:Category:Afghan-Mughal Wars]] [[:Category:Conflicts in 1674]] [[:Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]] [[:Category:17th-century battles]] [[:Category:17th century in Afghanistan]] tmqr9cxlglh200nvj0w2tsuz55lmj8p 2 1191176 10966845 10296123 2026-08-18T17:14:37Z Canadachick 1633172 10966845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Battle of Jagdalak | place = [[Jagdalak]], between [[Kabul]] and [[Peshawar]] (Present-day [[Afghanistan]]) | partof = the [[Mughal–Afghan Wars]] | date = 1675 | result = Afghan Victory | combatant1 = Afghan Tribes * Mohmand * Khattak | combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] | commander1 = [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]] | commander2 = [[Fidai Khan Koka]] | strength1 = Unknown | strength2 = Large Mughal detachment | casualties1 = Light | casualties2 = Heavy }} The '''Battle of Jagdalak''' was fought in '''1675''' between the [[Mughal Empire]] and a coalition of Afghan tribes led by [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]]. Following a series of defeats inflicted on the Mughals in the northwest frontier, Aimal Khan continued his campaign by intercepting the Mughal commander [[Fidai Khan Koka]] near the mountain pass of '''Jagdalak''', en route from [[Kabul]] to [[Peshawar]].<ref>Rashid, Haroon. ''History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans''. Haroon Rashid, 2002, p. 446.</ref> Using his knowledge of the terrain and tribal mobility, Aimal Khan orchestrated an ambush that decimated Fidai Khan’s force in the rugged hills.<ref>Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth & Garrett, H.L.O. ''Mughal Rule in India''. Atlantic Publishers, 1995, p. 122.</ref> The Mughal army suffered significant losses, and Fidai Khan narrowly escaped with a small portion of his troops.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath. ''Aurangzib: Volume III''. Orient Longman, 1920, p. 335.</ref> == Aftermath == The victory at Jagdalak further boosted Afghan morale and extended their control over the corridor between Kabul and Peshawar. It dealt another blow to the Mughal position in the northwest frontier, forcing Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] to rethink his military strategy in the region.<ref>Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh. ''A Military History of Medieval India''. Vision Books, 2003, p. 639.</ref><ref>Agrawal, Ashvini. ''Studies in Mughal History''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1983, p. 196.</ref> Afghan raids in the aftermath of the battle also disrupted Mughal communications and supply lines for several months.<ref>Khan, Mohammad Nawaz. ''Khyber: The Treasure Land of History''. Gandhara Markaz, 2004, p. 37.</ref> == References == <references /> [[:Category:Afghan-Mughal Wars]] [[:Category:Conflicts in 1675]] [[:Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]] [[:Category:17th-century battles]] [[:Category:1675 in Asia]] [[:Category:17th century in Afghanistan]] cx5qyy1d9aw1m5p6i932504zpxd2zld 2 1191181 10966844 10296127 2026-08-18T17:14:30Z Canadachick 1633172 removed user page from stub category 10966844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Battle of Khapush | place = [[Khapush]], [[Bajaur]], (Present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]) | partof = the [[Mughal–Afghan Wars]] | date = June 1675 | result = Afghan Victory | combatant1 = Afghan Tribes * Mohmand * Afridi | combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] | commander1 = [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]]<br>[[Darya Khan Afridi]] | commander2 = Mukarram Khan<br>Shamsher Khan{{KIA}} | strength1 = Unknown | strength2 = Unknown | casualties1 = Light | casualties2 = Heavy }} The '''Battle of Khapush''' took place in '''June 1675''' near the village of '''Khapush''' in the [[Bajaur]] region. The battle was part of the continuing resistance of Afghan tribes against Mughal expansion into their territories. A combined force of tribal warriors, led by [[Aimal Khan Mohmand]] and [[Darya Khan Afridi]], lured the Mughal army into an ambush in the mountainous terrain.<ref>Rashid, Haroon. ''History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans''. Haroon Rashid, 2002, p. 448.</ref> The Mughal commander '''Mukarram Khan''', unaware of the trap, advanced deep into hostile territory. The ambush resulted in devastating losses for the Mughal side, including the death of one of their key commanders, '''Shamsher Khan'''.<ref>Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth & Garrett, H.L.O. ''Mughal Rule in India''. Atlantic Publishers, 1995, p. 124.</ref> Despite suffering severe injuries, Mukarram Khan narrowly escaped with a handful of survivors and retreated to the Mughal base in [[Bajaur]].<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath. ''Aurangzib: Volume III''. Orient Longman, 1920, p. 338.</ref> == Aftermath == The victory at Khapush further weakened Mughal influence in the Bajaur region and boosted the confidence of the Afghan lashkars. It marked a continuation of a series of defeats suffered by the Mughals in their northwest frontier campaigns between 1672 and 1675.<ref>Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh. ''A Military History of Medieval India''. Vision Books, 2003, p. 641.</ref><ref>Agrawal, Ashvini. ''Studies in Mughal History''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1983, p. 198.</ref> The battle forced the Mughal court to reevaluate its frontier defense strategies and rotate several senior commanders in an attempt to stabilize the region.<ref>Khan, Mohammad Nawaz. ''Khyber: The Treasure Land of History''. Gandhara Markaz, 2004, p. 39.</ref> == References == <references /> [[:Category:Afghan-Mughal Wars]] [[:Category:Conflicts in 1675]] [[:Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]] [[:Category:17th-century battles]] [[:Category:1675 in Asia]] [[:Category:17th century in Afghanistan]] [[:Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] 2ysas97jlyk911jp10ha3h60wna6fy6 2 1191186 10966843 10296132 2026-08-18T17:14:23Z Canadachick 1633172 removed user page from stub category 10966843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Campaign in Kangra | place = [[Kangra Valley]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] (Present-day [[India]]) | partof = Mughal frontier campaigns under [[Shah Jahan]] | date = 1641 | result = Mughal-Khattak Victory | combatant1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] * Khattak tribal levies | combatant2 = Jagat Singh of Kangra | commander1 = [[Khushal Khan Khattak]]<br>[[Ali Mardan Khan]] | commander2 = Jagat Singh | strength1 = 2,000 Khattak warriors<br>+ Mughal forces | strength2 = Unknown | casualties1 = Unknown | casualties2 = Heavy }} The '''Campaign in Kangra (1641)''' was a military expedition undertaken by the [[Mughal Empire]] under Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] to subdue the rebellious hill ruler Jagat Singh of Kangra. Among those who played a key role in the campaign was [[Khushal Khan Khattak]], the chieftain of the Khattak tribe and a loyal Mughal commander during this period.<ref>Rahman, Abdul. ''Khushhal Khan Khattak: The Great Warrior Poet of the Pashtoons''. National Book Foundation, 1987, p. 47.</ref> In 1641, Khushal Khan led a contingent of 2,000 Khattak horsemen as part of the Mughal advance into the [[Kangra Valley]]. The campaign was commanded overall by [[Ali Mardan Khan]], one of Shah Jahan’s senior generals.<ref>Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain. ''Some Aspects of Afghan Despotism in India''. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1974, p. 128.</ref> The Mughals aimed to suppress Jagat Singh’s defiance and reassert imperial authority in the region. Khushal's troops are recorded to have played a decisive role in fording the river defenses and penetrating the outer hill fortifications.<ref>Khan, Ghulam Sarwar. ''Khushhal Khan Khattak: A Critical Study''. Pashto Academy, 1960, p. 53.</ref> == Aftermath == The campaign ended with the capture of key strongholds, and Jagat Singh was forced to submit. As a result of his loyalty and martial success, Khushal Khan was rewarded by the Mughal court with greater authority over Khattak lands and elevated status among tribal chiefs.<ref>Ghani, Abdul. ''A History of the Khattaks''. Pashto Academy, 1980, p. 95.</ref> This campaign helped cement Khushal’s early reputation as both a warrior and a capable administrator under Mughal patronage. == References == <references /> [[:Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]] [[:Category:1641 in Asia]] [[:Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]] [[:Category:Khushal Khan Khattak]] [[:Category:17th-century military history of India]] hly3bmx0agnc2c6n8u8xqalwt75d7e0 0 1191262 10966923 10940865 2026-08-18T18:49:03Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 10966923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} [[File:Princess Sanatombi.jpg|thumb|Princess Sanatombi, the eldest daughter of Meitei King Surchandra Singh of Manipur kingdom]] In the [[history of Manipur]], a '''Meitei princess''', also known as '''Manipuri princess''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯖꯥꯏꯕꯦꯝꯃ}}|majāibemma}}<ref name=":sharma_query.py?qs=Princess">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=H. Surmangol|date=2006|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("princess")|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=Princess&matchtype=default|access-date=2025-05-24|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>), was a female member of the royal family belonging to the [[Meitei ethnic group]], the dominant community of [[Manipur]]. Historically, Meitei princesses held positions within the sociopolitical and cultural framework of the [[Kingdom of Manipur]], often involved in ceremonial functions and, at times, administrative affairs. Their roles and status were shaped by the traditional norms and hierarchical structures of Meitei society. At various points in history, Meitei princesses became queens in neighboring kingdoms, including the Ahom kingdom, the Burmese kingdom, the Cachar kingdom, and the Tripura kingdom, through diplomatic marriage alliances arranged between royal families.<ref>Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. India: Mittal Publications, 1988. p. 5, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 115</ref><ref>Manihar Singh, Ch. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi, 1996. p. 30, 33, 150</ref><ref name=":Memchaton_Manipuri_Queens_in_the_Royal_House_of_Tripura">{{Cite journal|last=Singha|first=Memchaton|date=April 2013|others=Dept. of Bengali, Karimganj College, [[Karimganj]], [[Assam]], [[India]].|title=Manipuri Queens in the Royal House of Tripura|url=https://www.academia.edu/5899052|journal=রতিবতি the Echo|language=en, mni|volume=1|issue=4|pages=187–192}}</ref> == Titles == {{See|Meitei royal etiquette|Constitutionalism in Meitei civilisation}} * "Majāibemma" ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯖꯥꯏꯕꯦꯝꯃ}}; /mə.jai.bem.mə/) is a respectful form of address used in the [[Meitei language]] for royal women such as princesses, queens, or noble ladies. The word is formed from the morphemes ma‑jā‑i‑bemma, where ma- means "third person plural," jā- means "offspring" or "child," i- stands for "first person plural" meaning "our," and bemma means "lady" or "woman." Taken together, the term can be interpreted as "our lady of their child(ren)," reflecting a formal and respectful way of referring to women of royal descent.<ref name=":sharma_query.py?qs=Princess" /> * "Tampha Wangamlon" ({{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯝꯐꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯉꯝꯂꯣꯟ}}) or "Tamphasana" ({{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯝꯐꯥꯁꯅꯥ}}) is a title usually given to the oldest daughter of the Meitei king.<ref name=":Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE. Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 58.">Sana, Raj Kumar Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE. Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 58. ISBN 978-81-8465-210-9.</ref> * "Yimom" ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯃꯣꯝ}}) is a term used to refer to both the daughter and the younger sister of a king.<ref name=":Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE. Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 58." /> * "Yimanlon" ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯃꯥꯟꯂꯣꯟ}}) is a term used to refer to the aunt of a king.<ref name=":Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE. Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 58." /> == Legendary princesses == {{See|Meitei mythology|Meitei folklore|Meitei folktales}} [[File:Depiction of a deified Meitei Princess Panthoibi (alias Panthoipi) - MMRC & Unity Park, Khangabok, Kangleipak 15.jpg|thumb|Statue of deified Meitei princess Panthoibi]] [[Panthoibi]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ}}) was a Meitei princess from the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. She was first married to Prince Tarang Khoinucha, the son of King Khaba Sokchrongba of the Khaba dynasty. Later, she married [[Nongpok Ningthou]], the chief of the Selloi Langmai hills, also called the [[:en:Nongmaiching hills|Nongmaiching hills]]. Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou were later worshipped as deities by the [[Meitei people]], which led to the beginning of the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival.<ref>Manihar Singh, Ch. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi, 1996. p. 75, 103</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=Panthoibi+meitei+princess&pg=PA62|title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works|last=Devi|first=Nunglekpam Premi|date=2018-04-14|publisher=FSP|pages=62|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X31aDwAAQBAJ&dq=Panthoibi+meitei+princess&pg=PT244|title=Northeast India: A Reader|last1=Oinam|first1=Bhagat|last2=Sadokpam|first2=Dhiren A.|date=2018-05-11|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-95320-0|pages=244|language=en}}</ref> [[Thoibi]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ}}) was a princess of the [[Moirang]] royal family in the historic [[Ancient Moirang]] kingdom. She was noted for her abilities and appearance. She developed a romantic relationship with an orphan named [[Khuman Khamba]], which led to a conflict with her suitor, [[Nongban]]. Eventually, she married Khamba. Her story is preserved in the [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, including literary works like the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] and in the oral traditions of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeRMAAAAMAAJ&dq=Thoibi+princess&pg=PA133|title=The Meitheis|last=Hodson|first=Thomas Callan|date=1908|publisher=D. Nutt|isbn=978-81-7536-149-2|pages=133–150|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL_8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Thoibi+princess&pg=PA1581|title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XL. No. 35 ( 31 AUGUST, 1975 )|last=Delhi|first=All India Radio (AIR), New|date=1975-08-31|publisher=All India Radio (AIR),New Delhi|pages=1581|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&dq=Thoibi+princess&pg=PA175|title=Dance Dialects of India|last=Devi|first=Ragini|date=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0674-0|pages=175|language=en}}</ref> == As the Queens of Assam == {{See|Ahom–Meitei relations|Meitei people in Assam}} === In Ahom kingdom === [[Kuranganayani]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯪꯒꯅꯌꯅꯤ}}) was a Meitei princess of the Ningthouja dynasty, the daughter of Gaurishyam, brother of King Jai Singh, also known as Ching-Thang Khomba or Bhagyachandra Karta Maharaj of the Manipur kingdom. She became the queen of the Ahom king Swargadeo Rajeswar Singha, also known as Surempha. After his death, she was remarried to his brother, Lakhmi Singha, who later became king. During a period of unrest, the Moamoria rebels overthrew and imprisoned the Ahom king. Kuranganayani played a key role in ending the rebellion by killing the rebel leader, Raghav Moran (Ragho Moran), during the night of the [[Bihu]] festival, leading to the restoration of the rightful Ahom ruler.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BORGOHAIN|first=DR ATUL|date=2024-08-17|title=Princess Kuranganayani a Symbol of Harmony Between Assam and Manipur » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics|url=https://imphalreviews.in/princess-kuranganayani-a-symbol-of-harmony-between-assam-and-manipur/|access-date=2025-05-24|website=imphalreviews.in|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohen|first=Naorem|date=2021-09-04|title=Do You Know Kuranganayani Saved Ahom Kingdom|url=https://themanipurjournal.com/kuranganayani-saved-ahom-kingdom/|access-date=2025-05-24|website=The Manipur Journal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Princess Kuranganayani a symbol of harmony between Assam and Manipur|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/8/16/Dr-Atul-BorgohainContd-from-last-ThursdayAlready-all-the-rajagharia-royal-personalities-gathered-at-Mes.html|access-date=2025-05-24|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref> === In Cachar kingdom === [[Induprabha]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯟꯗꯨꯄ꯭ꯔꯚꯥ}}), also spelled Induprava, was a Meitei princess of the Manipur kingdom and queen consort of King Krishnachandra of the Dimasa kingdom (Cachar kingdom) and the daughter of King Modhuchandra Singh of Manipur.<ref>Joykumar Singh, N.. Colonialism to Democracy: A History of Manipur, 1819-1972. India: Spectrum Publications, 2002. p. 6</ref><ref>History of the Dimasas: From the Earliest Times to 1896 A.D.. India: Autonomous Council, N.C. Hills District (Assam), 1997. p. 75, 185</ref><ref>History of the Dimasas: From the Earliest Times to 1896 A.D.. India: Autonomous Council, N.C. Hills District (Assam), 1997. p. 75, 185</ref> She played a role in the spread of Hinduism in the Cachar kingdom, including the conversion of King Krishnachandra. She also contributed to maintaining diplomatic relations between Cachar and Manipur. Additionally, she was involved in the formation of the [[Manipur Levy]], a military force organized by her relatives Gambhir Singh and Nara Singh to resist Burmese occupation during the period known as the [[Seven Years' Devastation]]. After the death of King Krishnachandra, the British administration recognized Induprabha as the Queen of Cachar in 1856.<ref>Indigenous People of Barak Valley. N.P., 2020.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pragyanxetu|date=2024-09-28|title=Kachari queen Rani Induprabha|url=https://pragyanxetu.com/kachari-queen-rani-induprabha/|access-date=2025-05-24|website=প্ৰজ্ঞানসেতু since 2013: নিৰ্ধাৰিত সপোন. নিৰ্ভীক ভৱিষ্যত.|language=en-US}}</ref> == As the Queens of Burma == {{See|Burmese–Meitei relations|Meitei–Shan relations|Meitei people in Myanmar}} === Chakpa Makhao Ngambi === [[Chakpa Makhao Ngambi]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯛꯄ ꯃꯈꯥꯎ ꯉꯝꯕꯤ}}) was a Meitei princess of the Ningthouja dynasty of the Manipur Kingdom (Kangleipak) and served as queen consort of the Toungoo dynasty in the Kingdom of Ava, located in present-day Upper Burma (Myanmar). She was married to King Taninganway, known in the Meitei language as Chekong Leimaba or Tongdoi Leimaba. Following the birth of her son, she abdicated her position as queen. She was a first-degree relative of King Charairongba of Manipur and a second-degree relative of his successor, King Pamheiba (Garib Niwaj). Her abdication contributed to a prolonged political conflict between the Meitei royal house (Ningthouja dynasty) and the Bamar monarchy (Toungoo dynasty).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=chakpa+makhao+ngambi |title=The History of Manipur: An early period |date=1986 |publisher= |pages=319, 320 |language=en |quote=Garib Niwaz was also not happy on receiving the information that his step sister Chakpa Makhao - ngambi who was married to Taningan we the Burmese king , was reduced to a common wife from Chief Queen - ship . ...}}</ref><ref>Devi, Nunglekpam Premi (2018). A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works. India. p. 31.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Manglemjao S. |date=2021-07-10 |title=GARIBANIWAZ (PAMHEIBA): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709-1748) » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/ |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Satyamala Devi === Satyamala Devi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯇ꯭ꯌꯃꯂꯥ ꯗꯦꯕꯤ}}), also known as Nongleima ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯂꯩꯃ}}), was a Meitei princess of the Manipur Kingdom, the daughter of Khamlang Pamsaba (Wangkheirakpa), the brother of Maharaja Garibaniwaz (also known as Pamheiba). She was brought up by Garibaniwaz as his adopted daughter. During the reign of King Mahadhammaraja Dipati of Burma, repeated diplomatic missions were sent to the Manipuri court requesting a royal marriage alliance. In response, Satyamala Devi was sent to Burma in 1749, where she became one of the queens of Mahadhammaraja Dipati, the last ruler of the Toungoo dynasty. She was conferred the title "Maha Devi." Her son, Khura Letpa, was later given the title Minye Sithu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=SOROKHAIBAM|first=MANGLEMJAO S.|date=2021-07-03|title=Satyamala Devi: The Life of a Manipuri Princess Who Became the Queen of the Most Powerful 18th Century Ava King » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics|url=https://imphalreviews.in/satyamala-devi-the-life-of-a-manipuri-princess-who-became-the-queen-of-the-most-powerful-18th-century-ava-king/|access-date=2025-05-24|website=imphalreviews.in|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singha|first=Memchaton|date=2016|title=Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18th to 19th Centuries|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552717|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=77|pages=874–879|jstor=26552717 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12432/page/n51/mode/1up?q=Satyamala|title=HISTORY OF MANIPUR|last=ROY|first=JYOTIRMOY|date=1958|publisher=EASTLIGHT BOOK HOUSE,CALCUTTA|pages=35, 37}}</ref> == As the Queens of Tripura == {{Main|Meitei queens of Tripura}} {{See|Meitei people in Tripura}} Not all queens of Tripura of Meitei ethnic background were princesses from the Manipur Kingdom. While a number of them came from non-royal or lay backgrounds, a significant proportion were Meitei princesses belonging to the royal family of Manipur. These royal marriages formed part of broader political and cultural interactions between the kingdoms of Manipur and Tripura.<ref name=":Memchaton_Manipuri_Queens_in_the_Royal_House_of_Tripura" /> * Hariseswari ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯔꯤꯁꯦꯁ꯭ꯋꯔꯤ}}) was a Meitei princess of the Manipur Kingdom and the daughter of King Bhagyachandra, also known as Joy Singh, who ruled during the periods 1759–1761 and 1763–1798. She became the queen consort of Rajdhar Manikya II, the ruler of the Tripura Kingdom from 1785 to 1804. During a pilgrimage to various religious sites in India, King Bhagyachandra visited [[Agartala]], the capital of Tripura. During his stay, he arranged the marriage of his daughter Hariseswari to King Rajdhar Manikya II.<ref name=":Memchaton_Manipuri_Queens_in_the_Royal_House_of_Tripura" /><ref name=":Mittal_6, 23-24">Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. India: Mittal Publications, 1988. p. 6, 23-24</ref><ref>Gopi Devi, Yumlembam. Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. 2019. p. 189-190</ref> * Chandrakola ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯀꯣꯂꯥ}}), Vidhukola ({{Script|Mtei|ꯋꯤꯙꯨꯀꯣꯂꯥ}}), and Akhileswari ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯈꯤꯂꯦꯁ꯭ꯋꯔꯤ}}) were daughters of King Marjit Singh of the Manipur Kingdom. They were married to Krishna Kishore Manikya, the ruler of the Tripura Kingdom from 1829 to 1849. Krishna Kishore Manikya was himself the son of a Meitei queen, reflecting continued dynastic and matrimonial ties between the royal houses of Manipur and Tripura.<ref name=":Memchaton_Manipuri_Queens_in_the_Royal_House_of_Tripura" /><ref name=":Mittal_6, 23-24" /> * Ratnamanjuri ({{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯇ꯭ꯅꯃꯟꯖꯨꯔꯤ}}), also known as Dhaka Rani ({{Script|Mtei|ꯙꯥꯀꯥ ꯔꯥꯅꯤ}}), was a Meitei princess and a daughter of Meitei King Debendra Singh. She became a queen consort of Tripuri King Radhakishore Manikya, who ruled from 1896 to 1909 and was the son of a Meitei queen. In 1874, during a visit to Dhaka by King Birchandra Manikya of Tripura, he met Meitei King Debendra Singh and his daughter Ratnamanjuri. Subsequently, Ratnamanjuri married Crown Prince Radhakishore and relocated to Agartala. She was also referred to as Dhaka Rani by the [[Meitei people in Tripura]]. Ratnamanjuri was the mother of Birendrakishore Manikya, who succeeded the throne of Tripura.<ref name=":Memchaton_Manipuri_Queens_in_the_Royal_House_of_Tripura" /><ref name=":Mittal_6, 23-24" /> == In performing arts == {{See|Jagoi|Manipuri music}} Shija Laioibi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯖꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯏꯕꯤ}}), also referred to as Shija Lailotpi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯖꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯣꯠꯄꯤ}}) or Bimbabati ({{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯤꯝꯕꯥꯕꯇꯤ}}), was a Meitei princess and the daughter of King Rajarshi Bhagyachandra of [[Medieval Kangleipak|medieval Manipur]] kingdom. She is historically recognized as the earliest performer of the Manipuri Rasa Leela dance at the Shri Govindaji Temple. During this performance, she is noted for being the first to wear the traditional potloi costume.<ref>The India Magazine of Her People and Culture. A. H. Advani. 1986.</ref><ref>Singh, N. Tombi (1972). Manipur: A Study.</ref><ref>Manipur (India) (1962). Manipur: A Decade of Progress. Manipur Administration.</ref> == In literature == {{See|Meitei literature}} === Sanatombi === Sanatombi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯅꯥꯇꯣꯝꯕꯤ}}) was the eldest daughter of Maharaja Surchandra of Manipur. She was favored in childhood by her grandmother, [[Maharani Kumudini]]. As part of a royal arrangement, Sanatombi was married to Manikchand of the Nongmaithem family. The marriage was reported to lack personal affection. The narrative of Sanatombi’s relationship with [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]] Henry St P Maxwell, the British political agent in Manipur, is depicted in the historical fiction work The Princess and the Political Agent, which employs a flashback narrative structure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Princess-Writer and the Manipuri Aesthetic|url=https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/fabric-of-india/inside-northeast/a-princesswriter-and-the-manipuri-aesthetic--3796|access-date=2025-05-24|website=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=AHANTHEM|first=CHITRA|date=2020-07-18|title=Translated Work, "The Princess and the Political Agent" is a Pale Shadow of the Original "Bor Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi" » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics|url=https://imphalreviews.in/translated-work-the-princess-and-the-political-agent-is-a-pale-shadow-of-the-original-bor-saheb-ongbi-sanatombi/|access-date=2025-05-24|website=imphalreviews.in|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-19|title=The Princess And The Political Agent By Binodini (translated From Manipuri By L Somi Roy)|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/the-princess-and-the-political-agent-by-binodini-translated-from-manipuri-by-l-somi-roy/|access-date=2025-05-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=AHANTHEM|first=CHITRA|date=2020-07-11|title=Binodini's Sanatombi is Also the Story of the Inner Struggle of a Rebel Tamed by the Weight of Position » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics|url=https://imphalreviews.in/binodinis-sanatombi-is-also-the-story-of-the-inner-struggle-of-a-rebel-tamed-by-the-weight-of-position/|access-date=2025-05-24|website=imphalreviews.in|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Binodini Devi === Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯍꯥꯔꯥꯖ ꯀꯨꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯕꯤꯅꯣꯗꯤꯅꯤ ꯗꯦꯕꯤ}}) was the youngest daughter of Sir Maharaja Churachand Singh, KCSI, CBE, ruler of the Manipur Kingdom, and Maharani Dhanamanjuri Devi. She was born on 6 February 1922. Binodini Devi was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1976. Her historical novel Boro Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi, published in 1976, received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1979. The English translation of the novel, titled The Princess and the Political Agent, was published in 2020 by Penguin Random House India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi Foundation,IMASI,imasi,imasi.org|url=https://www.imasi.org/biography.php|access-date=2025-05-24|website=www.imasi.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tributes paid to MK Binodini on 100th birth anniversary|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/7/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-6-The-centenary-birth-anniversary-of-MK-Binodini-was-celebrated.amp.html|access-date=2025-05-24|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2022-10-09|title=Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi - Trailblazing and Ahead of Her Times|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/life/maharaj-kumari-binodini-devi-trailblazing-and-ahead-of-her-times-620217|access-date=2025-05-24|website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=M.K. Binodini Devi a True Representative of the Aspiration & Life of Manipuri ...|date=26 October 2022 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/life/maharaj-kumari-binodini-devi-trailblazing-and-ahead-of-her-times-620217}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[:en:Women in Meitei civilisation|Women in Meitei civilisation]] * [[List of Khuman queens]] * [[:en:Meitei goddesses|Meitei goddesses]] * [[British princess]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Meitei culture]] [[Category:Meitei people]] [[Category:Princesses Royal]] [[Category:Royalty and nobility]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] s5b6dlputsd32vcapwrn5pgk0f1wdg6 1 1193633 10966802 10713832 2026-08-18T16:56:55Z ~2026-45318-79 1857524 /* DH120IV77O */ new section 10966802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == DH120IV77O == 390 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45318-79|&#126;2026-45318-79]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45318-79|talk]]) 16:56, 18 August 2026 (UTC) loxn70d4okphcpgtu8f3eu3oe5qh3ve 10966805 10966802 2026-08-18T16:57:46Z ~2026-45318-79 1857524 /* DH120IV77O */ new section 10966805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == DH120IV77O == 390 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45318-79|&#126;2026-45318-79]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45318-79|talk]]) 16:56, 18 August 2026 (UTC) == DH120IV77O == 390 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45318-79|&#126;2026-45318-79]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45318-79|talk]]) 16:57, 18 August 2026 (UTC) fsqephxy04w1lbhaev1rn2b6vibfzag 10966808 10966805 2026-08-18T16:58:18Z ~2026-45318-79 1857524 /* DH120IV77O */ new section 10966808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == DH120IV77O == 390 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45318-79|&#126;2026-45318-79]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45318-79|talk]]) 16:56, 18 August 2026 (UTC) == DH120IV77O == 390 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45318-79|&#126;2026-45318-79]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45318-79|talk]]) 16:57, 18 August 2026 (UTC) == DH120IV77O == 01703776566 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45318-79|&#126;2026-45318-79]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45318-79|talk]]) 16:58, 18 August 2026 (UTC) 856ds1mpxeu70kn6au510hldl3at0s6 10966840 10966808 2026-08-18T17:13:31Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45318-79|~2026-45318-79]] ([[User talk:~2026-45318-79|talk]]) to last version by Saroj 10300234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 2 1200720 10967095 10912490 2026-08-19T00:18:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/common.js]] to [[User:Max/common.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10442597 javascript text/javascript /* mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'jquery.ui']).then(function() { importStylesheet('MediaWiki:Gadget-morebits.css'); return mw.loader.getScript('https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:DreamRimmer/morebits.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); }, function(err) { console.log(err); }).then(function() { //return mw.loader.getScript('https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-Twinkle.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); return mw.loader.getScript('https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:DreamRimmer/test.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); }, function(err) { console.log(err); }); */ //importScript('User:DreamRimmer/QDA7endsore.js'); importScript('User:DreamRimmer/test.js'); // unTagger window.autoOpenQDDialog = true; mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:DreamRimmer/unTagger.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); importScript('User:DreamRimmer/QuickRfDclose.js'); rovfdggztugwpee355iwipmrd9939jw 2 1200721 10967097 10912492 2026-08-19T00:18:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/test.js]] to [[User:Max/test.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10442588 javascript text/javascript phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2 1200730 10967088 10912491 2026-08-19T00:18:20Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/sandbox]] to [[User:Max/sandbox]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10443664 wikitext text/x-wiki '''FaceTime''' is video conferencing software created by [[Apple Inc.]] for use on the [[iPhone]], [[iPad]] and computers running [[Mac OS X]]. To call people, the user types in their email address or phone number. FaceTime supports [[high definition]] video. FaceTime was first announced by [[Steve Jobs]] on 7 June 2010 at Apple's [[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference|Worldwide Developers Conference]]. Video is sent using [[H.264]] and audio is compressed with [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]]. With Facetime, people can talk to people that are far away face to face. == FaceTime Audio == An audio-version of FaceTime was announced during Apple's annual keynote speech on June 10, 2013, and later released on September 18, 2013. The service provides high-quality audio. Initially, FaceTime audio was only usable on a [[Wi-Fi]] network, but since has been updated to work over [[3G]] and [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] data connections. Currently, FaceTime audio is only available between Apple devices. == Other websites == * [https://www.apple.com/mac/facetime/ Apple FaceTime site] [[:Category:Apple software]] [[:Category:Video chat]] Test edit. Test edit. ih445h6mnvgs04jtbn0e6i4nttkc4mn 2 1200947 10967092 10912494 2026-08-19T00:18:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/unTaggerConfig.json]] to [[User:Max/unTaggerConfig.json]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10363300 json application/json { "templatesQD": [ "QD", "QD-blocked", "QD-multiple", "QD_criteria", "Qd", "Qd-advert", "Qd-attack", "Qd-author", "Qd-blocked", "Qd-brokenredirect", "Qd-copyvio", "Qd-deprecated", "Qd-empty", "Qd-file", "Qd-hoax", "Qd-housekeep", "Qd-img", "Qd-multiple", "Qd-nocontent", "Qd-nocontext", "Qd-nonsense", "Qd-notable", "Qd-notenglish", "Qd-nouser", "Qd-redirtypo", "Qd-replaced", "Qd-repost", "Qd-rfd", "Qd-spam", "Qd-subpage", "Qd-talk", "Qd-test", "Qd-testpage", "Qd-transwiki", "Qd-u1", "Qd-uncommontypo", "Qd-user", "Qd-userredirect", "Qd-vandalism" ], "templatesToMatch": [ "Abbreviations", 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"Unsourced", "Us-actor-stub", "Us-bio-stub", "Us-geo-stub", "Us-stub", "Verbosity", "Verylong", "Video game stub", "Video game-stub", "Videogame-stub", "WIP", "You", "Article issues", "Multiple issues", "Issues", "Multipleissues", "Articleissues", "Ais" ] } c8meo4mr1akiw8efklbaav4s41ejexy 2 1201004 10967099 10912496 2026-08-19T00:18:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/sandbox 2]] to [[User:Max/sandbox 2]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10363885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stack begin}} {{Infobox airport | name = Lhasa Gonggar International Airport | nativename-a = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|拉萨贡嘎国际机场}}<br />{{bo-textonly|ལྷ་ས་གོང་དཀར་རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་གནམ་གྲུ་ཐང་}}}} | image = Lhasa Gonggar Airport - 01.jpg | image-width = 250 | IATA = LXA | ICAO = ZULS | image_map = File:ZULS-1.pdf | image_map_caption = CAAC airport chart | type = Public | owner = | operator = | city-served = {{ublist|[[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]]|[[Shannan, Tibet|Shannan]]}} | location = [[Gonggar County]], [[Shannan, Tibet|Shannan]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[China]] | hub = [[Tibet Airlines]] | elevation-f = | elevation-m = 3570 | coordinates = {{coord|29|17|52|N|090|54|43|E|type:airport_region:CN-54|display=it}} | website = | pushpin_map = China Tibet#China | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tibet##Location in China | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_image = | pushpin_label = '''LXA'''/ZULS | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_mark = | pushpin_marksize = | metric-elev = y | metric-rwy = y | r1-number = 09L/27R | r1-length-m = 4000 | r1-length-f = | r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]] | r2-number = 09R/27L | r2-length-f = 13123 | r2-length-m = 4000 | r2-surface = Concrete | r3-number = A | r3-length-f = 13123 | r3-length-m = 4000 | r3-surface = Concrete | stat-year = 2023 <ref>[https://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/202403/P020241227527614591507.xlsx 2023 CAAC data] caac.gov.cn</ref> | stat1-header = Passengers | stat1-data = 5,471,404 | stat2-header = Cargo (in tons) | stat2-data = 41,613.2 | stat3-header = Aircraft movements | stat3-data = 44,908 | footnotes = Source: [[List of the busiest airports in China]] }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Lhasa Gonggar International Airport | order = st | s = {{linktext|拉萨|贡|嘎|国际|机场}} | t = 拉薩貢嘎國際機場 | p = Lāsà Gònggá Guójì Jīchǎng | w = La¹-sa⁴ Kung⁴-ka² Kuo²-chi⁴ Chi¹-ch'ang³ | tib = ལྷ་ས་གོང་དཀར་རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་གནམ་གྲུ་ཐང་ | wylie = lha sa gong dkar rgyal spyi'i gnam gru thang }} {{stack end}} The '''Lhasa Airport''' is the [[airport]] serving the [[Tibet|Tibetan]] capital of [[Lhasa]]. Lhasa Airport is one of the highest in the world. The airport was first built in 1965, a second [[runway]] was built in 1994, the second terminal was built in 2004,<ref name="Buckley">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/tibetbuck00buck|title=Tibet|last=Buckley|first=Michael|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2006|isbn=1-84162-164-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tibetbuck00buck/page/58 58], 161|access-date=17 August 2010|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="guide">{{cite web|title=China Travel Guide: Lhasa Gonggar Airport|url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/tibet/lhasa/airport.htm|access-date=7 September 2010|publisher=Travel China Guide.com}}</ref> and the third terminal was operational in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=拉萨贡嘎国际机场T3航站楼非民航专业工程竣工_图片新闻_中国政府网|work=www.gov.cn|url=https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-06/30/content_5621663.htm|access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> The airport had more than 6 million passengers in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 January 2025|title=拉萨贡嘎国际机场年旅客吞吐量突破600万人次|agency=[[Tibet Daily]]|url=https://www.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx_406/dsdt/202501/t20250103_455396.html}}</ref> ==Airlines and destinations== <!-- Please use independent sources. The airport and the airline itself are not independent sources. --> {{Airport destination list <!-- List airlines just one time in the table --> | [[Air China]] | [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]], [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu–Shuangliu]], [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Hongyuan Airport|Hongyuan]], [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]] <!-- --> | [[Chengdu Airlines]] | [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu–Shuangliu]], [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=冬春航季今启航 {{!}} 成都航空32条新航线陆续首航，150元新疆区域"无限飞"！|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/DsXB2wWnoLHUiQHADmWs0Q |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref> [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=新航季 {{!}} 成都航空夏秋航季全新开启 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/cluMTRvCqq5ZvHnpxuyBSw |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]], [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]] <!-- --> | [[China Eastern Airlines]] | [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]], [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]],<ref name=LXANW23>{{Cite web |title=西藏区内机场2023年冬春航季航班换季来啦！ |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/_toYPqXwHLKR2kjnQG4LPw |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> [[Diqing Shangri-La Airport|Diqing]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=新航季、新开始迪庆香格里拉机场2023冬春航季计划时刻表新鲜出炉 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/qx5UCFJl4pBT716u5sFHYw |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> [[Hohhot Baita International Airport|Hohhot]],<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-Hant |script-title=zh:呼和浩特經西安至拉薩航線4月15日正式通航 |url=https://kknews.cc/society/qgpyb4b.html |publisher=Meiri Toutiao}}</ref> [[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]], [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport|Shanghai–Hongqiao]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=新航季{{!}}2024年冬航季东上航陕西始发航班时刻表 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/b1PKaeqP2G9J89rDVJaiKA |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref> [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]] <!-- --> | {{nowrap|[[China Southern Airlines]]}} | [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]] <!-- --> | [[Chongqing Airlines]] | [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=乘风出发·航班上新 {{!}} 重庆航空将全面执行夏航季航班计划 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/PrJTQvytAGi3Z10y3knNeA |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> <!-- --> | [[Himalaya Airlines]] | [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Himalaya Airlines Adds Kathmandu – Lhasa Service From Jan 2024 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231227-h9jan24lxa |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref> [[Pokhara International Airport|Pokhara–International]]<ref name="Pokhara">{{cite web |last1=Jim |first1=Liu |title=Himalaya Airlines Adds Pokhara – Lhasa in NS25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250217-h9ns25phh |website=aeroroutes.com |publisher=Aeroroutes |access-date=17 February 2025 |date=17 February 2025}}</ref> <!-- --> | [[Lucky Air]] | [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]], [[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]],<ref name=JDNS24>{{Cite web |title=新航季新出发 {{!}} 夏航季温暖来临 百条航线可选 去浪趁现在 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/3r01WlZz2cfL5MlPbgFIdg |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> [[Mianyang Nanjiao Airport|Mianyang]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=13日起，绵阳乘机有变化！时刻表→ |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/MtZVBai0y1eui70ziCeyCA |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]],<ref name=JDNS24/> [[Xining Caojiabao Airport|Xining]],<ref name=Qinghai_W24>{{Cite web |title=最全冬航季航班时刻表→ |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/OElYEg-8xxxhotRPBy6kxQ |access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref> [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]]<ref name=LXANW23/> <!-- --> | [[Sichuan Airlines]] | [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu–Shuangliu]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023年新航季川航最新航线出炉，附国际/地区航线新消息 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/xpmDm6efw1POTGi0R5Nd5A |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Gannan Xiahe Airport|Gannan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=‌特惠｜甘南启航 · 团队专享｜一起奔赴古都西安\飞向圣城拉萨 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/1x7mxKiRFbF82clKKZ4tfA |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref> [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=新航季 {{!}} 心向阳•梦启航 川航浙江地区新航季来袭 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nn1-Lpabm6n90Etu_guIyw |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref> [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]], [[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]], [[Lijiang Sanyi Airport|Lijiang]], [[Mianyang Nanjiao Airport|Mianyang]], [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Ürümqi]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]], [[Xining Caojiabao Airport|Xining]]<ref name=LXANW23/> <!-- --> | [[Tibet Airlines]] | [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]], [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]], [[Changzhou Benniu International Airport|Changzhou]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=‌都来看！常州机场夏航季航班计划全知道！ |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/CLWTsaT9WLRQ5F2vBFERJA |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref> [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu–Shuangliu]], [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]],<ref name="HKG">{{cite web |title=Tibet Airlines Extends Chengdu – Hong Kong Service to late-March 2025 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250224-tvmar25hkg |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Dazhou Jinya Airport|Dazhou]], [[Guangyuan Panlong Airport|Guangyuan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air China Group/Affiliated Carriers NW22 Domestic Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221108-canw22dom |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> [[Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport|Guiyang]], [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]],<ref name="HKG"/> [[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]], [[Lanzhou Zhongchuan International Airport|Lanzhou]], [[Linyi Qiyang Airport|Linyi]],<ref name=LXANW23/> [[Luzhou Yunlong Airport|Luzhou]],<ref name=LZONW22>{{Cite web |title=出行更加方便快捷！泸州机场2022年冬航季航班计划出炉 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/MXobPZta1ph6Qe0IjDkgIQ |access-date=January 14, 2023}}</ref> [[Mianyang Nanjiao Airport|Mianyang]], [[Nanchong Gaoping Airport|Nanchong]], [[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|Nanjing]], [[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=‌焕新启航｜2025夏秋新航季来啦！南宁机场换季航班资讯一览 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/0yr6nBwSuT-U3q2uJuGMAQ |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> [[Nantong Xingdong International Airport|Nantong]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=‌南通机场丨2025夏秋航季焕新信息请查收~ |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/MoOcRmedtkpMe_jSksGF2g |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref> [[Ngari Gunsa Airport|Ngari–Gunsa]], [[Qamdo Bamda Airport|Qamdo]], [[Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport|Qingdao]],<ref name=LXANW23/> [[Sanming Shaxian Airport|Sanming]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=三明机场将开通拉萨航线 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9RXSqBbZ945NpxXnktsLBg |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport|Shanghai–Hongqiao]], [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]],<ref name=LZONW22/> [[Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport|Shijiazhuang]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=‌石家庄机场2025夏秋航季时刻表出炉，航班焕新 随心所"飞" |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9FNL7BvbaH8AgKaHgj2A5Q |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> [[Taiyuan Wusu International Airport|Taiyuan]],<ref name=TVNS24>{{Cite web |title=西藏航空2024年夏航季航线计划新鲜出炉！ |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/4SrdpGJ-U5VS0xl1BWxVvw |access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref> [[Tianjin Binhai International Airport|Tianjin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=南充高坪机场新开北海、海口航线！最新夏航季航班计划时刻表出炉—— |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/1n0qbN1ZxDBPpIVAPuuYFw |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> [[Wenzhou Longwan International Airport|Wenzhou]],<ref name=TVNS24/> [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]],<ref name=LXANW23/> [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]], [[Xining Caojiabao Airport|Xining]], [[Yibin Wuliangye Airport|Yibin]],<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:西藏航空正式开通拉萨—宜宾—杭州航线 |url=http://news.carnoc.com/list/264/264813.html |publisher=Carnoc |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> [[Yushu Batang Airport|Yushu]],<ref name=Qinghai_W24/> [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=青海民航进入冬航季 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JMsdEe3Q0S6oKcbJqFsNrw |access-date=January 5, 2023}}</ref><!-- --> | [[West Air (China)|West Air]] | [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Golmud Airport|Golmud]],<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:3月31日起西部航空将新开拉萨=格尔木=郑州航线 |url=http://news.carnoc.com/list/485/485535.html |publisher=Carnoc |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> [[Hefei Xinqiao International Airport|Hefei]],<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:合肥机场2019夏航季航班换季亮点多 |url=http://www.ah.xinhuanet.com/2019-03/28/c_1124293451.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508233504/http://www.ah.xinhuanet.com/2019-03/28/c_1124293451.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2019 |publisher=[[Xinhua]] Anhui |date=2019-03-28 |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> [[Luzhou Yunlong Airport|Luzhou]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Hainan Airlines / HNA Group Carriers NW22 Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221111-hunw22dom |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> [[Shiyan Wudangshan Airport|Shiyan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=‌今日起，十堰武当山机场2025年夏秋航季航班正式执行 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/h1UP7BVRDBa4KXuMnWU0gA |access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref> [[Changi Airport|Singapore]],<ref name="China's West Air Expands Network With New Lhasa-Chongqing-Singapore Route">{{cite web |author1=Yashita Vashishth |title=China's West Air Expands Network With New Lhasa-Chongqing-Singapore Route |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/sg/news/singapore-china-flights-west-air-launches-new-route-starting-christmas/ |website=Travel and Leisure Asia |publisher=Burdaluxury |language=en |date=19 December 2024}}</ref> [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]], [[Zunyi Maotai Airport|Zunyi–Maotai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=‌航班换季啦丨茅台机场2025年夏航季航班时刻表，请您查收~ |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/EDNYRzx5dBba1ZTgzg3dnQ |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> <!-- --> | [[XiamenAir]] | [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]] <!-- --> }} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Airports in China]] [[Category:Transport in China]] 8xc50ckbpr690phgxmh82wcyetf7wn9 2 1201024 10967122 10921711 2026-08-19T00:52:03Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer Alt/common.js]] to [[User:Max Alt/common.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer Alt|DreamRimmer Alt]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max Alt|Max Alt]]" 10363780 javascript text/javascript importScript('User:DreamRimmer/test.js'); // unTagger window.autoOpenQDDialog = true; mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:DreamRimmer/unTagger.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 2gj4a7uhe3ufqcvm3xj7dwngd0qo13o 2 1204926 10967090 10912498 2026-08-19T00:18:20Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/QDA7endsore.js]] to [[User:Max/QDA7endsore.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10399837 javascript text/javascript //<nowiki> (function() { 'use strict'; function getUserSignature() { const username = mw.config.get('wgUserName'); const page = mw.config.get('wgPageName').replace(/_/g, ' '); const now = new Date(); const months = ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']; const hours = String(now.getUTCHours()).padStart(2, '0'); const minutes = String(now.getUTCMinutes()).padStart(2, '0'); const day = now.getUTCDate(); const month = months[now.getUTCMonth()]; const year = now.getUTCFullYear(); const timestamp = `${hours}:${minutes}, ${day} ${month} ${year} (UTC)`; return `[[User:${username}|${username}]] ([[User talk:${username}|talk]]) ${timestamp} <small>([[Special:PageHistory/${page}|verify]])</small>`; } function isValidNamespace() { const namespace = mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber'); return namespace === 0 || namespace === 2; } function hasA7QDTemplate() { return new Promise((resolve) => { const api = new mw.Api(); api.get({ action: 'query', prop: 'revisions', titles: mw.config.get('wgPageName'), rvprop: 'content', format: 'json' }).done(function(data) { const pages = data.query.pages; const pageId = Object.keys(pages)[0]; if (pages[pageId].revisions && pages[pageId].revisions[0]) { const content = pages[pageId].revisions[0]['*']; const qdRegex = /\{\{\s*(?:qd|QD)\s*\|\s*(?:a7|A7)/i; resolve(qdRegex.test(content)); } else { resolve(false); } }).fail(function() { resolve(false); }); }); } function checkEndorsementStatus() { return new Promise((resolve) => { const api = new mw.Api(); api.get({ action: 'query', prop: 'revisions', titles: mw.config.get('wgPageName'), rvprop: 'content', format: 'json' }).done(function(data) { const pages = data.query.pages; const pageId = Object.keys(pages)[0]; const content = pages[pageId].revisions[0]['*']; const currentUser = mw.config.get('wgUserName'); const endorsementRegex = /\|\s*endorsement\s*=\s*([^|}]*)/i; const match = content.match(endorsementRegex); let status = { hasEndorsement: false, isCurrentUser: false, content: content }; if (match) { const endorsementValue = match[1].trim(); if (endorsementValue.length > 0) { status.hasEndorsement = true; const userLinkPattern = new RegExp(`\\[\\[User:${currentUser.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')}\\|`, 'i'); const plainTextPattern = new RegExp(`\\b${currentUser}\\b`, 'i'); status.isCurrentUser = userLinkPattern.test(endorsementValue) || plainTextPattern.test(endorsementValue); } } resolve(status); }); }); } function addEndorsement() { const api = new mw.Api(); checkEndorsementStatus().then(function(status) { if (status.hasEndorsement && !status.isCurrentUser) { alert('This A7 deletion has already been endorsed by someone else.'); return; } if (!confirm('Are you sure you want to endorse this A7 deletion? Please confirm that you have read the page and believe it is AI-generated and meets the criteria.')) { return; } const currentContent = status.content; const signature = getUserSignature(); const qdRegex = /(\{\{\s*(?:qd|QD)\s*\|\s*(?:a7|A7)(?:\s*\|[^}]*?)??)(\}\})/i; let newContent = currentContent.replace(qdRegex, function(match, templateContent, templateEnd) { if (/\|\s*endorsement\s*=/i.test(templateContent)) { return templateContent.replace(/(\|\s*endorsement\s*=\s*)([^|}]*)/i, '$1' + signature) + templateEnd; } else { const hasOtherParams = /\|\s*(?:editor|date)/i.test(templateContent); if (hasOtherParams) { return templateContent.replace(/(\|\s*(?:editor|date))/i, '|endorsement=' + signature + '$1') + templateEnd; } else { return templateContent + '|endorsement=' + signature + templateEnd; } } }); api.postWithToken('csrf', { action: 'edit', title: mw.config.get('wgPageName'), text: newContent, summary: 'Endorsing A7 quick deletion', minor: true }).done(function(data) { if (data.edit && data.edit.result === 'Success') { location.reload(); } }).fail(function(error) { alert('Error saving page: ' + error); }); }); } function removeEndorsement() { const api = new mw.Api(); checkEndorsementStatus().then(function(status) { if (!status.isCurrentUser) { alert('You cannot remove someone else’s endorsement.'); return; } if (!confirm('Are you sure you want to remove your endorsement of this A7 deletion?')) { return; } const currentContent = status.content; const qdRegex = /(\{\{\s*(?:qd|QD)\s*\|\s*(?:a7|A7)(?:\s*\|[^}]*?)??)(\}\})/i; const endorsementParamRegex = /(\|\s*endorsement\s*=)([\s\S]*?)(?=(\|\s*(?:editor|date)\s*=|\}\}))/i; let newContent = currentContent.replace(qdRegex, function(match, templateContent, templateEnd) { return templateContent.replace(endorsementParamRegex, '$1') + templateEnd; }); api.postWithToken('csrf', { action: 'edit', title: mw.config.get('wgPageName'), text: newContent, summary: 'Removing A7 endorsement', minor: true }).done(function() { location.reload(); }).fail(function(error) { alert('Error saving page: ' + error); }); }); } function addEndorsementButton() { const targetElement = document.querySelector('div.ambox-speedy-text'); if (!targetElement) return; checkEndorsementStatus().then(function(status) { const button = document.createElement('button'); button.id = 'endorse-a7-button'; button.className = 'oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-progressive oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled'; if (status.hasEndorsement && status.isCurrentUser) { button.style.cssText = 'margin: 10px auto; background-color: rgb(204, 51, 51); color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 51, 51); text-align: center; border-radius: 3px; font-size: 14px; padding: 6px 12px; display: block; font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer;'; button.textContent = 'Remove A7 endorsement'; button.addEventListener('click', removeEndorsement); } else if (status.hasEndorsement && !status.isCurrentUser) { button.style.cssText = 'margin: 10px auto; background-color: rgb(128, 128, 128); color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); text-align: center; border-radius: 3px; font-size: 14px; padding: 6px 12px; display: block; font-weight: bold; cursor: not-allowed;'; button.textContent = 'Already endorsed by another user'; button.disabled = true; } else { button.style.cssText = 'margin: 10px auto; background-color: rgb(51, 102, 204); color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(51, 102, 204); text-align: center; border-radius: 3px; font-size: 14px; padding: 6px 12px; display: block; font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer;'; button.textContent = 'Endorse A7 deletion'; button.addEventListener('click', addEndorsement); } targetElement.appendChild(button); }); } function init() { if (!mw.config.get('wgUserName') || !isValidNamespace()) return; hasA7QDTemplate().then(function(hasTemplate) { if (!hasTemplate) return; if (document.readyState === 'loading') { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', addEndorsementButton); } else { addEndorsementButton(); } }); } if (mw.config.get('wgServerName') === 'simple.wikipedia.org') { if (document.readyState === 'loading') { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init); } else { init(); } } })(); //</nowiki> dlaiqrmld30ezpjjswb1ymuigz9xwmg 2 1205140 10967105 10912499 2026-08-19T00:19:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/twinkleoptions.js]] to [[User:Max/twinkleoptions.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10402710 javascript text/javascript // twinkleoptions.js: personal Twinkle preferences file // // NOTE: The easiest way to change your Twinkle preferences is by using the // Twinkle preferences panel, at [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences]]. // // This file is AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED. Any changes you make (aside from // changing the configuration parameters in a valid-JavaScript way) will be // overwritten the next time you click "save" in the Twinkle preferences // panel. If modifying this file, make sure to use correct JavaScript. window.Twinkle.prefs = { "twinkle": { "notifyUserOnSpeedyDeletionNomination": [ "db", "g1", "g2", "g3", "g4", "g5", "g10", "g11", "g12", "a1", "a2", "a3", "a5", "a7", "f1", "t2" ], "welcomeUserOnSpeedyDeletionNotification": [ "db", "g1", "g2", "g3", "g4", "g10", "g11", "g12", "a1", "a2", "a3", "a5", "a7", "f1", "t2" ], "logSpeedyNominations": true }, "friendly": {} }; // End of twinkleoptions.js mywjp4n1t69nf40cqk1wig3uh3ilboo 2 1205141 10967101 10912500 2026-08-19T00:19:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/QD log]] to [[User:Max/QD log]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10403716 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === July 2025 === # [[:QD A7 test]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|DreamRimmer}} 15:54, 18 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:QD A7 test]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 15:55, 18 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:QD A7 test]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 16:08, 18 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:QD A7 test]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 16:09, 18 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:QD A7 test]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|DreamRimmer}} 16:10, 18 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:QD A7 test]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 16:11, 18 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:QD A7 test]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 16:12, 18 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:QD A7 test]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:18, 18 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:DreamRimmer/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|DreamRimmer}} 03:51, 19 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:DreamRimmer/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 03:53, 19 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:DreamRimmer/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 03:56, 19 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:DreamRimmer/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|DreamRimmer}} 03:59, 19 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:DreamRimmer/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|DreamRimmer}} 04:32, 19 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:DreamRimmer/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:01, 19 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:DreamRimmer/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:18, 19 July 2025 (UTC) em9qdsnmz540zhyk8gbz12xh53s2jaa 2 1205442 10967103 10912495 2026-08-19T00:19:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/morebits.js]] to [[User:Max/morebits.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10405598 javascript text/javascript // <nowiki> /** * morebits.js * =========== * A library full of lots of goodness for user scripts on MediaWiki wikis, including Wikipedia. * * The highlights include: * - Morebits.quickForm class - generates quick HTML forms on the fly * - Morebits.wiki.api class - makes calls to the MediaWiki API * - Morebits.wiki.page class - modifies pages on the wiki (edit, revert, delete, etc.) * - Morebits.wikitext class - contains some utilities for dealing with wikitext * - Morebits.status class - a rough-and-ready status message displayer, used by the Morebits.wiki classes * - Morebits.simpleWindow class - a wrapper for jQuery UI Dialog with a custom look and extra features * * Dependencies: * - The whole thing relies on jQuery. But most wikis should provide this by default. * - Morebits.quickForm, Morebits.simpleWindow, and Morebits.status rely on the "morebits.css" file for their styling. * - Morebits.simpleWindow relies on jquery UI Dialog (ResourceLoader module name 'jquery.ui'). * - Morebits.quickForm tooltips rely on Tipsy (ResourceLoader module name 'jquery.tipsy'). * For external installations, Tipsy is available at [http://onehackoranother.com/projects/jquery/tipsy]. * - To create a gadget based on morebits.js, use this syntax in MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition: * * GadgetName[ResourceLoader|dependencies=mediawiki.util,jquery.ui,jquery.tipsy]|morebits.js|morebits.css|GadgetName.js * * Most of the stuff here doesn't work on IE < 9. It is your script's responsibility to enforce this. * * This library is maintained by the maintainers of Twinkle. * For queries, suggestions, help, etc., head to [[Wikipedia talk:Twinkle]] on English Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org]. * The latest development source is available at [https://github.com/azatoth/twinkle/blob/master/morebits.js]. */ ( function ( window, document, $, undefined ) { // Wrap entire file with anonymous function var Morebits = {}; window.Morebits = Morebits; // allow global access /** * **************** Morebits.userIsInGroup() **************** * Simple helper function to see what groups a user might belong */ Morebits.userIsInGroup = function ( group ) { return $.inArray(group, mw.config.get( 'wgUserGroups' )) !== -1; } /** * **************** Morebits.isIPAddress() **************** * Helper function: Returns true if given string contains a valid IPv4 or * IPv6 address */ Morebits.isIPAddress = function ( address ) { return mw.util.isIPv4Address(address) || mw.util.isIPv6Address(address); }; /** * **************** Morebits.sanitizeIPv6() **************** * JavaScript translation of the MediaWiki core function IP::sanitizeIP() in * includes/utils/IP.php. * Converts an IPv6 address to the canonical form stored and used by MediaWiki. */ Morebits.sanitizeIPv6 = function ( address ) { address = address.trim(); if ( address === '' ) { return null; } if ( mw.util.isIPv4Address( address ) || !mw.util.isIPv6Address( address ) ) { return address; // nothing else to do for IPv4 addresses or invalid ones } // Remove any whitespaces, convert to upper case address = address.toUpperCase(); // Expand zero abbreviations var abbrevPos = address.indexOf( '::' ); if ( abbrevPos > -1 ) { // We know this is valid IPv6. Find the last index of the // address before any CIDR number (e.g. "a:b:c::/24"). var CIDRStart = address.indexOf( '/' ); var addressEnd = ( CIDRStart > -1 ) ? CIDRStart - 1 : address.length - 1; // If the '::' is at the beginning... var repeat, extra, pad; if ( abbrevPos === 0 ) { repeat = '0:'; extra = ( address == '::' ) ? '0' : ''; // for the address '::' pad = 9; // 7+2 (due to '::') // If the '::' is at the end... } else if ( abbrevPos === ( addressEnd - 1 ) ) { repeat = ':0'; extra = ''; pad = 9; // 7+2 (due to '::') // If the '::' is in the middle... } else { repeat = ':0'; extra = ':'; pad = 8; // 6+2 (due to '::') } var replacement = repeat; pad -= address.split( ':' ).length - 1; for ( var i = 1; i < pad; i++ ) { replacement += repeat; } replacement += extra; address = address.replace( '::', replacement ); } // Remove leading zeros from each bloc as needed address = address.replace( /(^|:)0+([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})/g, '$1$2' ); return address; }; /** * **************** Morebits.quickForm **************** * Morebits.quickForm is a class for creation of simple and standard forms without much * specific coding. * * Index to Morebits.quickForm element types: * * select A combo box (aka drop-down). * - Attributes: name, label, multiple, size, list, event * option An element for a combo box. * - Attributes: value, label, selected, disabled * optgroup A group of "option"s. * - Attributes: label, list * field A fieldset (aka group box). * - Attributes: name, label * checkbox A checkbox. Must use "list" parameter. * - Attributes: name, list, event * - Attributes (within list): name, label, value, checked, disabled, event, subgroup * radio A radio button. Must use "list" parameter. * - Attributes: name, list, event * - Attributes (within list): name, label, value, checked, disabled, event, subgroup * input A text box. * - Attributes: name, label, value, size, disabled, readonly, maxlength, event * dyninput A set of text boxes with "Remove" buttons and an "Add" button. * - Attributes: name, label, min, max, sublabel, value, size, maxlength, event * hidden An invisible form field. * - Attributes: name, value * header A level 5 header. * - Attributes: label * div A generic placeholder element or label. * - Attributes: name, label * submit A submit button. Morebits.simpleWindow moves these to the footer of the dialog. * - Attributes: name, label, disabled * button A generic button. * - Attributes: name, label, disabled, event * textarea A big, multi-line text box. * - Attributes: name, label, value, cols, rows, disabled, readonly * * Global attributes: id, style, tooltip, extra, adminonly */ Morebits.quickForm = function QuickForm( event, eventType ) { this.root = new Morebits.quickForm.element( { type: 'form', event: event, eventType:eventType } ); }; Morebits.quickForm.prototype.render = function QuickFormRender() { var ret = this.root.render(); ret.names = {}; return ret; }; Morebits.quickForm.prototype.append = function QuickFormAppend( data ) { return this.root.append( data ); }; Morebits.quickForm.element = function QuickFormElement( data ) { this.data = data; this.childs = []; this.id = Morebits.quickForm.element.id++; }; Morebits.quickForm.element.id = 0; Morebits.quickForm.element.prototype.append = function QuickFormElementAppend( data ) { var child; if( data instanceof Morebits.quickForm.element ) { child = data; } else { child = new Morebits.quickForm.element( data ); } this.childs.push( child ); return child; }; // This should be called without parameters: form.render() Morebits.quickForm.element.prototype.render = function QuickFormElementRender( internal_subgroup_id ) { var currentNode = this.compute( this.data, internal_subgroup_id ); for( var i = 0; i < this.childs.length; ++i ) { // do not pass internal_subgroup_id to recursive calls currentNode[1].appendChild( this.childs[i].render() ); } return currentNode[0]; }; Morebits.quickForm.element.prototype.compute = function QuickFormElementCompute( data, in_id ) { var node; var childContainder = null; var label; var id = ( in_id ? in_id + '_' : '' ) + 'node_' + this.id; if( data.adminonly && !Morebits.userIsInGroup( 'sysop' ) ) { // hell hack alpha data.type = 'hidden'; } var i, current, subnode; switch( data.type ) { case 'form': node = document.createElement( 'form' ); node.className = "quickform"; node.setAttribute( 'action', 'javascript:void(0);'); if( data.event ) { node.addEventListener( data.eventType || 'submit', data.event , false ); } break; case 'select': node = document.createElement( 'div' ); node.setAttribute( 'id', 'div_' + id ); if( data.label ) { label = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'label' ) ); label.setAttribute( 'for', id ); label.appendChild( document.createTextNode( data.label ) ); } var select = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'select' ) ); if( data.event ) { select.addEventListener( 'change', data.event, false ); } if( data.multiple ) { select.setAttribute( 'multiple', 'multiple' ); } if( data.size ) { select.setAttribute( 'size', data.size ); } select.setAttribute( 'name', data.name ); if( data.list ) { for( i = 0; i < data.list.length; ++i ) { current = data.list[i]; if( current.list ) { current.type = 'optgroup'; } else { current.type = 'option'; } subnode = this.compute( current ); select.appendChild( subnode[0] ); } } childContainder = select; break; case 'option': node = document.createElement( 'option' ); node.values = data.value; node.setAttribute( 'value', data.value ); if( data.selected ) { node.setAttribute( 'selected', 'selected' ); } if( data.disabled ) { node.setAttribute( 'disabled', 'disabled' ); } node.setAttribute( 'label', data.label ); node.appendChild( document.createTextNode( data.label ) ); break; case 'optgroup': node = document.createElement( 'optgroup' ); node.setAttribute( 'label', data.label ); if( data.list ) { for( i = 0; i < data.list.length; ++i ) { current = data.list[i]; current.type = 'option'; //must be options here subnode = this.compute( current ); node.appendChild( subnode[0] ); } } break; case 'field': node = document.createElement( 'fieldset' ); label = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'legend' ) ); label.appendChild( document.createTextNode( data.label ) ); if( data.name ) { node.setAttribute( 'name', data.name ); } break; case 'checkbox': case 'radio': node = document.createElement( 'div' ); if( data.list ) { for( i = 0; i < data.list.length; ++i ) { var cur_id = id + '_' + i; current = data.list[i]; var cur_div; if( current.type === 'header' ) { // inline hack cur_div = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'h6' ) ); cur_div.appendChild( document.createTextNode( current.label ) ); if( current.tooltip ) { Morebits.quickForm.element.generateTooltip( cur_div , current ); } continue; } cur_div = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'div' ) ); subnode = cur_div.appendChild( document.createElement( 'input' ) ); subnode.values = current.value; subnode.setAttribute( 'value', current.value ); subnode.setAttribute( 'name', current.name || data.name ); subnode.setAttribute( 'type', data.type ); subnode.setAttribute( 'id', cur_id ); if( current.checked ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'checked', 'checked' ); } if( current.disabled ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'disabled', 'disabled' ); } if( data.event ) { subnode.addEventListener( 'change', data.event, false ); } else if ( current.event ) { subnode.addEventListener( 'change', current.event, true ); } label = cur_div.appendChild( document.createElement( 'label' ) ); label.appendChild( document.createTextNode( current.label ) ); label.setAttribute( 'for', cur_id ); if( current.tooltip ) { Morebits.quickForm.element.generateTooltip( label, current ); } var event; if( current.subgroup ) { var tmpgroup = current.subgroup; // $.extend({}, current.subgroup); really needed? if( ! $.isArray( tmpgroup ) ) { tmpgroup = [ tmpgroup ]; } var subgroupRaw = new Morebits.quickForm.element({ type: 'div', id: id + '_' + i + '_subgroup' }); $.each( tmpgroup, function( idx, el ) { if( ! el.type ) { el.type = data.type; } el.name = (current.name || data.name) + '.' + el.name; subgroupRaw.append( el ); } ); var subgroup = subgroupRaw.render( cur_id ); subgroup.className = "quickformSubgroup"; subnode.subgroup = subgroup; subnode.shown = false; event = function(e) { if( e.target.checked ) { e.target.parentNode.appendChild( e.target.subgroup ); if( e.target.type === 'radio' ) { var name = e.target.name; if( e.target.form.names[name] !== undefined ) { e.target.form.names[name].parentNode.removeChild( e.target.form.names[name].subgroup ); } e.target.form.names[name] = e.target; } } else { e.target.parentNode.removeChild( e.target.subgroup ); } }; subnode.addEventListener( 'change', event, true ); if( current.checked ) { subnode.parentNode.appendChild( subgroup ); } } else if( data.type === 'radio' ) { event = function(e) { if( e.target.checked ) { var name = e.target.name; if( e.target.form.names[name] !== undefined ) { e.target.form.names[name].parentNode.removeChild( e.target.form.names[name].subgroup ); } delete e.target.form.names[name]; } }; subnode.addEventListener( 'change', event, true ); } } } break; case 'input': node = document.createElement( 'div' ); node.setAttribute( 'id', 'div_' + id ); if( data.label ) { label = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'label' ) ); label.appendChild( document.createTextNode( data.label ) ); label.setAttribute( 'for', id ); } subnode = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'input' ) ); if( data.value ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'value', data.value ); } subnode.setAttribute( 'name', data.name ); subnode.setAttribute( 'id', id ); subnode.setAttribute( 'type', 'text' ); if( data.size ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'size', data.size ); } if( data.disabled ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'disabled', 'disabled' ); } if( data.readonly ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'readonly', 'readonly' ); } if( data.maxlength ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'maxlength', data.maxlength ); } if( data.event ) { subnode.addEventListener( 'keyup', data.event, false ); } break; case 'dyninput': var min = data.min || 1; var max = data.max || Infinity; node = document.createElement( 'div' ); label = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'h5' ) ); label.appendChild( document.createTextNode( data.label ) ); var listNode = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'div' ) ); var more = this.compute( { type: 'button', label: 'more', disabled: min >= max, event: function(e) { var area = e.target.area; var new_node = new Morebits.quickForm.element( e.target.sublist ); e.target.area.appendChild( new_node.render() ); if( ++e.target.counter >= e.target.max ) { e.target.setAttribute( 'disabled', 'disabled' ); } e.stopPropagation(); } } ); node.appendChild( more[0] ); var moreButton = more[1]; var sublist = { type: '_dyninput_element', label: data.sublabel || data.label, name: data.name, value: data.value, size: data.size, remove: false, maxlength: data.maxlength, event: data.event }; for( i = 0; i < min; ++i ) { var elem = new Morebits.quickForm.element( sublist ); listNode.appendChild( elem.render() ); } sublist.remove = true; sublist.morebutton = moreButton; sublist.listnode = listNode; moreButton.sublist = sublist; moreButton.area = listNode; moreButton.max = max - min; moreButton.counter = 0; break; case '_dyninput_element': // Private, similar to normal input node = document.createElement( 'div' ); if( data.label ) { label = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'label' ) ); label.appendChild( document.createTextNode( data.label ) ); label.setAttribute( 'for', id ); } subnode = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'input' ) ); if( data.value ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'value', data.value ); } subnode.setAttribute( 'name', data.name ); subnode.setAttribute( 'type', 'text' ); if( data.size ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'size', data.size ); } if( data.maxlength ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'maxlength', data.maxlength ); } if( data.event ) { subnode.addEventListener( 'keyup', data.event, false ); } if( data.remove ) { var remove = this.compute( { type: 'button', label: 'remove', event: function(e) { var list = e.target.listnode; var node = e.target.inputnode; var more = e.target.morebutton; list.removeChild( node ); --more.counter; more.removeAttribute( 'disabled' ); e.stopPropagation(); } } ); node.appendChild( remove[0] ); var removeButton = remove[1]; removeButton.inputnode = node; removeButton.listnode = data.listnode; removeButton.morebutton = data.morebutton; } break; case 'hidden': node = document.createElement( 'input' ); node.setAttribute( 'type', 'hidden' ); node.values = data.value; node.setAttribute( 'value', data.value ); node.setAttribute( 'name', data.name ); break; case 'header': node = document.createElement( 'h5' ); node.appendChild( document.createTextNode( data.label ) ); break; case 'div': node = document.createElement( 'div' ); if (data.name) { node.setAttribute( 'name', data.name ); } if (data.label) { if ( ! $.isArray( data.label ) ) { data.label = [ data.label ]; } var result = document.createElement( 'span' ); result.className = 'quickformDescription'; for( i = 0; i < data.label.length; ++i ) { if( typeof data.label[i] === 'string' ) { result.appendChild( document.createTextNode( data.label[i] ) ); } else if( data.label[i] instanceof Element ) { result.appendChild( data.label[i] ); } } node.appendChild( result ); } break; case 'submit': node = document.createElement( 'span' ); childContainder = node.appendChild(document.createElement( 'input' )); childContainder.setAttribute( 'type', 'submit' ); if( data.label ) { childContainder.setAttribute( 'value', data.label ); } childContainder.setAttribute( 'name', data.name || 'submit' ); if( data.disabled ) { childContainder.setAttribute( 'disabled', 'disabled' ); } break; case 'button': node = document.createElement( 'span' ); childContainder = node.appendChild(document.createElement( 'input' )); childContainder.setAttribute( 'type', 'button' ); if( data.label ) { childContainder.setAttribute( 'value', data.label ); } childContainder.setAttribute( 'name', data.name ); if( data.disabled ) { childContainder.setAttribute( 'disabled', 'disabled' ); } if( data.event ) { childContainder.addEventListener( 'click', data.event, false ); } break; case 'textarea': node = document.createElement( 'div' ); node.setAttribute( 'id', 'div_' + id ); if( data.label ) { label = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'h5' ) ); label.appendChild( document.createTextNode( data.label ) ); // TODO need to nest a <label> tag in here without creating extra vertical space //label.setAttribute( 'for', id ); } subnode = node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'textarea' ) ); subnode.setAttribute( 'name', data.name ); if( data.cols ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'cols', data.cols ); } if( data.rows ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'rows', data.rows ); } if( data.disabled ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'disabled', 'disabled' ); } if( data.readonly ) { subnode.setAttribute( 'readonly', 'readonly' ); } if( data.value ) { subnode.value = data.value; } break; default: throw new Error("Morebits.quickForm: unknown element type " + data.type.toString()); } if( !childContainder ) { childContainder = node; } if( data.tooltip ) { Morebits.quickForm.element.generateTooltip( label || node , data ); } if( data.extra ) { childContainder.extra = data.extra; } if( data.style ) { childContainder.setAttribute( 'style', data.style ); } childContainder.setAttribute( 'id', data.id || id ); return [ node, childContainder ]; }; Morebits.quickForm.element.generateTooltip = function QuickFormElementGenerateTooltip( node, data ) { $('<span/>', { 'class': 'ui-icon ui-icon-help ui-icon-inline morebits-tooltip' }).appendTo(node); }; /** * Some utility methods for manipulating quickForms after their creation * (None of them work for "dyninput" type fields at present) * * Morebits.quickForm.getElements(form, fieldName) * Returns all form elements with a given field name or ID * * Morebits.quickForm.getCheckboxOrRadio(elementArray, value) * Searches the array of elements for a checkbox or radio button with a certain |value| attribute * * Morebits.quickForm.getElementContainer(element) * Returns the <div> containing the form element, or the form element itself * May not work as expected on checkboxes or radios * * Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabelObject(element) * Gets the HTML element that contains the label of the given form element (mainly for internal use) * * Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabel(element) * Gets the label text of the element * * Morebits.quickForm.setElementLabel(element, labelText) * Sets the label of the element to the given text * * Morebits.quickForm.overrideElementLabel(element, temporaryLabelText) * Stores the element's current label, and temporarily sets the label to the given text * * Morebits.quickForm.resetElementLabel(element) * Restores the label stored by overrideElementLabel * * Morebits.quickForm.setElementVisibility(element, visibility) * Shows or hides a form element plus its label and tooltip * * Morebits.quickForm.setElementTooltipVisibility(element, visibility) * Shows or hides the "question mark" icon next to a form element */ Morebits.quickForm.getElements = function QuickFormGetElements(form, fieldName) { var $form = $(form); var $elements = $form.find('[name="' + fieldName + '"]'); if ($elements.length > 0) { return $elements.toArray(); } $elements = $form.find('#' + fieldName); if ($elements.length > 0) { return $elements.toArray(); } return null; }; Morebits.quickForm.getCheckboxOrRadio = function QuickFormGetCheckboxOrRadio(elementArray, value) { var found = $.grep(elementArray, function(el) { return el.value === value; }); if (found.length > 0) { return found[0]; } return null; }; Morebits.quickForm.getElementContainer = function QuickFormGetElementContainer(element) { // for divs, headings and fieldsets, the container is the element itself if (element instanceof HTMLFieldSetElement || element instanceof HTMLDivElement || element instanceof HTMLHeadingElement) { return element; } // for others, just return the parent node return element.parentNode; }; Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabelObject = function QuickFormGetElementLabelObject(element) { // for buttons, divs and headers, the label is on the element itself if (element.type === "button" || element.type === "submit" || element instanceof HTMLDivElement || element instanceof HTMLHeadingElement) { return element; // for fieldsets, the label is the child <legend> element } else if (element instanceof HTMLFieldSetElement) { return element.getElementsByTagName("legend")[0]; // for textareas, the label is the sibling <h5> element } else if (element instanceof HTMLTextAreaElement) { return element.parentNode.getElementsByTagName("h5")[0]; // for others, the label is the sibling <label> element } else { return element.parentNode.getElementsByTagName("label")[0]; } return null; }; Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabel = function QuickFormGetElementLabel(element) { var labelElement = Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabelObject(element); if (!labelElement) { return null; } return labelElement.firstChild.textContent; }; Morebits.quickForm.setElementLabel = function QuickFormSetElementLabel(element, labelText) { var labelElement = Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabelObject(element); if (!labelElement) { return false; } labelElement.firstChild.textContent = labelText; return true; }; Morebits.quickForm.overrideElementLabel = function QuickFormOverrideElementLabel(element, temporaryLabelText) { if (!element.hasAttribute("data-oldlabel")) { element.setAttribute("data-oldlabel", Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabel(element)); } return Morebits.quickForm.setElementLabel(element, temporaryLabelText); }; Morebits.quickForm.resetElementLabel = function QuickFormResetElementLabel(element) { if (element.hasAttribute("data-oldlabel")) { return Morebits.quickForm.setElementLabel(element, element.getAttribute("data-oldlabel")); } return null; }; Morebits.quickForm.setElementVisibility = function QuickFormSetElementVisibility(element, visibility) { $(element).toggle(visibility); }; Morebits.quickForm.setElementTooltipVisibility = function QuickFormSetElementTooltipVisibility(element, visibility) { $(Morebits.quickForm.getElementContainer(element)).find(".morebits-tooltip").toggle(visibility); }; /** * **************** HTMLFormElement **************** * * getChecked: * XXX Doesn't seem to work reliably across all browsers at the moment. -- see getChecked2 in twinkleunlink.js, which is better * * Returns an array containing the values of elements with the given name, that has it's * checked property set to true. (i.e. a checkbox or a radiobutton is checked), or select options * that have selected set to true. (don't try to mix selects with radio/checkboxes, please) * Type is optional and can specify if either radio or checkbox (for the event * that both checkboxes and radiobuttons have the same name. */ HTMLFormElement.prototype.getChecked = function( name, type ) { var elements = this.elements[name]; if( !elements ) { // if the element doesn't exists, return null. return null; } var return_array = []; var i; if( elements instanceof HTMLSelectElement ) { var options = elements.options; for( i = 0; i < options.length; ++i ) { if( options[i].selected ) { if( options[i].values ) { return_array.push( options[i].values ); } else { return_array.push( options[i].value ); } } } } else if( elements instanceof HTMLInputElement ) { if( type && elements.type !== type ) { return []; } else if( elements.checked ) { return [ elements.value ]; } } else { for( i = 0; i < elements.length; ++i ) { if( elements[i].checked ) { if( type && elements[i].type !== type ) { continue; } if( elements[i].values ) { return_array.push( elements[i].values ); } else { return_array.push( elements[i].value ); } } } } return return_array; }; /** * **************** RegExp **************** * * RegExp.escape: Will escape a string to be used in a RegExp */ RegExp.escape = function( text, space_fix ) { text = mw.RegExp.escape(text); // Special MediaWiki escape - underscore/space are often equivalent if( space_fix ) { text = text.replace( / |_/g, '[_ ]' ); } return text; }; /** * **************** Morebits.bytes **************** * Utility object for formatting byte values */ Morebits.bytes = function( value ) { if( typeof value === 'string' ) { var res = /(\d+) ?(\w?)(i?)B?/.exec( value ); var number = res[1]; var mag = res[2]; var si = res[3]; if( !number ) { this.number = 0; return; } if( !si ) { this.value = number * Math.pow( 10, Morebits.bytes.magnitudes[mag] * 3 ); } else { this.value = number * Math.pow( 2, Morebits.bytes.magnitudes[mag] * 10 ); } } else { this.value = value; } }; Morebits.bytes.magnitudes = { '': 0, 'K': 1, 'M': 2, 'G': 3, 'T': 4, 'P': 5, 'E': 6, 'Z': 7, 'Y': 8 }; Morebits.bytes.rmagnitudes = { 0: '', 1: 'K', 2: 'M', 3: 'G', 4: 'T', 5: 'P', 6: 'E', 7: 'Z', 8: 'Y' }; Morebits.bytes.prototype.valueOf = function() { return this.value; }; Morebits.bytes.prototype.toString = function( magnitude ) { var tmp = this.value; if( magnitude ) { var si = /i/.test(magnitude); var mag = magnitude.replace( /.*?(\w)i?B?.*/g, '$1' ); if( si ) { tmp /= Math.pow( 2, Morebits.bytes.magnitudes[mag] * 10 ); } else { tmp /= Math.pow( 10, Morebits.bytes.magnitudes[mag] * 3 ); } if( parseInt( tmp, 10 ) !== tmp ) { tmp = Number( tmp ).toPrecision( 4 ); } return tmp + ' ' + mag + (si?'i':'') + 'B'; } else { // si per default var current = 0; while( tmp >= 1024 ) { tmp /= 1024; ++current; } tmp = this.value / Math.pow( 2, current * 10 ); if( parseInt( tmp, 10 ) !== tmp ) { tmp = Number( tmp ).toPrecision( 4 ); } return tmp + ' ' + Morebits.bytes.rmagnitudes[current] + ( current > 0 ? 'iB' : 'B' ); } }; /** * **************** String; Morebits.string **************** */ if (!String.prototype.trimLeft) { String.prototype.trimLeft = function stringPrototypeLtrim( chars ) { chars = chars || "\\s"; return this.replace( new RegExp("^[" + chars + "]+", "g"), "" ); }; } if (!String.prototype.trimRight) { String.prototype.trimRight = function stringPrototypeRtrim( chars ) { chars = chars || "\\s"; return this.replace( new RegExp("[" + chars + "]+$", "g"), "" ); }; } if (!String.prototype.trim) { String.prototype.trim = function stringPrototypeTrim( chars ) { return this.trimRight(chars).trimLeft(chars); }; } // Helper functions to change case of a string Morebits.string = { toUpperCaseFirstChar: function(str) { str = str.toString(); return str.substr( 0, 1 ).toUpperCase() + str.substr( 1 ); }, toLowerCaseFirstChar: function(str) { str = str.toString(); return str.substr( 0, 1 ).toLowerCase() + str.substr( 1 ); }, splitWeightedByKeys: function( str, start, end, skip ) { if( start.length !== end.length ) { throw new Error( 'start marker and end marker must be of the same length' ); } var level = 0; var initial = null; var result = []; if( ! $.isArray( skip ) ) { if( skip === undefined ) { skip = []; } else if( typeof skip === 'string' ) { skip = [ skip ]; } else { throw new Error( "non-applicable skip parameter" ); } } for( var i = 0; i < str.length; ++i ) { for( var j = 0; j < skip.length; ++j ) { if( str.substr( i, skip[j].length ) === skip[j] ) { i += skip[j].length - 1; continue; } } if( str.substr( i, start.length ) === start ) { if( initial === null ) { initial = i; } ++level; i += start.length - 1; } else if( str.substr( i, end.length ) === end ) { --level; i += end.length - 1; } if( !level && initial !== null ) { result.push( str.substring( initial, i + 1 ) ); initial = null; } } return result; } }; /** * **************** Morebits.array **************** * * uniq(arr): returns a copy of the array with duplicates removed * * dups(arr): returns a copy of the array with the first instance of each value * removed; subsequent instances of those values (duplicates) remain * * chunk(arr, size): breaks up |arr| into smaller arrays of length |size|, and * returns an array of these "chunked" arrays */ Morebits.array = { uniq: function(arr) { if ( ! $.isArray( arr ) ) { throw "A non-array object passed to Morebits.array.uniq"; } var result = []; for( var i = 0; i < arr.length; ++i ) { var current = arr[i]; if( result.indexOf( current ) === -1 ) { result.push( current ); } } return result; }, dups: function(arr) { if ( ! $.isArray( arr ) ) { throw "A non-array object passed to Morebits.array.dups"; } var uniques = []; var result = []; for( var i = 0; i < arr.length; ++i ) { var current = arr[i]; if( uniques.indexOf( current ) === -1 ) { uniques.push( current ); } else { result.push( current ); } } return result; }, chunk: function( arr, size ) { if ( ! $.isArray( arr ) ) { throw "A non-array object passed to Morebits.array.chunk"; } if( typeof size !== 'number' || size <= 0 ) { // pretty impossible to do anything :) return [ arr ]; // we return an array consisting of this array. } var result = []; var current; for( var i = 0; i < arr.length; ++i ) { if( i % size === 0 ) { // when 'i' is 0, this is always true, so we start by creating one. current = []; result.push( current ); } current.push( arr[i] ); } return result; } }; /** * **************** Morebits.getPageAssociatedUser **************** * Get the user associated with the currently-viewed page. * Currently works on User:, User talk:, Special:Contributions. */ Morebits.getPageAssociatedUser = function(){ var thisNamespaceId = mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber'); if ( thisNamespaceId === 2 /* User: */ || thisNamespaceId === 3 /* User talk: */ ) { return mw.config.get('wgTitle').split( '/' )[0]; // only first part before any slashes, to work on subpages } if ( thisNamespaceId === -1 /* Special: */ && mw.config.get('wgCanonicalSpecialPageName') === "Contributions" ) { return mw.config.get("wgRelevantUserName"); } return false; }; /** * **************** Morebits.unbinder **************** * Used by Morebits.wikitext.page.commentOutImage */ Morebits.unbinder = function Unbinder( string ) { if( typeof string !== 'string' ) { throw new Error( "not a string" ); } this.content = string; this.counter = 0; this.history = {}; this.prefix = '%UNIQ::' + Math.random() + '::'; this.postfix = '::UNIQ%'; } Morebits.unbinder.prototype = { unbind: function UnbinderUnbind( prefix, postfix ) { var re = new RegExp( prefix + '(.*?)' + postfix, 'g' ); this.content = this.content.replace( re, Morebits.unbinder.getCallback( this ) ); }, rebind: function UnbinderRebind() { var content = this.content; content.self = this; for( var current in this.history ) { if( this.history.hasOwnProperty( current ) ) { content = content.replace( current, this.history[current] ); } } return content; }, prefix: null, // %UNIQ::0.5955981644938324:: postfix: null, // ::UNIQ% content: null, // string counter: null, // 0++ history: null // {} }; Morebits.unbinder.getCallback = function UnbinderGetCallback(self) { return function UnbinderCallback( match , a , b ) { var current = self.prefix + self.counter + self.postfix; self.history[current] = match; ++self.counter; return current; }; }; /** * **************** Date **************** * Helper functions to get the month as a string instead of a number * * Normally it is poor form to play with prototypes of primitive types, but it * is fairly unlikely that anyone will iterate over a Date object. */ Date.monthNames = [ 'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December' ]; Date.monthNamesAbbrev = [ 'Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec' ]; Date.prototype.getMonthName = function() { return Date.monthNames[ this.getMonth() ]; }; Date.prototype.getMonthNameAbbrev = function() { return Date.monthNamesAbbrev[ this.getMonth() ]; }; Date.prototype.getUTCMonthName = function() { return Date.monthNames[ this.getUTCMonth() ]; }; Date.prototype.getUTCMonthNameAbbrev = function() { return Date.monthNamesAbbrev[ this.getUTCMonth() ]; }; /** * **************** Morebits.wikipedia **************** * English Wikipedia-specific objects */ Morebits.wikipedia = {}; Morebits.wikipedia.namespaces = { '-2': 'Media', '-1': 'Special', '0': '', '1': 'Talk', '2': 'User', '3': 'User talk', '4': 'Project', '5': 'Project talk', '6': 'File', '7': 'File talk', '8': 'MediaWiki', '9': 'MediaWiki talk', '10': 'Template', '11': 'Template talk', '12': 'Help', '13': 'Help talk', '14': 'Category', '15': 'Category talk', '100': 'Portal', '101': 'Portal talk', '108': 'Book', '109': 'Book talk' }; Morebits.wikipedia.namespacesFriendly = { '0': '(Article)', '1': 'Talk', '2': 'User', '3': 'User talk', '4': 'Wikipedia', '5': 'Wikipedia talk', '6': 'File', '7': 'File talk', '8': 'MediaWiki', '9': 'MediaWiki talk', '10': 'Template', '11': 'Template talk', '12': 'Help', '13': 'Help talk', '14': 'Category', '15': 'Category talk', '100': 'Portal', '101': 'Portal talk', '108': 'Book', '109': 'Book talk' }; /** * **************** Morebits.wiki **************** * Various objects for wiki editing and API access */ Morebits.wiki = {}; // Analyzes the HTML of the current page (i.e. no AJAX requests) to determine if it // is a redirect or soft redirect Morebits.wiki.isPageRedirect = function wikipediaIsPageRedirect() { return !!($("span.redirectText").length > 0 || document.getElementById("softredirect")); }; /** * **************** Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted **************** * * Use of Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted(): * Every call to Morebits.wiki.api.post() results in the dispatch of * an asynchronous callback. Each callback can in turn * make an additional call to Morebits.wiki.api.post() to continue a * processing sequence. At the conclusion of the final callback * of a processing sequence, it is not possible to simply return to the * original caller because there is no call stack leading back to * the original context. Instead, Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event() is * called to display the result to the user and to perform an optional * page redirect. * * The determination of when to call Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event() * is managed through the globals Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft and * Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft. Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft is * incremented at the start of every Morebits.wiki.api call and decremented * after the completion of a callback function. If a callback function * does not create a new Morebits.wiki.api object before exiting, it is the * final step in the processing chain and Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event() * will then be called. * * Optionally, callers may use Morebits.wiki.addCheckpoint() to indicate that * processing is not complete upon the conclusion of the final callback function. * This is used for batch operations. The end of a batch is signaled by calling * Morebits.wiki.removeCheckpoint(). */ Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft = 0; Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft = 0; Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted = function( self ) { if( --Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft <= 0 && Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft <= 0 ) { Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event( self ); } }; // Change per action wanted Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event = function() { new Morebits.status( Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.notice, Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.postfix, 'info' ); if( Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect ) { // if it isn't a URL, make it one. TODO: This breaks on the articles 'http://', 'ftp://', and similar ones. if( !( (/^\w+\:\/\//).test( Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect ) ) ) { Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect = mw.util.getUrl( Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect ); if( Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.followRedirect === false ) { Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect += "?redirect=no"; } } window.setTimeout( function() { window.location = Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect; }, Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.timeOut ); } }; Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.timeOut = ( typeof window.wpActionCompletedTimeOut === 'undefined' ? 5000 : window.wpActionCompletedTimeOut ); Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect = null; Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.notice = 'Action'; Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.postfix = 'completed'; Morebits.wiki.addCheckpoint = function() { ++Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft; }; Morebits.wiki.removeCheckpoint = function() { if( --Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft <= 0 && Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft <= 0 ) { Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event(); } }; /** * **************** Morebits.wiki.api **************** * An easy way to talk to the MediaWiki API. * * Constructor parameters: * currentAction: the current action (required) * query: the query (required) * onSuccess: the function to call when request gotten * statusElement: a Morebits.status object to use for status messages (optional) * onError: the function to call if an error occurs (optional) */ Morebits.wiki.api = function( currentAction, query, onSuccess, statusElement, onError ) { this.currentAction = currentAction; this.query = query; this.query.format = 'xml'; this.query.assert = 'user'; this.onSuccess = onSuccess; this.onError = onError; if( statusElement ) { this.statelem = statusElement; this.statelem.status( currentAction ); } else { this.statelem = new Morebits.status( currentAction ); } }; Morebits.wiki.api.prototype = { currentAction: '', onSuccess: null, onError: null, parent: window, // use global context if there is no parent object query: null, responseXML: null, setParent: function(parent) { this.parent = parent; }, // keep track of parent object for callbacks statelem: null, // this non-standard name kept for backwards compatibility statusText: null, // result received from the API, normally "success" or "error" errorCode: null, // short text error code, if any, as documented in the MediaWiki API errorText: null, // full error description, if any // post(): carries out the request // do not specify a parameter unless you really really want to give jQuery some extra parameters post: function( callerAjaxParameters ) { ++Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft; var ajaxparams = $.extend( {}, { context: this, type: 'POST', url: mw.util.wikiScript('api'), data: Morebits.queryString.create(this.query), datatype: 'xml', headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': morebitsWikiApiUserAgent }, success: function(xml, statusText, jqXHR) { this.statusText = statusText; this.responseXML = xml; this.errorCode = $(xml).find('error').attr('code'); this.errorText = $(xml).find('error').attr('info'); if (typeof this.errorCode === "string") { // the API didn't like what we told it, e.g., bad edit token or an error creating a page this.returnError(); return; } // invoke success callback if one was supplied if (this.onSuccess) { // set the callback context to this.parent for new code and supply the API object // as the first argument to the callback (for legacy code) this.onSuccess.call( this.parent, this ); } else { this.statelem.info("done"); } Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted(); }, // only network and server errors reach here – complaints from the API itself are caught in success() error: function(jqXHR, statusText, errorThrown) { this.statusText = statusText; this.errorThrown = errorThrown; // frequently undefined this.errorText = statusText + ' "' + jqXHR.statusText + '" occurred while contacting the API.'; this.returnError(); } }, callerAjaxParameters ); return $.ajax( ajaxparams ); // the return value should be ignored, unless using callerAjaxParameters with |async: false| }, returnError: function() { this.statelem.error( this.errorText ); // invoke failure callback if one was supplied if (this.onError) { // set the callback context to this.parent for new code and supply the API object // as the first argument to the callback for legacy code this.onError.call( this.parent, this ); } // don't complete the action so that the error remains displayed }, getStatusElement: function() { return this.statelem; }, getErrorCode: function() { return this.errorCode; }, getErrorText: function() { return this.errorText; }, getXML: function() { return this.responseXML; } }; // Custom user agent header, used by WMF for server-side logging // See https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-api-announce/2014-November/000075.html var morebitsWikiApiUserAgent = 'morebits.js/2.0 ([[w:WT:TW]])'; // Sets the custom user agent header Morebits.wiki.api.setApiUserAgent = function( ua ) { morebitsWikiApiUserAgent = ( ua ? ua + ' ' : '' ) + 'morebits.js/2.0 ([[w:WT:TW]])'; }; /** * **************** Morebits.wiki.page **************** * Uses the MediaWiki API to load a page and optionally edit it, move it, etc. * * Callers are not permitted to directly access the properties of this class! * All property access is through the appropriate get___() or set___() method. * * Callers should set Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.notice and Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect * before the first call to Morebits.wiki.page.load(). * * Each of the callback functions takes one parameter, which is a * reference to the Morebits.wiki.page object that registered the callback. * Callback functions may invoke any Morebits.wiki.page prototype method using this reference. * * * NOTE: This list of member functions is incomplete. * * Constructor: Morebits.wiki.page(pageName, currentAction) * pageName - the name of the page, prefixed by the namespace (if any) * (for the current page, use mw.config.get('wgPageName')) * currentAction - a string describing the action about to be undertaken (optional) * * load(onSuccess, onFailure): Loads the text for the page * onSuccess - callback function which is called when the load has succeeded * onFailure - callback function which is called when the load fails (optional) * XXX onFailure for load() is not yet implemented – do we need it? -- UncleDouggie * probably not -- TTO * * save(onSuccess, onFailure): Saves the text for the page. Must be preceded by calling load(). * onSuccess - callback function which is called when the save has succeeded (optional) * onFailure - callback function which is called when the save fails (optional) * Warning: Calling save() can result in additional calls to the previous load() callbacks to * recover from edit conflicts! * In this case, callers must make the same edit to the new pageText and reinvoke save(). * This behavior can be disabled with setMaxConflictRetries(0). * * append(onSuccess, onFailure): Adds the text provided via setAppendText() to the end of the page. * Does not require calling load() first. * onSuccess - callback function which is called when the method has succeeded (optional) * onFailure - callback function which is called when the method fails (optional) * * prepend(onSuccess, onFailure): Adds the text provided via setPrependText() to the start of the page. * Does not require calling load() first. * onSuccess - callback function which is called when the method has succeeded (optional) * onFailure - callback function which is called when the method fails (optional) * * getPageName(): returns a string containing the name of the loaded page, including the namespace * * getPageText(): returns a string containing the text of the page after a successful load() * * setPageText(pageText) * pageText - string containing the updated page text that will be saved when save() is called * * setAppendText(appendText) * appendText - string containing the text that will be appended to the page when append() is called * * setPrependText(prependText) * prependText - string containing the text that will be prepended to the page when prepend() is called * * setEditSummary(summary) * summary - string containing the text of the edit summary that will be used when save() is called * * setMinorEdit(minorEdit) * minorEdit is a boolean value: * true - When save is called, the resulting edit will be marked as "minor". * false - When save is called, the resulting edit will not be marked as "minor". (default) * * setPageSection(pageSection) * pageSection - integer specifying the section number to load or save. The default is |null|, which means * that the entire page will be retrieved. * * setMaxConflictRetries(maxRetries) * maxRetries - number of retries for save errors involving an edit conflict or loss of edit token * default: 2 * * setMaxRetries(maxRetries) * maxRetries - number of retries for save errors not involving an edit conflict or loss of edit token * default: 2 * * setCallbackParameters(callbackParameters) * callbackParameters - an object for use in a callback function * * getCallbackParameters(): returns the object previous set by setCallbackParameters() * * Callback notes: callbackParameters is for use by the caller only. The parameters * allow a caller to pass the proper context into its callback function. * Callers must ensure that any changes to the callbackParameters object * within a load() callback still permit a proper re-entry into the * load() callback if an edit conflict is detected upon calling save(). * * getStatusElement(): returns the Status element created by the constructor * * setFollowRedirect(followRedirect) * followRedirect is a boolean value: * true - a maximum of one redirect will be followed. * In the event of a redirect, a message is displayed to the user and * the redirect target can be retrieved with getPageName(). * false - the requested pageName will be used without regard to any redirect. (default) * * setWatchlist(watchlistOption) * watchlistOption is a boolean value: * true - page will be added to the user's watchlist when save() is called * false - watchlist status of the page will not be changed (default) * * setWatchlistFromPreferences(watchlistOption) * watchlistOption is a boolean value: * true - page watchlist status will be set based on the user's * preference settings when save() is called * false - watchlist status of the page will not be changed (default) * * Watchlist notes: * 1. The MediaWiki API value of 'unwatch', which explicitly removes the page from the * user's watchlist, is not used. * 2. If both setWatchlist() and setWatchlistFromPreferences() are called, * the last call takes priority. * 3. Twinkle modules should use the appropriate preference to set the watchlist options. * 4. Most Twinkle modules use setWatchlist(). * setWatchlistFromPreferences() is only needed for the few Twinkle watchlist preferences * that accept a string value of 'default'. * * setCreateOption(createOption) * createOption is a string value: * 'recreate' - create the page if it does not exist, or edit it if it exists * 'createonly' - create the page if it does not exist, but return an error if it * already exists * 'nocreate' - don't create the page, only edit it if it already exists * null - create the page if it does not exist, unless it was deleted in the moment * between retrieving the edit token and saving the edit (default) * * exists(): returns true if the page existed on the wiki when it was last loaded * * lookupCreator(onSuccess): Retrieves the username of the user who created the page * onSuccess - callback function which is called when the username is found * within the callback, the username can be retrieved using the getCreator() function * * getCreator(): returns the user who created the page following lookupCreator() * * patrol(): marks the page as patrolled (only when "rcid" is present in the query string) * * move(onSuccess, onFailure): Moves a page to another title * * deletePage(onSuccess, onFailure): Deletes a page (for admins only) * */ /** * Call sequence for common operations (optional final user callbacks not shown): * * Edit current contents of a page (no edit conflict): * .load(userTextEditCallback) -> ctx.loadApi.post() -> ctx.loadApi.post.success() -> * ctx.fnLoadSuccess() -> userTextEditCallback() -> .save() -> * ctx.saveApi.post() -> ctx.loadApi.post.success() -> ctx.fnSaveSuccess() * * Edit current contents of a page (with edit conflict): * .load(userTextEditCallback) -> ctx.loadApi.post() -> ctx.loadApi.post.success() -> * ctx.fnLoadSuccess() -> userTextEditCallback() -> .save() -> * ctx.saveApi.post() -> ctx.loadApi.post.success() -> ctx.fnSaveError() -> * ctx.loadApi.post() -> ctx.loadApi.post.success() -> * ctx.fnLoadSuccess() -> userTextEditCallback() -> .save() -> * ctx.saveApi.post() -> ctx.loadApi.post.success() -> ctx.fnSaveSuccess() * * Append to a page (similar for prepend): * .append() -> ctx.loadApi.post() -> ctx.loadApi.post.success() -> * ctx.fnLoadSuccess() -> ctx.fnAutoSave() -> .save() -> * ctx.saveApi.post() -> ctx.loadApi.post.success() -> ctx.fnSaveSuccess() * * Notes: * 1. All functions following Morebits.wiki.api.post() are invoked asynchronously * from the jQuery AJAX library. * 2. The sequence for append/prepend could be slightly shortened, but it would require * significant duplication of code for little benefit. */ Morebits.wiki.page = function(pageName, currentAction) { if (!currentAction) { currentAction = 'Opening page "' + pageName + '"'; } /** * Private context variables * * This context is not visible to the outside, thus all the data here * must be accessed via getter and setter functions. */ var ctx = { // backing fields for public properties pageName: pageName, pageExists: false, editSummary: null, callbackParameters: null, statusElement: new Morebits.status(currentAction), // - edit pageText: null, editMode: 'all', // save() replaces entire contents of the page by default appendText: null, // can't reuse pageText for this because pageText is needed to follow a redirect prependText: null, // can't reuse pageText for this because pageText is needed to follow a redirect createOption: null, minorEdit: false, pageSection: null, maxConflictRetries: 2, maxRetries: 2, followRedirect: false, watchlistOption: 'nochange', creator: null, // - revert revertOldID: null, // - move moveDestination: null, moveTalkPage: false, moveSubpages: false, moveSuppressRedirect: false, // - protect protectEdit: null, protectMove: null, protectCreate: null, protectCascade: false, // - stabilize (FlaggedRevs) flaggedRevs: null, // internal status pageLoaded: false, csrfToken: null, loadTime: null, lastEditTime: null, revertCurID: null, revertUser: null, fullyProtected: false, conflictRetries: 0, retries: 0, // callbacks onLoadSuccess: null, onLoadFailure: null, onSaveSuccess: null, onSaveFailure: null, onLookupCreatorSuccess: null, onMoveSuccess: null, onMoveFailure: null, onDeleteSuccess: null, onDeleteFailure: null, onProtectSuccess: null, onProtectFailure: null, onStabilizeSuccess: null, onStabilizeFailure: null, // internal objects loadQuery: null, loadApi: null, saveApi: null, lookupCreatorApi: null, moveApi: null, moveProcessApi: null, deleteApi: null, deleteProcessApi: null, protectApi: null, protectProcessApi: null, stabilizeApi: null, stabilizeProcessApi: null }; var emptyFunction = function() { }; /** * Public interface accessors */ this.getPageName = function() { return ctx.pageName; }; this.getPageText = function() { return ctx.pageText; }; this.setPageText = function(pageText) { ctx.editMode = 'all'; ctx.pageText = pageText; }; this.setAppendText = function(appendText) { ctx.editMode = 'append'; ctx.appendText = appendText; }; this.setPrependText = function(prependText) { ctx.editMode = 'prepend'; ctx.prependText = prependText; }; this.setEditSummary = function(summary) { ctx.editSummary = summary; }; this.setCreateOption = function(createOption) { ctx.createOption = createOption; }; this.setMinorEdit = function(minorEdit) { ctx.minorEdit = minorEdit; }; this.setPageSection = function(pageSection) { ctx.pageSection = pageSection; }; this.setMaxConflictRetries = function(maxRetries) { ctx.maxConflictRetries = maxRetries; }; this.setMaxRetries = function(maxRetries) { ctx.maxRetries = maxRetries; }; this.setCallbackParameters = function(callbackParameters) { ctx.callbackParameters = callbackParameters; }; this.getCallbackParameters = function() { return ctx.callbackParameters; }; this.getCreator = function() { return ctx.creator; }; this.setOldID = function(oldID) { ctx.revertOldID = oldID; }; this.getRevisionUser = function() { return ctx.revertUser; }; this.setMoveDestination = function(destination) { ctx.moveDestination = destination; }; this.setMoveTalkPage = function(flag) { ctx.moveTalkPage = !!flag; }; this.setMoveSubpages = function(flag) { ctx.moveSubpages = !!flag; }; this.setMoveSuppressRedirect = function(flag) { ctx.moveSuppressRedirect = !!flag; }; this.setEditProtection = function(level, expiry) { ctx.protectEdit = { level: level, expiry: expiry }; }; this.setMoveProtection = function(level, expiry) { ctx.protectMove = { level: level, expiry: expiry }; }; this.setCreateProtection = function(level, expiry) { ctx.protectCreate = { level: level, expiry: expiry }; }; this.setCascadingProtection = function(flag) { ctx.protectCascade = !!flag; }; this.setFlaggedRevs = function(level, expiry) { ctx.flaggedRevs = { level: level, expiry: expiry }; }; this.getStatusElement = function() { return ctx.statusElement; }; this.setFollowRedirect = function(followRedirect) { if (ctx.pageLoaded) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: cannot change redirect setting after the page has been loaded!"); return; } ctx.followRedirect = followRedirect; }; this.setWatchlist = function(flag) { if (flag) { ctx.watchlistOption = 'watch'; } else { ctx.watchlistOption = 'nochange'; } }; this.setWatchlistFromPreferences = function(flag) { if (flag) { ctx.watchlistOption = 'preferences'; } else { ctx.watchlistOption = 'nochange'; } }; this.exists = function() { return ctx.pageExists; }; this.load = function(onSuccess, onFailure) { ctx.onLoadSuccess = onSuccess; ctx.onLoadFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction; // Need to be able to do something after the page loads if (!onSuccess) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: no onSuccess callback provided to load()!"); ctx.onLoadFailure(this); return; } ctx.loadQuery = { action: 'query', prop: 'info|revisions', curtimestamp: '', meta: 'tokens', type: 'csrf', titles: ctx.pageName // don't need rvlimit=1 because we don't need rvstartid here and only one actual rev is returned by default }; if (ctx.editMode === 'all') { ctx.loadQuery.rvprop = 'content'; // get the page content at the same time, if needed } else if (ctx.editMode === 'revert') { ctx.loadQuery.rvlimit = 1; ctx.loadQuery.rvstartid = ctx.revertOldID; } if (ctx.followRedirect) { ctx.loadQuery.redirects = ''; // follow all redirects } if (typeof ctx.pageSection === 'number') { ctx.loadQuery.rvsection = ctx.pageSection; } if (Morebits.userIsInGroup('sysop')) { ctx.loadQuery.inprop = 'protection'; } ctx.loadApi = new Morebits.wiki.api("Retrieving page...", ctx.loadQuery, fnLoadSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onLoadFailure); ctx.loadApi.setParent(this); ctx.loadApi.post(); }; // Save updated .pageText to Wikipedia // Only valid after successful .load() this.save = function(onSuccess, onFailure) { ctx.onSaveSuccess = onSuccess; ctx.onSaveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction; // are we getting our editing token from mw.user.tokens? var canUseMwUserToken = fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit'); if (!ctx.pageLoaded && !canUseMwUserToken) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: attempt to save a page that has not been loaded!"); ctx.onSaveFailure(this); return; } if (!ctx.editSummary) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: edit summary not set before save!"); ctx.onSaveFailure(this); return; } // shouldn't happen if canUseMwUserToken === true if (ctx.fullyProtected && !ctx.suppressProtectWarning && !confirm('You are about to make an edit to the fully protected page "' + ctx.pageName + (ctx.fullyProtected === 'infinity' ? '" (protected indefinitely)' : ('" (protection expiring ' + ctx.fullyProtected + ')')) + '. \n\nClick OK to proceed with the edit, or Cancel to skip this edit.')) { ctx.statusElement.error("Edit to fully protected page was aborted."); ctx.onSaveFailure(this); return; } ctx.retries = 0; var query = { action: 'edit', title: ctx.pageName, summary: ctx.editSummary, token: canUseMwUserToken ? mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken') : ctx.csrfToken, watchlist: ctx.watchlistOption }; if (typeof ctx.pageSection === 'number') { query.section = ctx.pageSection; } // Set minor edit attribute. If these parameters are present with any value, it is interpreted as true if (ctx.minorEdit) { query.minor = true; } else { query.notminor = true; // force Twinkle config to override user preference setting for "all edits are minor" } switch (ctx.editMode) { case 'append': query.appendtext = ctx.appendText; // use mode to append to current page contents break; case 'prepend': query.prependtext = ctx.prependText; // use mode to prepend to current page contents break; case 'revert': query.undo = ctx.revertCurID; query.undoafter = ctx.revertOldID; if (ctx.lastEditTime) { query.basetimestamp = ctx.lastEditTime; // check that page hasn't been edited since it was loaded } query.starttimestamp = ctx.loadTime; // check that page hasn't been deleted since it was loaded (don't recreate bad stuff) break; default: // 'all' query.text = ctx.pageText; // replace entire contents of the page if (ctx.lastEditTime) { query.basetimestamp = ctx.lastEditTime; // check that page hasn't been edited since it was loaded } query.starttimestamp = ctx.loadTime; // check that page hasn't been deleted since it was loaded (don't recreate bad stuff) break; } if (['recreate', 'createonly', 'nocreate'].indexOf(ctx.createOption) !== -1) { query[ctx.createOption] = ''; } if (canUseMwUserToken && ctx.followRedirect) { query.redirect = true; } ctx.saveApi = new Morebits.wiki.api( "Saving page...", query, fnSaveSuccess, ctx.statusElement, fnSaveError); ctx.saveApi.setParent(this); ctx.saveApi.post(); }; this.append = function(onSuccess, onFailure) { ctx.editMode = 'append'; if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit')) { this.save(onSuccess, onFailure); } else { ctx.onSaveSuccess = onSuccess; ctx.onSaveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction; this.load(fnAutoSave, ctx.onSaveFailure); } }; this.prepend = function(onSuccess, onFailure) { ctx.editMode = 'prepend'; if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit')) { this.save(onSuccess, onFailure); } else { ctx.onSaveSuccess = onSuccess; ctx.onSaveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction; this.load(fnAutoSave, ctx.onSaveFailure); } }; this.suppressProtectWarning = function() { ctx.suppressProtectWarning = true; }; this.lookupCreator = function(onSuccess) { if (!onSuccess) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: no onSuccess callback provided to lookupCreator()!"); return; } ctx.onLookupCreatorSuccess = onSuccess; var query = { 'action': 'query', 'prop': 'revisions', 'titles': ctx.pageName, 'rvlimit': 1, 'rvprop': 'user', 'rvdir': 'newer' }; if (ctx.followRedirect) { query.redirects = ''; // follow all redirects } ctx.lookupCreatorApi = new Morebits.wiki.api("Retrieving page creator information", query, fnLookupCreatorSuccess, ctx.statusElement); ctx.lookupCreatorApi.setParent(this); ctx.lookupCreatorApi.post(); }; this.patrol = function() { // look for rcid in querystring; if not, we won't have a patrol token, so no point trying if (!Morebits.queryString.exists("rcid")) { return; } var rcid = Morebits.queryString.get("rcid"); // Extract the Recentchanges ID (rcid) from the "Mark page as patrolled" link on page var patrolhref = $('.patrollink a').attr('href'), rcid = mw.util.getParamValue('rcid', patrolhref); if ( rcid ) { var wikipedia_api = new Morebits.wiki.api("doing...", { title: ctx.pageName, action: 'markpatrolled', rcid: rcid, token: patroltoken }, null, patrolstat); wikipedia_api.post({ type: 'GET', url: mw.util.wikiScript('index'), datatype: 'text' // we don't really care about the response }); } }; this.revert = function(onSuccess, onFailure) { ctx.onSaveSuccess = onSuccess; ctx.onSaveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction; if (!ctx.revertOldID) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: revision ID to revert to was not set before revert!"); ctx.onSaveFailure(this); return; } ctx.editMode = 'revert'; this.load(fnAutoSave, ctx.onSaveFailure); }; this.move = function(onSuccess, onFailure) { ctx.onMoveSuccess = onSuccess; ctx.onMoveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction; if (!ctx.editSummary) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: move reason not set before move (use setEditSummary function)!"); ctx.onMoveFailure(this); return; } if (!ctx.moveDestination) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: destination page name was not set before move!"); ctx.onMoveFailure(this); return; } if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('move')) { fnProcessMove.call(this, this); } else { var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('move'); ctx.moveApi = new Morebits.wiki.api('retrieving token...', query, fnProcessMove, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onMoveFailure); ctx.moveApi.setParent(this); ctx.moveApi.post(); } }; // |delete| is a reserved word in some flavours of JS this.deletePage = function(onSuccess, onFailure) { ctx.onDeleteSuccess = onSuccess; ctx.onDeleteFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction; // if a non-admin tries to do this, don't bother if (!Morebits.userIsInGroup('sysop')) { ctx.statusElement.error("Cannot delete page: only admins can do that"); ctx.onDeleteFailure(this); return; } if (!ctx.editSummary) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: delete reason not set before delete (use setEditSummary function)!"); ctx.onDeleteFailure(this); return; } if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('delete')) { fnProcessDelete(); } else { var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('delete'); ctx.deleteApi = new Morebits.wiki.api('retrieving token...', query, fnProcessDelete, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onDeleteFailure); ctx.deleteApi.setParent(this); ctx.deleteApi.post(); } }; this.protect = function(onSuccess, onFailure) { ctx.onProtectSuccess = onSuccess; ctx.onProtectFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction; // if a non-admin tries to do this, don't bother if (!Morebits.userIsInGroup('sysop')) { ctx.statusElement.error("Cannot protect page: only admins can do that"); ctx.onProtectFailure(this); return; } if (!ctx.protectEdit && !ctx.protectMove && !ctx.protectCreate) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: you must set edit and/or move and/or create protection before calling protect()!"); ctx.onProtectFailure(this); return; } if (!ctx.editSummary) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: protection reason not set before protect (use setEditSummary function)!"); ctx.onProtectFailure(this); return; } // because of the way MW API interprets protection levels // (absolute, not differential), we always need to request // protection levels from the server var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('protect'); ctx.protectApi = new Morebits.wiki.api('retrieving token...', query, fnProcessProtect, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onProtectFailure); ctx.protectApi.setParent(this); ctx.protectApi.post(); }; // apply FlaggedRevs protection-style settings // only works where $wgFlaggedRevsProtection = true (i.e. where FlaggedRevs // settings appear on the wiki's "protect" tab) this.stabilize = function(onSuccess, onFailure) { ctx.onStabilizeSuccess = onSuccess; ctx.onStabilizeFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction; // if a non-admin tries to do this, don't bother if (!Morebits.userIsInGroup('sysop')) { ctx.statusElement.error("Cannot apply FlaggedRevs settings: only admins can do that"); ctx.onStabilizeFailure(this); return; } if (!ctx.flaggedRevs) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: you must set flaggedRevs before calling stabilize()!"); ctx.onStabilizeFailure(this); return; } if (!ctx.editSummary) { ctx.statusElement.error("Internal error: reason not set before calling stabilize() (use setEditSummary function)!"); ctx.onStabilizeFailure(this); return; } if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('stabilize')) { fnProcessStabilize.call(this, this); } else { var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('stabilize'); ctx.stabilizeApi = new Morebits.wiki.api('retrieving token...', query, fnProcessStabilize, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onStabilizeFailure); ctx.stabilizeApi.setParent(this); ctx.stabilizeApi.post(); } }; /* Private member functions * * These are not exposed outside */ /** * Determines whether we can save an API call by using the csrf token sent with the page * HTML, or whether we need to ask the server for more info (e.g. protection expiry). * * Only applicable for csrf token actions, e.g. not patrol * * @param {string} action The action being undertaken, e.g. "edit", "delete". * Currently used for append, prepend, deletePage, undeletePage, move, * and stabilize. Can't use for protect since it always needs to * request protection status. * * @param {string} [action=edit] The action being undertaken, e.g. * "edit" or "delete". In practice, only "edit" or "notedit" matters. * @returns {boolean} */ var fnCanUseMwUserToken = function(action) { action = typeof action !== 'undefined' ? action : 'edit'; // IE doesn't support default parameters // API-based redirect resolution only works for action=query and // action=edit in append/prepend modes (and section=new, but we don't // really support that) if (ctx.followRedirect && (action !== 'edit' || (ctx.editMode !== 'append' && ctx.editMode !== 'prepend'))) { return false; } // do we need to fetch the edit protection expiry? if (Morebits.userIsSysop && !ctx.suppressProtectWarning) { // poor man's normalisation if (Morebits.string.toUpperCaseFirstChar(mw.config.get('wgPageName')).replace(/ /g, '_').trim() !== Morebits.string.toUpperCaseFirstChar(ctx.pageName).replace(/ /g, '_').trim()) { return false; } // wgRestrictionEdit is null on non-existent pages, // so this neatly handles nonexistent pages var editRestriction = mw.config.get('wgRestrictionEdit'); if (!editRestriction || editRestriction.indexOf('sysop') !== -1) { return false; } } return !!mw.user.tokens.get('editToken'); }; /** * When functions can't use fnCanUseMwUserToken or require checking * protection, maintain the query in one place. Used for delete, * undelete, protect, stabilize, and move (basically, just not load) * * @param {string} action The action being undertaken, e.g. "edit" or * "delete" */ var fnNeedTokenInfoQuery = function(action) { var query = { action: 'query', meta: 'tokens', type: 'csrf', titles: ctx.pageName }; // Protection not checked for flagged-revs or non-sysop moves if (action !== 'stabilize' && (action !== 'move' || Morebits.userIsSysop)) { query.prop = 'info'; query.inprop = 'protection'; } if (ctx.followRedirect && action !== 'undelete') { query.redirects = ''; // follow all redirects } return query; }; // callback from loadSuccess() for append() and prepend() threads var fnAutoSave = function(pageobj) { pageobj.save(ctx.onSaveSuccess, ctx.onSaveFailure); }; // callback from loadApi.post() var fnLoadSuccess = function() { var xml = ctx.loadApi.getXML(); if ( !fnCheckPageName(xml, ctx.onLoadFailure) ) { return; // abort } ctx.pageExists = ($(xml).find('page').attr('missing') !== ""); if (ctx.pageExists) { ctx.pageText = $(xml).find('rev').text(); } else { ctx.pageText = ''; // allow for concatenation, etc. } ctx.csrfToken = $(xml).find('tokens').attr('csrftoken'); if (!ctx.csrfToken) { ctx.statusElement.error('Failed to retrieve edit token.'); ctx.onLoadFailure(this); return; } ctx.loadTime = $(xml).find('api').attr('curtimestamp'); if (!ctx.loadTime) { ctx.statusElement.error('Failed to retrieve current timestamp.'); ctx.onLoadFailure(this); return; } // extract protection info, to alert admins when they are about to edit a protected page if (Morebits.userIsInGroup('sysop')) { var editprot = $(xml).find('pr[type="edit"]'); if (editprot.length > 0 && editprot.attr('level') === 'sysop') { ctx.fullyProtected = editprot.attr('expiry'); } else { ctx.fullyProtected = false; } } ctx.lastEditTime = $(xml).find('rev').attr('timestamp'); ctx.revertCurID = $(xml).find('page').attr('lastrevid'); if (ctx.editMode === 'revert') { ctx.revertCurID = $(xml).find('rev').attr('revid'); if (!ctx.revertCurID) { ctx.statusElement.error("Failed to retrieve current revision ID."); ctx.onLoadFailure(this); return; } ctx.revertUser = $(xml).find('rev').attr('user'); if (!ctx.revertUser) { if ($(xml).find('rev').attr('userhidden') === "") { // username was RevDel'd or oversighted ctx.revertUser = "<username hidden>"; } else { ctx.statusElement.error("Failed to retrieve user who made the revision."); ctx.onLoadFailure(this); return; } } // set revert edit summary ctx.editSummary = "[[Help:Revert|Reverted]] to revision " + ctx.revertOldID + " by " + ctx.revertUser + ": " + ctx.editSummary; } ctx.pageLoaded = true; // alert("Generate edit conflict now"); // for testing edit conflict recovery logic ctx.onLoadSuccess(this); // invoke callback }; // helper function to parse the page name returned from the API var fnCheckPageName = function(xml, onFailure) { if (!onFailure) { onFailure = emptyFunction; } // check for invalid titles if ( $(xml).find('page').attr('invalid') === "" ) { ctx.statusElement.error("The page title is invalid: " + ctx.pageName); onFailure(this); return false; // abort } // retrieve actual title of the page after normalization and redirects if ( $(xml).find('page').attr('title') ) { var resolvedName = $(xml).find('page').attr('title'); // only notify user for redirects, not normalization if ( $(xml).find('redirects').length > 0 ) { Morebits.status.info("Info", "Redirected from " + ctx.pageName + " to " + resolvedName ); } ctx.pageName = resolvedName; // always update in case of normalization } else { // could be a circular redirect or other problem ctx.statusElement.error("Could not resolve redirects for: " + ctx.pageName); onFailure(this); // force error to stay on the screen ++Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft; return false; // abort } return true; // all OK }; // callback from saveApi.post() var fnSaveSuccess = function() { ctx.editMode = 'all'; // cancel append/prepend/revert modes var xml = ctx.saveApi.getXML(); // see if the API thinks we were successful if ($(xml).find('edit').attr('result') === "Success") { // real success // default on success action - display link for edited page var link = document.createElement('a'); link.setAttribute('href', mw.util.getUrl(ctx.pageName) ); link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(ctx.pageName)); ctx.statusElement.info(['completed (', link, ')']); if (ctx.onSaveSuccess) { ctx.onSaveSuccess(this); // invoke callback } return; } // errors here are only generated by extensions which hook APIEditBeforeSave within MediaWiki // Wikimedia wikis should only return spam blacklist errors and captchas var blacklist = $(xml).find('edit').attr('spamblacklist'); if (blacklist) { var code = document.createElement('code'); code.style.fontFamily = "monospace"; code.appendChild(document.createTextNode(blacklist)); ctx.statusElement.error(['Could not save the page because the URL ', code, ' is on the spam blacklist.']); } else if ( $(xml).find('captcha').length > 0 ) { ctx.statusElement.error("Could not save the page because the wiki server wanted you to fill out a CAPTCHA."); } else { ctx.statusElement.error("Unknown error received from API while saving page"); } // force error to stay on the screen ++Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft; ctx.onSaveFailure(this); }; // callback from saveApi.post() var fnSaveError = function() { var errorCode = ctx.saveApi.getErrorCode(); // check for edit conflict if ( errorCode === "editconflict" && ctx.conflictRetries++ < ctx.maxConflictRetries ) { // edit conflicts can occur when the page needs to be purged from the server cache var purgeQuery = { action: 'purge', titles: ctx.pageName // redirects are already resolved }; var purgeApi = new Morebits.wiki.api("Edit conflict detected, purging server cache", purgeQuery, null, ctx.statusElement); var result = purgeApi.post( { async: false } ); // just wait for it, result is for debugging --Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft; // allow for normal completion if retry succeeds ctx.statusElement.info("Edit conflict detected, reapplying edit"); if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit')) { ctx.saveApi.post(); // necessarily append or prepend, so this should work as desired } else { ctx.loadApi.post(); // reload the page and reapply the edit } // check for loss of edit token // it's impractical to request a new token here, so invoke edit conflict logic when this happens } else if ( errorCode === "notoken" && ctx.conflictRetries++ < ctx.maxConflictRetries ) { ctx.statusElement.info("Edit token is invalid, retrying"); --Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft; // allow for normal completion if retry succeeds if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit')) { this.load(fnAutoSave, ctx.onSaveFailure); // try the append or prepend again } else { ctx.loadApi.post(); // reload the page and reapply the edit } // check for network or server error } else if ( errorCode === "undefined" && ctx.retries++ < ctx.maxRetries ) { // the error might be transient, so try again ctx.statusElement.info("Save failed, retrying"); --Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft; // allow for normal completion if retry succeeds ctx.saveApi.post(); // give it another go! // hard error, give up } else { // non-admin attempting to edit a protected page - this gives a friendlier message than the default if ( errorCode === "protectedpage" ) { ctx.statusElement.error( "Failed to save edit: Page is fully protected" ); } else { ctx.statusElement.error( "Failed to save edit: " + ctx.saveApi.getErrorText() ); } ctx.editMode = 'all'; // cancel append/prepend/revert modes if (ctx.onSaveFailure) { ctx.onSaveFailure(this); // invoke callback } } }; var fnLookupCreatorSuccess = function() { var xml = ctx.lookupCreatorApi.getXML(); if ( !fnCheckPageName(xml) ) { return; // abort } ctx.creator = $(xml).find('rev').attr('user'); if (!ctx.creator) { ctx.statusElement.error("Could not find name of page creator"); return; } ctx.onLookupCreatorSuccess(this); }; var fnProcessMove = function() { var pageTitle, token; if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('move')) { token = mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken'); pageTitle = ctx.pageName; } else { var xml = ctx.moveApi.getXML(); if ($(xml).find('page').attr('missing') === '') { ctx.statusElement.error('Cannot move the page, because it no longer exists'); ctx.onMoveFailure(this); return; } // extract protection info if (Morebits.userIsSysop) { var editprot = $(xml).find('pr[type="edit"]'); if (editprot.length > 0 && editprot.attr('level') === 'sysop' && !ctx.suppressProtectWarning && !confirm('You are about to move the fully protected page "' + ctx.pageName + (editprot.attr('expiry') === 'infinity' ? '" (protected indefinitely)' : '" (protection expiring ' + editprot.attr('expiry') + ')') + '. \n\nClick OK to proceed with the move, or Cancel to skip this move.')) { ctx.statusElement.error('Move of fully protected page was aborted.'); ctx.onMoveFailure(this); return; } } token = $(xml).find('tokens').attr('csrftoken'); if (!token) { ctx.statusElement.error('Failed to retrieve move token.'); ctx.onMoveFailure(this); return; } pageTitle = $(xml).find('page').attr('title'); } var query = { 'action': 'move', 'from': pageTitle, 'to': ctx.moveDestination, 'token': token, 'reason': ctx.editSummary, 'watchlist': ctx.watchlistOption }; if (ctx.moveTalkPage) { query.movetalk = 'true'; } if (ctx.moveSubpages) { query.movesubpages = 'true'; // XXX don't know whether this works for non-admins } if (ctx.moveSuppressRedirect) { query.noredirect = 'true'; } ctx.moveProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api("moving page...", query, ctx.onMoveSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onMoveFailure); ctx.moveProcessApi.setParent(this); ctx.moveProcessApi.post(); }; var fnProcessDelete = function() { var pageTitle, token; if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('delete')) { token = mw.user.tokens.get('editToken'); pageTitle = ctx.pageName; } else { var xml = ctx.deleteApi.getXML(); if ($(xml).find('page').attr('missing') === "") { ctx.statusElement.error("Cannot delete the page, because it no longer exists"); ctx.onDeleteFailure(this); return; } // extract protection info var editprot = $(xml).find('pr[type="edit"]'); if (editprot.length > 0 && editprot.attr('level') === 'sysop' && !confirm('You are about to delete the fully protected page "' + ctx.pageName + (editprot.attr('expiry') === 'infinity' ? '" (protected indefinitely)' : ('" (protection expiring ' + editprot.attr('expiry') + ')')) + '. \n\nClick OK to proceed with the deletion, or Cancel to skip this deletion.')) { ctx.statusElement.error("Deletion of fully protected page was aborted."); ctx.onDeleteFailure(this); return; } token = $(xml).find('tokens').attr('csrftoken'); if (!token) { ctx.statusElement.error("Failed to retrieve delete token."); ctx.onDeleteFailure(this); return; } pageTitle = $(xml).find('page').attr('title'); } var query = { 'action': 'delete', 'title': pageTitle, 'token': token, 'reason': ctx.editSummary, 'watchlist': ctx.watchlistOption }; ctx.deleteProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api("deleting page...", query, ctx.onDeleteSuccess, ctx.statusElement, fnProcessDeleteError); ctx.deleteProcessApi.setParent(this); ctx.deleteProcessApi.post(); }; // callback from deleteProcessApi.post() var fnProcessDeleteError = function() { var errorCode = ctx.deleteProcessApi.getErrorCode(); // check for "Database query error" if ( errorCode === "internal_api_error_DBQueryError" && ctx.retries++ < ctx.maxRetries ) { ctx.statusElement.info("Database query error, retrying"); --Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft; // allow for normal completion if retry succeeds ctx.deleteProcessApi.post(); // give it another go! } else if ( errorCode === "missingtitle" ) { ctx.statusElement.error("Cannot delete the page, because it no longer exists"); if (ctx.onDeleteFailure) { ctx.onDeleteFailure.call(this, ctx.deleteProcessApi); // invoke callback } // hard error, give up } else { ctx.statusElement.error( "Failed to delete the page: " + ctx.deleteProcessApi.getErrorText() ); if (ctx.onDeleteFailure) { ctx.onDeleteFailure(this); // invoke callback } } }; var fnProcessProtect = function() { var xml = ctx.protectApi.getXML(); var missing = ($(xml).find('page').attr('missing') === ""); if (((ctx.protectEdit || ctx.protectMove) && missing)) { ctx.statusElement.error("Cannot protect the page, because it no longer exists"); ctx.onProtectFailure(this); return; } if (ctx.protectCreate && !missing) { ctx.statusElement.error("Cannot create protect the page, because it already exists"); ctx.onProtectFailure(this); return; } // TODO cascading protection not possible on edit<sysop var token = $(xml).find('tokens').attr('csrftoken'); if (!token) { ctx.statusElement.error('Failed to retrieve protect token.'); ctx.onProtectFailure(this); return; } var pageTitle = $(xml).find('page').attr('title'); // fetch existing protection levels var prs = $(xml).find('pr'); var editprot = prs.filter('[type="edit"]'); var moveprot = prs.filter('[type="move"]'); var createprot = prs.filter('[type="create"]'); var protections = [], expirys = []; // set edit protection level if (ctx.protectEdit) { protections.push('edit=' + ctx.protectEdit.level); expirys.push(ctx.protectEdit.expiry); } else if (editprot.length) { protections.push('edit=' + editprot.attr("level")); expirys.push(editprot.attr("expiry").replace("infinity", "indefinite")); } if (ctx.protectMove) { protections.push('move=' + ctx.protectMove.level); expirys.push(ctx.protectMove.expiry); } else if (moveprot.length) { protections.push('move=' + moveprot.attr("level")); expirys.push(moveprot.attr("expiry").replace("infinity", "indefinite")); } if (ctx.protectCreate) { protections.push('create=' + ctx.protectCreate.level); expirys.push(ctx.protectCreate.expiry); } else if (createprot.length) { protections.push('create=' + createprot.attr("level")); expirys.push(createprot.attr("expiry").replace("infinity", "indefinite")); } var query = { action: 'protect', title: pageTitle, token: token, protections: protections.join('|'), expiry: expirys.join('|'), reason: ctx.editSummary, watchlist: ctx.watchlistOption }; if (ctx.protectCascade) { query.cascade = 'true'; } ctx.protectProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api("protecting page...", query, ctx.onProtectSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onProtectFailure); ctx.protectProcessApi.setParent(this); ctx.protectProcessApi.post(); }; var fnProcessStabilize = function() { var pageTitle, token; if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('stabilize')) { token = mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken'); pageTitle = ctx.pageName; } else { var xml = ctx.stabilizeApi.getXML(); var missing = $(xml).find('page').attr('missing') === ''; if (missing) { ctx.statusElement.error('Cannot protect the page, because it no longer exists'); ctx.onStabilizeFailure(this); return; } token = $(xml).find('tokens').attr('csrftoken'); if (!token) { ctx.statusElement.error('Failed to retrieve stabilize token.'); ctx.onStabilizeFailure(this); return; } pageTitle = $(xml).find('page').attr('title'); } var query = { action: 'stabilize', title: pageTitle, token: token, protectlevel: ctx.flaggedRevs.level, expiry: ctx.flaggedRevs.expiry, reason: ctx.editSummary }; // [[phab:T247915]] if (ctx.watchlistOption === 'watch') { query.watchlist = 'true'; } ctx.stabilizeProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api("configuring stabilization settings...", query, ctx.onStabilizeSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onStabilizeFailure); ctx.stabilizeProcessApi.setParent(this); ctx.stabilizeProcessApi.post(); }; }; // end Morebits.wiki.page /** Morebits.wiki.page TODO: (XXX) * - Should we retry loads also? * - Need to reset current action before the save? * - Deal with action.completed stuff * - Need to reset all parameters once done (e.g. edit summary, move destination, etc.) */ /** * **************** Morebits.wiki.preview **************** * Uses the API to parse a fragment of wikitext and render it as HTML. * * Constructor: Morebits.wiki.preview(previewbox, currentAction) * previewbox - the <div> element that will contain the rendered HTML * * beginRender(wikitext): Displays the preview box, and begins an asynchronous attempt * to render the specified wikitext. * wikitext - wikitext to render; most things should work, including subst: and ~~~~ * * closePreview(): Hides the preview box and clears it. * * The suggested implementation pattern (in Morebits.simpleWindow + Morebits.quickForm situations) is to * construct a Morebits.wiki.preview object after rendering a Morebits.quickForm, and bind the object * to an arbitrary property of the form (e.g. |previewer|). For an example, see * twinklewarn.js. */ Morebits.wiki.preview = function(previewbox) { this.previewbox = previewbox; $(previewbox).addClass("morebits-previewbox").hide(); this.beginRender = function(wikitext) { $(previewbox).show(); var statusspan = document.createElement('span'); previewbox.appendChild(statusspan); Morebits.status.init(statusspan); var query = { action: 'parse', prop: 'text', pst: 'true', // PST = pre-save transform; this makes substitution work properly text: wikitext, title: mw.config.get('wgPageName') }; var renderApi = new Morebits.wiki.api("loading...", query, fnRenderSuccess, new Morebits.status("Preview")); renderApi.post(); }; var fnRenderSuccess = function(apiobj) { var xml = apiobj.getXML(); var html = $(xml).find('text').text(); if (!html) { apiobj.statelem.error("failed to retrieve preview, or template was blanked"); return; } previewbox.innerHTML = html; }; this.closePreview = function() { $(previewbox).empty().hide(); }; }; /** * **************** Morebits.wikitext **************** * Wikitext manipulation */ Morebits.wikitext = {}; Morebits.wikitext.template = { parse: function( text, start ) { var count = -1; var level = -1; var equals = -1; var current = ''; var result = { name: '', parameters: {} }; var key, value; for( var i = start; i < text.length; ++i ) { var test3 = text.substr( i, 3 ); if( test3 === '{{{' ) { current += '{{{'; i += 2; ++level; continue; } if( test3 === '}}}' ) { current += '}}}'; i += 2; --level; continue; } var test2 = text.substr( i, 2 ); if( test2 === '{{' || test2 === '[[' ) { current += test2; ++i; ++level; continue; } if( test2 === '[[' ) { current += test2; ++i; --level; continue; } if( test2 === '}}' ) { current += test2; ++i; --level; if( level <= 0 ) { if( count === -1 ) { result.name = current.substring(2).trim(); ++count; } else { if( equals !== -1 ) { key = current.substring( 0, equals ).trim(); value = current.substring( equals ).trim(); result.parameters[key] = value; equals = -1; } else { result.parameters[count] = current; ++count; } } break; } continue; } if( text.charAt(i) === '|' && level <= 0 ) { if( count === -1 ) { result.name = current.substring(2).trim(); ++count; } else { if( equals !== -1 ) { key = current.substring( 0, equals ).trim(); value = current.substring( equals + 1 ).trim(); result.parameters[key] = value; equals = -1; } else { result.parameters[count] = current; ++count; } } current = ''; } else if( equals === -1 && text.charAt(i) === '=' && level <= 0 ) { equals = current.length; current += text.charAt(i); } else { current += text.charAt(i); } } return result; } }; Morebits.wikitext.page = function mediawikiPage( text ) { this.text = text; }; Morebits.wikitext.page.prototype = { text: '', removeLink: function( link_target ) { var first_char = link_target.substr( 0, 1 ); var link_re_string = "[" + first_char.toUpperCase() + first_char.toLowerCase() + ']' + RegExp.escape( link_target.substr( 1 ), true ); var link_simple_re = new RegExp( "\\[\\[:?(" + link_re_string + ")\\]\\]", 'g' ); var link_named_re = new RegExp( "\\[\\[:?" + link_re_string + "\\|(.+?)\\]\\]", 'g' ); this.text = this.text.replace( link_simple_re, "$1" ).replace( link_named_re, "$1" ); }, commentOutImage: function( image, reason ) { var unbinder = new Morebits.unbinder( this.text ); unbinder.unbind( '<!--', '-->' ); reason = reason ? (reason + ': ') : ''; var first_char = image.substr( 0, 1 ); var image_re_string = "[" + first_char.toUpperCase() + first_char.toLowerCase() + ']' + RegExp.escape( image.substr( 1 ), true ); /* * Check for normal image links, i.e. [[Image:Foobar.png|...]] * Will eat the whole link */ var links_re = new RegExp( "\\[\\[(?:[Ii]mage|[Ff]ile):\\s*" + image_re_string ); var allLinks = Morebits.array.uniq(Morebits.string.splitWeightedByKeys( unbinder.content, '[[', ']]' )); for( var i = 0; i < allLinks.length; ++i ) { if( links_re.test( allLinks[i] ) ) { var replacement = '<!-- ' + reason + allLinks[i] + ' -->'; unbinder.content = unbinder.content.replace( allLinks[i], replacement, 'g' ); } } // unbind the newly created comments unbinder.unbind( '<!--', '-->' ); /* * Check for gallery images, i.e. instances that must start on a new line, eventually preceded with some space, and must include Image: prefix * Will eat the whole line. */ var gallery_image_re = new RegExp( "(^\\s*(?:[Ii]mage|[Ff]ile):\\s*" + image_re_string + ".*?$)", 'mg' ); unbinder.content.replace( gallery_image_re, "<!-- " + reason + "$1 -->" ); // unbind the newly created comments unbinder.unbind( '<!--', '-->' ); /* * Check free image usages, for example as template arguments, might have the Image: prefix excluded, but must be preceeded by an | * Will only eat the image name and the preceeding bar and an eventual named parameter */ var free_image_re = new RegExp( "(\\|\\s*(?:[\\w\\s]+\\=)?\\s*(?:(?:[Ii]mage|[Ff]ile):\\s*)?" + image_re_string + ")", 'mg' ); unbinder.content.replace( free_image_re, "<!-- " + reason + "$1 -->" ); // Rebind the content now, we are done! this.text = unbinder.rebind(); }, addToImageComment: function( image, data ) { var first_char = image.substr( 0, 1 ); var first_char_regex = RegExp.escape( first_char, true ); if( first_char.toUpperCase() !== first_char.toLowerCase() ) { first_char_regex = '[' + RegExp.escape( first_char.toUpperCase(), true ) + RegExp.escape( first_char.toLowerCase(), true ) + ']'; } var image_re_string = "(?:[Ii]mage|[Ff]ile):\\s*" + first_char_regex + RegExp.escape( image.substr( 1 ), true ); var links_re = new RegExp( "\\[\\[" + image_re_string ); var allLinks = Morebits.array.uniq(Morebits.string.splitWeightedByKeys( this.text, '[[', ']]' )); for( var i = 0; i < allLinks.length; ++i ) { if( links_re.test( allLinks[i] ) ) { var replacement = allLinks[i]; // just put it at the end? replacement = replacement.replace( /\]\]$/, '|' + data + ']]' ); this.text = this.text.replace( allLinks[i], replacement, 'g' ); } } var gallery_re = new RegExp( "^(\\s*" + image_re_string + '.*?)\\|?(.*?)$', 'mg' ); var newtext = "$1|$2 " + data; this.text = this.text.replace( gallery_re, newtext ); }, removeTemplate: function( template ) { var first_char = template.substr( 0, 1 ); var template_re_string = "(?:[Tt]emplate:)?\\s*[" + first_char.toUpperCase() + first_char.toLowerCase() + ']' + RegExp.escape( template.substr( 1 ), true ); var links_re = new RegExp( "\\{\\{" + template_re_string ); var allTemplates = Morebits.array.uniq(Morebits.string.splitWeightedByKeys( this.text, '{{', '}}', [ '{{{', '}}}' ] )); for( var i = 0; i < allTemplates.length; ++i ) { if( links_re.test( allTemplates[i] ) ) { this.text = this.text.replace( allTemplates[i], '', 'g' ); } } }, getText: function() { return this.text; } }; /** * **************** Morebits.queryString **************** * Maps the querystring to an object * * Functions: * * Morebits.queryString.exists(key) * returns true if the particular key is set * Morebits.queryString.get(key) * returns the value associated to the key * Morebits.queryString.equals(key, value) * returns true if the value associated with given key equals given value * Morebits.queryString.toString() * returns the query string as a string * Morebits.queryString.create( hash ) * creates an querystring and encodes strings via encodeURIComponent and joins arrays with | * * In static context, the value of location.search.substring(1), else the value given to the constructor is going to be used. The mapped hash is saved in the object. * * Example: * * var value = Morebits.queryString.get('key'); * var obj = new Morebits.queryString('foo=bar&baz=quux'); * value = obj.get('foo'); */ Morebits.queryString = function QueryString(qString) { this.string = qString; this.params = {}; if( !qString.length ) { return; } qString.replace(/\+/, ' '); var args = qString.split('&'); for( var i = 0; i < args.length; ++i ) { var pair = args[i].split( '=' ); var key = decodeURIComponent( pair[0] ), value = key; if( pair.length === 2 ) { value = decodeURIComponent( pair[1] ); } this.params[key] = value; } }; Morebits.queryString.staticstr = null; Morebits.queryString.staticInit = function() { if( !Morebits.queryString.staticstr ) { Morebits.queryString.staticstr = new Morebits.queryString(location.search.substring(1)); } }; Morebits.queryString.get = function(key) { Morebits.queryString.staticInit(); return Morebits.queryString.staticstr.get(key); }; Morebits.queryString.prototype.get = function(key) { return this.params[key] ? this.params[key] : null; }; Morebits.queryString.exists = function(key) { Morebits.queryString.staticInit(); return Morebits.queryString.staticstr.exists(key); }; Morebits.queryString.prototype.exists = function(key) { return this.params[key] ? true : false; }; Morebits.queryString.equals = function(key, value) { Morebits.queryString.staticInit(); return Morebits.queryString.staticstr.equals(key, value); }; Morebits.queryString.prototype.equals = function(key, value) { return this.params[key] === value ? true : false; }; Morebits.queryString.toString = function() { Morebits.queryString.staticInit(); return Morebits.queryString.staticstr.toString(); }; Morebits.queryString.prototype.toString = function() { return this.string ? this.string : null; }; Morebits.queryString.create = function( arr ) { var resarr = []; var editToken; // KLUGE: this should always be the last item in the query string (bug TW-B-0013) for( var i in arr ) { if( arr[i] === undefined ) { continue; } var res; if( $.isArray( arr[i] ) ){ var v = []; for(var j = 0; j < arr[i].length; ++j ) { v[j] = encodeURIComponent( arr[i][j] ); } res = v.join('|'); } else { res = encodeURIComponent( arr[i] ); } if( i === 'token' ) { editToken = res; } else { resarr.push( encodeURIComponent( i ) + '=' + res ); } } if( editToken !== undefined ) { resarr.push( 'token=' + editToken ); } return resarr.join('&'); }; Morebits.queryString.prototype.create = Morebits.queryString.create; /** * **************** Morebits.status **************** */ Morebits.status = function Status( text, stat, type ) { this.textRaw = text; this.text = this.codify(text); this.type = type || 'status'; this.generate(); if( stat ) { this.update( stat, type ); } }; Morebits.status.init = function( root ) { if( !( root instanceof Element ) ) { throw new Error( 'object not an instance of Element' ); } while( root.hasChildNodes() ) { root.removeChild( root.firstChild ); } Morebits.status.root = root; Morebits.status.errorEvent = null; }; Morebits.status.root = null; Morebits.status.onError = function( handler ) { if ( $.isFunction( handler ) ) { Morebits.status.errorEvent = handler; } else { throw "Morebits.status.onError: handler is not a function"; } }; Morebits.status.prototype = { stat: null, text: null, textRaw: null, type: 'status', target: null, node: null, linked: false, link: function() { if( ! this.linked && Morebits.status.root ) { Morebits.status.root.appendChild( this.node ); this.linked = true; } }, unlink: function() { if( this.linked ) { Morebits.status.root.removeChild( this.node ); this.linked = false; } }, codify: function( obj ) { if ( ! $.isArray( obj ) ) { obj = [ obj ]; } var result; result = document.createDocumentFragment(); for( var i = 0; i < obj.length; ++i ) { if( typeof obj[i] === 'string' ) { result.appendChild( document.createTextNode( obj[i] ) ); } else if( obj[i] instanceof Element ) { result.appendChild( obj[i] ); } // Else cosmic radiation made something shit } return result; }, update: function( status, type ) { this.stat = this.codify( status ); if( type ) { this.type = type; if (type === 'error') { // hack to force the page not to reload when an error is output - see also Morebits.status() above Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft = 1000; // call error callback if (Morebits.status.errorEvent) { Morebits.status.errorEvent(); } // also log error messages in the browser console if (console && console.error) { console.error(this.textRaw + ": " + status); } } } this.render(); }, generate: function() { this.node = document.createElement( 'div' ); this.node.appendChild( document.createElement('span') ).appendChild( this.text ); this.node.appendChild( document.createElement('span') ).appendChild( document.createTextNode( ': ' ) ); this.target = this.node.appendChild( document.createElement( 'span' ) ); this.target.appendChild( document.createTextNode( '' ) ); // dummy node }, render: function() { this.node.className = 'tw_status_' + this.type; while( this.target.hasChildNodes() ) { this.target.removeChild( this.target.firstChild ); } this.target.appendChild( this.stat ); this.link(); }, status: function( status ) { this.update( status, 'status'); }, info: function( status ) { this.update( status, 'info'); }, warn: function( status ) { this.update( status, 'warn'); }, error: function( status ) { this.update( status, 'error'); } }; Morebits.status.info = function( text, status ) { return new Morebits.status( text, status, 'info' ); }; Morebits.status.warn = function( text, status ) { return new Morebits.status( text, status, 'warn' ); }; Morebits.status.error = function( text, status ) { return new Morebits.status( text, status, 'error' ); }; /** * **************** Morebits.htmlNode() **************** * Simple helper function to create a simple node */ Morebits.htmlNode = function ( type, content, color ) { var node = document.createElement( type ); if( color ) { node.style.color = color; } node.appendChild( document.createTextNode( content ) ); return node; } /** * **************** Morebits.simpleWindow **************** * A simple draggable window * now a wrapper for jQuery UI's dialog feature */ // The height passed in here is the maximum allowable height for the content area. Morebits.simpleWindow = function SimpleWindow( width, height ) { var content = document.createElement( 'div' ); this.content = content; content.className = 'morebits-dialog-content'; this.height = height; $(this.content).dialog({ autoOpen: false, buttons: { "Placeholder button": function() {} }, dialogClass: 'morebits-dialog', width: Math.min(parseInt(window.innerWidth, 10), parseInt(width ? width : 800, 10)), // give jQuery the given height value (which represents the anticipated height of the dialog) here, so // it can position the dialog appropriately // the 20 pixels represents adjustment for the extra height of the jQuery dialog "chrome", compared // to that of the old SimpleWindow height: height + 20, close: function(event, ui) { // dialogs and their content can be destroyed once closed $(event.target).dialog("destroy").remove(); }, resize: function(event, ui) { this.style.maxHeight = ""; } }); var $widget = $(this.content).dialog("widget"); // add background gradient to titlebar var $titlebar = $widget.find(".ui-dialog-titlebar"); var oldstyle = $titlebar.attr("style"); $titlebar.attr("style", (oldstyle ? oldstyle : "") + '; background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAAkCAMAAAB%2FqqA%2BAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAEhQTFRFr73ZobTPusjdsMHZp7nVwtDhzNbnwM3fu8jdq7vUt8nbxtDkw9DhpbfSvMrfssPZqLvVztbno7bRrr7W1d%2Fs1N7qydXk0NjpkW7Q%2BgAAADVJREFUeNoMwgESQCAAAMGLkEIi%2FP%2BnbnbpdB59app5Vdg0sXAoMZCpGoFbK6ciuy6FX4ABAEyoAef0BXOXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) !important;'); // delete the placeholder button (it's only there so the buttonpane gets created) $widget.find("button").each(function(key, value) { value.parentNode.removeChild(value); }); // add container for the buttons we add, and the footer links (if any) var buttonspan = document.createElement("span"); buttonspan.className = "morebits-dialog-buttons"; var linksspan = document.createElement("span"); linksspan.className = "morebits-dialog-footerlinks"; $widget.find(".ui-dialog-buttonpane").append(buttonspan, linksspan); }; Morebits.simpleWindow.prototype = { buttons: [], height: 600, hasFooterLinks: false, scriptName: null, // Focuses the dialog. This might work, or on the contrary, it might not. focus: function(event) { $(this.content).dialog("moveToTop"); return this; }, // Closes the dialog. If this is set as an event handler, it will stop the event from doing anything more. close: function(event) { if (event) { event.preventDefault(); } $(this.content).dialog("close"); return this; }, // Shows the dialog. Calling display() on a dialog that has previously been closed might work, but it is not guaranteed. display: function() { if (this.scriptName) { var $widget = $(this.content).dialog("widget"); $widget.find(".morebits-dialog-scriptname").remove(); var scriptnamespan = document.createElement("span"); scriptnamespan.className = "morebits-dialog-scriptname"; scriptnamespan.textContent = this.scriptName + " \u00B7 "; // U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT = &middot; $widget.find(".ui-dialog-title").prepend(scriptnamespan); } var dialog = $(this.content).dialog("open"); if (window.setupTooltips && window.pg && window.pg.re && window.pg.re.diff) { // tie in with NAVPOP dialog.parent()[0].ranSetupTooltipsAlready = false; setupTooltips(dialog.parent()[0]); } this.setHeight( this.height ); // init height algorithm return this; }, // Sets the dialog title. setTitle: function( title ) { $(this.content).dialog("option", "title", title); return this; }, // Sets the script name, appearing as a prefix to the title to help users determine which // user script is producing which dialog. For instance, Twinkle modules set this to "Twinkle". setScriptName: function( name ) { this.scriptName = name; return this; }, // Sets the dialog width. setWidth: function( width ) { $(this.content).dialog("option", "width", width); return this; }, // Sets the dialog's maximum height. The dialog will auto-size to fit its contents, // but the content area will grow no larger than the height given here. setHeight: function( height ) { this.height = height; // from display time onwards, let the browser determine the optimum height, and instead limit the height at the given value // note that the given height will exclude the approx. 20px that the jQuery UI chrome has in height in addition to the height // of an equivalent "classic" Morebits.simpleWindow if (parseInt(getComputedStyle($(this.content).dialog("widget")[0], null).height, 10) > window.innerHeight) { $(this.content).dialog("option", "height", window.innerHeight - 2).dialog("option", "position", "top"); } else { $(this.content).dialog("option", "height", "auto"); } $(this.content).dialog("widget").find(".morebits-dialog-content")[0].style.maxHeight = parseInt(this.height - 30, 10) + "px"; return this; }, // Sets the content of the dialog to the given element node, usually from rendering a Morebits.quickForm. // Re-enumerates the footer buttons, but leaves the footer links as they are. // Be sure to call this at least once before the dialog is displayed... setContent: function( content ) { this.purgeContent(); this.addContent( content ); return this; }, addContent: function( content ) { this.content.appendChild( content ); // look for submit buttons in the content, hide them, and add a proxy button to the button pane var thisproxy = this; $(this.content).find('input[type="submit"], button[type="submit"]').each(function(key, value) { value.style.display = "none"; var button = document.createElement("button"); button.textContent = (value.hasAttribute("value") ? value.getAttribute("value") : (value.textContent ? value.textContent : "Submit Query")); // here is an instance of cheap coding, probably a memory-usage hit in using a closure here button.addEventListener("click", function() { value.click(); }, false); thisproxy.buttons.push(button); }); // remove all buttons from the button pane and re-add them if (this.buttons.length > 0) { $(this.content).dialog("widget").find(".morebits-dialog-buttons").empty().append(this.buttons)[0].removeAttribute("data-empty"); } else { $(this.content).dialog("widget").find(".morebits-dialog-buttons")[0].setAttribute("data-empty", "data-empty"); // used by CSS } return this; }, purgeContent: function( content ) { this.buttons = []; // delete all buttons in the buttonpane $(this.content).dialog("widget").find(".morebits-dialog-buttons").empty(); while( this.content.hasChildNodes() ) { this.content.removeChild( this.content.firstChild ); } return this; }, // Adds a link in the bottom-right corner of the dialog. // This can be used to provide help or policy links. // For example, Twinkle's CSD module adds a link to the CSD policy page, // as well as a link to Twinkle's documentation. addFooterLink: function( text, wikiPage ) { var $footerlinks = $(this.content).dialog("widget").find(".morebits-dialog-footerlinks"); if (this.hasFooterLinks) { var bullet = document.createElement("span"); bullet.textContent = " \u2022 "; // U+2022 BULLET $footerlinks.append(bullet); } var link = document.createElement("a"); link.setAttribute("href", mw.util.getUrl(wikiPage) ); link.setAttribute("title", wikiPage); link.setAttribute("target", "_blank"); link.textContent = text; $footerlinks.append(link); this.hasFooterLinks = true; return this; }, setModality: function( modal ) { $(this.content).dialog("option", "modal", modal); return this; } }; // Enables or disables all footer buttons on all Morebits.simpleWindows in the current page. // This should be called with |false| when the button(s) become irrelevant (e.g. just before Morebits.status.init is called). // This is not an instance method so that consumers don't have to keep a reference to the original // Morebits.simpleWindow object sitting around somewhere. Anyway, most of the time there will only be one // Morebits.simpleWindow open, so this shouldn't matter. Morebits.simpleWindow.setButtonsEnabled = function( enabled ) { $(".morebits-dialog-buttons button").attr("disabled", !enabled); }; // Twinkle blacklist was removed per consensus at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Archive221#New_Twinkle_blacklist_proposal } ( window, document, jQuery )); // End wrap with anonymous function /** * If this script is being executed outside a ResourceLoader context, we add some * global assignments for legacy scripts, hopefully these can be removed down the line * * IMPORTANT NOTE: * PLEASE DO NOT USE THESE ALIASES IN NEW CODE! * Thanks. */ if ( typeof arguments === "undefined" ) { // typeof is here for a reason... window.SimpleWindow = Morebits.simpleWindow; window.QuickForm = Morebits.quickForm; window.Wikipedia = Morebits.wiki; window.Status = Morebits.status; window.QueryString = Morebits.queryString; } // </nowiki> 8z7r1az227h2xlf23k9mud0xa6pzr3g 0 1207393 10966538 10421872 2026-08-18T12:25:49Z ~2026-45049-18 1856811 🤷 10966538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Helicoprion bessonovi cropped.png | image_caption = ''[[Helicoprion]]'' | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Chondrichthyes]] | ordo = †[[Eugeneodontiformes]] | familia = †'''Helicoprionidae''' | fossil_range = [[Mississippian]]–[[Lopingian]] | subclassis = [[Holocephali]] | type_species = †''[[Helicoprion|Helicoprion bessonovi]]'' | type_species_authority = Karpinsky, 1899 }} '''Helicoprionidae''' (sometimes called '''Agassizodontidae''')<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Chondrichthyes 1: Paleozoic Elasmobranchii (Handbook of Paleoichthyology)|last=Zangerl|first=Rainer|publisher=Friedrich Pfeil|year=1981|isbn=978-3899370454|pages=74–94}}</ref> is an extinct family of holocephalans within the order [[Eugeneodontiformes]]. Members of the Helicoprionidae possessed a unique structure called a [[tooth whorl]] connected by a single root along the midline of the [[Mandible|lower jaw]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cicimurri|first=D. J.|last2=Fahrenbach|first2=M. D.|date=2002|title=Chondrichthyes from the upper part of the Minnelusa Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian: Desmoinesian), Meade County, South Dakota|url=http://www.sdaos.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/2002/81-92.pdf|website=Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science|access-date=2025-07-27|archive-date=2018-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015192318/https://sdaos.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/2002/81-92.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The structure of [[Tooth whorl|tooth whorls]] varies, with some having highly specialized, coiling spirals (such as those of the iconic genus ''[[Helicoprion]]''), while others such as ''[[Sarcoprion]]'' and ''[[Parahelicoprion]]'' possessed shorter whorls''.''<ref name=":0" /> == Genera == * ''[[Agassizodus]]'' * ''[[Helicoprion]]'' * ''[[Karpinskiprion]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Itano|first=Wayne|last2=Lebedev|first2=Oleg Anatolyevich|last3=Johanson|first3=Zerina|last4=Alekseev|first4=Alexander S.|date=February 2023|title=Tooth whorl structure, growth and function in a helicoprionid chondrichthyan Karpinskiprion (nom. nov.) (Eugeneodontiformes) with a revision of the family composition|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367774286_Tooth_whorl_structure_growth_and_function_in_a_helicoprionid_chondrichthyan_Karpinskiprion_nom_nov_Eugeneodontiformes_with_a_revision_of_the_family_composition|website=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Earth Sciences|doi=10.1017/s1755691022000251}}</ref> * ''[[Parahelicoprion]]'' * ''[[Sarcoprion]]'' * ''[[Toxoprion]]'' == Gallery == <gallery> File:Parahelicoprion clerci.jpg|''[[Parahelicoprion]]'' File:Sarcoprion2DB.jpg|''[[Sarcoprion]]'' File:Agassizodus.jpg|''[[Agassizodus]]'' File:Toxoprion.png|''[[Toxoprion]]'' </gallery> [[File:Listracanthus hystrix.JPG|left|thumb|''[[Agassizodus]]'' in the upper right, ''[[Romerodus]]'', and the center, and ''[[Listracanthus]]'' behind]] == References == [[Category:Cartilaginous fish]] <references /> == Other websites == {{Commons-inline}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090202194325/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/070Chondrichthyes/070.100.html#Eugeneodontida Palaeos Vertebrates 70.100 Chondrichthyes: Eugnathostomata] at paleos.com * https://www.gbif.org/species/4825206 2uny3f78hdb33mj85skyiutvpzusamm 0 1208218 10967218 10674260 2026-08-19T05:18:01Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox automobile | name = Renault Captur | image = 2024 Renault Captur II Automesse Ludwigsburg 2024 IMG 1506.jpg | caption = | manufacturer = [[Renault]] | aka = {{ubl | Renault Kaptur ([[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]], 2016–2022) | [[Mitsubishi ASX]] (2023–present) }} | production = 2013–present | class = [[Subcompact car|Subcompact]] [[crossover SUV]] ([[B-segment|B]])<ref name="crossover"/> | body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]<ref name=wagon>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=329109|title = 2013 Renault Captur TCe 120 EDC specifications &#124; technical data &#124; performance &#124; fuel economy &#124; emissions &#124; dimensions &#124; horsepower &#124; torque &#124; weight}}</ref> | predecessor = }} The '''Renault Captur''' is a series of [[Subcompact car|subcompact]] [[Crossover SUV|crossover SUVs]] made by the French automaker [[Renault]].<ref name="crossover">{{cite web|title=Renault Captur review|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/renault/captur|date=11 June 2018|publisher=Auto Express|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=AC>{{cite web| url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/geneva-motor-show-2013/geneva-motor-show-renault-captur |title=Geneva motor show: Renault Captur |work=autocar.co.uk |publisher=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |access-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> == {{Anchor|Second generation|II}}Second generation (JB/JE; 2019) == {{Infobox automobile | name = Second generation | image = 2020 Renault Captur S Edition.jpg | aka = [[Mitsubishi ASX#Renault|Mitsubishi ASX]] (2023–present) | production = 2019–present | model_years = | assembly = Spain: [[Renault Valladolid Factory|Valladolid]] ([[Renault España|Renault Spain]])<br />[[China]]: [[Wuhan]] ([[Dongfeng Renault]] until 2020) | layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, front-wheel-drive]] | platform = [[Renault–Nissan Common Module Family#CMF-B HS|Renault–Nissan CMF-B HS platform]]<ref name=future>{{cite web |url=https://indianautosblog.com/2017/10/2019-renault-captur-european-spec-rendered-286970 |title=2019 Renault Captur (European spec) rendered, arriving in 2019 |date=14 October 2017 |publisher=Indianautosblog.com |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906233751/https://indianautosblog.com/2017/10/2019-renault-captur-european-spec-rendered-286970 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | related = {{ubl | [[Renault Symbioz]] | [[Renault Clio#V|Renault Clio V]] | [[Renault Arkana#CMF-B (LJL; 2020)|Renault Arkana (CMF-B)]] | [[Nissan Juke#F16|Nissan Juke (F16)]] }} | engine = {{ubl | '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]:''' | 1.0 L Nissan ''[[Nissan HR engine#HR09DET|H4Bt]]'' tCe [[Straight-three engine|I3]] | 1.3 L Nissan ''[[Nissan HR engine#HR13DDT|H5Ht]]'' tCe [[Straight-four engine|I4]] | '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]] [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]]:''' | 1.6 L Nissan ''[[Nissan HR engine#HR16DE|H4M]]'' I4 (E-Tech Hybrid) | '''[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]:''' | 1.5 L ''[[Renault K-Type engine#K9K dCi|K9K]]'' [[AdBlue|Blue]] dCi turbo I4 | '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]] [[plug-in hybrid]]:''' | 1.6 L Nissan ''[[Nissan HR engine#HR16DE|H4M]]'' I4 (E-Tech Plug-In Hybrid) }} | motor = {{ubl | 2x [[Synchronous motor#Permanent-magnet|PMSM]]'s (E-Tech Hybrid & E-Tech PHEV) }} | powerout = {{collapsible list|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; | 1 = {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} | 2 = {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} | 3 = {{convert|117|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} | 4 = {{convert|107|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} | 5 = {{convert|147|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} }} | transmission = 6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]<br />7-speed [[Getrag]] [[Dual clutch transmission|EDC]] automatic<br />[[Jatco]] [[Continuous variable transmission|CVT]] automatic<br /> 6-speed clutchless automatic (E-Tech)<br />E-TECH multi-mode automatic transmission with 15 combinations (E-Tech PHEV) | drivetrain = {{ubl | [[Hybrid vehicle drivetrain#Power-split or series-parallel hybrid|Power-split hybrid]] | [[Plug-in hybrid]] }} | battery = {{ubl | 1.3 kWh [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-ion]] (E-Tech hybrid) | 10.5 kWh Li-ion (PHEV) }} | wheelbase = {{convert|2639|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|4228|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1797|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|1566|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | predecessor = | model_code = {{flatlist| * XJB * HJB * HJE }} }} The second generation has been around since 2019. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Renault vehicles timeline, European market, 2020 to date}} [[Category:Renault]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] {{stub}} h5u6t3xipecfwcrviz7i0dmcdn28ard 0 1208223 10966775 10938977 2026-08-18T16:46:18Z Canadachick 1633172 10966775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Australopithecus afarensis reconstruction.JPG|thumb|276x276px|''Australopithecus'', a [[human]] [[ancestor]] of Zanclean.]] '''Zanclean''' is the firts epoch of the [[Pliocene]], also know as Early Pliocene. This period lasts from 5,333 to 2,580 million years ago, after which the [[Pleistocene]] begins.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delmontian {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/delmontian|access-date=2025-07-30|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> At that time, several animal species existed, including early human ancestors like ''[[Australopithecus africanus|Australopihtecus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=B.|last2=Richmond|first2=B. G.|date=July 2000|title=Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=197 ( Pt 1)|issue=Pt 1|pages=19–60|doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x|issn=0021-8782|pmc=1468107|pmid=10999270}}</ref> In the sea, one might encounter the giant prehistoric [[Otodontidae|megatooth shark]] known as ''[[Carcharocles megalodon]]'' and the famous giant sperm whale ''[[Livyatan]]'' from example.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BRIGNON |first1=ARNAUD |title=Historical and nomenclatural remarks on some megatoothed shark teeth (Elasmobranchii, Otodontidae) from the Cenozoic of New Jersey (U.S.A.)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354765218|access-date=2025-07-30|website=ResearchGate|date=2021 |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=595–625 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/16440 |language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Killer whale|Orca]] * [[Human]] == References == <references /> {{sci-stub}} [[Category:Pliocene]] [[Category:Sharks]] [[Category:Animals]] l90b7erjlwf6v9l5z70u5inluw5g8q0 2 1213943 10967125 10697892 2026-08-19T01:02:58Z Yazidilover 1591299 10967125 wikitext text/x-wiki Road to 500 edits 4gslbasz3lud9yhfoqgwsoxqz5b5luw 2 1223986 10967086 10912497 2026-08-19T00:18:20Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/QuickRfDclose.js]] to [[User:Max/QuickRfDclose.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10597486 javascript text/javascript /** * QuickRfDclose * * @author DreamRimmer ([[en:User:DreamRimmer]]) * @version 2.1 * * <nowiki> */ (function() { 'use strict'; if (window.SimpleWikiRFDScript) { return; } mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Title', 'oojs-ui-core', 'oojs-ui-widgets', 'oojs-ui-windows']) .then(() => { const RfdProcessDialog = function(config) { RfdProcessDialog.super.call(this, config); }; OO.inheritClass(RfdProcessDialog, OO.ui.ProcessDialog); RfdProcessDialog.static.name = 'RfdProcessDialog'; RfdProcessDialog.static.title = $('<span>').html('QuickRfDclose <span style="font-size:80%; color:#666;">v2.1</span>'); RfdProcessDialog.static.size = 'large'; RfdProcessDialog.static.actions = [ { action: 'cancel', icon: 'close', label: 'Cancel', flags: 'safe' }, { action: 'submit', icon: 'check', label: 'Submit', flags: ['primary', 'progressive'] } ]; RfdProcessDialog.prototype.initialize = function() { RfdProcessDialog.super.prototype.initialize.apply(this, arguments); this.panel = new OO.ui.PanelLayout({ padded: true, expanded: false }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.dialogBody = this.$body; SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.warningMessage = new OO.ui.MessageWidget({ type: 'warning', inline: 'true', classes: ['simple-rfd-warning-message'] }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.warningMessage.$element.css({ marginBottom: '16px', display: 'none' }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.resultInput = new OO.ui.DropdownInputWidget({ options: [ { data: 'kept', label: 'Kept' }, { data: 'deleted', label: 'Deleted' }, { data: 'other', label: 'Other' } ] }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.reasonInput = new OO.ui.TextInputWidget({ placeholder: 'Reason (optional)' }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.otherInput = new OO.ui.TextInputWidget({ placeholder: 'Other result (e.g. merged or redirected)' }); const resultField = new OO.ui.FieldLayout(SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.resultInput, { label: 'Result', align: 'top' }); const reasonField = new OO.ui.FieldLayout(SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.reasonInput, { label: 'Reason', align: 'top' }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.otherField = new OO.ui.FieldLayout(SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.otherInput, { label: 'Other result', align: 'top' }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.deleteCheckbox = new OO.ui.CheckboxInputWidget({ selected: true, id: 'aqr-delete-checkbox' }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.deleteCheckboxField = new OO.ui.FieldLayout( SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.deleteCheckbox, { label: 'Delete page and talk page', align: 'inline', classes: ['simple-rfd-delete-checkbox'] } ); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.pageSelectionPanel = new OO.ui.PanelLayout({ padded: true, framed: true, expanded: false, classes: ['simple-rfd-page-selection-panel'] }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.pageSelectionPanel.$element.css({ marginTop: '16px', marginBottom: '16px', padding: '16px', display: 'none' }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.logBox = new OO.ui.PanelLayout({ padded: true, framed: true, expanded: false, classes: ['simple-rfd-log-panel'] }); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.logBox.$element.css({ marginTop: '16px', maxHeight: '220px', overflow: 'auto', fontSize: '70%', backgroundColor: '#ffffff', display: 'none' }); this.panel.$element.append( SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.warningMessage.$element, resultField.$element, reasonField.$element, SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.otherField.$element, SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.deleteCheckboxField.$element, SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.pageSelectionPanel.$element, SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.logBox.$element ); this.$body.append(this.panel.$element); SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.resultInput.on('change', this.updateFields.bind(this)); this.updateFields(); SimpleWikiRFDScript.initializePageSelection(); }; RfdProcessDialog.prototype.updateFields = function() { const result = SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.resultInput.getValue(); const otherField = SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.otherField; const deleteCheckboxField = SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.deleteCheckboxField; otherField.toggle(result === 'other'); const showGlobalDelete = result === 'deleted' && SimpleWikiRFDScript.pageData.length <= 1; SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.deleteCheckboxField.toggle(showGlobalDelete); SimpleWikiRFDScript.updatePageDeleteCheckboxes(); this.updateSize(); }; RfdProcessDialog.prototype.getBodyHeight = function() { return this.panel.$element.outerHeight(true) + 20; }; RfdProcessDialog.prototype.getActionProcess = function(action) { if (action === 'submit') { return new OO.ui.Process(async () => { this.actions.get({ actions: 'submit' })[0].setDisabled(true); await SimpleWikiRFDScript.runActionsWithLogs(); this.actions.get({ actions: 'submit' })[0].setDisabled(false); }); } if (action === 'cancel') { return new OO.ui.Process(() => { this.close(); }); } return RfdProcessDialog.super.prototype.getActionProcess.call(this, action); }; const SimpleWikiRFDScript = { ui: {}, pageData: [], RfdProcessDialog: RfdProcessDialog, init: function() { this.api = new mw.Api(); this.rfdPageName = mw.config.get('wgPageName').replace(/_/g, ' '); const isRfdPage = mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 4 && /Requests for deletion\/Requests\//.test(mw.config.get('wgTitle')); const isClosed = document.querySelector('a[title="Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded"]') || document.querySelector('a[title="Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed"]'); if (isRfdPage && !isClosed) { const portletLink = mw.util.addPortletLink('p-navigation', '#', 'Quick Close', 'rfd-quick-close'); if (portletLink) { portletLink.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation(); this._createAndOpenDialog(); }); } } }, _createAndOpenDialog: function() { try { if (this.windowManager) { const currentWindow = this.windowManager.getCurrentWindow(); if (currentWindow) this.windowManager.closeWindow(currentWindow); } this.windowManager = new OO.ui.WindowManager(); document.body.appendChild(this.windowManager.$element[0]); const dialog = new this.RfdProcessDialog(); this.dialogInstance = dialog; this.windowManager.addWindows([dialog]); this.windowManager.openWindow(dialog); } catch (error) { mw.notify('Error creating dialog: ' + error.message, { type: 'error' }); } }, async initializePageSelection() { try { const rfdData = await this.api.get({ action: 'query', format: 'json', prop: 'revisions', titles: this.rfdPageName, rvlimit: 1, rvprop: 'content' }); const rfdPageData = Object.values(rfdData.query.pages)[0]; const rfdText = rfdPageData.revisions[0]['*']; const lcMatches = Array.from(rfdText.matchAll(/\{\{\s*lc\s*\|([^}|]+)[^}]*\}\}/gi)); if (lcMatches.length === 0) { throw new Error('Could not find any {{lc|...}} templates to determine page names.'); } this.pageData = lcMatches.map((match, index) => ({ name: match[1].trim(), selected: true, delete: true, index: index })); const creationData = await this.api.get({ action: 'query', format: 'json', prop: 'revisions', titles: this.rfdPageName, rvlimit: 1, rvdir: 'newer', rvprop: 'timestamp' }); const pageInfo = Object.values(creationData.query.pages)[0]; if (pageInfo.revisions && pageInfo.revisions[0]) { const creationTimestamp = new Date(pageInfo.revisions[0].timestamp); const now = new Date(); const daysDifference = (now - creationTimestamp) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24); if (daysDifference < 7) { this.ui.warningMessage.$element.show(); const daysRemaining = Math.ceil(7 - daysDifference); this.ui.warningMessage.setLabel( `This discussion has not been open for the full 7 days (${daysRemaining} day${daysRemaining !== 1 ? 's' : ''} remaining). Please ensure there is consensus before closing early.` ); if (this.dialogInstance && this.dialogInstance.updateSize) { this.dialogInstance.updateSize(); } } } if (this.pageData.length > 1) { this.createPageSelectionUI(); this.ui.pageSelectionPanel.$element.show(); if (this.dialogInstance?.updateSize) { this.dialogInstance.updateSize(); } } } catch (error) { await this.logStep('Error initializing page selection: ' + error.message, 'error'); } }, createPageSelectionUI() { const panel = this.ui.pageSelectionPanel; panel.$element.empty(); const titleLabel = new OO.ui.LabelWidget({ label: 'Select pages to process:', classes: ['simple-rfd-page-selection-title'] }); titleLabel.$element.css({ marginBottom: '12px', fontWeight: 'bold' }); panel.$element.append(titleLabel.$element); this.pageData.forEach((page, index) => { page.checkbox = new OO.ui.CheckboxInputWidget({ selected: page.selected, disabled: index === 0 }); page.checkbox.on('change', (selected) => { page.selected = selected; if (page.deleteCheckbox) { page.deleteCheckbox.setSelected(selected && page.delete); page.deleteCheckbox.setDisabled(!selected); } }); const pageLabel = new OO.ui.LabelWidget({ label: $('<a>').attr('href', `https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(page.name)}`).css('text-decoration', 'none').text(page.name) }); page.deleteCheckbox = new OO.ui.CheckboxInputWidget({ selected: page.delete }); page.deleteCheckbox.on('change', (selected) => { page.delete = selected; }); page.deleteCheckboxLabel = new OO.ui.LabelWidget({ label: 'Delete' }); const pageLayout = new OO.ui.HorizontalLayout({ items: [ new OO.ui.HorizontalLayout({ items: [ new OO.ui.Widget({ content: [page.checkbox] }), new OO.ui.Widget({ content: [pageLabel], classes: ['simple-rfd-page-name'] }) ], classes: ['simple-rfd-left-section'] }), new OO.ui.HorizontalLayout({ items: [ new OO.ui.Widget({ content: [page.deleteCheckbox] }), new OO.ui.Widget({ content: [page.deleteCheckboxLabel] }) ], classes: ['simple-rfd-right-section'] }) ] }); pageLayout.$element.css({ marginBottom: '8px', fontSize: '90%', justifyContent: 'space-between', alignItems: 'center', display: 'flex' }); pageLayout.$element.find('.simple-rfd-left-section').css({ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '12px' }); pageLayout.$element.find('.simple-rfd-right-section').css({ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '12px', marginRight: '16px' }); pageLayout.$element.find('label, .oo-ui-labelElement-label').css({ fontSize: '70% !important', verticalAlign: 'middle', lineHeight: '1.2' }); pageLayout.$element.find('.oo-ui-checkboxInputWidget').css({ transform: 'scale(0.8)', transformOrigin: 'center' }); panel.$element.append(pageLayout.$element); }); this.updatePageDeleteCheckboxes(); }, updatePageDeleteCheckboxes() { const result = this.ui.resultInput.getValue(); const showDelete = result === 'deleted'; this.pageData.forEach((page) => { if (page.deleteCheckbox && page.deleteCheckboxLabel) { page.deleteCheckbox.$element.toggle(showDelete); page.deleteCheckboxLabel.$element.toggle(showDelete); if (!page.selected) { page.deleteCheckbox.setSelected(false); page.deleteCheckbox.setDisabled(true); } else { page.deleteCheckbox.setDisabled(!showDelete); } } }); }, logStep(msg, status) { return new Promise((resolve) => { if (this.ui.logBox.$element.css('display') === 'none') { this.ui.logBox.$element.css('display', 'block'); this.ui.dialogBody.css('height', 'auto'); } const line = new OO.ui.LabelWidget({ label: $('<span>').html(msg), classes: ['simple-rfd-log-line'] }); line.$element.css({ marginBottom: '6px', fontWeight: 'bold', display: 'block' }); if (status === 'success') { line.$element.css('color', 'green'); } else if (status === 'error') { line.$element.css('color', 'red'); } else if (status === 'warning') { line.$element.css('color', 'orange'); } this.ui.logBox.$element.append(line.$element); this.ui.logBox.$element[0].scrollTop = this.ui.logBox.$element[0].scrollHeight; if (SimpleWikiRFDScript.dialogInstance?.updateSize) { SimpleWikiRFDScript.dialogInstance.updateSize(); } setTimeout(resolve, 1800); }); }, runActionsWithLogs: async function() { try { const result = this.ui.resultInput.getValue(); const reasoning = this.ui.reasonInput.getValue(); const otherresult = this.ui.otherInput.getValue() || undefined; const isDelete = SimpleWikiRFDScript.ui.deleteCheckbox.isSelected(); await this.logStep('Fetching discussion data...'); const rfdData = await this.api.get({ action: 'query', format: 'json', prop: 'revisions', titles: this.rfdPageName, rvlimit: 1, rvprop: 'content' }); const rfdPageData = Object.values(rfdData.query.pages)[0]; const rfdText = rfdPageData.revisions[0]['*']; if (this.pageData.length === 0) { const lcMatch = rfdText.match(/\{\{\s*lc\s*\|([^}|]+)[^}]*\}\}/i); if (!lcMatch) throw new Error('Could not find {{lc|...}} template to determine page name.'); this.pageData = [{ name: lcMatch[1].trim(), selected: true, delete: isDelete }]; } const finalResult = (result === 'other') ? (otherresult || 'custom') : result; const summaryResult = { deleted: 'delete', kept: 'keep', redirected: 'redirect', merged: 'merge', other: otherresult || 'custom' }[result] || result; await this.editDiscussionWithArchive(result, reasoning, otherresult, rfdText, summaryResult); await this.logStep('Added archive tags and result to RfD discussion.', 'success'); await this.moveTransclusionToClosedSection(); await this.logStep('Moved transclusion to "Recently closed deletion discussions".', 'success'); const selectedPages = this.pageData.filter(p => p.selected); for (const page of selectedPages) { const pageName = page.name; const talkPageName = (mw.Title.newFromText(pageName)?.getTalkPage()?.getPrefixedText()) || null; const shouldDelete = this.pageData.length > 1 ? page.delete : isDelete; await this.logStep(`Page identified: <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(pageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${pageName}</a>`, 'success'); if (result === 'deleted' && shouldDelete) { const mainPageCheck = await this.api.get({ action: 'query', format: 'json', titles: pageName }); const mainPageExists = !Object.values(mainPageCheck.query.pages)[0].missing; if (mainPageExists) { try { await this.logStep(`Deleting page <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(pageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${pageName}</a>...`); await this.api.postWithEditToken({ action: 'delete', title: pageName, tags: 'QuickRfDclose', reason: `RfD closed as delete; see [[${this.rfdPageName}]]` }); await this.logStep(`Deleted page <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(pageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${pageName}</a>.`, 'success'); } catch (deleteError) { await this.logStep(`Failed to delete page ${pageName}: ${deleteError.error?.info || deleteError.message}`, 'warning'); } } else { await this.logStep(`Page <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(pageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${pageName}</a> does not exist. Skipping deletion.`, 'warning'); } const talkPageCheck = await this.api.get({ action: 'query', format: 'json', titles: talkPageName }); const talkPageExists = !Object.values(talkPageCheck.query.pages)[0].missing; if (talkPageExists) { try { await this.logStep(`Deleting talk page <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(talkPageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${talkPageName}</a>...`); await this.api.postWithEditToken({ action: 'delete', title: talkPageName, tags: 'QuickRfDclose', reason: `RfD closed as delete; see [[${this.rfdPageName}]]` }); await this.logStep(`Deleted talk page <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(talkPageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${talkPageName}</a>.`, 'success'); } catch (deleteError) { await this.logStep(`Failed to delete talk page ${talkPageName}: ${deleteError.error?.info || deleteError.message}`, 'warning'); } } else { await this.logStep(`Talk page <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(talkPageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${talkPageName}</a> does not exist. Skipping deletion.`, 'warning'); } } else if (result !== 'deleted') { await this.logStep(`Processing article <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(pageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${pageName}</a>...`); const articleData = await this.api.get({ action: 'query', format: 'json', prop: 'revisions', titles: pageName, rvprop: 'content' }); const articlePageData = Object.values(articleData.query.pages)[0]; if (!articlePageData.revisions || articlePageData.missing) { await this.logStep(`Page <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(pageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${pageName}</a> does not exist. Skipping template removal.`, 'warning'); } else { const articleText = articlePageData.revisions[0]['*']; const newArticleText = articleText.replace(/\{\{\s*(rfd|RfD|RFD)\s*\|[^}]*\}\}\s*/gi, ''); if (articleText !== newArticleText) { const summary = `RfD closed as ${summaryResult}; see [[${this.rfdPageName}]]`; await this.api.postWithEditToken({ action: 'edit', title: pageName, text: newArticleText, summary: summary, tags: 'QuickRfDclose', watchlist: 'nochange' }); await this.logStep('Removed RfD template.', 'success'); } else { await this.logStep('No RfD template found on article.', 'warning'); } } await this.logStep(`Adding {{oldrfdfull}} to <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(talkPageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${talkPageName}</a>...`); const talkData = await this.api.get({ action: 'query', format: 'json', prop: 'revisions', titles: talkPageName, rvprop: 'content' }); const talkPageData = Object.values(talkData.query.pages)[0]; const talkText = (talkPageData.missing || !talkPageData.revisions) ? '' : talkPageData.revisions[0]['*']; if (!talkText.toLowerCase().includes('{{oldrfdfull')) { const creationData = await this.api.get({ action: 'query', format: 'json', prop: 'revisions', titles: this.rfdPageName, rvlimit: 1, rvdir: 'newer', rvprop: 'timestamp' }); const pageInfo = Object.values(creationData.query.pages)[0]; const creationTimestamp = pageInfo.revisions?.[0]?.timestamp; const creationDateObj = creationTimestamp ? new Date(creationTimestamp) : new Date(); const day = creationDateObj.getUTCDate(); const month = creationDateObj.toLocaleString('en-GB', { month: 'long' }); const year = creationDateObj.getUTCFullYear(); const formattedDate = `${day} ${month} ${year}`; const template = `{{oldrfdfull\n| date = ${formattedDate}\n| page = ${pageName}\n| year = ${year}\n| result = ${finalResult}\n}}`; const newTalkText = template + '\n\n' + talkText; await this.api.postWithEditToken({ action: 'edit', title: talkPageName, text: newTalkText, summary: `RfD closed as ${summaryResult}; see [[${this.rfdPageName}]]`, tags: 'QuickRfDclose', watchlist: 'nochange' }); await this.logStep(`Added {{oldrfdfull}} to talk page.`, 'success'); } else { await this.logStep(`{{oldrfdfull}} template already exists on <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/${encodeURIComponent(talkPageName)}" style="text-decoration: none;">${talkPageName}</a>.`, 'warning'); } } } await this.logStep('All actions completed successfully! Reloading page...', 'success'); setTimeout(() => this.windowManager.closeWindow(this.windowManager.getCurrentWindow()).then(() => location.reload()), 6000); } catch (err) { const errorMsg = err.error ? err.error.info : (err.message || 'An unknown error occurred.'); await this.logStep(`FAILED: ${errorMsg}`, 'error'); } }, editDiscussionWithArchive(result, reasoning, otherresult, pageText, summaryResult) { const cleanPageText = pageText .replace(/<noinclude>.*?<\/noinclude>\n?/gs, '') .replace(/\n{3,}/g, '\n\n'); const signature = reasoning ? `${reasoning} ~~~~` : '~~~~'; const finalResult = result === 'other' ? (otherresult || 'custom') : result; const summary = `Closing RfD as ${summaryResult}; see [[${this.rfdPageName}]]`; let resultLine; if (result === 'other') { resultLine = `{{RfDresult|${finalResult}|2=${signature}}}\n`; } else { const templateName = result.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + result.slice(1); resultLine = `{{${templateName}|1=${signature}}}\n`; } const newText = `{{subst:Archive-top}}\n${resultLine}${cleanPageText.trim()}\n{{subst:Archive-bottom}}`; return this.api.postWithEditToken({ action: 'edit', format: 'json', title: this.rfdPageName, summary: summary, tags: 'QuickRfDclose', text: newText }); }, async moveTransclusionToClosedSection() { const rfdListPage = 'Wikipedia:Requests for deletion'; const listData = await this.api.get({ action: 'query', format: 'json', prop: 'revisions', titles: rfdListPage, rvprop: 'content' }); const listPageData = Object.values(listData.query.pages)[0]; if (!listPageData.revisions) { await this.logStep('Could not fetch RfD list page.', 'error'); return; } let pageText = listPageData.revisions[0]['*']; const transclusionTemplate = `{{${this.rfdPageName}}}`; const originalPageText = pageText; if (pageText.includes(transclusionTemplate + '\n')) { pageText = pageText.replace(transclusionTemplate + '\n', ''); } else { pageText = pageText.replace(transclusionTemplate, ''); } if (pageText === originalPageText) { await this.logStep('Transclusion not found in open section. Please verify and remove manually if needed.', 'warning'); } const closedSectionHeader = '== Recently closed deletion discussions =='; if (pageText.includes(closedSectionHeader)) { pageText = pageText.replace(closedSectionHeader, `${closedSectionHeader}\n${transclusionTemplate}`); await this.logStep('Successfully moved transclusion to closed section.', 'success'); } else { await this.logStep('Could not find the "Recently closed" section. Please add the transclusion manually.', 'warning'); } let removed = false; let removedCount = 0; const sectionHeader = '== Recently closed deletion discussions =='; const sectionEndMarker = '<!-- No requests to be added below this line -->'; const sectionStart = pageText.indexOf(sectionHeader); if (sectionStart !== -1) { const afterHeader = pageText.indexOf('\n', sectionStart) + 1; const endMarkerIdx = pageText.indexOf(sectionEndMarker, afterHeader); if (endMarkerIdx === -1) { await this.logStep('No section end marker found. Skipping check for old entries.', 'warning'); } else { const beforeSection = pageText.slice(0, afterHeader); let sectionContent = pageText.slice(afterHeader, endMarkerIdx); const afterSection = pageText.slice(endMarkerIdx); const entryRegex = /\{\{\s*Wikipedia:Requests\s+for\s+deletion\/Requests\/\d{4}\/.+?\}\}/gi; const entries = Array.from(sectionContent.matchAll(entryRegex), m => m[0]); if (entries.length > 5) { const keepEntries = entries.slice(0, 5); sectionContent = sectionContent.replace(entryRegex, '').trim(); sectionContent = keepEntries.join('\n') + (sectionContent ? '\n' + sectionContent : ''); removed = true; removedCount = entries.length - 5; await this.logStep(`Removed ${removedCount} old entries from the bottom (keeping latest 5).`, 'success'); } else { await this.logStep(`No old entries to remove (section has ${entries.length} entries).`, 'success'); sectionContent = sectionContent.trim(); } let newPageText = beforeSection + sectionContent; if (!newPageText.endsWith('\n')) newPageText += '\n'; if (!afterSection.startsWith('\n')) newPageText += '\n'; newPageText += afterSection.trim(); pageText = newPageText; } } else { await this.logStep('Closed section not found after adding. Skipping check for old entries.', 'warning'); } let summary = `Closed [[${this.rfdPageName}]]`; if (removed) { summary += ` and removed ${removedCount} old ${removedCount === 1 ? 'entry' : 'entries'}`; } return this.api.postWithEditToken({ action: 'edit', format: 'json', title: rfdListPage, summary: summary, text: pageText, tags: 'QuickRfDclose', nocreate: true }); } }; window.SimpleWikiRFDScript = SimpleWikiRFDScript; SimpleWikiRFDScript.init(); }) .catch((err) => { console.error('RfD Script: Failed to initialize', err); }); }()); // </nowiki> 0phxwi11tyztff7tj4s5r5q58v7f3p9 0 1226062 10966941 10794983 2026-08-18T19:11:05Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966941 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pietro Antonio Magatti''' (Varese, 20 June 1691 – Varese, 22 May 1767) was an Italian painter of the [[18th century]], one of the main interpreters of Lombard [[Baroque]] and a significant figure in the shift of European painting during the Settecento. == Biography == Born in Varese in 1691, Magatti trained in [[Bologna]] in the workshop of [[Giovan Gioseffo Dal Sole]], absorbing the Emilian lesson of full Baroque. Returning to Lombardy, he worked in [[Milan]], [[Varese]] and in the Canton of Ticino, distinguishing himself in the production of altarpieces and frescoes of sacred subjects, but also refined paintings for private collections. His commissions came both from religious orders and from families of the Lombard high nobility, consolidating his position as an esteemed and sought-after painter. == Style == Magatti’s style combines the Bolognese Baroque language with a soft and sentimental colorism, anticipating Rococo solutions and making him an original interpreter of Lombard figurative culture in the 18th century. His sacred compositions show theatricality and intense emotional participation, while his profane and mythological subjects reveal a cultured and refined taste. == Main works == * ''Cain and Abel'' (oil on canvas, private collection) * ''Sacrifice of Isaac'' (private collection) * Cycles of frescoes in churches and palaces of [[Lombardy]] and the Canton of Ticino, including the [[Palazzo Mezzabarba]] in Pavia. == Museums == * [[Städel Museum]] (Frankfurt) * [[Pinacoteca di Brera]] (Milan)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0300158591|title=Catalogo Beni Culturali – Pietro Antonio Magatti|access-date=6 October 2025|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415164951/https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0300158591|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Museo Poldi Pezzoli]] (Milan) * [[Castello di Masnago]] * [[Pinacoteca Malaspina]] * [[Biblioteca Ambrosiana]] == Critical analysis == The figure of Magatti, one of the masters who marked the turning point of Italian painting in the 18th century, was the subject of critical re-evaluation with the first monographic exhibition dedicated to him in Varese. The volume accompanying the exhibition gathers essays retracing his career, from his Bolognese beginnings to his maturity, delving into his relations with religious and private patrons. Forty-five catalogued works, either of high quality or recently reattributed, outlined a solid and coherent corpus, confirming Magatti among the protagonists of Italian figurative culture of his time. == Comparisons and critical parallels == Some scholars have pointed out affinities between the production of Pietro Antonio Magatti and that of the Venetian painter [[Giambattista Pittoni]], with whom he shares chronology and sacred and historical themes. In particular, compositional similarities have been noted that suggest Magatti may have looked at Pittoni’s models, reworking them according to a more intimate and sentimental Lombard sensibility. The comparison with Pittoni places Magatti within the broader panorama of 18th-century European painting, in dialogue with the great Venetian school. == Market and evaluations == The market for Magatti has experienced significant growth in the 21st century, particularly for works with sacred and historical subjects. == Bibliography == * Maria Teresa Fiorio, ''La pittura lombarda del Settecento'', Milan, Electa, 1993. * Francesco Frangi, ''Pietro Antonio Magatti e la pittura del suo tempo'', Exhibition catalogue of Varese, Skira, 2000. * Giovanni Testori, ''Il Barocco in Lombardia'', Milan, Feltrinelli, 1965. == Related pages == * [[Baroque]] * [[Giambattista Pittoni]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0300158591 Record in the General Catalog of Cultural Heritage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415164951/https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0300158591 |date=2024-04-15 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Magatti, Pietro Antonio}} [[Category:1691 births]] [[Category:1767 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century Italian painters]] [[Category:Baroque painters]] [[Category:Artists from Varese]] [[Category:Lombard painters]] r90h0nooa19z8v83p6xvaqcnf2vzd56 0 1228321 10966928 10964900 2026-08-18T18:51:23Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 10966928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox animanga/Header | image = | caption = | name = Higurashi When They Cry | ja_kanji = ひぐらしのなく頃に<ref name="official"/> | ja_romaji = Higurashi no Naku Koro ni<ref name="official"/> | genre = {{ubl|[[Murder mystery]]<ref name="comicsalliance">{{cite web |url=https://comicsalliance.com/higurashi-when-they-cry-anime-manga-review/ |title=Screen & Page: Unlock the Secrets Of 'Higurashi: When They Cry' |first=Tom |last=Speelman |website=ComicsAlliance |date=2016-11-02 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref>|[[Horror fiction|Horror]], [[Psychological fiction|Psychological]], [[supernatural|supernatural]], [[thriller|thriller]]<ref name="ann_2006">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=6134 |title=When They Cry - Higurashi (TV) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref>}} | creator = [[Ryukishi07]]<br>[[07th Expansion]]<ref name="official"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Game | developer = [[07th Expansion]]<ref name="official"/> | genre = [[Visual novel]]<ref name="official"/> | platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation Vita]], [[Nintendo Switch]] | released = August 10, 2002 – November 10, 2023 }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = manga | author = [[Ryukishi07]]<ref name="yenpress"/> | illustrator = [[Karin Suzuragi]] and others<ref name="yenpress"/> | publisher = [[Square Enix]]<br/>[[Kadokawa Shoten]] | publisher_en = {{English manga publisher|NA=[[Yen Press]]}}<ref name="yenpress"/> | first = March 24, 2005 | last = November 22, 2011 | volumes = 38 }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | title = When They Cry | director = [[Chiaki Kon]]<ref name="ann_2006"/> | writer = Toshifumi Kawase<ref name="ann_2006"/> | music = [[Kenji Kawai]]<ref name="ann_2006"/> | studio = [[Studio Deen]]<ref name="ann_2006"/> | licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA={{ubl|[[Sentai Filmworks]] (expired)|[[Geneon Entertainment|Geneon Entertainment Inc.]] (expired)<ref name="ann_2006"/>|[[Discotek Media]] (current)}}}}<ref name="ann_2006"/> | network = [[Chiba TV]], [[Kansai TV]], [[Tokai TV]]<ref name="ann_2006"/> | first = April 4, 2006<ref name="ann_2006"/> | last = September 26, 2006<ref name="ann_2006"/> | episodes = 26<ref name="ann_2006"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | title = When They Cry: Kai | director = Chiaki Kon<ref name="ann_kai_ency">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=7454 |title=When They Cry - Kai (TV) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | writer = Toshifumi Kawase<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | music = Kenji Kawai<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | studio = Studio Deen<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | network = [[Sun Television|Sun TV]], [[TV Kanagawa]], [[TV Saitama]]<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | first = July 6, 2007<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | last = December 17, 2007<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | episodes = 24<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | title = Higurashi: When They Cry – Gou | director = [[Keiichiro Kawaguchi]]<ref name="ann_gou">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=23297 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry – GOU (TV) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | writer = [[Naoki Hisaya|Naoki Hayashi]]<ref name="ann_gou"/> | music = Kenji Kawai<ref name="ann_gou"/> | studio = [[Passione (company)|Passione]]<ref name="ann_gou"/> | licensee = [[Crunchyroll]]<ref name="crunchyroll_funi">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2022/03/01/funimation-titles-now-available-on-crunchyroll |title=Update: Funimation Titles Now Available on Crunchyroll |website=Crunchyroll |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | network = [[Tokyo MX]], [[BS11]], [[Sun Television|Sun TV]]<ref name="ann_gou_network">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-08-20/new-higurashi-when-they-cry-anime-2nd-video-reveals-episode-1-october-1-debut-episode-14-january-7-/.163125 |title=New Higurashi: When They Cry Anime's 2nd Video Reveals Episode 1's October 1 Debut, Episode 14's January 7 Debut |first=Egan |last=Loo |website=Anime News Network |date=2020-08-20 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | first = October 1, 2020<ref name="ann_gou_network"/> | last = March 18, 2021<ref name="sotsu_dub">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-08-18/funimation-streams-higurashi-when-they-cry-sotsu-anime-english-dub/.176403 |title=Funimation Streams Higurashi: When They Cry – SOTSU Anime's English Dub |website=Anime News Network |date=2021-08-18 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | episodes = 24<ref name="ann_gou"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | title = Higurashi: When They Cry – Sotsu | director = Keiichiro Kawaguchi<ref name="ann_sotsu_staff">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-08-03/higurashi-anime-production-committee-warns-of-online-leaks/.175856 |title=Higurashi Anime's Production Committee Warns of Online Leaks |website=Anime News Network |date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | writer = Naoki Hayashi<ref name="ann_sotsu_staff"/><ref name="ann_hayashi_profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=117521 |title=Naoki Hayashi (scriptwriter) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | music = Kenji Kawai<ref name="ann_sotsu_staff"/> | studio = Passione<ref name="ann_sotsu_staff"/> | licensee = Crunchyroll<ref name="crunchyroll_funi"/> | network = Tokyo MX, BS11, Sun TV<ref name="sotsu_dub"/> | first = July 1, 2021<ref name="sotsu_dub"/> | last = September 30, 2021<ref name="sotsu_dub"/> | episodes = 15<ref name="ann_hayashi_profile"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Other | title = Other | content = * Two live-action films (2008,<ref name="film1">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-08-13/higurashi-no-naku-koroni-live-action-film-in-2008 |title=Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Live-Action Film in 2008 |first=Egan |last=Loo |website=Anime News Network |date=2007-08-13 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> 2009<ref name="film2">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-04-28/live-action-higurashi-film-sequel-in-the-works |title=Live-Action Higurashi Film Sequel in the Works |first=Egan |last=Loo |website=Anime News Network |date=2008-04-28 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref>) * Two live-action television series (2016)<ref name="tv1">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-01-10/ngt48-idols-star-in-live-action-when-they-cry-higurashi-horror-show/.97423 |title=NGT48 Idols Star in Live-Action When They Cry - Higurashi Horror Show |first=Egan |last=Loo |website=Anime News Network |date=2016-01-10 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="tv2">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-06-25/live-action-higurashi-show-gets-sequel-in-november/.103616 |title=Live-Action Higurashi Show Gets Sequel in November |first=Jennifer |last=Sherman |website=Anime News Network |date=2016-06-25 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> * ''Higurashi Daybreak'' (third-person shooter)<ref name="kotaku_daybreak">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/games/higurashi-daybreak |title=Higurashi Daybreak |website=Kotaku |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> * A new anime television series by [[Studio Deen]] is planned<ref name="official_anime_2026"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer}} '''Higurashi When They Cry''' (Japanese: ひぐらしのなく頃に, romanized: ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni'') is a Japanese murder-mystery sound novel series produced by 07th Expansion and created by Ryukishi07. The first game was released in 2002.<ref name="official">{{cite web |url=https://07th-expansion.net/hig_gensaku |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=07th Expansion Official Website |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="official2">{{cite web |url=https://07th-expansion.net/Soft/Higurashi_u.htm |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=07th Expansion Official Website |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="deen">{{cite web |url=https://www.deen.co.jp/works-archives/higurashi |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=Studio DEEN |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="steam">{{cite web |url=https://store.steampowered.com/developer/07thExpansion?l=english |title=07th Expansion |website=Steam |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> The series has been adapted into manga, novels, [[anime]], live-action films and television shows.<ref name="official_en">{{cite web |url=https://www.07thexpansion.mangagamer.org/ |title=07th Expansion Official English Portal Site |website=07th Expansion |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="deen2">{{cite web |url=https://www.deen.co.jp/works-archives/higurashi-kira |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に煌（きら） |website=Studio DEEN |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="ann2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-07-31/higurashi-when-they-cry-gets-smartphone-game-this-summer/.162449 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry Gets Smartphone Game This Summer |website=Anime News Network |date=2020-07-31 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> The story is about a group of friends living in the small, fictional village of Hinamizawa, where mysterious murders and disappearances have happened every year during the same local festival.<ref name="deen"/><ref name="indiedb_story">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiedb.com/games/higurashi-when-they-cry |title=Higurashi When They Cry |website=IndieDB |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> The games were originally released for Microsoft Windows and were later brought to consoles and other platforms.<ref name="official"/><ref name="steam"/> The first eight games were also translated into English by MangaGamer.<ref name="ann_english1">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2009-12-07/digital-download-of-higurashi-in-english-to-be-available-worldwide-exclusively-at-mangagamer.com |title=Digital Download of Higurashi in English to be Available Worldwide Exclusively at Mangagamer.com |website=Anime News Network |date=2009-12-07 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="ann_english2">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2011-02-10/mangagamer-announces-higurashi-bundle |title=MangaGamer Announces Higurashi Bundle! |website=Anime News Network |date=2011-02-10 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> Two anime television series, made by Studio Deen and directed by Chiaki Kon, aired in Japan in 2006 and 2007.<ref name="deen"/><ref name="deen_kai">{{cite web |url=https://www.deen.co.jp/works-archives/higurashi-kai |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に解 |website=Studio DEEN |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="ann_2006"/> A new anime television series, made by Passione, aired from October 2020 to March 2021, with a sequel airing from July to September 2021.<ref name="ann_gou"/><ref name="ann_sotsu">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=24160 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry – SOTSU (TV) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> In June 2026, another new television anime was announced, this time returning to Studio Deen for animation.<ref name="official_anime_2026">{{cite web |url=https://higurashianime.com/news/article_0104.html |title=『ひぐらしのなく頃に』新作TVアニメーション制作決定！ |website=Higurashi When They Cry Anime Portal |date=2026-06-21 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="oricon_2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2462810/full/ |title=『ひぐらしのなく頃に』新作アニメ制作決定でPV公開　保志総一朗らキャスト続投で制作はスタジオディーン再び担当 |website=ORICON NEWS |date=2026-06-21 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> [[File:Higurashi When They Cry cosplayers 20060813.jpg|thumb|349x349px|a group of Higurashiː When they cry cosplayers]] == Plot == The story begins in June 1983 when Keiichi Maebara arrives in the rural village of Hinamizawa and quickly becomes close friends with several local girls. He discovers that the annual Watanagashi Festival has been linked to a death or disappearance every year for the previous four years.<ref name="official_story">{{cite web |url=https://07th-expansion.net/hig_gensaku |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=07th Expansion Official Website |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="steam_portal">{{cite web |url=https://store.steampowered.com/appofficialsite/310360 |title=07th Expansion Official English Portal Site |website=Steam |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="deen"/> The series presents the same basic period of time from different perspectives across its chapters, with the later parts gradually uncovering the causes behind the tragedies.<ref name="ann_kai_press">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2011-02-10/mangagamer-announces-higurashi-bundle |title=MangaGamer Announces Higurashi Bundle! |website=Anime News Network |date=2011-02-10 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="indiedb">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiedb.com/games/higurashi-when-they-cry |title=Higurashi When They Cry |website=IndieDB |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> Rather than using full animation, the games rely mainly on text, still character images, background art, music and sound effects. 07th Expansion itself calls the works "sound novels" because of this emphasis on audio atmosphere.<ref name="official_story"/><ref name="steam_portal"/> The eight main chapters are grouped into "question arcs" that present the mysteries and "answer arcs" that supply the explanations.<ref name="ann_kai_press"/><ref name="ann_2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2009-12-07/digital-download-of-higurashi-in-english-to-be-available-worldwide-exclusively-at-mangagamer.com |title=Digital Download of Higurashi in English to be Available Worldwide Exclusively at Mangagamer.com |website=Anime News Network |date=2009-12-07 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> == Cast and characters == ;Keiichi Maebara :The main character of the series. He is short-tempered and passionate, but also indecisive. He has recently moved to Hinamizawa.<ref name="official_characters">{{cite web |url=https://07th-expansion.net/hig_gensaku#character |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=07th Expansion Official Website |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> ;Rika Furude :A younger classmate of Keiichi and the same age as Satoko. She has a calm and quiet personality that is unusual for her age, and she often spends time with Satoko.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Rena Ryūgū :The main heroine of the series and a classmate of Keiichi. She looks after Keiichi after he moves to the village and is kind and devoted to her friends.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Mion Sonozaki :An upperclassman of Keiichi and the class representative. She is outgoing, friendly, and has a natural leadership role among her friends. She enjoys non-electronic games such as cards and board games.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Shion Sonozaki :Mion's younger twin sister. She has a crafty personality and usually lives in Okinomiya, rarely visiting Hinamizawa.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Satoko Hōjō :A younger classmate of Keiichi. She usually speaks politely, but her grammar is sometimes incorrect because she is still young. She enjoys setting traps and often tries to catch Keiichi with them.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Satoshi Hōjō :Satoko's older brother and a member of the Hinamizawa Fighters baseball team. He has a quiet and somewhat timid personality, but is willing to put himself in danger for Satoko. He disappeared several years earlier after being "demoned away".<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Hanyū :A timid and easily teased deity who likes cream puffs and dislikes the horns on her head.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Rumiko Chie :The teacher at the Hinamizawa branch school. She cares about her students and is trusted by both the children and the villagers. She is extremely fond of curry.<ref name="official_characters"/> ==Production== Ryukishi07 made ''Higurashi When They Cry'' together with his group, 07th Expansion. He wrote the story and directed the first games, and he also drew the characters for the early versions himself.<ref name="key_interview">{{cite web |url=https://0707toshokan.wordpress.com/2020/08/05/how-to-make-higurashi-cry/ |title=Higurashi no Nakasekata: How to make them cry |website=Rena-Rena Toshokan |date=2020-08-05 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> Before ''Higurashi'', the group spent about two years making cards for a trading card game called ''Leaf Fight''. Then Ryukishi07 decided to try a sound novel instead. In the beginning, the games were sold mostly at dōjin events, and the group made only a small number of copies, burning the CDs by hand.<ref name="key_interview"/> Ryukishi07 has said games by the company Key shaped how he planned ''Higurashi''. He studied how ''Kanon'' and ''Air'' mixed calm, everyday scenes with strong emotional moments, and he used a similar idea but with horror instead of sadness. He also said the movie ''The Blair Witch Project'' gave him the idea to add extra documents and outside information to the story.<ref name="key_interview"/> ==Games== The first chapter, ''Onikakushi-hen'', came out at the Comiket convention in August 2002. The main story was finished in August 2006 with the last chapter, ''Matsuribayashi-hen''. In the early years, 07th Expansion made the CDs themselves, and by 2004 the group was producing more than 1,000 copies of some releases at home.<ref name="key_interview"/><ref name="key_interview_v">{{cite web |url=https://0707toshokan.wordpress.com/2021/05/12/higurashi-no-nakasekata-how-to-make-them-cry-v/ |title=Higurashi no Nakasekata: How to make them cry V |website=Rena-Rena Toshokan |date=2021-05-12 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> MangaGamer brought the first eight chapters to English between December 2009 and July 2010. Later, the company released updated versions on Steam under the name ''Higurashi When They Cry Hou'', starting with ''Ch.1 Onikakushi'' in May 2015.<ref name="siliconera">{{cite web |url=https://www.siliconera.com/mangagamer-bring-full-14-chapter-higurashi-series-steam/ |title=MangaGamer To Bring Full 14-Chapter Higurashi Series To Steam |website=Siliconera |date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref name="steam_hou">{{cite web |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/310360/ |title=Higurashi When They Cry Hou - Ch.1 Onikakushi |website=Steam |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> An expanded edition, ''Higurashi When They Cry Hou+'', came out in English on November 9, 2023, adding four new chapters: ''Outbreak'', ''Kamikashimashi-hen'', ''Hinamizawa Bus Stop'', and ''Mehagashi-hen''.<ref name="houplus">{{cite web |url=https://blog.mangagamer.org/2023/11/09/higurashi-when-they-cry-hou-available-now/ |title=Higurashi: When They Cry Hou+ Available Now! |website=MangaGamer Staff Blog |date=2023-11-09 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A [[mobile game]], ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Mei'', started service in Japan on September 3, 2020, for iOS and Android, with a new story made with Ryukishi07's help.<ref name="mei">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2020/8/31/higurashi-when-they-cry-mei-game-set-for-september-3-in-japan |title=Higurashi When They Cry Mei Game Set for September 3 in Japan |website=Crunchyroll |date=2020-08-31 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> ==Manga== The manga began in 2005. Square Enix published the first volume, ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni: Onikakushi-hen'', on December 22, 2005, drawn by Karin Suzuragi with Ryukishi07 credited for the original story.<ref name="sqex_onikakushi">{{cite web |url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757515901/ |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に 鬼隠し編 1 |website=SQUARE ENIX |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref name="dengeki_2005">{{cite web |url=https://dengekionline.com/elem/000/001/577/1577295/ |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=Dengeki Online |date=2017-08-15 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> Different artists drew different story arcs, and Square Enix published most of them in Japan. In English, Yen Press began publishing the manga on November 18, 2008, starting with ''Higurashi When They Cry: Abducted by Demons Arc, Vol. 1''.<ref name="yenpress">{{cite web |url=https://yenpress.com/titles/9780759529830-higurashi-when-they-cry-abducted-by-demons-arc-vol-1 |title=Higurashi When They Cry: Abducted by Demons Arc, Vol. 1 |website=Yen Press |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A prequel manga, ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Oni'', started in the magazine ''Monthly Action'' on February 25, 2022. Drawn by Asahi, it tells the story of a young Oryō Sonozaki in 1923, and it kept going even after ''Monthly Action'' stopped being published.<ref name="oni_ann">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-06-05/higurashi-no-naku-koro-ni-oni-manga-resumes-after-4-months-on-hiatus/.225146 |title=Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Oni Manga Resumes After 4 Months on Hiatus |website=Anime News Network |date=2025-06-05 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> ==Anime== Studio Deen made the first TV anime, which began airing in April 2006, followed by a second season, ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai'', in 2007.<ref name="anime_original">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2020/1/6/rena-is-back-as-new-higurashi-when-they-cry-anime-project-is-announced |title=Rena Is Back as New Higurashi When They Cry Anime Project Is Announced |website=Crunchyroll |date=2020-01-06 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A new TV anime was announced in January 2020, this time made by the studio Passione. Its planned July 2020 debut was pushed back because of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="covid">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2020/5/21/new-higurashi-when-they-cry-tv-anime-postponed-due-to-covid-19 |title=New Higurashi When They Cry TV Anime Postponed Due to COVID-19 |website=Crunchyroll |date=2020-05-21 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> The new series, ''Higurashi: When They Cry – GOU'', began airing on October 1, 2020, and ran for 24 episodes. A follow-up, ''Higurashi: When They Cry – SOTSU'', started on July 1, 2021, with 15 episodes.<ref name="gou_sotsu">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2021/6/6/higurashi-when-they-cry-sotsu-tv-anime-to-premiere-with-its-first-two-episodes-on-july-1 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry – SOTSU TV Anime to Premiere with Its First Two Episodes on July 1 |website=Crunchyroll |date=2021-06-06 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref name="sotsu">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2021/3/18/higurashi-when-they-cry-sotsu-anime-continues-the-mystery-of-hinamizawa-in-july-2021 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry - SOTSU Anime Continues The Mystery of Hinamizawa In July 2021 |website=Crunchyroll |date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> In June 2026, a brand-new TV anime was announced for the first anime's 20th anniversary. Studio Deen is making it, with some of the original voice cast returning. No release date or story details have been announced yet.<ref name="newanime2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2026/6/21/higurashi-when-they-cry-new-anime-project-announced |title=Higurashi: When They Cry New Anime Project Announced |website=Crunchyroll |date=2026-06-21 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> ==Live-action adaptations== A live-action movie directed by Ataru Oikawa came out in Japan in May 2008, and a second movie followed in April 2009.<ref name="livefilm">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=8765 |title=Higurashi no Naku Koro ni (live-action movie) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A live-action TV drama aired on BS SkyPer! in 2016, with idols from the group NGT48 playing the main characters. The first series had eight episodes and covered the first three story arcs; a second, four-episode series followed later that year. NGT48 also performed the theme song.<ref name="drama">{{cite web |url=https://aramajapan.com/news/ngt48-stars-in-live-action-higurashi-no-naku-koro-ni-drama-provides-theme-song/57483/ |title=NGT48 stars in live-action Higurashi no Naku Koro ni drama; provides theme song |website=ARAMA! JAPAN |date=2016-04-16 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> ==Reception== The English release of ''Higurashi When They Cry Hou'' got positive reviews. On Steam, the first chapter holds a 4.5 out of 5 score from Hardcore Gamer and an 8.5 out of 10 from APG Nation, with both praising the storytelling and atmosphere despite the simple graphics.<ref name="steam_reviews">{{cite web |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/310360/ |title=Higurashi When They Cry Hou - Ch.1 Onikakushi |website=Steam |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> In a 2017 reader poll by the Japanese site Goo Ranking, ''Higurashi'' was voted the third most disturbing ("guro") anime, behind ''Attack on Titan'' and ''Tokyo Ghoul''.<ref name="goo_ranking">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2017-09-19/japanese-netizens-choose-their-grotesque-anime-must-watch-list/.121563 |title=Japanese Netizens Choose Their Grotesque Anime Must-Watch List |website=Anime News Network |date=2017-09-19 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2002 video games]] [[Category:2000s horror video games]] [[Category:Visual novels]] [[Category:2005 manga]] [[Category:Manga series]] [[Category:2006 anime television series debuts]] [[Category:2007 anime television series debuts]] [[Category:2009 anime OVAs]] [[Category:2000s anime television series]] 6zfp0bm8y1n99y0omxdh6g4uiqkt1tr 10967319 10966928 2026-08-19T07:45:09Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 Added the Higurashi logo from Wikimedia Commons. 10967319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox animanga/Header | image = Higurashi no Naku Koro ni logo.svg | caption = | name = Higurashi When They Cry | ja_kanji = ひぐらしのなく頃に<ref name="official"/> | ja_romaji = Higurashi no Naku Koro ni<ref name="official"/> | genre = {{ubl|[[Murder mystery]]<ref name="comicsalliance">{{cite web |url=https://comicsalliance.com/higurashi-when-they-cry-anime-manga-review/ |title=Screen & Page: Unlock the Secrets Of 'Higurashi: When They Cry' |first=Tom |last=Speelman |website=ComicsAlliance |date=2016-11-02 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref>|[[Horror fiction|Horror]], [[Psychological fiction|Psychological]], [[supernatural|supernatural]], [[thriller|thriller]]<ref name="ann_2006">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=6134 |title=When They Cry - Higurashi (TV) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref>}} | creator = [[Ryukishi07]]<br>[[07th Expansion]]<ref name="official"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Game | developer = [[07th Expansion]]<ref name="official"/> | genre = [[Visual novel]]<ref name="official"/> | platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation Vita]], [[Nintendo Switch]] | released = August 10, 2002 – November 10, 2023 }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = manga | author = [[Ryukishi07]]<ref name="yenpress"/> | illustrator = [[Karin Suzuragi]] and others<ref name="yenpress"/> | publisher = [[Square Enix]]<br/>[[Kadokawa Shoten]] | publisher_en = {{English manga publisher|NA=[[Yen Press]]}}<ref name="yenpress"/> | first = March 24, 2005 | last = November 22, 2011 | volumes = 38 }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | title = When They Cry | director = [[Chiaki Kon]]<ref name="ann_2006"/> | writer = Toshifumi Kawase<ref name="ann_2006"/> | music = [[Kenji Kawai]]<ref name="ann_2006"/> | studio = [[Studio Deen]]<ref name="ann_2006"/> | licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA={{ubl|[[Sentai Filmworks]] (expired)|[[Geneon Entertainment|Geneon Entertainment Inc.]] (expired)<ref name="ann_2006"/>|[[Discotek Media]] (current)}}}}<ref name="ann_2006"/> | network = [[Chiba TV]], [[Kansai TV]], [[Tokai TV]]<ref name="ann_2006"/> | first = April 4, 2006<ref name="ann_2006"/> | last = September 26, 2006<ref name="ann_2006"/> | episodes = 26<ref name="ann_2006"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | title = When They Cry: Kai | director = Chiaki Kon<ref name="ann_kai_ency">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=7454 |title=When They Cry - Kai (TV) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | writer = Toshifumi Kawase<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | music = Kenji Kawai<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | studio = Studio Deen<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | network = [[Sun Television|Sun TV]], [[TV Kanagawa]], [[TV Saitama]]<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | first = July 6, 2007<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | last = December 17, 2007<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> | episodes = 24<ref name="ann_kai_ency"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | title = Higurashi: When They Cry – Gou | director = [[Keiichiro Kawaguchi]]<ref name="ann_gou">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=23297 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry – GOU (TV) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | writer = [[Naoki Hisaya|Naoki Hayashi]]<ref name="ann_gou"/> | music = Kenji Kawai<ref name="ann_gou"/> | studio = [[Passione (company)|Passione]]<ref name="ann_gou"/> | licensee = [[Crunchyroll]]<ref name="crunchyroll_funi">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2022/03/01/funimation-titles-now-available-on-crunchyroll |title=Update: Funimation Titles Now Available on Crunchyroll |website=Crunchyroll |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | network = [[Tokyo MX]], [[BS11]], [[Sun Television|Sun TV]]<ref name="ann_gou_network">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-08-20/new-higurashi-when-they-cry-anime-2nd-video-reveals-episode-1-october-1-debut-episode-14-january-7-/.163125 |title=New Higurashi: When They Cry Anime's 2nd Video Reveals Episode 1's October 1 Debut, Episode 14's January 7 Debut |first=Egan |last=Loo |website=Anime News Network |date=2020-08-20 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | first = October 1, 2020<ref name="ann_gou_network"/> | last = March 18, 2021<ref name="sotsu_dub">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-08-18/funimation-streams-higurashi-when-they-cry-sotsu-anime-english-dub/.176403 |title=Funimation Streams Higurashi: When They Cry – SOTSU Anime's English Dub |website=Anime News Network |date=2021-08-18 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | episodes = 24<ref name="ann_gou"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | title = Higurashi: When They Cry – Sotsu | director = Keiichiro Kawaguchi<ref name="ann_sotsu_staff">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-08-03/higurashi-anime-production-committee-warns-of-online-leaks/.175856 |title=Higurashi Anime's Production Committee Warns of Online Leaks |website=Anime News Network |date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | writer = Naoki Hayashi<ref name="ann_sotsu_staff"/><ref name="ann_hayashi_profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=117521 |title=Naoki Hayashi (scriptwriter) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> | music = Kenji Kawai<ref name="ann_sotsu_staff"/> | studio = Passione<ref name="ann_sotsu_staff"/> | licensee = Crunchyroll<ref name="crunchyroll_funi"/> | network = Tokyo MX, BS11, Sun TV<ref name="sotsu_dub"/> | first = July 1, 2021<ref name="sotsu_dub"/> | last = September 30, 2021<ref name="sotsu_dub"/> | episodes = 15<ref name="ann_hayashi_profile"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Other | title = Other | content = * Two live-action films (2008,<ref name="film1">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-08-13/higurashi-no-naku-koroni-live-action-film-in-2008 |title=Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Live-Action Film in 2008 |first=Egan |last=Loo |website=Anime News Network |date=2007-08-13 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> 2009<ref name="film2">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-04-28/live-action-higurashi-film-sequel-in-the-works |title=Live-Action Higurashi Film Sequel in the Works |first=Egan |last=Loo |website=Anime News Network |date=2008-04-28 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref>) * Two live-action television series (2016)<ref name="tv1">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-01-10/ngt48-idols-star-in-live-action-when-they-cry-higurashi-horror-show/.97423 |title=NGT48 Idols Star in Live-Action When They Cry - Higurashi Horror Show |first=Egan |last=Loo |website=Anime News Network |date=2016-01-10 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="tv2">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-06-25/live-action-higurashi-show-gets-sequel-in-november/.103616 |title=Live-Action Higurashi Show Gets Sequel in November |first=Jennifer |last=Sherman |website=Anime News Network |date=2016-06-25 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> * ''Higurashi Daybreak'' (third-person shooter)<ref name="kotaku_daybreak">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/games/higurashi-daybreak |title=Higurashi Daybreak |website=Kotaku |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> * A new anime television series by [[Studio Deen]] is planned<ref name="official_anime_2026"/> }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer}} '''Higurashi When They Cry''' (Japanese: ひぐらしのなく頃に, romanized: ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni'') is a Japanese murder-mystery sound novel series produced by 07th Expansion and created by Ryukishi07. The first game was released in 2002.<ref name="official">{{cite web |url=https://07th-expansion.net/hig_gensaku |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=07th Expansion Official Website |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="official2">{{cite web |url=https://07th-expansion.net/Soft/Higurashi_u.htm |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=07th Expansion Official Website |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="deen">{{cite web |url=https://www.deen.co.jp/works-archives/higurashi |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=Studio DEEN |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="steam">{{cite web |url=https://store.steampowered.com/developer/07thExpansion?l=english |title=07th Expansion |website=Steam |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> The series has been adapted into manga, novels, [[anime]], live-action films and television shows.<ref name="official_en">{{cite web |url=https://www.07thexpansion.mangagamer.org/ |title=07th Expansion Official English Portal Site |website=07th Expansion |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="deen2">{{cite web |url=https://www.deen.co.jp/works-archives/higurashi-kira |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に煌（きら） |website=Studio DEEN |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="ann2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-07-31/higurashi-when-they-cry-gets-smartphone-game-this-summer/.162449 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry Gets Smartphone Game This Summer |website=Anime News Network |date=2020-07-31 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> The story is about a group of friends living in the small, fictional village of Hinamizawa, where mysterious murders and disappearances have happened every year during the same local festival.<ref name="deen"/><ref name="indiedb_story">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiedb.com/games/higurashi-when-they-cry |title=Higurashi When They Cry |website=IndieDB |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> The games were originally released for Microsoft Windows and were later brought to consoles and other platforms.<ref name="official"/><ref name="steam"/> The first eight games were also translated into English by MangaGamer.<ref name="ann_english1">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2009-12-07/digital-download-of-higurashi-in-english-to-be-available-worldwide-exclusively-at-mangagamer.com |title=Digital Download of Higurashi in English to be Available Worldwide Exclusively at Mangagamer.com |website=Anime News Network |date=2009-12-07 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="ann_english2">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2011-02-10/mangagamer-announces-higurashi-bundle |title=MangaGamer Announces Higurashi Bundle! |website=Anime News Network |date=2011-02-10 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> Two anime television series, made by Studio Deen and directed by Chiaki Kon, aired in Japan in 2006 and 2007.<ref name="deen"/><ref name="deen_kai">{{cite web |url=https://www.deen.co.jp/works-archives/higurashi-kai |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に解 |website=Studio DEEN |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="ann_2006"/> A new anime television series, made by Passione, aired from October 2020 to March 2021, with a sequel airing from July to September 2021.<ref name="ann_gou"/><ref name="ann_sotsu">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=24160 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry – SOTSU (TV) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> In June 2026, another new television anime was announced, this time returning to Studio Deen for animation.<ref name="official_anime_2026">{{cite web |url=https://higurashianime.com/news/article_0104.html |title=『ひぐらしのなく頃に』新作TVアニメーション制作決定！ |website=Higurashi When They Cry Anime Portal |date=2026-06-21 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="oricon_2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2462810/full/ |title=『ひぐらしのなく頃に』新作アニメ制作決定でPV公開　保志総一朗らキャスト続投で制作はスタジオディーン再び担当 |website=ORICON NEWS |date=2026-06-21 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> [[File:Higurashi When They Cry cosplayers 20060813.jpg|thumb|349x349px|a group of Higurashiː When they cry cosplayers]] == Plot == The story begins in June 1983 when Keiichi Maebara arrives in the rural village of Hinamizawa and quickly becomes close friends with several local girls. He discovers that the annual Watanagashi Festival has been linked to a death or disappearance every year for the previous four years.<ref name="official_story">{{cite web |url=https://07th-expansion.net/hig_gensaku |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=07th Expansion Official Website |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="steam_portal">{{cite web |url=https://store.steampowered.com/appofficialsite/310360 |title=07th Expansion Official English Portal Site |website=Steam |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="deen"/> The series presents the same basic period of time from different perspectives across its chapters, with the later parts gradually uncovering the causes behind the tragedies.<ref name="ann_kai_press">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2011-02-10/mangagamer-announces-higurashi-bundle |title=MangaGamer Announces Higurashi Bundle! |website=Anime News Network |date=2011-02-10 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="indiedb">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiedb.com/games/higurashi-when-they-cry |title=Higurashi When They Cry |website=IndieDB |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> Rather than using full animation, the games rely mainly on text, still character images, background art, music and sound effects. 07th Expansion itself calls the works "sound novels" because of this emphasis on audio atmosphere.<ref name="official_story"/><ref name="steam_portal"/> The eight main chapters are grouped into "question arcs" that present the mysteries and "answer arcs" that supply the explanations.<ref name="ann_kai_press"/><ref name="ann_2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2009-12-07/digital-download-of-higurashi-in-english-to-be-available-worldwide-exclusively-at-mangagamer.com |title=Digital Download of Higurashi in English to be Available Worldwide Exclusively at Mangagamer.com |website=Anime News Network |date=2009-12-07 |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> == Cast and characters == ;Keiichi Maebara :The main character of the series. He is short-tempered and passionate, but also indecisive. He has recently moved to Hinamizawa.<ref name="official_characters">{{cite web |url=https://07th-expansion.net/hig_gensaku#character |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=07th Expansion Official Website |access-date=2026-08-16}}</ref> ;Rika Furude :A younger classmate of Keiichi and the same age as Satoko. She has a calm and quiet personality that is unusual for her age, and she often spends time with Satoko.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Rena Ryūgū :The main heroine of the series and a classmate of Keiichi. She looks after Keiichi after he moves to the village and is kind and devoted to her friends.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Mion Sonozaki :An upperclassman of Keiichi and the class representative. She is outgoing, friendly, and has a natural leadership role among her friends. She enjoys non-electronic games such as cards and board games.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Shion Sonozaki :Mion's younger twin sister. She has a crafty personality and usually lives in Okinomiya, rarely visiting Hinamizawa.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Satoko Hōjō :A younger classmate of Keiichi. She usually speaks politely, but her grammar is sometimes incorrect because she is still young. She enjoys setting traps and often tries to catch Keiichi with them.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Satoshi Hōjō :Satoko's older brother and a member of the Hinamizawa Fighters baseball team. He has a quiet and somewhat timid personality, but is willing to put himself in danger for Satoko. He disappeared several years earlier after being "demoned away".<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Hanyū :A timid and easily teased deity who likes cream puffs and dislikes the horns on her head.<ref name="official_characters"/> ;Rumiko Chie :The teacher at the Hinamizawa branch school. She cares about her students and is trusted by both the children and the villagers. She is extremely fond of curry.<ref name="official_characters"/> ==Production== Ryukishi07 made ''Higurashi When They Cry'' together with his group, 07th Expansion. He wrote the story and directed the first games, and he also drew the characters for the early versions himself.<ref name="key_interview">{{cite web |url=https://0707toshokan.wordpress.com/2020/08/05/how-to-make-higurashi-cry/ |title=Higurashi no Nakasekata: How to make them cry |website=Rena-Rena Toshokan |date=2020-08-05 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> Before ''Higurashi'', the group spent about two years making cards for a trading card game called ''Leaf Fight''. Then Ryukishi07 decided to try a sound novel instead. In the beginning, the games were sold mostly at dōjin events, and the group made only a small number of copies, burning the CDs by hand.<ref name="key_interview"/> Ryukishi07 has said games by the company Key shaped how he planned ''Higurashi''. He studied how ''Kanon'' and ''Air'' mixed calm, everyday scenes with strong emotional moments, and he used a similar idea but with horror instead of sadness. He also said the movie ''The Blair Witch Project'' gave him the idea to add extra documents and outside information to the story.<ref name="key_interview"/> ==Games== The first chapter, ''Onikakushi-hen'', came out at the Comiket convention in August 2002. The main story was finished in August 2006 with the last chapter, ''Matsuribayashi-hen''. In the early years, 07th Expansion made the CDs themselves, and by 2004 the group was producing more than 1,000 copies of some releases at home.<ref name="key_interview"/><ref name="key_interview_v">{{cite web |url=https://0707toshokan.wordpress.com/2021/05/12/higurashi-no-nakasekata-how-to-make-them-cry-v/ |title=Higurashi no Nakasekata: How to make them cry V |website=Rena-Rena Toshokan |date=2021-05-12 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> MangaGamer brought the first eight chapters to English between December 2009 and July 2010. Later, the company released updated versions on Steam under the name ''Higurashi When They Cry Hou'', starting with ''Ch.1 Onikakushi'' in May 2015.<ref name="siliconera">{{cite web |url=https://www.siliconera.com/mangagamer-bring-full-14-chapter-higurashi-series-steam/ |title=MangaGamer To Bring Full 14-Chapter Higurashi Series To Steam |website=Siliconera |date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref name="steam_hou">{{cite web |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/310360/ |title=Higurashi When They Cry Hou - Ch.1 Onikakushi |website=Steam |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> An expanded edition, ''Higurashi When They Cry Hou+'', came out in English on November 9, 2023, adding four new chapters: ''Outbreak'', ''Kamikashimashi-hen'', ''Hinamizawa Bus Stop'', and ''Mehagashi-hen''.<ref name="houplus">{{cite web |url=https://blog.mangagamer.org/2023/11/09/higurashi-when-they-cry-hou-available-now/ |title=Higurashi: When They Cry Hou+ Available Now! |website=MangaGamer Staff Blog |date=2023-11-09 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A [[mobile game]], ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Mei'', started service in Japan on September 3, 2020, for iOS and Android, with a new story made with Ryukishi07's help.<ref name="mei">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2020/8/31/higurashi-when-they-cry-mei-game-set-for-september-3-in-japan |title=Higurashi When They Cry Mei Game Set for September 3 in Japan |website=Crunchyroll |date=2020-08-31 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> ==Manga== The manga began in 2005. Square Enix published the first volume, ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni: Onikakushi-hen'', on December 22, 2005, drawn by Karin Suzuragi with Ryukishi07 credited for the original story.<ref name="sqex_onikakushi">{{cite web |url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757515901/ |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に 鬼隠し編 1 |website=SQUARE ENIX |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref name="dengeki_2005">{{cite web |url=https://dengekionline.com/elem/000/001/577/1577295/ |title=ひぐらしのなく頃に |website=Dengeki Online |date=2017-08-15 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> Different artists drew different story arcs, and Square Enix published most of them in Japan. In English, Yen Press began publishing the manga on November 18, 2008, starting with ''Higurashi When They Cry: Abducted by Demons Arc, Vol. 1''.<ref name="yenpress">{{cite web |url=https://yenpress.com/titles/9780759529830-higurashi-when-they-cry-abducted-by-demons-arc-vol-1 |title=Higurashi When They Cry: Abducted by Demons Arc, Vol. 1 |website=Yen Press |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A prequel manga, ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Oni'', started in the magazine ''Monthly Action'' on February 25, 2022. Drawn by Asahi, it tells the story of a young Oryō Sonozaki in 1923, and it kept going even after ''Monthly Action'' stopped being published.<ref name="oni_ann">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-06-05/higurashi-no-naku-koro-ni-oni-manga-resumes-after-4-months-on-hiatus/.225146 |title=Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Oni Manga Resumes After 4 Months on Hiatus |website=Anime News Network |date=2025-06-05 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> ==Anime== Studio Deen made the first TV anime, which began airing in April 2006, followed by a second season, ''Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai'', in 2007.<ref name="anime_original">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2020/1/6/rena-is-back-as-new-higurashi-when-they-cry-anime-project-is-announced |title=Rena Is Back as New Higurashi When They Cry Anime Project Is Announced |website=Crunchyroll |date=2020-01-06 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A new TV anime was announced in January 2020, this time made by the studio Passione. Its planned July 2020 debut was pushed back because of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="covid">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2020/5/21/new-higurashi-when-they-cry-tv-anime-postponed-due-to-covid-19 |title=New Higurashi When They Cry TV Anime Postponed Due to COVID-19 |website=Crunchyroll |date=2020-05-21 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> The new series, ''Higurashi: When They Cry – GOU'', began airing on October 1, 2020, and ran for 24 episodes. A follow-up, ''Higurashi: When They Cry – SOTSU'', started on July 1, 2021, with 15 episodes.<ref name="gou_sotsu">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2021/6/6/higurashi-when-they-cry-sotsu-tv-anime-to-premiere-with-its-first-two-episodes-on-july-1 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry – SOTSU TV Anime to Premiere with Its First Two Episodes on July 1 |website=Crunchyroll |date=2021-06-06 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref name="sotsu">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2021/3/18/higurashi-when-they-cry-sotsu-anime-continues-the-mystery-of-hinamizawa-in-july-2021 |title=Higurashi: When They Cry - SOTSU Anime Continues The Mystery of Hinamizawa In July 2021 |website=Crunchyroll |date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> In June 2026, a brand-new TV anime was announced for the first anime's 20th anniversary. Studio Deen is making it, with some of the original voice cast returning. No release date or story details have been announced yet.<ref name="newanime2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2026/6/21/higurashi-when-they-cry-new-anime-project-announced |title=Higurashi: When They Cry New Anime Project Announced |website=Crunchyroll |date=2026-06-21 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> ==Live-action adaptations== A live-action movie directed by Ataru Oikawa came out in Japan in May 2008, and a second movie followed in April 2009.<ref name="livefilm">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=8765 |title=Higurashi no Naku Koro ni (live-action movie) |website=Anime News Network |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A live-action TV drama aired on BS SkyPer! in 2016, with idols from the group NGT48 playing the main characters. The first series had eight episodes and covered the first three story arcs; a second, four-episode series followed later that year. NGT48 also performed the theme song.<ref name="drama">{{cite web |url=https://aramajapan.com/news/ngt48-stars-in-live-action-higurashi-no-naku-koro-ni-drama-provides-theme-song/57483/ |title=NGT48 stars in live-action Higurashi no Naku Koro ni drama; provides theme song |website=ARAMA! JAPAN |date=2016-04-16 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> ==Reception== The English release of ''Higurashi When They Cry Hou'' got positive reviews. On Steam, the first chapter holds a 4.5 out of 5 score from Hardcore Gamer and an 8.5 out of 10 from APG Nation, with both praising the storytelling and atmosphere despite the simple graphics.<ref name="steam_reviews">{{cite web |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/310360/ |title=Higurashi When They Cry Hou - Ch.1 Onikakushi |website=Steam |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> In a 2017 reader poll by the Japanese site Goo Ranking, ''Higurashi'' was voted the third most disturbing ("guro") anime, behind ''Attack on Titan'' and ''Tokyo Ghoul''.<ref name="goo_ranking">{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2017-09-19/japanese-netizens-choose-their-grotesque-anime-must-watch-list/.121563 |title=Japanese Netizens Choose Their Grotesque Anime Must-Watch List |website=Anime News Network |date=2017-09-19 |access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2002 video games]] [[Category:2000s horror video games]] [[Category:Visual novels]] [[Category:2005 manga]] [[Category:Manga series]] [[Category:2006 anime television series debuts]] [[Category:2007 anime television series debuts]] [[Category:2009 anime OVAs]] [[Category:2000s anime television series]] b0qhw4dybfmcf971so29xwa0w44pbbp 0 1228433 10966821 10933232 2026-08-18T17:03:21Z ~2026-45406-47 1857529 /* */ 10966821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{family name hatnote|Hernández|Cascante|lang=Spanish}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Rodri | image = RODRI - SWE vs ESP - UEFA EURO 2020 QUALIFIERS - 2019.10.15 (cropped).jpg | caption = Rodri playing for [[Spain national football team|Spain]] in 2019 | full_name = Rodrigo Hernández Cascante | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|6|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Madrid]], Spain | height = 1.90 m<ref name="PremProfile"/> | position = [[Defensive midfielder]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jul/03/manchester-city-pay-rodri-release-clause-atletico-madrid-transfer-window-football |title=City's new £62.8m signing Rodri says Manchester may be getting 'more blue' |first1=Paul |last1=Wilson |first2=Jamie |last2=Jackson |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=4 July 2019 |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219233910/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jul/03/manchester-city-pay-rodri-release-clause-atletico-madrid-transfer-window-football |url-status=live }}</ref> | currentclub = FC Barcelona | clubnumber = 16 | youthyears1 = 2006–2007 | youthclubs1 = [[CF Rayo Majadahonda|Rayo Majadahonda]] | youthyears2 = 2007–2013 | youthclubs2 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | youthyears3 = 2013–2015 | youthclubs3 = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] | years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[Villarreal CF B|Villarreal B]] | caps1 = 39 | goals1 = 1 | years2 = 2015–2018 | clubs2 = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] | caps2 = 63 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2018–2019 | clubs3 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | caps3 = 34 | goals3 = 3 | years4 = 2019– | clubs4 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps4 = 180 | goals4 = 22 | nationalyears1 = 2012 | nationalteam1 = [[Spain national under-16 football team|Spain U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 2 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2015 | nationalteam2 = [[Spain national under-19 football team|Spain U19]] | nationalcaps2 = 8 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2017 | nationalteam3 = [[Spain national under-21 football team|Spain U21]] | nationalcaps3 = 6 | nationalgoals3 = 1 | nationalyears4 = 2018– | nationalteam4 = [[Spain national football team|Spain]] | nationalcaps4 = 59 | nationalgoals4 = 4 | medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|ESP}}}} {{Medal|Comp|[[UEFA European Championship]]}} {{Medal|W|[[UEFA Euro 2024|2024 Germany]]|}} {{Medal|Comp|[[UEFA Nations League]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2023 UEFA Nations League Finals|2023 Netherlands]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals|2021 Italy]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[UEFA European Under-21 Championship]]}} {{Medal|RU|[[2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship|2017 Poland]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[UEFA European Under-19 Championship]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2015 UEFA European Under-19 Championship|2015 Greece]]|}} | club-update = 17:58, 5 October 2025 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 21:53, 7 September 2025 (UTC) }} '''Rodrigo Hernández Cascante''' (born 22 June 1996), known as '''Rodri''' or '''Rodrigo''', is a Spanish professional [[Association football|footballer]]. He currently plays for {{English football updater|ManchesC}} club [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] and the [[Spain national football team|Spanish national team]]. He is considered one of the best defensive midfielders in the world.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2024 |title=Man City: 'Disaster' to 'winning machine' – is Rodri the best in the world? |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cdrl8jkpxxlo |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2024 |title=Is Rodri the best Premier League midfielder ever? |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4061347 |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Just how important is Rodri to Man City, anyway? Breaking down injured star's impact |url=https://www.espn.com.sg/soccer/insider/story/_/id/41533763/manchester-city-rodri-injury-acl-premier-league-title-impact |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> In 2024, he won the [[Ballon d'Or]]. This made him the second male Spanish player to win the award after [[Luis Suárez (footballer, born 1935)|Luis Suárez]] won it in [[1960 Ballon d'Or|1960]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2024 |title=Ballon d'Or 2024: Manchester City and Spain midfielder Rodri wins first award |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/ce8yevg34v1o |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> He was also the first Manchester City player to win the award.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2024 |title=Rodrigo becomes first City player to win Ballon d'Or |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/rodrigo-becomes-first-city-player-to-win-ballon-dor-40232793 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=OneFootball}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 5 October 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[FA Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|Europe !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="3"|[[Villarreal CF B|Villarreal B]] |[[2014–15 Segunda División B|2014–15]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2014-15 |title=Rodri: Matches: 2014–15 |website=BDFutbol |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219235517/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2014-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> |[[Segunda División B]] |7||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||7||0 |- |[[2015–16 Segunda División B|2015–16]]<ref name=BDFutbol1516/> |Segunda División B |32||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2{{efn|Appearances in [[Segunda División B play-offs]]}}||1||34||2 |- !colspan="2"|Total !39||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||1||41||2 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] |[[2015–16 La Liga|2015–16]]<ref name=BDFutbol1516>{{cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2015-16 |title=Rodri: Matches: 2015–16 |website=BDFutbol |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219235731/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2015-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> |[[La Liga]] |3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||6||0 |- |[[2016–17 La Liga|2016–17]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2016-17 |title=Rodri: Matches: 2016–17 |website=BDFutbol |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220000055/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2016-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> |La Liga |23||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UEL|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||1||colspan="2"|—||31||1 |- |[[2017–18 La Liga|2017–18]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2017-18 |title=Rodri: Matches: 2017–18 |website=BDFutbol |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220000505/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2017-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> |La Liga |37||1||4||0||colspan="2"|—||6{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||47||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total !63||1||11||0||colspan="2"|—||10||1||colspan="2"|—||84||2 |- |[[Atlético Madrid]] |[[2018–19 La Liga|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2018-19 |title=Rodri: Matches: 2018–19 |website=BDFutbol |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220000730/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j23121.html?temp=2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> |La Liga |34||3||4||0||colspan="2"|—||8{{efn|name=UCL|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||0||1{{efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Super Cup]]}}||0||47||3 |- |rowspan="8"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |[[2019–20 Premier League|2019–20]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|89571|2019|access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |35||3||4||0||4||1||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||1{{efn|name=FACS|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]}}||0||52||4 |- |[[2020–21 Premier League|2020–21]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|89571|2020|access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> |Premier League |34||2||4||0||5||0||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||53||2 |- |[[2021–22 Premier League|2021–22]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|89571|2021|access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |33||7||2||0||0||0||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||1{{efn|name=FACS}}||0||46||7 |- |[[2022–23 Premier League|2022–23]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|89571|2022|access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |36||2||4||0||3||0||12{{efn|name=UCL}}||2||1{{efn|name=FACS}}||0||56||4 |- |[[2023–24 Premier League|2023–24]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|89571|2023|access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> |Premier League |34||8||4||0||0||0||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||1||4{{efn|One appearance in FA Community Shield, one appearance in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||0||50||9 |- |[[2024–25 Premier League|2024–25]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|89571|2024|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> |Premier League |3||0||0||0||0||0||1{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||4{{efn|Appearances in FIFA Club World Cup}}||0||8||0 |- |[[2025–26 Premier League|2025–26]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|89571|2025|access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> |Premier League |5||0||0||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||7||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !180||22||18||0||12||1||51||3||11||0||272||26 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !316||27||33||0||12||1||69||4||14||1||444||33 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {{updated|match played 7 September 2025}}<ref name="wfnat">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/rodri_19/4/ |title=Rodri: Internationals |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL |date=<!-- citation bot adds wrong date --> |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="8"|[[Spain national football team|Spain]] |2018||4||0 |- |2019||7||0 |- |2020||6||1 |- |2021||13||0 |- |2022||9||0 |- |2023||9||0 |- |2024||9||3 |- |2025||2||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total||59||4 |} {{updated|match played 7 September 2025}} :''Spain score listed first, score column indicates score after each Rodri goal''<ref name="wfnat"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Rodri !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Cap !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition !scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |style="text-align: center;"|1||17 November 2020||[[Estadio de La Cartuja|La Cartuja]], Seville, Spain||style="text-align: center;"|17||{{fb|GER}}||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||style="text-align: center;"|6–0||[[2020–21 UEFA Nations League A]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/11/17/europe/uefa-nations-league/spain/germany/3243409/ |title=Spain vs. Germany 6–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507054721/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/11/17/europe/uefa-nations-league/spain/germany/3243409/ |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|2||rowspan="2"|26 March 2024||rowspan="2"|[[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]], Madrid, Spain||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|49||rowspan="2"|{{fb|BRA}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|3–3||rowspan="2"|[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2024/03/26/world/friendlies/spain/brazil/4301176/ |title=Spain vs. Brazil 3–3: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|3||style="text-align: center;"|3–2 |- |style="text-align: center;"|4||30 June 2024||[[RheinEnergieStadion]], Cologne, Germany||style="text-align: center;"|53||{{fb|GEO}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–1||style="text-align: center;"|4–1||[[UEFA Euro 2024]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2024/06/30/europe/european-championships/spain/georgia/4268097/|title=Spain vs. Georgia 4–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> |} ==Honours== '''Atlético Madrid''' *[[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2018 UEFA Super Cup|2018]]<ref name="super">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45188611 |title=Real Madrid 2–4 Atlético Madrid |first=Emma |last=Sanders |website=BBC Sport |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327181020/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45188611 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Manchester City''' *[[Premier League]]: [[2020–21 Premier League|2020–21]], [[2021–22 Premier League|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Premier League|2022–23]], [[2023–24 Premier League|2023–24]]<ref name="PremProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/16286/Rodri/overview |title=Rodri: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> *[[FA Cup]]: [[2022–23 FA Cup|2022–23]];<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65785637 |title=Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=3 June 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> runner-up: [[2023–24 FA Cup|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c2jj8k5vym5t#Line-ups |title=Manchester City 1–2 Manchester United: Line-ups |website=BBC Sport |date=25 May 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> *[[EFL Cup]]: [[2019–20 EFL Cup|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51601970 |title=Aston Villa 1–2 Manchester City |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=1 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104013756/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51601970 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2020–21 EFL Cup|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56790307 |title=Manchester City 1–0 Tottenham Hotspur |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=25 April 2021 |access-date=25 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429085606/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56790307 |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[FA Community Shield]]: [[2019 FA Community Shield|2019]]<ref name="shield">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49141690 |title=Liverpool 1–1 Manchester City |first=Emlyn |last=Begley |website=BBC Sport |date=4 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808212252/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49141690 |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League|2022–23]];<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65845807 |title=Manchester City 1–0 Inter Milan |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=10 June 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> runner-up: [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57268064 |title=Manchester City 0–1 Chelsea |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=29 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> *UEFA Super Cup: [[2023 UEFA Super Cup|2023]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66513883 |title=Manchester City 1–1 Sevilla |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> *[[FIFA Club World Cup]]: [[2023 FIFA Club World Cup|2023]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67795653 |title=Manchester City 4–0 Fluminense |website=BBC Sport |date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> '''Spain U19''' *[[UEFA European Under-19 Championship]]: [[2015 UEFA European Under-19 Championship|2015]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/under19/news/0253-0d04285e495e-3e467bd54d19-1000--spain-see-off-russia-for-seventh-under-19-crown/ |title=Spain see off Russia for seventh Under-19 crown |publisher=UEFA |date=19 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012191531/http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2015/matches/round=2000536/match=2017613/postmatch/report/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Spain U21''' *[[UEFA European Under-21 Championship]] runner-up: [[2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship|2017]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/under21/history/teams/200122--spain/ |title=Under-21 2017 – History – Spain |publisher=UEFA |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928093612/https://www.uefa.com/under21/season%3D2017/teams/team%3D200122/squad/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/under21/season=2017/matches/index.html |title=Under-21 2017 – History – Matches |publisher=UEFA |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304150050/https://www.uefa.com/under21/season=2017/matches/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Spain''' *[[UEFA European Championship]]: [[UEFA Euro 2024|2024]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |title=Spain 2–1 England {{!}} UEFA EURO 2024 Final |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2036211--spain-vs-england/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |publisher=[[UEFA]] |language=en}}</ref> *[[UEFA Nations League]]: [[2022–23 UEFA Nations League|2022–23]];<ref name="UNLWin">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Emma |date=18 June 2023 |title=Spain win Nations League final on penalties |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65944659 |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref> runner-up: [[2020–21 UEFA Nations League|2020–21]]<ref name="UNLRU">{{cite web|date=10 October 2021|title=France beat Spain to win Nations League|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/match/2030761--spain-vs-france/|publisher=UEFA|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007210504/https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/match/2030761--spain-vs-france/|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Individual''' *[[Ballon d'Or]]: 2024<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lowe |first=Sid |date=29 October 2024 |title=Rodri's Ballon d'Or is an act of justice for an unsung category of footballer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/oct/29/rodri-ballon-dor-manchester-city-spain |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> *[[UEFA Champions League Player of the Season]]: [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League#Player of the Season|2022–23]]<ref name="POTS">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0282-183b473eaf28-b2fde4465718-1000--player-of-the-season-rodri/ |title=Rodri named 2022/23 UEFA Champions League Player of the Season |publisher=UEFA |date=11 June 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> *UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League#Team of the season|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0282-183b47300272-09e23ed6220b-1000--2022-23-team-of-the-season/|title=2022/23 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season |publisher=UEFA |date=11 June 2023|access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref> *[[Premier League Goal of the Month]]: [[2021–22 Premier League#Monthly awards|November 2021]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/2407251 |title=Stunning Rodri strike wins Budweiser Goal of the Month |publisher=Premier League |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210130229/https://www.premierleague.com/news/2407251 |url-status=live}}</ref> *UEFA Nations League Finals Player of the Tournament: [[2023 UEFA Nations League Finals#Awards|2023]]<ref name="UNLPotTAward">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/0282-1849de0ccdfe-e28eb8d71909-1000/ |title=Rodri named 2023 UEFA Nations League Player of the Finals |publisher=UEFA |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref> *[[UEFA European Under-19 Championship]] Team of the Tournament: [[2015 UEFA European Under-19 Championship#Team of the tournament|2015]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Infogol |url=https://www.infogol.net/en/player/rodri/2279 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=infogol.net}}</ref> *[[PFA Team of the Year]]: [[PFA Team of the Year (2020s)#Premier League 4|2022–23 Premier League]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66650723 |title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award |work=BBC Sport |date=29 August 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> [[PFA Team of the Year (2020s)#Premier League 5|2023–24 Premier League]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thepfa.com/news/2024/8/20/pfa-premier-league-team-of-the-year-2024|title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year|publisher=Professional Footballers' Association|access-date=20 August 2024|date=20 August 2024}}</ref> * [[FIFA Club World Cup awards#Golden Ball|FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball]]: [[2023 FIFA Club World Cup|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Rodri wins adidas Golden Ball as City reign |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/fifa-club-world-cup/saudi-arabia-2023/articles/award-winners-revealed-manchester-city-rodri-walker-arias |access-date=22 December 2023 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> *[[IFFHS World Team|IFFHS Men's World Team]]: 2023,<ref>{{cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=IFFHS MEN'S WORLD TEAM 2023 |url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3299 |access-date=4 January 2024 |publisher=IFFHS |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403032531/https://iffhs.com/posts/3299 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFHS WORLD TEAMS 2024|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/4086|website=IFFHS|date=26 December 2024|access-date=26 December 2024|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226180022/https://iffhs.com/posts/4086|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[IFFHS]] Men's UEFA Team: 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFHS CONTINENTAL TEAMS 2024 – UEFA MEN|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/4119|date=15 January 2025|website=IFFHS|access-date=15 October 2025|archive-date=22 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522145814/https://iffhs.com/posts/4119|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[IFFHS World's Best Player#Men's winners|IFFHS World's Best Player]]: 2024<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 December 2024|title=RODRI, MEN'S WORLD BEST PLAYER|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/4055|access-date=18 December 2024|website=IFFHS|archive-date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217193210/https://iffhs.com/posts/4055|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Globe Soccer Awards#Winners|Globe Soccer Awards Best Midfielder of the Year]]: [[Globe Soccer Awards#2023|2023]]<ref>{{cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Rodrigo (Best Midfielder) |url=https://www.globesoccer.com/winners/rodrigo-best-midfielder-2023/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317093225/https://www.globesoccer.com/winners/rodrigo-best-midfielder-2023/ |archive-date=17 March 2024 |website=[[Globe Soccer Awards]]}}</ref> * ''The Athletic'' Premier League Player of the Season: 2023–24<ref name="Athletic 2324 PotS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5476993/2024/05/21/athletic-end-of-season-awards-2023-24-men/ |title=The Athletic's end-of-season awards, 2023–24: Men's football |website=The Athletic |date=21 May 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |language=en |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240521163513/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5476993/2024/05/21/athletic-end-of-season-awards-2023-24-men/ |archive-date=21 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> * ''The Athletic'' Premier League Team of the Season: 2023–24<ref name="Athletic 2324 PotS"/> * ''The Athletic'' European Men's Team of the Season: 2023–24<ref>{{cite web | title=Athletic End-of-Season Awards 2023–24 (Men) | website=The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5476993/2024/05/21/athletic-end-of-season-awards-2023-24-men/ | date=21 May 2024 | access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> * [[UEFA European Championship awards#Player of the Tournament|UEFA European Championship Player of the Tournament]]: [[UEFA Euro 2024#Awards|2024]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b5e5d20015d-63e00bbe0723-1000--rodri-named-euro-2024-player-of-the-tournament/ |title=Rodri named EURO 2024 Player of the Tournament |publisher=[[UEFA]] |date=14 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> *[[UEFA European Championship awards#Team of the Tournament|UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament]]: [[UEFA Euro 2024#Awards|2024]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b61a0e91074-427664e9bbfe-1000--uefa-euro-2024-team-of-the-tournament/ |title=UEFA EURO 2024 Team of the Tournament |publisher=UEFA |date=16 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref> *[[FIFPRO World 11#FIFPRO Men's World 11|FIFPRO Men's World 11]]: 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is in the 2024 FIFPRO Men's World 11? |url=https://www.fifpro.org/en/supporting-players/player-influence/world11/who-is-in-the-2024-fifpro-men-s-world-11 |website=fifpro.org |date=9 December 2024|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> * The Best FIFA Men's 11: 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Five Real Madrid stars named in The Best FIFA Men's 11 |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/2024/articles/mens-11-vote |website=fifa.com |date=17 December 2024|access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} *[https://www.mancity.com/players/rodrigo Profile] at the Manchester City F.C. website *{{UEFA player}} {{Navboxes | title = Spain squads | bg = #C60B1E | fg = #FBEA0E | bordercolor = #000033 | list1 = {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Spain squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}} {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2024}} {{Spain squad 2026 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes | title = Awards | bg = gold | fg = navy | list = {{UEFA European Championship Player of the Tournament}} {{Ballon d'Or recipients}} {{IFFHS World's Best Man Player}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rodri}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Footballers from Madrid]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2024 players]] [[Category:Ballon d'Or winners]] [[Category:2026 FIFA World Cup players]] 2eyfqwfx36icrjhm97nt2cllvk7hxi8 0 1231209 10966981 10962400 2026-08-18T20:42:48Z ~2026-45426-41 1857627 /* */ 10966981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=January 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}} {{Infobox person | name = Lara Raj | image = https://i.pinimg.com/236x/67/21/26/67212603df78949f825a8dac21aa6de0.jpg | caption = Raj in 2025 | birth_name = Lara Rajagopalan | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|11|3}} | birth_place = [[Stamford, Connecticut]], U.S. | mother = Kavita Raj | father = Sri Rajagopalan | relatives = [[Rhea Raj]] (sister) | occupation = {{flatlist| *singer *dancer *actress}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2018–present | label = {{Hlist|Hybe UMG|[[Geffen Records]]}} | current_member_of = [[Katseye]] }} }} '''Lara Rajagopalan''' (born November 3, 2005), known professionally as '''Lara Raj''', is an American singer, dancer, and actress. She is a member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye]], made through the [[Reality television|reality show]] ''The Debut: Dream Academy''. ==Early life== Lara Raj was born in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], U.S., to [[Tamil people|Tamil]] parents from [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naik|first=Sihaam|date=June 17, 2025|title=Lara Raj may just be the desi pop baddie you've been waiting for|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/lara-raj-katseye-may-just-be-the-desi-pop-baddie-youve-been-waiting-for|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Vogue India|language=en-IN}}</ref> She has an older sister, [[Rhea Raj]], who is a singer-songwriter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 1, 2019|title=The "2 AM" singer Rhea Raj is Indian by birth|url=https://www.tellyexpress.com/the-2-am-singer-rhea-raj-is-indian-by-birth/|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Tellyexpress|language=en-US}}</ref> Lara started singing, dancing, and acting since she was young. She grew up in [[Dallas, Texas]]. Later, she moved to [[Princeton, New Jersey]], then [[New York City]], where she went to the [[Professional Performing Arts School]] and [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School|LaGuardia High School]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Lara Raj - Voyage LA Magazine {{!}} LA City Guide|language=en-US|url=https://voyagela.com/interview/meet-lara-raj-lara-raj-hollywood/|access-date=October 27, 2025|archive-date=March 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308102424/https://voyagela.com/interview/meet-lara-raj-lara-raj-hollywood/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Career== ===2018=== In 2018, Lara appeared in an [[Advertising|advertisement]] for the [[Obama Foundation]]'s Global Girls Alliance alongside [[Michelle Obama]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Obama Foundation|title=Welcome to the Global Girls Alliance|date=October 11, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-nIJDHWBkI|access-date=October 27, 2025}}</ref> ===2023–2024: Dream Academy and Katseye=== Lara competed in the 2023 global [[audition]] program ''The Debut: Dream Academy''. She placed second and became a member of the six-member group Katseye. She officially debuted as the main vocalist of Katseye on June 28, 2024, with the EP ''SIS (Soft Is Strong)''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 29, 2023|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' Global Girl Group Contest|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|access-date=October 27, 2025|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> ===2025–present=== In June 2025, Katseye released their second extended play, ''Beautiful Chaos''. The EP achieved commercial success, reaching the top ten in several countries, including the [[United States]], [[South Korea]], and [[Belgium]]. Raj has received recognition for her vocal ability, stage presence, and her incorporation of South Asian cultural elements into her performances.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 19, 2023|title=Lara Rajagopalan: Meet HYBE's first Indian-origin K-pop idol, set to debut in KATSEYE|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/lara-rajagopalan-meet-hybe-s-first-indian-origin-k-pop-idol-set-to-debut-in-katseye-101700373596839.html|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== In March 2025, Raj announced that she is [[queer]] on the messaging app {{Interlanguage link|Weverse|en}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McNamara |first1=Brittney |title=KATSEYE's Lara Raj Came Out as Queer |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-member-lara-raj-came-out-as-queer-to-fans-on-weverse-im-half-fruitcake |website=teenvogue.com |accessdate=February 3, 2026 |date=March 24, 2025}}</ref> ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} * As a Dream Academy contestant, she participated in shared songs released on August 21, 2024, including "Dirty Water" and "All the Same". ==Filmography== * 2016 – ''Emoting Emojis'' as Piper (short movie) * 2018 – ''The Blacklist'' as Sara (episode: "Sutton Ross") * 2023 – ''Dream Academy'' – contestant * 2024 – ''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' – herself ([[Netflix]]) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name}} * {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Lara}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:LGBT people from Connecticut]] [[Category:Singers from Connecticut]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]] [[Category:Hybe Corporation artists]] ljc7apw1oukqehbf9mlivrzpfgz91t3 10966982 10966981 2026-08-18T20:43:26Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45426-41|~2026-45426-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-45426-41|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-44538-04: That does not work 10962400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=January 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}} {{Infobox person | name = Lara Raj | image = Lara Raj 240913 1.jpg | caption = Raj in 2025 | birth_name = Lara Rajagopalan | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|11|3}} | birth_place = [[Stamford, Connecticut]], U.S. | mother = Kavita Raj | father = Sri Rajagopalan | relatives = [[Rhea Raj]] (sister) | occupation = {{flatlist| *singer *dancer *actress}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2018–present | label = {{Hlist|Hybe UMG|[[Geffen Records]]}} | current_member_of = [[Katseye]] }} }} '''Lara Rajagopalan''' (born November 3, 2005), known professionally as '''Lara Raj''', is an American singer, dancer, and actress. She is a member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye]], made through the [[Reality television|reality show]] ''The Debut: Dream Academy''. ==Early life== Lara Raj was born in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], U.S., to [[Tamil people|Tamil]] parents from [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naik|first=Sihaam|date=June 17, 2025|title=Lara Raj may just be the desi pop baddie you've been waiting for|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/lara-raj-katseye-may-just-be-the-desi-pop-baddie-youve-been-waiting-for|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Vogue India|language=en-IN}}</ref> She has an older sister, [[Rhea Raj]], who is a singer-songwriter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 1, 2019|title=The "2 AM" singer Rhea Raj is Indian by birth|url=https://www.tellyexpress.com/the-2-am-singer-rhea-raj-is-indian-by-birth/|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Tellyexpress|language=en-US}}</ref> Lara started singing, dancing, and acting since she was young. She grew up in [[Dallas, Texas]]. Later, she moved to [[Princeton, New Jersey]], then [[New York City]], where she went to the [[Professional Performing Arts School]] and [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School|LaGuardia High School]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Lara Raj - Voyage LA Magazine {{!}} LA City Guide|language=en-US|url=https://voyagela.com/interview/meet-lara-raj-lara-raj-hollywood/|access-date=October 27, 2025|archive-date=March 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308102424/https://voyagela.com/interview/meet-lara-raj-lara-raj-hollywood/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Career== ===2018=== In 2018, Lara appeared in an [[Advertising|advertisement]] for the [[Obama Foundation]]'s Global Girls Alliance alongside [[Michelle Obama]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Obama Foundation|title=Welcome to the Global Girls Alliance|date=October 11, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-nIJDHWBkI|access-date=October 27, 2025}}</ref> ===2023–2024: Dream Academy and Katseye=== Lara competed in the 2023 global [[audition]] program ''The Debut: Dream Academy''. She placed second and became a member of the six-member group Katseye. She officially debuted as the main vocalist of Katseye on June 28, 2024, with the EP ''SIS (Soft Is Strong)''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 29, 2023|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' Global Girl Group Contest|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|access-date=October 27, 2025|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> ===2025–present=== In June 2025, Katseye released their second extended play, ''Beautiful Chaos''. The EP achieved commercial success, reaching the top ten in several countries, including the [[United States]], [[South Korea]], and [[Belgium]]. Raj has received recognition for her vocal ability, stage presence, and her incorporation of South Asian cultural elements into her performances.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 19, 2023|title=Lara Rajagopalan: Meet HYBE's first Indian-origin K-pop idol, set to debut in KATSEYE|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/lara-rajagopalan-meet-hybe-s-first-indian-origin-k-pop-idol-set-to-debut-in-katseye-101700373596839.html|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== In March 2025, Raj announced that she is [[queer]] on the messaging app {{Interlanguage link|Weverse|en}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McNamara |first1=Brittney |title=KATSEYE's Lara Raj Came Out as Queer |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-member-lara-raj-came-out-as-queer-to-fans-on-weverse-im-half-fruitcake |website=teenvogue.com |accessdate=February 3, 2026 |date=March 24, 2025}}</ref> ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} * As a Dream Academy contestant, she participated in shared songs released on August 21, 2024, including "Dirty Water" and "All the Same". ==Filmography== * 2016 – ''Emoting Emojis'' as Piper (short movie) * 2018 – ''The Blacklist'' as Sara (episode: "Sutton Ross") * 2023 – ''Dream Academy'' – contestant * 2024 – ''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' – herself ([[Netflix]]) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name}} * {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Lara}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:LGBT people from Connecticut]] [[Category:Singers from Connecticut]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]] [[Category:Hybe Corporation artists]] cnwt8jlwxmc79fpgnodd6br358ykha7 10966983 10966982 2026-08-18T20:45:02Z ~2026-45426-41 1857627 /* */ 10966983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=January 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}} {{Infobox person | name = Lara Raj | image = Lara Raj 7212603df78949f825a8dac21aa6de0.jpg | caption = Raj in 2025 | birth_name = Lara Rajagopalan | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|11|3}} | birth_place = [[Stamford, Connecticut]], U.S. | mother = Kavita Raj | father = Sri Rajagopalan | relatives = [[Rhea Raj]] (sister) | occupation = {{flatlist| *singer *dancer *actress}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2018–present | label = {{Hlist|Hybe UMG|[[Geffen Records]]}} | current_member_of = [[Katseye]] }} }} '''Lara Rajagopalan''' (born November 3, 2005), known professionally as '''Lara Raj''', is an American singer, dancer, and actress. She is a member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye]], made through the [[Reality television|reality show]] ''The Debut: Dream Academy''. ==Early life== Lara Raj was born in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], U.S., to [[Tamil people|Tamil]] parents from [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naik|first=Sihaam|date=June 17, 2025|title=Lara Raj may just be the desi pop baddie you've been waiting for|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/lara-raj-katseye-may-just-be-the-desi-pop-baddie-youve-been-waiting-for|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Vogue India|language=en-IN}}</ref> She has an older sister, [[Rhea Raj]], who is a singer-songwriter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 1, 2019|title=The "2 AM" singer Rhea Raj is Indian by birth|url=https://www.tellyexpress.com/the-2-am-singer-rhea-raj-is-indian-by-birth/|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Tellyexpress|language=en-US}}</ref> Lara started singing, dancing, and acting since she was young. She grew up in [[Dallas, Texas]]. Later, she moved to [[Princeton, New Jersey]], then [[New York City]], where she went to the [[Professional Performing Arts School]] and [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School|LaGuardia High School]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Lara Raj - Voyage LA Magazine {{!}} LA City Guide|language=en-US|url=https://voyagela.com/interview/meet-lara-raj-lara-raj-hollywood/|access-date=October 27, 2025|archive-date=March 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308102424/https://voyagela.com/interview/meet-lara-raj-lara-raj-hollywood/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Career== ===2018=== In 2018, Lara appeared in an [[Advertising|advertisement]] for the [[Obama Foundation]]'s Global Girls Alliance alongside [[Michelle Obama]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Obama Foundation|title=Welcome to the Global Girls Alliance|date=October 11, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-nIJDHWBkI|access-date=October 27, 2025}}</ref> ===2023–2024: Dream Academy and Katseye=== Lara competed in the 2023 global [[audition]] program ''The Debut: Dream Academy''. She placed second and became a member of the six-member group Katseye. She officially debuted as the main vocalist of Katseye on June 28, 2024, with the EP ''SIS (Soft Is Strong)''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 29, 2023|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' Global Girl Group Contest|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|access-date=October 27, 2025|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> ===2025–present=== In June 2025, Katseye released their second extended play, ''Beautiful Chaos''. The EP achieved commercial success, reaching the top ten in several countries, including the [[United States]], [[South Korea]], and [[Belgium]]. Raj has received recognition for her vocal ability, stage presence, and her incorporation of South Asian cultural elements into her performances.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 19, 2023|title=Lara Rajagopalan: Meet HYBE's first Indian-origin K-pop idol, set to debut in KATSEYE|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/lara-rajagopalan-meet-hybe-s-first-indian-origin-k-pop-idol-set-to-debut-in-katseye-101700373596839.html|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== In March 2025, Raj announced that she is [[queer]] on the messaging app {{Interlanguage link|Weverse|en}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McNamara |first1=Brittney |title=KATSEYE's Lara Raj Came Out as Queer |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-member-lara-raj-came-out-as-queer-to-fans-on-weverse-im-half-fruitcake |website=teenvogue.com |accessdate=February 3, 2026 |date=March 24, 2025}}</ref> ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} * As a Dream Academy contestant, she participated in shared songs released on August 21, 2024, including "Dirty Water" and "All the Same". ==Filmography== * 2016 – ''Emoting Emojis'' as Piper (short movie) * 2018 – ''The Blacklist'' as Sara (episode: "Sutton Ross") * 2023 – ''Dream Academy'' – contestant * 2024 – ''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' – herself ([[Netflix]]) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name}} * {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Lara}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:LGBT people from Connecticut]] [[Category:Singers from Connecticut]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]] [[Category:Hybe Corporation artists]] h8apg8pzxxt2xalroecp1nqsgxrbqem 10966984 10966983 2026-08-18T20:51:50Z Fr33kman 15149 Reverted [[WP:AGF|good faith]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45426-41|~2026-45426-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-45426-41|talk]]). ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=January 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}} {{Infobox person | name = Lara Raj | image = Lara Raj 240913 1.jpg | caption = Raj in 2025 | birth_name = Lara Rajagopalan | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|11|3}} | birth_place = [[Stamford, Connecticut]], U.S. | mother = Kavita Raj | father = Sri Rajagopalan | relatives = [[Rhea Raj]] (sister) | occupation = {{flatlist| *singer *dancer *actress}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2018–present | label = {{Hlist|Hybe UMG|[[Geffen Records]]}} | current_member_of = [[Katseye]] }} }} '''Lara Rajagopalan''' (born November 3, 2005), known professionally as '''Lara Raj''', is an American singer, dancer, and actress. She is a member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye]], made through the [[Reality television|reality show]] ''The Debut: Dream Academy''. ==Early life== Lara Raj was born in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], U.S., to [[Tamil people|Tamil]] parents from [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naik|first=Sihaam|date=June 17, 2025|title=Lara Raj may just be the desi pop baddie you've been waiting for|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/lara-raj-katseye-may-just-be-the-desi-pop-baddie-youve-been-waiting-for|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Vogue India|language=en-IN}}</ref> She has an older sister, [[Rhea Raj]], who is a singer-songwriter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 1, 2019|title=The "2 AM" singer Rhea Raj is Indian by birth|url=https://www.tellyexpress.com/the-2-am-singer-rhea-raj-is-indian-by-birth/|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Tellyexpress|language=en-US}}</ref> Lara started singing, dancing, and acting since she was young. She grew up in [[Dallas, Texas]]. Later, she moved to [[Princeton, New Jersey]], then [[New York City]], where she went to the [[Professional Performing Arts School]] and [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School|LaGuardia High School]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Lara Raj - Voyage LA Magazine {{!}} LA City Guide|language=en-US|url=https://voyagela.com/interview/meet-lara-raj-lara-raj-hollywood/|access-date=October 27, 2025|archive-date=March 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308102424/https://voyagela.com/interview/meet-lara-raj-lara-raj-hollywood/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Career== ===2018=== In 2018, Lara appeared in an [[Advertising|advertisement]] for the [[Obama Foundation]]'s Global Girls Alliance alongside [[Michelle Obama]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Obama Foundation|title=Welcome to the Global Girls Alliance|date=October 11, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-nIJDHWBkI|access-date=October 27, 2025}}</ref> ===2023–2024: Dream Academy and Katseye=== Lara competed in the 2023 global [[audition]] program ''The Debut: Dream Academy''. She placed second and became a member of the six-member group Katseye. She officially debuted as the main vocalist of Katseye on June 28, 2024, with the EP ''SIS (Soft Is Strong)''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 29, 2023|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' Global Girl Group Contest|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|access-date=October 27, 2025|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> ===2025–present=== In June 2025, Katseye released their second extended play, ''Beautiful Chaos''. The EP achieved commercial success, reaching the top ten in several countries, including the [[United States]], [[South Korea]], and [[Belgium]]. Raj has received recognition for her vocal ability, stage presence, and her incorporation of South Asian cultural elements into her performances.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 19, 2023|title=Lara Rajagopalan: Meet HYBE's first Indian-origin K-pop idol, set to debut in KATSEYE|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/lara-rajagopalan-meet-hybe-s-first-indian-origin-k-pop-idol-set-to-debut-in-katseye-101700373596839.html|access-date=October 27, 2025|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== In March 2025, Raj announced that she is [[queer]] on the messaging app {{Interlanguage link|Weverse|en}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McNamara |first1=Brittney |title=KATSEYE's Lara Raj Came Out as Queer |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-member-lara-raj-came-out-as-queer-to-fans-on-weverse-im-half-fruitcake |website=teenvogue.com |accessdate=February 3, 2026 |date=March 24, 2025}}</ref> ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} * As a Dream Academy contestant, she participated in shared songs released on August 21, 2024, including "Dirty Water" and "All the Same". ==Filmography== * 2016 – ''Emoting Emojis'' as Piper (short movie) * 2018 – ''The Blacklist'' as Sara (episode: "Sutton Ross") * 2023 – ''Dream Academy'' – contestant * 2024 – ''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' – herself ([[Netflix]]) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name}} * {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Lara}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:LGBT people from Connecticut]] [[Category:Singers from Connecticut]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]] [[Category:Hybe Corporation artists]] cnwt8jlwxmc79fpgnodd6br358ykha7 0 1232098 10967317 10892748 2026-08-19T07:40:12Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | image = Robert Bloch with His Hall of Fame Award, 5 December 1976 (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Bloch in 1976 | pseudonym = Tarleton Fiske, Will Folke, Nathan Hindin, E. K. Jarvis, Floyd Scriltch, Wilson Kane, John Sheldon, Collier Young<ref>{{cite book|title=a.k.a.: 50 Years of American Literary Pseudonyms|last= Haynes|first= Diana|year=c. 1998|publisher= Primulum Books Ltd.|location= Carlsbad, California|isbn= 0-9666470-0-9|page=4}}</ref> | birth_name = Robert Albert Bloch | birth_date = {{birth date|1917|04|05}} | birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1994|09|23|1917|04|05}} | death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S. | occupation = Novelist, short-story writer | nationality = American | period = 1934–1994 | genre = [[Crime fiction|Crime]], [[Fantasy fiction|Fantasy]], [[Horror fiction|Horror]], [[Science fiction]] | subject = | movement = | notableworks = ''[[Psycho (novel)|Psycho]]'', ''[[Psycho II (novel)|Psycho II]]'', ''[[Psycho House]]'', ''[[American Gothic (novel)|American Gothic]]'', ''Firebug'' | signature = | website = {{URL|robertbloch.net}} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Marion Ruth Holcombe|1940|1963|end=divorced}} * {{marriage|Eleanor Zalisko Alexander|1964}} }} | children = 1 }} '''Robert Albert Bloch''' ({{IPAc-en|b|l|ɒ|k}}; April 5, 1917{{spnd}}September 23, 1994) was an American writer. His works were mainly [[crime fiction|crime]], psychological [[horror fiction|horror]] and [[Fantasy Fiction|fantasy]]. He was best known as the writer of ''[[Psycho (novel)|Psycho]]'' (1959), which was the source material for the [[Psycho (1960 movie)|movie of the same name]] directed by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]. Bloch died on September 23, 1994 from [[cancer]] in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] at the age of 77.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Robert Bloch |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rbloch.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604230952/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rbloch.htm |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland}}</ref><ref name="Robert Bloch on Poe and Lovecraft">{{Cite web |title=Robert Bloch on Poe and Lovecraft |url=http://alangullette.com/lit/hpl/bloch.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720222740/http://alangullette.com/lit/hpl/bloch.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2011 |website=alangullette.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Bloch |url=http://www.tabula-rasa.info/DarkAges/RobertBloch.html |website=www.tabula-rasa.info |access-date=2025-10-30 |archive-date=2026-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513135224/http://tabula-rasa.info/DarkAges/RobertBloch.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{wikisource|works=or}} * [https://www.robertbloch.net/ Robert Bloch] at Official Website * {{Gutenberg author |id=31575 | name=Robert Bloch}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Albert Bloch}} * {{Librivox author |id=5109}} * {{Find a Grave|6772946}} * {{IMDb name|0088645}} * [http://www.hitchcockwiki.com/wiki/The_Independent_%2826/Sep/1994%29_-_Obituary:_Robert_Bloch Robert Bloch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309023830/http://www.hitchcockwiki.com/wiki/The_Independent_%2826/Sep/1994%29_-_Obituary:_Robert_Bloch |date=2012-03-09 }} Obituary at Hitchcock wiki * [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv957917 Robert Bloch Papers] are archived at the [[American Heritage Center]], [[University of Wyoming]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Robert}} [[Category:1917 births]] [[Category:1994 deaths]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Los Angeles]] [[Category:American novelists]] [[Category:Writers from Chicago]] [[Category:Writers from Milwaukee]] {{US-bio-stub}} 146oxeiwaq8r1oxa4ixbf20bakwe3w7 0 1232541 10966942 10897399 2026-08-18T19:14:32Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 12 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve|alt_name=|iucn_category=IV|established={{plainlist| * {{start date and age|1 Jul 1879}} (as reserved forest)<ref name ="Reserved forest">{{cite web|url=https://mee-tr.wii.gov.in/Home/Geospatial/pilibhit-tiger-reserve#process|title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: History - reserved forest}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * {{start date and age|1 Feb 2014}} (as wildlife sanctuary)<ref name ="Wildlife sanctuary">{{cite web|url=https://mee-tr.wii.gov.in/Home/Geospatial/pilibhit-tiger-reserve#process|title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: History-wildlife sanctuary}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * {{start date and age|9 Jun 2014}} (as tiger reserve)<ref name="Tiger reserve creation">{{cite journal|author=Chanchani|year=2015|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve: conservation opportunities and challenges|journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=50 |issue=20 |page=19 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/20/reports-states-web-exclusives/pilibhit-tiger-reserve.html}}</ref> }}|photo=A Bengal tigress (Panthera tigris tigris) in syphon area of Pilibhit tiger reserve.jpg|photo_caption=A Bengal tigress in syphon area of Pilibhit reserve|photo_width=280|map=India Uttar Pradesh#India|coordinates={{coord|28|43|7.7196|N|80|4|19.0848|E|region:IN-UP|format=dms|display=inline, title}}|length={{convert|90|km|mi|sp=us}}|width={{convert|15|km|mi|sp=us}}|area={{cvt|730.24|km2}}<ref name ="Total area">{{cite web|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/notification/tigerreserve/Pilibhit.pdf|title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: Notification - Total area}}</ref>|location={{plainlist| * Pilibhit district (97.6%) * Shahjahanpur district (2.4%) * of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India }}|nearest_city={{plainlist| * Pilibhit {{convert|39.72|km|mi|sp=us}}, * Bareilly {{convert|89.58|km|mi|sp=us}} }}|governing_body=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority|NTCA]]|visitation_year=2024–25|visitation_num=54,567{{efn|name=PTR-tourist footfall|As per official data released at the end of the season, the reserve recorded its highest-ever tourist footfall, welcoming 56,289 visitors—an increase from 54,378 in the season before. Revenue also saw a notable rise, reaching ₹1.60 crore compared to ₹1.36 crore last year. The count of foreign tourists were also doubled, jumping from 189 to 452.}}|visitation_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=Pilibhit tiger reserve hosted a record number of footfall. |date=16 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/jungle-tourism-session-ends-across-up-ptr-sees-record-footfall/articleshow/121866633.cms}}</ref>|relief=yes}} '''Pilibhit Tiger Reserve''' is among the narrowest yet most canopy-rich tiger reserves. It is spread across a horseshoe-shaped landscape.<ref name="the most narrowly-forested reserve">{{Cite web|title=field experience of Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://dfe.gov.in/uploads/documents/pilibhit_tiger_reserve_coimbatore.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The reserve has an estimated tiger density of 10.8 per 100&nbsp;km² area.{{Efn|(total recorded tigers in the core area / area in square kilometers)*100|name="Tiger density"}} The reserve covers a total area of 730.24 km², of which 97.6% (712.88 km²) lies in Pilibhit district and 2.4% (17.36 km²) in Shahjahanpur district, both located in the [[Rohilakhand|Rohilkhand]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="district wise area percentage">{{Cite web|title=district wise area percentage of Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://dfe.gov.in/uploads/documents/pilibhit_tiger_reserve_coimbatore.pdf#:~:text=PilibhitTiger%20Reserve%20has%20won%20the%20first%20ever,in%20just%20four%20years%20from%202014%2D18%20period.|publisher=Central Academy for state forest service}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Chanchani 2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chanchani, P.|year=2015|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve: conservation opportunities and challenges|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/20/reports-states-web-exclusives/pilibhit-tiger-reserve.html|url-status=live|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=50|issue=20|page=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818135804/https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/20/reports-states-web-exclusives/pilibhit-tiger-reserve.html|archive-date=18 August 2023|access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> Approximately 21% of Pilibhit district is in the reserve. This positions it in the category of Uttar Pradesh's most forest-rich districts. It consists of the Himalayan lowlands terrain along the [[India|Indo]]–[[Nepal]] border in the upper [[North Indian Plain|northern plains]]. The habitat is distinguished by tall grasslands, sal forests (forests dominated by the sal tree, ''Shorea robusta''), and the [[Swamp|swamp ecosystem]], which is maintained through regular flooding events originating from nearby rivers, riverlets and lakes during the rainy seasons. The Sharda sagar dam elongating up to a length of {{Cvt|22|km}} is on the edge of the reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/pilibhit.htm|access-date=29 February 2012|website=Reserve Guide – Project Tiger Reserves In India|publisher=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref> The core area of the reserve contains 35 species of [[Mammal|mammals]],<ref name="Mammals">{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve - mammals|url=https://mee-tr.wii.gov.in/Home/Geospatial/pilibhit-tiger-reserve#process}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 556 [[Bird|avians]] species,<ref>{{Cite web|title=556 birds species|url=https://upforest.gov.in/web/forestnew/upfd_PTR.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124101744/http://upforest.gov.in/web/forestnew/upfd_PTR.aspx|archive-date=24 January 2020|access-date=8 October 2025|website=Govt. of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Biodiversity|url=https://pilibhittigerreserve.in/biodiversity.php|website=pilibhittigerreserve.in/|access-date=2025-11-01|archive-date=2026-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124181929/https://pilibhittigerreserve.in/biodiversity.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> 79 species of fishes,<ref name="Fishes">{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve- Fishes' species|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref> as well as several species of [[Reptile|reptiles]] and [[Amphibian|amphibians]].<ref name="ReptileAmphibians">{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve – Reptiles and Amphibians|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref> It also includes [[Herbivore|herbivorous]], [[Carnivore|carnivorous]], and [[Omnivore|omnivorous]] fauna. In 2020, the tiger reserve was awarded the inaugural TX2 global award in recognition of its achievement in multiplying the number of tigers within the stipulated time frame.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve Gets Global Award For Doubling Tiger Population|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pilibhit-tiger-reserve-gets-global-award-tx2-for-doubling-tiger-population-2330242|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171048/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pilibhit-tiger-reserve-gets-global-award-tx2-for-doubling-tiger-population-2330242|archive-date=26 November 2020|access-date=29 November 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> An internal survey in 2022, found that the reserve has more than 99,882 animals of 22 different species.<ref name="Population survey -2022">{{Cite web|date=25 July 2022|title=UP: 160% surge in wildlife population in Pilibhit Tiger Reserve in 3 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/up-160-surge-in-wildlife-population-in-pilibhit-tiger-reserve-in-3-years/articleshow/93098900.cms#:~:text=Official%20records%20of%20PTR%20show,number%20from%2036%20to%20101.|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The reserve's officials confirmed in August 2025 that the core area has more than 79 adult tigers.{{Efn|including 14 males, 53 females, and 12 tigers of undetermined gender. This figure excludes an additional 18 tigers, comprising cubs less than one year of age and individual tigers that have dispersed beyond the designated core zone into adjacent agricultural areas, commonly referred to as ''sugarcane tigers''.|name="Tiger counting"}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 August 2025|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve introduces new method to count tigers by gender|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/pilibhit-tiger-reserve-introduces-new-method-to-count-tigers-by-gender/articleshow/123317399.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 April 2025|title=Three tigresses with nine cubs spotted at Pilibhit tiger reserve; sign of rise in big cat count|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/three-tigresses-with-nine-cubs-spotted-at-pilibhit-tiger-reserve-sign-of-rise-in-big-cat-count/articleshow/120288498.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[File:Rocket, A Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) on the pakki patri area at Pilibhit tiger reserve.jpg|thumb|Rocket, a Bengal tiger on the pakki patri area at Pilibhit reserve]] == History == The forested regions of Pilibhit have historically been recognized for their ecological significance. During the colonial period and earlier, the area served as a favored hunting ground for [[Princely state|Indian royalty]] and [[British Raj|British]] officers. During the [[British Empire|British colonial period]], the forests in the Pilibhit region were subjected to intensive [[Logging|timber extraction]], prompting the implementation of scientific forestry practices. The area was formally designated a reserved forest in 1879. Structured forest management was initiated in 1893.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: History|url=https://mee-tr.wii.gov.in/Home/Geospatial/pilibhit-tiger-reserve#process}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, by the late 20th century, increasing threats such as human encroachment, [[poaching]] underscored and [[deforestation]], the urgent need for conservation measures was felt.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2025|title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: A Jewel of the Terai Region|url=https://pilibhittigerreserve.in/about.php}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In April 2008, a proposal was submitted to the [[Government of India|Indian government]] to establish a dedicated [[habitat]] for [[Endangered species|endangered felines]] within the Pilibhit forests. In September 2008, the proposal was accepted in principle, due to the region's unique ecosystem, characterized by expansive open landscapes and an adequate prey base capable of sustaining the species. Later in June 2014, the forests of Pilibhit were announced as the 46th reserve area of India. Until then, the forests of Pilibhit were a prime source of [[Lumber|timber]] production.<ref name="Chanchani 2015" /> In 2020, the tiger reserve got the global recognition TX2, for multiplying the count of tigers in a short span of just four years against a target of 10 years. Among other 13 tiger range countries, the tiger reserve was the very first reserve in India to receive this prestigious award.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 November 2020|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve gets the first TX2 award.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-pilibhit-tiger-reserve-gets-the-first-tx2-award/articleshow/79391153.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> == Geography == The reserve, situated between latitudes 28°50'7.40"N to 28°15'43.90"N and longitudes 79°52'57.18"E to 80°23'10.82"E,<ref name="latitude and longitude">{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: latitude and longitude|url=https://earthbrigadefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Report-on-Water-Hole-Utilisation_PILIBHIT-TIGER-RESERVE_compressed.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> lies predominantly within the upper northern plains having moist [[deciduous]] forest biogeographic zone. It falls mainly under the administrative jurisdiction of Pilibhit district, in [[Bareilly division]], in the northern Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The reserve area is made of a buffer area of {{Cvt|127.45|km2}} and a core area of {{Cvt|602.79|km2}} in its limits.<ref name="Reserves' Core and Buffer Area">{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: Notification - Reserves' Core and Buffer Area|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/notification/tigerreserve/Pilibhit.pdf}}</ref> The core area is officially constricted for human settlement, but 15 entire villages are still within the limits of the core area, disturbing the wildlife due to human traffic on roads, [[livestock]] grazing and consumption of the forest resources.<ref name="NTCA">{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref> The tiger reserve acts as a wildlife corridor between Jim Corbett, Kishanpur, Dudhwa, and [[Shuklaphanta National Park|Shuklaphanta]].<ref name="WildlifeManagementArea">{{Cite web|title=Wildlife management area near Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref> The northern boundary is from Pilibhit-Bankati road to Mahof up to [[Uttarakhand]] boundary along the [[India|Indo]]-[[Nepal]] international border up to pillar 17<ref name="Reserves' boundary">{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: Notification - Reserves' boundary|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/notification/tigerreserve/Pilibhit.pdf}}</ref> and then from pillar 17 to pillar 28.<ref name="Indo-NepalBorder">{{Cite web|title=Indo-NepalBorder-Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref><ref name="Reserves' boundary" /> The eastern boundary is from Indo-Nepal international border pillar 28 along the boundary of Bifurcation forest block, Barahi forest block and Navadiya forest block of Barahi forest range and up to the boundary of Navadiya forest block, Haripur forest block and Dakka forest block of Haripur range.<ref name="Bifurcation">{{Cite web|title=Bifurcation-Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref><ref name="Reserves' boundary" /> The southern boundary is from the reserve forest boundary of Haripur range up to the reserve forest boundary of Barahi range, Mahof range, Mala range and Dioria range.<ref name="SouthernBorder">{{Cite web|title=Southern Border – Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref><ref name="Reserves' boundary" /> The western boundary is from the reserve forest boundary of Pasgaon compartment 6 and Ramnagar compartment 1 of Deoria range along the reserve forest boundary of Banganj compartment 5, Gada compartment 130, Ghamela compartment 119 of Mala range up to Bankati.<ref name="WesternBorder">{{Cite web|title=Western Border – Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref><ref name="Reserves' boundary" /> [[File:Range_map_of_Pilibhit_Tiger_Reserve.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Range map of Pilibhit reserve area]] {| class="wikitable sortable static-row-number static-row-header-text sort-under-center col2center col3center col4center hover-highlight" |+Range-wise core and buffer area<ref>{{Cite web|title=Field experience of Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://dfe.gov.in/uploads/documents/pilibhit_tiger_reserve_coimbatore.pdf#:~:text=PilibhitTiger%20Reserve%20has%20won%20the%20first%20ever,in%20just%20four%20years%20from%202014%2D18%20period.|publisher=Central Academy for state forest service}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Range-wise area">{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: Notification - Range-wise area|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/notification/tigerreserve/Pilibhit.pdf}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Name of range ! colspan="3" |Area (in km²) |- class="static-row-header" !Core !Buffer !Total |- |Mala |163.32 |1.40 |164.72 |- |Mahof |143.87 |3.24 |147.12 |- |Barahi |106.45 |76.94 |183.39 |- |Haripur |91.62 |28.33 |119.95 |- |Deoria |97.51 |0.15 |97.66 |- |Khutar |0.00 |17.36 |17.36 |- !Total !602.79 !127.45 !730.24 |} == Climate == The reserve ischaracterized by distinct winter, summer, and monsoon phases. Each season exerts significant influence on vegetation patterns and wildlife activities. The month of January is the coldest period, with mean maximum and minimum temperatures of 23°C and 6°C, respectively. [[Dew]] deposition during winter is substantial, maintaining high surface moisture on vegetation until midday. [[Frost heaving|Frost formation]] is commonly observed across grassland habitats (phantas) from late November till early March. The pre-monsoon summer season, extending through April and mid-July, records the highest temperature range, with maximum values fluctuating between 36°C and 45°C. High daytime temperatures are typically accompanied by hot Westerly winds (locally termed as ''Pachua'' or ''loo''), while nocturnal temperatures remain comparatively moderate until early May.<ref name="Climatic conditions Of Pilibhit Tiger Reserve">{{Cite web|title=Climatic conditions of Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://mee-tr.wii.gov.in/Home/Geospatial/pilibhit-tiger-reserve#state-wise|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The southwest monsoon generally sets in by mid-July and persists until mid-October, contributing approximately 90% of the total annual [[precipitation]]. During July and August, mean diurnal and nocturnal temperatures are observed at approximately 37°C and 20°C, respectively. Prevailing westerly winds generally dominate for most of the year, but extremely intensify during summer. Hot, desiccating {{lang|hi|loo}} winds are characteristic from mid-April to late May, followed by Easterly winds (locally termed as ''Purvai'' or ''Purva'') from December-January. Northerly winds occur during monsoon-end and helps to hold the monsoon, crossing the Himalayan range and also bring wintery chills from the Himalayan range.<ref name="ClimaticVariations">{{Cite web|title=Climatic Variations in Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/pilibhit/ext}}</ref><ref name="Climatic conditions Of Pilibhit Tiger Reserve 01">{{Cite web|title=Climatic conditions of Pilibhit tiger reserve 01|url=https://mee-tr.wii.gov.in/Home/Geospatial/pilibhit-tiger-reserve#state-wise|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The tiger reserve stays open for wildlife tourism throughout the year, except during the rainy season (July 1–October 31).<ref name="Annual monsoon break">{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit tiger reserves in Uttar Pradesh will be closed to visitors from June 15 for the annual monsoon break.|url=https://www.news18.com/india/all-tiger-reserves-and-national-parks-in-up-to-be-closed-from-june-15-check-reopening-date-ws-adkl-9379634.html}}</ref> == Ecology == Out of the total forest cover of {{Cvt|730.24|km2}} within the reserve, approximately {{Cvt|416.07|km2}} is classified as ''very dense forest'' (VDF) based on canopy density.<ref name="VDF">{{Cite web|date=13 October 2025|title=Assessment of forest cover -VDF|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-4.pdf|website=fsi.nic.in|publisher=fsi.nic.in}}</ref> An estimated {{Cvt|78.9|km2}} falls under the category of ''moderately dense forest'' (MDF), while {{Cvt|70.23|km2}} is designated as ''open forest'' (OF).<ref name="MDF & OF">{{Cite web|date=13 October 2025|title=Assessment of forest cover - MDF & OF|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-4.pdf|website=fsi.nic.in|publisher=fsi.nic.in}}</ref> The forest types found within the core area of the reserve include tropical moist deciduous forests, covering approximately {{Cvt|469.24|km2}}; tropical dry deciduous forests, spanning approximately {{Cvt|89.78|km2}}; [[Littoral zone|littoral swamp forests]], occupying approximately {{Cvt|0.01|km2}}; and areas of old plantation, extending over approximately {{Cvt|10.4|km2}}.<ref name="forest coverage">{{Cite web|date=13 October 2025|title=Assessment of forest cover - forest type|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-4.pdf|website=fsi.nic.in|publisher=fsi.nic.in}}</ref> The other forest types include shorea robusta, moist [[terai]]-{{lang|hi|bhabar dhun sal}}, moist mixed deciduous, and [[Savanna|alluvial savanna woodlands]], dry bamboo brakes, [[Chir pine|shivalik chir pine]] forests, and [[Grassland|grasslands]].<ref name="FloweringPlants 011">{{Cite web|title=FloweringPlants – Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref> Overall, the primary vegetation is composed of {{lang|hi|sal}} and mixed forests, interspersed with grasslands and riparian zones.<ref name="FloweringPlants" /> The [[Grassland|grasslands]] form one of the most striking features, covering nearly 8% of the reserve's total area. These open landscapes are broadly divided into two main types - the ''upland phantas'' and the ''low-lying phantas''.<ref name="Phantas Of Pilibhit Tiger Reserve">{{Cite web|title=Phantas of Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://mee-tr.wii.gov.in/Home/Geospatial/pilibhit-tiger-reserve#state-wise|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The largest stretches of grasslands lie along the southern edge of the reserve, following the courses of the Sharda and Mala rivers. In heavily wooded zones, grasslands are often linked with [[Swamp|swamps]], while in open grassy expanses, small clusters of trees known locally as ''bojhis'' offer shade and refuge to animals seeking rest or protection.<ref name="Grasslands Of Pilibhit Tiger Reserve">{{Cite web|title=Grasslands of Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://mee-tr.wii.gov.in/Home/Geospatial/pilibhit-tiger-reserve#state-wise|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[File:Small_clusters_of_Bojhi_flora_in_a_Swamp_in_Pilibhit_tiger_reserve.jpg|center|thumb|999x999px|Small clusters of {{lang|hi|Bojhi}} flora in Pilibhit reserve area including moist mixed deciduous forest, [[Littoral zone|littoral swamp forests]], and [[Grassland|grasslands]].]] == Hydrology == The reserve has a network of rivers, canals, and [[perennial]] water bodies that are important in sustaining its diverse wildlife and ecological processes. The Sharda river serves as the principal hydrological feature and lifeline of the reserve, interconnected with several distributaries, including the Kheri branch canal, the Hardoi branch canal, and the feeder of the Sharda sagar dam.<ref name="Sharda river System">{{Cite web|title=Sharda river system of Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref> Flowing predominantly along the northern boundary of the reserve, the Sharda river significantly contributes to maintaining the region’s hydrological stability and ecological integrity. The [[Gumti River|Gomti river]] originates from Gomat {{lang|hi|taal}}, near Madhotanda within the boundary of the tiger reserve. Also, the reserve's proximity to the [[Ghaghara|Ghaghara river]] (also called Khakra river locally) in the south-west, as well as riverets like Mala Khannot, Katana and Chuka make it an ideal place for wildlife.<ref name="RiverSystemPBT">{{Cite web|title=River System of Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref> The reserve comprises 45 [[Wetland|wetland areas]], accounting for approximately 5.9% (44.98&nbsp;km²) of its total area. Of these, 25 are natural inland wetlands approximately {{Cvt|40.16|km2}} by area, while 8 are classified as man-made inland wetlands covering approximately {{Cvt|4.69|km2}} area, while the remaining 12 wetlands have an area lesser than {{Cvt|0.02|km2}} each, covering a total area of approximately {{Cvt|0.12|km2}}.<ref name="Wetland coverage">{{Cite web|date=13 October 2025|title=Assessment of forest cover - Wetland coverage|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-4.pdf|website=fsi.nic.in|publisher=fsi.nic.in}}</ref> The major perennial wetlands in the reserve area are Jhand, Lagga–Baggha, Sambhar, Jahabber, Sutiya, Tilania Jor, Bhimtaal, Lidshya Naala, and Narahi Naala.<ref name="Hydrology Of Pilibhit Tiger Reserve">{{Cite web|title=River System of Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://mee-tr.wii.gov.in/Home/Geospatial/pilibhit-tiger-reserve#state-wise|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Image array}} == Flora == The reserve harbors approximately 2,100 types of species of [[Flowering plant|angiosperms]].<ref name="FloweringPlants">{{Cite web|title=FloweringPlants – Pilibhit tiger reserve|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf|website=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]}}</ref> A survey conducted in 2025 concluded that the reserve also hosts over 58 [[Herb|herbs]] species, 21 [[Shrub|shrubs]] species, 8 [[Subshrub|undershrubs]] species, 5 [[Climbing plant|climbers]] species, 21 [[Tree|trees]] species, 4 [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] species, and 6 [[grass]] species.<ref name="Floral Diversity">{{Cite web|title=Floristic Diversity and Threat Status in Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh|url=https://er.researchfloor.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Floristic-Diversity-and-Threat-Status-in-Pilibhit-Tiger-Reserve-Uttar-Pradesh.pdf}}</ref> A defining feature of the habitat is the presence of [[Meadow|open meadows]] scattered among {{lang|hi|sal}} and moist mixed deciduous forests. These grasslands, locally known as 'Chaur', have formed on abandoned human settlements or past clearings. Due to their [[Human evolution|anthropogenic]] origin, these meadows are now gradually being overtaken by dense, woody vegetation.<ref name="FloweringPlants" /> == References == {{Reflist}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} [[Category:Articles with excerpts]] [[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]] [[Category:IUCN Category IV]] ti3yvp7u8ujfljavca3s4p7jhyg44dy 0 1233497 10966735 10965635 2026-08-18T16:06:46Z ~2026-45398-67 1857497 /* */ 10966735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer who is based in [[Los Angeles, California]]. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], which debuted on June 28, 2024. The group is made under [[Hybe]] and [[Geffen Records]] after the global [[talent show]] ''[[Dream Academy]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wickes |first1=Hanna |title=Gone Global: Where Are the Members of KATSEYE From? |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |website=[[J-14 (magazine)|J-14]] |date=November 22, 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116005917/https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |url-status=dead |df=ymd-all}}</ref>yoonchea is my bias ima Finna wanna meet here if yall see this my TikTok user is usrrx.0456 help me grow ma TikTok yoonchea I love you ==Early days== She was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She has an older sister, who taught her about makeup.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== [[File:Yoonchae 240913.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|Yoonchae in 2024]] In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Herself |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] 5mw0myca4ru84wkrimy8vsf5o521073 10966737 10966735 2026-08-18T16:07:03Z ~2026-45151-66 1857498 /* Early days */ 10966737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer who is based in [[Los Angeles, California]]. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], which debuted on June 28, 2024. The group is made under [[Hybe]] and [[Geffen Records]] after the global [[talent show]] ''[[Dream Academy]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wickes |first1=Hanna |title=Gone Global: Where Are the Members of KATSEYE From? |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |website=[[J-14 (magazine)|J-14]] |date=November 22, 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116005917/https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |url-status=dead |df=ymd-all}}</ref>yoonchea is my bias ima Finna wanna meet here if yall see this my TikTok user is usrrx.0456 help me grow ma TikTok yoonchea I love you ==Early days== She was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She has an older sister, who taught her about makeup.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== [[File:Yoonchae 240913.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|Yoonchae in 2024]] In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Herself |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] ggl44i9g6xdqyb7b1ljgk8qmd3ytc44 10966749 10966737 2026-08-18T16:18:08Z Idolsarchived 1857500 10966749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer who is based in [[Los Angeles, California]]. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], which debuted on June 28, 2024. The group is made under [[Hybe]] and [[Geffen Records]] after the global [[talent show]] ''[[Dream Academy]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wickes |first1=Hanna |title=Gone Global: Where Are the Members of KATSEYE From? |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |website=[[J-14 (magazine)|J-14]] |date=November 22, 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116005917/https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |url-status=dead |df=ymd-all}}</ref>yoonchea is my bias ima Finna wanna meet here if yall see this my TikTok user is usrrx.0456 help me grow ma TikTok yoonchea I love you ==Early days== She was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She has an older sister, who taught her about makeup.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== [[File:Katseye in Seattle - KATSEYE (54975981191) (Yoonchae).jpg|left|thumb|205x205px|Yoonchae in 2025]] In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Herself |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] rxvtrfgvn2ypmzltkg2n0xwol8m6flq 10966829 10966749 2026-08-18T17:08:34Z ~2026-45206-57 1857532 /* */ 10966829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' (aka maknae eats first)({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer who is based in [[Los Angeles, California]]. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], which debuted on June 28, 2024. The group is made under [[Hybe]] and [[Geffen Records]] after the global [[talent show]] ''[[Dream Academy]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wickes |first1=Hanna |title=Gone Global: Where Are the Members of KATSEYE From? |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |website=[[J-14 (magazine)|J-14]] |date=November 22, 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116005917/https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |url-status=dead |df=ymd-all}}</ref>yoonchea is my bias ima Finna wanna meet here if yall see this my TikTok user is usrrx.0456 help me grow ma TikTok yoonchea I love you ==Early days== She was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She has an older sister, who taught her about makeup.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== [[File:Katseye in Seattle - KATSEYE (54975981191) (Yoonchae).jpg|left|thumb|205x205px|Yoonchae in 2025]] In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Herself |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] rz7eievbfolajyph1j9kde3t8wwh26m 10966830 10966829 2026-08-18T17:08:45Z Icodense 484975 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45206-57|~2026-45206-57]] ([[User talk:~2026-45206-57|talk]]) to last version by Idolsarchived 10966749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer who is based in [[Los Angeles, California]]. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], which debuted on June 28, 2024. The group is made under [[Hybe]] and [[Geffen Records]] after the global [[talent show]] ''[[Dream Academy]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wickes |first1=Hanna |title=Gone Global: Where Are the Members of KATSEYE From? |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |website=[[J-14 (magazine)|J-14]] |date=November 22, 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116005917/https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |url-status=dead |df=ymd-all}}</ref>yoonchea is my bias ima Finna wanna meet here if yall see this my TikTok user is usrrx.0456 help me grow ma TikTok yoonchea I love you ==Early days== She was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She has an older sister, who taught her about makeup.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== [[File:Katseye in Seattle - KATSEYE (54975981191) (Yoonchae).jpg|left|thumb|205x205px|Yoonchae in 2025]] In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Herself |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] rxvtrfgvn2ypmzltkg2n0xwol8m6flq 10966874 10966830 2026-08-18T17:26:10Z Lenimra 1857536 /* Early days */ Removed an unrelated sentence promoting someone's tiktok 10966874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer who is based in [[Los Angeles, California]]. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], which debuted on June 28, 2024. The group is made under [[Hybe]] and [[Geffen Records]] after the global [[talent show]] ''[[Dream Academy]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wickes |first1=Hanna |title=Gone Global: Where Are the Members of KATSEYE From? |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |website=[[J-14 (magazine)|J-14]] |date=November 22, 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116005917/https://www.j-14.com/posts/where-are-the-katseye-members-from-global-girl-groups-nationalities/ |url-status=dead |df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Early days== She was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She has an older sister, who taught her about makeup.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== [[File:Katseye in Seattle - KATSEYE (54975981191) (Yoonchae).jpg|left|thumb|205x205px|Yoonchae in 2025]] In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Herself |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] hcbwb1m67qnzfujel1sua4edwyhiph8 10966971 10966874 2026-08-18T20:08:09Z ~2026-45167-63 1857612 10966971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), best known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[File:Katseye in Seattle - KATSEYE (54975981191) (Yoonchae).jpg|left|thumb|296x296px|Yoonchae Jeung, 2025{{Infobox person | name = Yoonchae Jeung | birth_date = December 6, 2007 | birth_place = Seoul, South korea | nationality = South Korean | occupation = Singer, Dancer | years_active = 2024-present | agent = HYBE x Geffen records | known_for = member of KATSEYE }} ]][[South Korea]]n singer and dancer. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], formed through the 2023 reality show ''Dream Academy''. ==Early days== Jeung Yoonchae was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She grew up with her m other, Jeung Jin-ah, her older sister and her father, who remains private and out of the public spotlight, though fans note he is deeply supportive of her career. Growing up, she developed passion for performing arts and K-pop. She went through K-pop style training for awhile before going into Dream Academy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Yoonchae, as of august 2026, has also published 3 EP's with KATSEYE. KATSEYE's discography contains from 18 to 20 songs. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Contestant |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |- |2026 |KATSEYE: WILD HEARTS |Member of KATSEYE |Theaters (august 2026) | |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] ey5dsw6c9k5bep3uju3nyi1pd60tprd 10966972 10966971 2026-08-18T20:09:50Z ~2026-45167-63 1857612 10966972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), best known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer and dancer. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], formed through the 2023 reality show ''Dream Academy''. ==Early days== Jeung Yoonchae was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She grew up with her m other, Jeung Jin-ah, her older sister and her father, who remains private and out of the public spotlight, though fans note he is deeply supportive of her career. Growing up, she developed passion for performing arts and K-pop. She went through K-pop style training for awhile before going into Dream Academy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== [[File:Katseye in Seattle - KATSEYE (54975981191) (Yoonchae).jpg|left|thumb|296x296px|Yoonchae Jeung, 2025{{Infobox person | name = Yoonchae Jeung | birth_date = December 6, 2007 | birth_place = Seoul, South korea | nationality = South Korean | occupation = Singer, Dancer | years_active = 2024-present | agent = HYBE x Geffen records | known_for = member of KATSEYE }} ]] ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Yoonchae, as of august 2026, has also published 3 EP's with KATSEYE. KATSEYE's discography contains from 18 to 20 songs. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Contestant |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |- |2026 |KATSEYE: WILD HEARTS |Member of KATSEYE |Theaters (august 2026) | |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] 5gc5hgtv61v0d9g3fu5ct35tfzzl3hc 10966973 10966972 2026-08-18T20:10:27Z ~2026-45167-63 1857612 10966973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), best known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer and dancer. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], formed through the 2023 reality show ''Dream Academy''. [[File:Katseye in Seattle - KATSEYE (54975981191) (Yoonchae).jpg|left|thumb|296x296px|Yoonchae Jeung, 2025{{Infobox person | name = Yoonchae Jeung | birth_date = December 6, 2007 | birth_place = Seoul, South korea | nationality = South Korean | occupation = Singer, Dancer | years_active = 2024-present | agent = HYBE x Geffen records | known_for = member of KATSEYE }} ]] ==Early days== Jeung Yoonchae was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She grew up with her m other, Jeung Jin-ah, her older sister and her father, who remains private and out of the public spotlight, though fans note he is deeply supportive of her career. Growing up, she developed passion for performing arts and K-pop. She went through K-pop style training for awhile before going into Dream Academy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Yoonchae, as of august 2026, has also published 3 EP's with KATSEYE. KATSEYE's discography contains from 18 to 20 songs. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Contestant |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |- |2026 |KATSEYE: WILD HEARTS |Member of KATSEYE |Theaters (august 2026) | |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] smk8ip1sedk2ktujoxh0ig2fj4eliy0 10966985 10966973 2026-08-18T20:56:51Z ~2026-45222-94 1857633 /* */ 10966985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), best known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer and dancer. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], formed through the 2023 reality show ''Dream Academy''. She is rumored to be the reason former member, [[Manon Bannerman]], was put on hiatus. [[File:Katseye in Seattle - KATSEYE (54975981191) (Yoonchae).jpg|left|thumb|296x296px|Yoonchae Jeung, 2025{{Infobox person | name = Yoonchae Jeung | birth_date = December 6, 2007 | birth_place = Seoul, South korea | nationality = South Korean | occupation = Singer, Dancer | years_active = 2024-present | agent = HYBE x Geffen records | known_for = member of KATSEYE }} ]] ==Early days== Jeung Yoonchae was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She grew up with her m other, Jeung Jin-ah, her older sister and her father, who remains private and out of the public spotlight, though fans note he is deeply supportive of her career. Growing up, she developed passion for performing arts and K-pop. She went through K-pop style training for awhile before going into Dream Academy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Yoonchae, as of august 2026, has also published 3 EP's with KATSEYE. KATSEYE's discography contains from 18 to 20 songs. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Contestant |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |- |2026 |KATSEYE: WILD HEARTS |Member of KATSEYE |Theaters (august 2026) | |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] 7jt99kx0pyoi1utavqoesrp18a1ovrx 10967011 10966985 2026-08-18T21:42:36Z ~2026-45235-40 1857657 /* */ 10967011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), best known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer and dancer. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], formed through the 2023 reality show ''Dream Academy''. [[File:Katseye in Seattle - KATSEYE (54975981191) (Yoonchae).jpg|left|thumb|296x296px|Yoonchae Jeung, 2025{{Infobox person | name = Yoonchae Jeung | birth_date = December 6, 2007 | birth_place = Seoul, South korea | nationality = South Korean | occupation = Singer, Dancer | years_active = 2024-present | agent = HYBE x Geffen records | known_for = member of KATSEYE }} ]] ==Early days== Jeung Yoonchae was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She grew up with her m other, Jeung Jin-ah, her older sister and her father, who remains private and out of the public spotlight, though fans note he is deeply supportive of her career. Growing up, she developed passion for performing arts and K-pop. She went through K-pop style training for awhile before going into Dream Academy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Yoonchae, as of august 2026, has also published 3 EP's with KATSEYE. KATSEYE's discography contains from 18 to 20 songs. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Contestant |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |- |2026 |KATSEYE: WILD HEARTS |Member of KATSEYE |Theaters (august 2026) | |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] smk8ip1sedk2ktujoxh0ig2fj4eliy0 10967192 10967011 2026-08-19T04:40:49Z ~2026-45485-92 1857805 /* */ 10967192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), best known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer and dancer. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], formed through the 2023 reality show ''Dream Academy''. ==Early days== Jeung Yoonchae was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She grew up with her m other, Jeung Jin-ah, her older sister and her father, who remains private and out of the public spotlight, though fans note he is deeply supportive of her career. Growing up, she developed passion for performing arts and K-pop. She went through K-pop style training for awhile before going into Dream Academy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Yoonchae, as of august 2026, has also published 3 EP's with KATSEYE. KATSEYE's discography contains from 18 to 20 songs. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Contestant |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |- |2026 |KATSEYE: WILD HEARTS |Member of KATSEYE |Theaters (august 2026) | |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] cwxh2aydhwvpsett9w6lkcvuq5no886 10967293 10967192 2026-08-19T07:08:11Z ~2026-42983-78 1857850 /* Early days */ 10967293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} '''Jeung Yoon-chae''' ({{Korean|hangul=정윤채}}; born December 6, 2007), best known by the name '''Yoonchae''', is a [[South Korea]]n singer and dancer. She is the youngest member of the global [[girl group]] [[Katseye|KATSEYE]], formed through the 2023 reality show ''Dream Academy''. ==Early days== Jeung Yoonchae was born in [[Seoul, South Korea]], on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She grew up with her mother, Jeung Jin-ah, her older sister and her father, who remains private and out of the public spotlight, though fans note he is deeply supportive of her career. Growing up, she developed passion for performing arts and K-pop. She went through K-pop style training for awhile before going into Dream Academy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''. She’s now known as the most hardworking member of the group, for never missing a performance. The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ”. ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November 17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Yoonchae, as of august 2026, has also published 3 EP's with KATSEYE. KATSEYE's discography contains from 18 to 20 songs. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Contestant |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |- |2026 |KATSEYE: WILD HEARTS |Member of KATSEYE |Theaters (august 2026) | |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] 9osxw4rkybfkvd7ozco8aeu6y2m15s9 0 1234946 10966806 10963261 2026-08-18T16:57:51Z DONTYOUEVERTURNMYPIZZAINSIDEOUT 1836301 /* */ 10966806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=November 2025}} {{wikify|date=November 2025}} [[File:Tally Hall logo.svg|alt=The Tally Hall logo.|thumb|The Tally Hall logo, stylized as tallyhall.]] {{Infobox musical artist | name = Tally Hall | background = group_or_band | alias = {{plainlist| * Unkown Band Name (2002-2003) * Gallagher (2003-2003) * 540 (2003-2003) }} | origin = [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| * "fabloo" * Indie Rock * {{nowrap|[[Alternative]]}} }} | years_active = 2002-2011 (Hiatus) | label = {{flatlist| * Needle juice (Current) * Quack! Media (2005-2007) * Atlantic Records (2007-2010) }} | spinoffs = {{flatlist| * Edu * [[Miracle Musical]] * Masterpiece * Mr. F * Cojumn Dip * Happy Monster Band }} | spinoff_of = {{flatlist| * Listedblack * Toy Orchestra * The Baker Bros }} | website = {{URL|TallyHall.com}} | module = [[File:Tallyhall jzr.jpg]] | past_members = *Steve Gallagher | current_members = * Rob Cantor (Guitarist and vocals) * Zubin Sedghi (Bassist and vocals) * Andrew Horowitz (Keyboard and vocals) * Joe Hawley (Guitarist and vocals) * Ross Federman (Drummer) * Bora Karaca ("Honorary Member" and Production) * Casey Shea (Touring guitarist) | image = File:TallyHall.jpg }} '''Tally Hall''' (often stylized as tallyhall) is an American indie rock band created by Andrew Horowitz, Zubin Sedghi, Rob Cantor, Ross Federman, and Joe Hawley. Many popular songs by them include "''Turn The Lights Off''", "''&''", "''Hidden in the Sand''", and "''The Bidding''", often called "''I've been sleeping in a cardboard box''", which gained traction due to their use in [[TikTok]] videos and edits. So far, the band has made two studio albums, "''Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum''", named after the museum of the same name, and "''Good & Evil''", and one non-promotional single "Just a Friend". This is their latest release, being put out in 2019. Even though it was released in 2019, it was recorded in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Just a Friend - Tally Hallmanac: The Ultimate Tally Hall Wiki|url=https://wiki.hiddeninthesand.com/Just_a_Friend|access-date=2026-07-02|website=wiki.hiddeninthesand.com|language=en}}</ref> The band went on a hiatus, or long pause, in 2011 after the "''Good & Evil''" album, although several members of the band have played together, with the most being four playing together. A reason that has been cited for them not reuniting is member Edward Hawley's worsening mental state. Since their hiatus, some notable solo and side projects have been "''Edu''", Andrew Horrowitz's band that as of the 2nd of July 2026 have released one studio album and three singles, another project being "''Miracle Musical''", who have released one album and two singles. After the hiatus, [[:en:Rob_Cantor|Rob Cantor]] released an album some songs to the internet, such as "''[[Christian Bale]] Is At Your Party''" and "''Shia Labeouf''", which went on to get an orchestral live version which gained 91 million views on [[YouTube]]. Notably, he released an album called "''Not A Trampoline"'' on the 14th of April 2014, alongside music videos for the album. He has also done several volumes of nursery rhymes for Disney and most recently released a single called "My Boy". == Post Good & Evil Solo Projects == After Tally Hall's last album, every member would go on to do some musical work with other bands or by themselves, other than band member Zubin Sedghi who went onto pursue medical engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tally Hall Wikia|url=https://tallyhall.fandom.com/wiki/Tally_Hall_Wikia|access-date=2026-07-03|website=tallyhall.fandom.com|language=en}}</ref> Joe Hawley would go into form the band Miracle Musical who released the album Hawaii: Part II, A single called "''Variations On A Cloud''", a single called "''Candle On The Water''", a game and soundtrack to said game, and the demos for Hawaii: Part II. By himself he would create the albums Joe Hawley Joe Hawley and γɘlwɒH oeJ yelwaH oeJ, being a reversed version of the former, as well as the singles Weird Bed &/ Or Yes Please and Some People Eat Flowers Out Of Earnest Intent To Bring Heaven.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joe Hawley|url=https://joehawley.bandcamp.com/|access-date=2026-07-03|website=Joe Hawley|language=en}}</ref> Ross Federman would go onto become a DJ under the name Mr. F, but more recently he has also been billed as 'DJ Ross Federman of Tally Hall'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ross Federman|url=https://tallyhall.fandom.com/wiki/Ross_Federman|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Tally Hall Wikia|language=en}}</ref> Andrew Horowitz would go onto form soft rock band "Edu"<ref>{{Cite web|title=adhorowi|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAu4vahaByou51QFBsEupcQ|access-date=2026-08-15|website=YouTube|language=en}}</ref> in November 2011, as well as two instrumental piano albums called "Etudes" and "Etudes II" respectively. He is still active to this day. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ross Federman|url=https://tallyhall.fandom.com/wiki/Ross_Federman|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Tally Hall Wikia|language=en}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio Album=== * ''Marvin’s Marvelous Mechanical Museum'' (2005) * ''Good & Evil'' (2011) ===Compilations=== *''Complete Demos'' (2004) *''Admittedly Incomplete Demos'' (2015) ===Extended Plays=== * ''Party Boobytrap EP'' (2003) * ''Welcome To Tally Hall EP'' (2004) * ''The Pingry EP'' (2005) * Selections From The Upcoming Marvin’s Marvelous Mechanical Museum (2005) * ''Residency Tour EP'' (2006) * ''Just A Friend EP'' (2021) * Turn The Lights Off (2022) == References == [[Category:Indie rock bands]] j75mcvrgu2s8db6sqp6e5h42uvn1tds 10966810 10966806 2026-08-18T16:58:59Z DONTYOUEVERTURNMYPIZZAINSIDEOUT 1836301 /* */ 10966810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=November 2025}} {{wikify|date=November 2025}} [[File:Tally Hall logo.svg|alt=The Tally Hall logo.|thumb|The Tally Hall logo, stylized as tallyhall.]] {{Infobox musical artist | name = Tally Hall | background = group_or_band | alias = {{plainlist| * Unkown Band Name (2002-2003) * Gallagher (2003-2003) * 540 (2003-2003) }} | origin = [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| * "fabloo" * Indie Rock * {{nowrap|[[Alternative]]}} }} | years_active = 2002-2011 (Hiatus) | label = {{flatlist| * Needle juice (Current) * Quack! Media (2005-2007) * Atlantic Records (2007-2010) }} | spinoffs = {{flatlist| * Edu * [[Miracle Musical]] * Masterpiece * Mr. F * Cojumn Dip * Happy Monster Band }} | spinoff_of = {{flatlist| * Listedblack * Toy Orchestra * The Baker Bros }} | website = {{URL|TallyHall.com}} | module = [[File:Tallyhall jzr.jpg]] | past_members = *Steve Gallagher | current_members = * Rob Cantor (Guitarist and vocals) * Zubin Sedghi (Bassist and vocals) * Andrew Horowitz (Keyboard and vocals) * Joe Hawley (Guitarist and vocals) * Ross Federman (Drummer) * Bora Karaca ("Honorary Member" and Production) * Casey Shea (Touring guitarist) | image = File:TallyHall.jpg }} '''Tally Hall''' (often stylized as tallyhall) is an American indie rock band created by Andrew Horowitz, Zubin Sedghi, Rob Cantor, Ross Federman, and Joe Hawley. Many popular songs by them include "''Turn The Lights Off''", "''&''", "''Hidden in the Sand''", and "''The Bidding''", often called "''I've been sleeping in a cardboard box''", which gained traction due to their use in [[TikTok]] videos and edits. So far, the band has made two studio albums, "''Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum''", named after the museum of the same name, and "''Good & Evil''", and one non-promotional single "Just a Friend". This is their latest release, being put out in 2019. Even though it was released in 2019, it was recorded in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Just a Friend - Tally Hallmanac: The Ultimate Tally Hall Wiki|url=https://wiki.hiddeninthesand.com/Just_a_Friend|access-date=2026-07-02|website=wiki.hiddeninthesand.com|language=en}}</ref> The band went on a hiatus, or long pause, in 2011 after the "''Good & Evil''" album, although several members of the band have played together, with the most being four playing together. A reason that has been cited for them not reuniting is member Edward Hawley's worsening mental state. Since their hiatus, some notable solo and side projects have been "''Edu''", Andrew Horrowitz's band that as of the 2nd of July 2026 have released one studio album and three singles, another project being "''Miracle Musical''", who have released one [[Album|studio album]] and two singles. After the hiatus, [[:en:Rob_Cantor|Rob Cantor]] released an album some songs to the internet, such as "''[[Christian Bale]] Is At Your Party''" and "''Shia Labeouf''", which went on to get an orchestral live version which gained 91 million views on [[YouTube]]. Notably, he released an album called "''Not A Trampoline"'' on the 14th of April 2014, alongside music videos for the album. He has also done several volumes of nursery rhymes for Disney and most recently released a single called "My Boy". == Post Good & Evil Solo Projects == After Tally Hall's last album, every member would go on to do some musical work with other bands or by themselves, other than band member Zubin Sedghi who went onto pursue medical engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tally Hall Wikia|url=https://tallyhall.fandom.com/wiki/Tally_Hall_Wikia|access-date=2026-07-03|website=tallyhall.fandom.com|language=en}}</ref> Joe Hawley would go into form the band Miracle Musical who released the album Hawaii: Part II, A single called "''Variations On A Cloud''", a single called "''Candle On The Water''", a game and soundtrack to said game, and the demos for Hawaii: Part II. By himself he would create the albums Joe Hawley Joe Hawley and γɘlwɒH oeJ yelwaH oeJ, being a reversed version of the former, as well as the singles Weird Bed &/ Or Yes Please and Some People Eat Flowers Out Of Earnest Intent To Bring Heaven.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joe Hawley|url=https://joehawley.bandcamp.com/|access-date=2026-07-03|website=Joe Hawley|language=en}}</ref> Ross Federman would go onto become a DJ under the name Mr. F, but more recently he has also been billed as 'DJ Ross Federman of Tally Hall'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ross Federman|url=https://tallyhall.fandom.com/wiki/Ross_Federman|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Tally Hall Wikia|language=en}}</ref> Andrew Horowitz would go onto form soft rock band "Edu"<ref>{{Cite web|title=adhorowi|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAu4vahaByou51QFBsEupcQ|access-date=2026-08-15|website=YouTube|language=en}}</ref> in November 2011, as well as two instrumental piano albums called "Etudes" and "Etudes II" respectively. He is still active to this day. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ross Federman|url=https://tallyhall.fandom.com/wiki/Ross_Federman|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Tally Hall Wikia|language=en}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio Album=== * ''Marvin’s Marvelous Mechanical Museum'' (2005) * ''Good & Evil'' (2011) ===Compilations=== *''Complete Demos'' (2004) *''Admittedly Incomplete Demos'' (2015) ===Extended Plays=== * ''Party Boobytrap EP'' (2003) * ''Welcome To Tally Hall EP'' (2004) * ''The Pingry EP'' (2005) * Selections From The Upcoming Marvin’s Marvelous Mechanical Museum (2005) * ''Residency Tour EP'' (2006) * ''Just A Friend EP'' (2021) * Turn The Lights Off (2022) == References == [[Category:Indie rock bands]] 4i1wx2gvwke493rotfe6t1revggpmcw 0 1234990 10967298 10957005 2026-08-19T07:22:22Z Blossomsff 1857852 /* Cast (US English dub) */ updated the casting list 10967298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Tom and Jerry And The Forbidden Compass | director = Zhang Gang | producer = Zhang Gang<br />[[Sam Register]] | writer = Zhang Gang<br />Lindsay Katai (English version) | story = Bob Boyle<br />Zhang Gang | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Tom and Jerry]]''|[[William Hanna]]|[[Joseph Barbera]]}} | starring = [[Eric Bauza]]<br />[[Ben Diskin]]<br />[[Janice Kawaye]]<br />A.J. Beckles<br />[[Roger Craig Smith]]<br />Travis Willingham<br />Matthew Yang King<br />Vincent Tong | narrator = [[Jill Talley]] | music = Mike Reagan<br>Vivek Maddala (additional music)<br>Hank Lee (original) | cinematography = | editing = Zhang Gang<br>Bob Boyle<br>Chen Mengyue | studio = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] (under [[Warner Bros. Animation]], U.S./English Dub)<br>[[China Film, Co. Ltd.]]<br>Origin Animation | distributor = Wuzhou Film Distribution (China)<br>Viva Kids (United States) | released = '''China: '''<br />August 2, 2025<br />'''United States: '''<br />September 4, 2026 | runtime = 104 minutes (China)<br />99 minutes (US) | country = *[[China]]<br /> *[[United States]] *[[Japan]] | language = Mandarin<br />English (dubbing) | budget = $3.9 million }} '''''Tom and Jerry And The Forbidden Compass''''' or ''Tom and Jerry: Astrological Encounters'' (猫和老鼠：星盘奇缘) is a 2025 Chinese-American co-production [[Computer-animated|computer-animated]] [[science fantasy]] [[comedy film]] directed by Zhang Gang, based on the ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' theatrical cartoon series created by [[William Hanna]] and [[Joseph Barbera]]. The film was a United States and China-co production and produced by Origin Animation and co-produced by Warner Bros. Pictures and China Film Group. The film was distributed by Wuzhou Film Distribution and the US by Viva Pictures under Viva Kids label in theaters and VOD on September 9, 2026. as the 18th installment of the ''Tom and Jerry'' film series. The English version of the film features Eric Bauza, Ben Diskin, Janice Kawaye, Matthew Yang King, Roger Craig Smith, Travis Willingham, Vincent Tong and A.J. Beckles. == Plot == During a chase in a museum, Tom and Jerry accidentally activate a magical compass that transports them to another world. On their journey home, they meet a group of new companions and become embroiled in a conflict against mysterious forces.<ref>https://deadline.com/2025/06/warner-bros-pictures-china-tom-and-jerry-forbidden-compass-release-date-1236439076/</ref> == Cast (US English dub) == * Miya Kodama - Jade * Christopher W. Jones - Sonny * Kyle McCarley - The Phoenix Master * [[Roger Craig Smith|Cory Yee]] - Lil' Feeney * Brent Mukai - Mega Rat * Ryan W. Garcia - Xander * Andrew Grace - Ten Ten * [[Robin Atkin Downes|Andrew Kishino]] - The Celestial Master * Eduardo de los Reyes - Gold Tooth * Marc Haize - Rap Battle * Additional voices: Tom Bromhead, Jessica Gee-George. Grant George, Cat Protano, Wolfie Trausch, Ben Whitehair, Jason Linere White, Anne Yatco, Shelby Young. === Crew === * Zhang Gang – director, editor, writer and producer ==== American version ==== * [[Sam Register]] – producer, director * Lindsay Katai – writer * [[Bob Boyle]] – storywriter * Vivek Maddala - composer, additional music * Sam Riegel - voice director ==== Loop group ==== * Grant George * Laraine Newman * Shelby Young * Jessica Gee George * Andrew Kishino * Benjamin Whitehair * Sam Riegel * Maile Flanagan * Robbie Daymond == Production == This film was animated in August 12 to September 9, 2024 by Origin Animation, as well all voiced actors recording by Studiopolis. the Americanized edit over 3 minutes of footage for pacing reasons, then limited trimmed by 103 minutes to 99 minutes long and commissioned by Warner Bros. Discovery and produced by Sam Register and scripted by Lindsay Katai and created literally distributed by Viva Kids themselves. the English dubbed shorten version was released in North America in September 9, 2026 and VOD in October 3, 2026. == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{IMDb title|00631785884|Tom and Jerry And The Forbidden Compass}} [[Category:American animated movies]] [[Category:Comedy movies]] [[Category:2025 movies]] [[Category:Tom and Jerry movies]] [[Category:Multilingual movies]] [[Category:Movies set in museums]] [[Category:Movies set in California]] [[Category:Tom and Jerry]] [[Category:Chinese movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Animation movies]] [[Category:American independent movies]] [[Category:2020s English-language movies]] [[Category:2025 comedy movies]] [[Category:HBO Max]] [[Category:Computer-animated movies]] [[Category:Direct-to-video movies]] [[Category:Viva Pictures movies]] [[Category:Movies set in New York City]] [[Category:Adventure movies]] [[Category:Fantasy movies]] gdnkvlo657wo3p0igxvmwezibqu0427 3 1235083 10966859 10623492 2026-08-18T17:17:22Z Fr33kman 15149 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Iulia and Delia Zanoschi]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966859 wikitext text/x-wiki Here is my talk page. ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Iulia and Delia Zanoschi== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Iulia and Delia Zanoschi]], a page you wrote. 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'''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:17, 18 August 2026 (UTC) 4y14z3rqvbxk85gbzd4eh443mabt9ns 0 1235085 10966851 10966291 2026-08-18T17:15:59Z Fr33kman 15149 Decline, not a valid QD reason, use RfD instead 10966851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Iulia and Delia Zanoschi | image = | birth_date = October 25, 1988 | birth_place = [[Iași]], Romania | nationality = Romanian | alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] (Delia)<br>[[University of Pennsylvania]] (Iulia) | occupation = Mountaineers (mountain climbers) | known_for = Climbing the [[Seven Summits]] and [[Volcanic Seven Summits|Seven Volcanic Summits]] | spouse = Alex Jaso (Iulia)<br>Graham Wookey (Delia) | children = | website = [https://7and7summits.com/ Official website] }} '''Iulia Jaso''' (born '''Iulia Zanoschi''') and '''Delia Wookey''' (born '''Delia Zanoschi''') (born October 25, 1988, [[Iași]], [[Romania]]) are Romanian twin mountain climbers. They are known for setting world records together.<ref name="CC">{{cite web |title=Double Sevens |url=https://www.commonclimber.com/double-sevens.html |website=Common Climber |access-date=2025-09-01 |archive-date=2025-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807162758/https://www.commonclimber.com/double-sevens.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dumitru |first=Andreea |title=Gemenele românce care au cucerit cele mai înalte vârfuri ale lumii! Povestea celor două a impresionat întreaga lume |website=Click! Știri mondene, actualitate, vedete, entertainment, sport! |date=2025-08-03 |url=https://click.ro/actualitate/international/gemenele-romance-care-au-cucerit-cele-mai-inalte-2462144.html |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> In May 2022, they became the youngest people in the world to climb the [[Seven Summits]]. They also became the youngest people to climb the [[Volcanic Seven Summits|Seven Volcanic Summits]],<ref name="CC"/> thus beating the record that was held by [[Satyarup Siddhanta]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nair |first=Swamidas |title=World Record at the Top: How Twin Sisters Became the Youngest to Climb All Seven Summits and Volcanoes |website=thebrighterworld.com |date=2025-08-05 |url=https://thebrighterworld.com/detail/World-Record-at-the-Top-How-Twin-Sisters-Became-the-Youngest-to-Climb-All-Seven-Summits-and-Volcanoes/ODg1NQ |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":5"/><ref name=":11"/> Their record is recognized by [[Guinness World Records]].<ref name="GWR"/> == Early life and education == Iulia and Delia Zanoschi were born and raised in [[Iași]], [[Romania]]. They are the daughters of Adrian and Gabriela Zanoschi, both high-school mathematics teachers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Two twins from Romania, the youngest climbers in Europe to climb Everest |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/doua-gemene-din-romania-cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa-care-au-escaladat-everestul.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Stirileprotv.ro |language=ro}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Romanian sisters who make history in mountaineering. "I didn't know anything about this world. I just started with the dream" |url=https://www.divahair.ro/stiri/surorile-romance-care-fac-istorie-in-alpinism-nu-stiam-nimic-despre-aceasta-lume-am-pornit-doar-cu-visul |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=DivaHair |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surorile românce care fac istorie in alpinism. "Nu știam nimic despre această lume. Am pornit doar cu visul" |url=https://www.divahair.ro/stiri/surorile-romance-care-fac-istorie-in-alpinism-nu-stiam-nimic-despre-aceasta-lume-am-pornit-doar-cu-visul |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=DivaHair |language=ro}}</ref> Both sisters studied at the [[National College (Iași)|National College]] in Iași, Romania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Echange Lille |url=http://www.colegiulnationaliasi.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.colegiulnationaliasi.ro |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628003349/http://www.colegiulnationaliasi.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National College (Iași) |url=http://national.is.edu.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=74&Itemid=154 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=national.is.edu.ro }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenths of the first generation who graduated from high school in the EU |url=https://www.ziaruldeiasi.ro/invatamint/zecistii-primei-generatii-care-au-absolvit-liceul-in-ue~ni4dvj |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.ziaruldeiasi.ro|date=11 July 2007 }}</ref> They graduated with BSc and master's degrees in Paris.<ref name=":17"/> In 2014, they moved to the United States to complete their MBA. Iulia studied at [[Wharton School]], and Delia studied at [[Harvard Business School]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Interviu cu tinerii din spatele ELIS, comunitatea romanilor de succes din intreaga lume |url=https://www.manager.ro/articole/ultima-ora-93/interviu-cu-tinerii-din-spatele-elis-comunitatea-romanilor-de-succes-din-entreaga-lume-47195.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.manager.ro |language=ro}}</ref> In 2016, Iulia went to the [[Wharton School|Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania]], while Delia went to [[Harvard Business School]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-08 |title=HBS Exceptional Athlete Awards: Q&A with Parth Jindal |url=https://www.harbus.org/post/hbs-exceptional-athlete-awards-q-a-with-parth-jindal |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The Harbus |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni – Harvard Business School |url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.alumni.hbs.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2014– 2015 All Writing Challenge Semifinalists |url=https://communicationprogram.wharton.upenn.edu/wharton-writing-challenge-winners-2013/2013-writing-challenge-semifinalists/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Communication Program |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mountain climbing == In 2017, the sisters climbed [[Kilimanjaro]] in Tanzania.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Two Romanian twins are the youngest climbers in Europe to climb Everest. They are preparing for a world record |date=10 June 2021 |url=https://tvrinfo.ro/doua-romance-gemene-sunt-cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa-care-au-escaladat-everestul-se-pregatesc-pentru-un-record-mondial_886848/}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-09 |title=Twins from Iași climb Everest! Delia and Iulia Zanoschi, the youngest mountaineers in Europe |url=https://newsweek.ro/actualitate/foto-au-urcat-everestul-surori-gemene-din-iasi-cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=newsweek.ro |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9girc2Xt7PA |title=Dimineti cu Georgia – Iulia si Delia Zanoschi, Oana Boca Stanescu – 4 Feb 2022 – P1 {{!}} MetropolaTV |language=en |access-date=2024-03-28 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=MIRON |first=Eva |date=2021-06-10 |title=Două ieșence au escaladat Everestul |url=https://www.7est.ro/2021/06/doua-iesence-au-escaladat-everestul/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=7est.ro – Știri Iași, știri locale, naționale și internaționale |language=ro}}</ref> They then climbed the [[Seven Summits]], which are the [[List of highest mountains on Earth|highest peaks]] on each continent.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Two Romanian sisters are making history in mountaineering: They have climbed the highest peaks on every continent |url=https://observatornews.ro/social/douasurori-romance-fac-istorie-in-alpinism-au-urcat-pe-cele-mai-inalte-varfuri-de-pe-fiecare-continent-456873.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Observatornews.ro |language=RO}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=James |date=2023-02-05 |title=Volcanic Seven Summits completions: February 2023 |url=https://clachliath.com/2023/02/volcanic-seven-summits-completions-february-2023/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=James Stone |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=James |date=2022-09-07 |title=Volcanic Seven Summiters – May 2022 |url=https://clachliath.com/2022/09/volcanic-seven-summiters-may-2022/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=James Stone |language=en-GB}}</ref> In May 2021, they climbed to the top of [[Mount Everest]]. They were the first European twins and the youngest Romanian women to reach the top of Mount Everest.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsweek Romania – stiri, analize, opinii, investigatii, politica, business, investigatii, politica internationala |url=https://newsweek.ro/eticheta/everest |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=newsweek.ro |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-08 |title=The youngest mountaineers in Europe to climb Everest are two girls, the twins Iulia and Delia Zanoschi |url=https://www.bzi.ro/cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa-care-au-escaladat-everestul-sunt-doua-iesence-gemenele-iulia-si-delia-zanoschi-4205227 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=BZI.ro |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Everest Corona.pdf |url=https://www.furtenbachadventures.com/wp-content/uploads/mount_everest_corona.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12 Everest Summits for Pioneer Adventures Team – 31st May – Everest Mountain |url=https://everestmountain.co.uk/12-everest-summits-for-pioneer-adventures-team-31st-may |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=everestmountain.co.uk |date=31 May 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley |url=https://www.himalayandatabase.com/2021%20Season%20Lists/2021%20Spring%20A10.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.himalayandatabase.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Everest 2021: More Summit Bids Underway. Wave 6 {{!}} The Blog on alanarnette.com |url=https://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2021/05/31/everest-2021-more-summit-bids-underway-wave-6/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.alanarnette.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2022, they climbed to the top of [[Vinson Massif]] and became the first Romanian women to complete the [[Seven Summits]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-27 |title=L'alpiniste Marie-Pier Desharnais s'attaque aux sommets de l'Antarctique |url=http://syndication.thecanadianpress.com/rss/16101cd9-4e72-41e2-9f2f-5f05d2116772/b5f7b0da-23b0-4f61-a7f0-608c9fd83b81 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=thecanadianpress |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Zanoschi sisters climbed [[Mount Damavand]] in May 2022, finishing their successful ascents of both the [[Seven Summits]] and the [[Volcanic Seven Summits|Seven Volcanic Summits]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=The youngest mountaineers in Europe who climbed Everest are two twins from Romania |url=https://ziare.com/vacanta/obiective-turistice/cela-mai-tinere-alpiniste-europa-everest-gemene-romania-1684065 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Ziare.com |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominence FRL – World Top 50 by Prominence |url=http://www.cohp.org/writers/AndyMartin/prominence/frl.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.cohp.org}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Two Romanian twins are the youngest climbers in Europe to have scaled Everest. They are preparing for a world record. |url=http://tvrmoldova.md/romania-la-zi/doua-romance-gemene-sunt-cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa-care-au-escaladat-everestul-se-pregatesc-pentru-un-record-mondial/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=TVR MOLDOVA |language=ro}}</ref> They beat [[Satyarup Siddhanta]]'s record as the youngest climbers to complete both the [[Seven Summits]] and the [[Volcanic Seven Summits|Seven Volcanic Summits]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Twins from Iași, the youngest sisters in Europe who reached Everest |url=https://www.ziaruldeiasi.ro/stiri/foto-gemene-din-iasi-cele-mai-tinere-surori-din-europa-care-au-ajuns-pe-everest--290822.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.ziaruldeiasi.ro|date=8 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Two sisters from Romania conquered the highest mountains in the world. They are preparing for a world record |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/divers/doua-surori-din-romania-au-cucerit-cei-mai-inalti-munti-din-lume-se-pregatesc-de-un-record-mondial.htmlhttps://stirileprotv.ro/divers/doua-surori-din-romania-au-cucerit-cei-mai-inalti-munti-din-lume-se-pregatesc-de-un-record-mondial.html }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=James |date=2021-12-22 |title=Mount Sidley – December 2021 (updated) |url=https://clachliath.com/2021/12/mount-sidley-december-2021/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=James Stone |language=en-GB}}</ref> Their record is recognized by [[Guinness World Records]].<ref name="GWR">{{cite web |title=Twins make history as youngest to climb Seven Summits in celebration of sisterhood |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2025/8/twins-make-history-as-youngest-to-climb-seven-summits-in-celebration-of-sisterhood |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> In 2024, the sisters won the "Honorary Citizen of the State of [[Iași]]" medals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lista personalităților care au primit distincția de cetățeni de onoare a Iașului |url=https://www.7est.ro/2024/10/lista-personalitatilor-care-au-primit-distinctia-de-cetateni-de-onoare-a-iasului/ |website=7est.ro |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seara Valorilor – A XXXII-a ediție a Sărbătorilor Iașului. Vor fi oferite 60 de medalii în cadrul evenimentului – LIVE VIDEO |url=https://www.bzi.ro/seara-valorilor-a-xxxii-a-editie-a-sarbatorilor-iasului-vor-fi-oferite-60-de-medalii-in-cadrul-evenimentului-5089146 |website=BZI.ro |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seara valorilor 2024 – livestream |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/xK1GMkpMTQc |website=YouTube |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> == Climbing history == The sisters' climbing history is below. === The Seven Summits === The Seven Summits:<ref>{{cite web |title=Iulia Jaso și Delia Wookey, gemenele românce care au făcut istorie pe circuitele „Seven Summits” și „Seven Volcanic Summits” |website=A1.RO |date=2025-08-01 |url=https://a1.ro/news/inedit/iulia-jaso-si-delia-wookey-gemenele-romance-care-au-facut-istorie-pe-circuiteleseven-summits-si-seven-volcanic-summits-id1140913.html |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Apostoaie |first=Mariana |title=Cele mai tinere femei din lume care au cucerit cele Șapte Vârfuri și cei mai înalți vulcani sunt două surori gemene din Iași |website=Știrile ProTV |date=2025-08-12 |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/divers/cele-mai-tinere-femei-din-lume-care-au-cucerit-cele-sapte-varfuri-si-cei-mai-inalti-vulcani-sunt-doua-surori-gemene-din-iasi.html |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Number !Mountain !Height !Continent !Date |- |1 |[[Mount Kilimanjaro]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gemenele din România care au cucerit Everestul, marturii impresionante despre aventura riscanta: "Au fost doua cicloane când eram pe munte" |url=https://www.antena3.ro/actualitate/inedit/gemene-romania-everest-marturii-impresionante-aventura-riscanta-604342.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.antena3.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> |5,895 meters |Africa |Oct 2017 |- |2 |[[Mount Kosciuszko]] |2,228 meters |Australia |Jan 2018 |- |3 |[[Mount Elbrus]] |5,642 meters |Europe |Aug 2018 |- |4 |[[Aconcagua]] |6,961 meters |South America |Jan 2019 |- |5 |[[Mount Everest]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> |8,848 meters |Asia |May 2021 |- |6 |[[Denali]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMG Denali Teams 5 & 6 on the way! {{!}} IMG blog |url=https://mountainguides.com/wordpress/2021/06/12/denali/img-denali-teams-5-6-on-the-way/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=mountainguides.com}}</ref><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> |6,190 meters |North America |Jun 2021 |- |7 |[[Vinson Massif]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> |4,892 meters |Antarctica |Jan 2022 |} === The Seven Volcanic Summits === [[Seven Volcanic Summits]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=SEVEN VOLCANOES / All tours / Аll projects of 7 Summits Club |website=Аll projects of 7 Summits Club |url=https://7summitsclub.com/programs/all/project_7_volcanoes/ |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Number !Mountain !Height !Continent !Date |- |1 |[[Mount Kilimanjaro]] |5,895 meters |Africa |Oct 2017 |- |2 |[[Mount Elbrus]] |5,642 meters |Europe |Aug 2018 |- |3 |[[Pico de Orizaba]] |5,636 meters |North America |Nov 2018 |- |4 |[[Mount Giluwe]] |4,367 meters |Australia |Nov 2019 |- |5 |[[Ojos del Salado]] |6,893 meters |South America |Jan 2020 |- |6 |[[Mount Sidley]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":18" /> |4,285 meters |Antarctica |Dec 2021 |- |7 |[[Mount Damavand]]<ref name=":9" /> |5,609 meters |Asia |May 2022 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://7and7summits.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115053733/http://7and7summits.com/ |date=2025-11-15 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zanoschi, Iulia And Delia}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Mountain climbers]] [[Category:Romanian sportspeople]] fld21j49hrmxksriz3rq34lmygbr01y 10966856 10966851 2026-08-18T17:17:20Z Fr33kman 15149 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Iulia and Delia Zanoschi]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Fails GNG & NCLIMBER. Is also UPE}} {{Infobox person | name = Iulia and Delia Zanoschi | image = | birth_date = October 25, 1988 | birth_place = [[Iași]], Romania | nationality = Romanian | alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] (Delia)<br>[[University of Pennsylvania]] (Iulia) | occupation = Mountaineers (mountain climbers) | known_for = Climbing the [[Seven Summits]] and [[Volcanic Seven Summits|Seven Volcanic Summits]] | spouse = Alex Jaso (Iulia)<br>Graham Wookey (Delia) | children = | website = [https://7and7summits.com/ Official website] }} '''Iulia Jaso''' (born '''Iulia Zanoschi''') and '''Delia Wookey''' (born '''Delia Zanoschi''') (born October 25, 1988, [[Iași]], [[Romania]]) are Romanian twin mountain climbers. They are known for setting world records together.<ref name="CC">{{cite web |title=Double Sevens |url=https://www.commonclimber.com/double-sevens.html |website=Common Climber |access-date=2025-09-01 |archive-date=2025-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807162758/https://www.commonclimber.com/double-sevens.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dumitru |first=Andreea |title=Gemenele românce care au cucerit cele mai înalte vârfuri ale lumii! Povestea celor două a impresionat întreaga lume |website=Click! Știri mondene, actualitate, vedete, entertainment, sport! |date=2025-08-03 |url=https://click.ro/actualitate/international/gemenele-romance-care-au-cucerit-cele-mai-inalte-2462144.html |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> In May 2022, they became the youngest people in the world to climb the [[Seven Summits]]. They also became the youngest people to climb the [[Volcanic Seven Summits|Seven Volcanic Summits]],<ref name="CC"/> thus beating the record that was held by [[Satyarup Siddhanta]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nair |first=Swamidas |title=World Record at the Top: How Twin Sisters Became the Youngest to Climb All Seven Summits and Volcanoes |website=thebrighterworld.com |date=2025-08-05 |url=https://thebrighterworld.com/detail/World-Record-at-the-Top-How-Twin-Sisters-Became-the-Youngest-to-Climb-All-Seven-Summits-and-Volcanoes/ODg1NQ |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":5"/><ref name=":11"/> Their record is recognized by [[Guinness World Records]].<ref name="GWR"/> == Early life and education == Iulia and Delia Zanoschi were born and raised in [[Iași]], [[Romania]]. They are the daughters of Adrian and Gabriela Zanoschi, both high-school mathematics teachers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Two twins from Romania, the youngest climbers in Europe to climb Everest |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/doua-gemene-din-romania-cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa-care-au-escaladat-everestul.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Stirileprotv.ro |language=ro}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Romanian sisters who make history in mountaineering. "I didn't know anything about this world. I just started with the dream" |url=https://www.divahair.ro/stiri/surorile-romance-care-fac-istorie-in-alpinism-nu-stiam-nimic-despre-aceasta-lume-am-pornit-doar-cu-visul |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=DivaHair |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surorile românce care fac istorie in alpinism. "Nu știam nimic despre această lume. Am pornit doar cu visul" |url=https://www.divahair.ro/stiri/surorile-romance-care-fac-istorie-in-alpinism-nu-stiam-nimic-despre-aceasta-lume-am-pornit-doar-cu-visul |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=DivaHair |language=ro}}</ref> Both sisters studied at the [[National College (Iași)|National College]] in Iași, Romania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Echange Lille |url=http://www.colegiulnationaliasi.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.colegiulnationaliasi.ro |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628003349/http://www.colegiulnationaliasi.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National College (Iași) |url=http://national.is.edu.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=74&Itemid=154 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=national.is.edu.ro }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenths of the first generation who graduated from high school in the EU |url=https://www.ziaruldeiasi.ro/invatamint/zecistii-primei-generatii-care-au-absolvit-liceul-in-ue~ni4dvj |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.ziaruldeiasi.ro|date=11 July 2007 }}</ref> They graduated with BSc and master's degrees in Paris.<ref name=":17"/> In 2014, they moved to the United States to complete their MBA. Iulia studied at [[Wharton School]], and Delia studied at [[Harvard Business School]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Interviu cu tinerii din spatele ELIS, comunitatea romanilor de succes din intreaga lume |url=https://www.manager.ro/articole/ultima-ora-93/interviu-cu-tinerii-din-spatele-elis-comunitatea-romanilor-de-succes-din-entreaga-lume-47195.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.manager.ro |language=ro}}</ref> In 2016, Iulia went to the [[Wharton School|Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania]], while Delia went to [[Harvard Business School]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-08 |title=HBS Exceptional Athlete Awards: Q&A with Parth Jindal |url=https://www.harbus.org/post/hbs-exceptional-athlete-awards-q-a-with-parth-jindal |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The Harbus |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni – Harvard Business School |url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.alumni.hbs.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2014– 2015 All Writing Challenge Semifinalists |url=https://communicationprogram.wharton.upenn.edu/wharton-writing-challenge-winners-2013/2013-writing-challenge-semifinalists/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Communication Program |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mountain climbing == In 2017, the sisters climbed [[Kilimanjaro]] in Tanzania.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Two Romanian twins are the youngest climbers in Europe to climb Everest. They are preparing for a world record |date=10 June 2021 |url=https://tvrinfo.ro/doua-romance-gemene-sunt-cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa-care-au-escaladat-everestul-se-pregatesc-pentru-un-record-mondial_886848/}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-09 |title=Twins from Iași climb Everest! Delia and Iulia Zanoschi, the youngest mountaineers in Europe |url=https://newsweek.ro/actualitate/foto-au-urcat-everestul-surori-gemene-din-iasi-cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=newsweek.ro |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9girc2Xt7PA |title=Dimineti cu Georgia – Iulia si Delia Zanoschi, Oana Boca Stanescu – 4 Feb 2022 – P1 {{!}} MetropolaTV |language=en |access-date=2024-03-28 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=MIRON |first=Eva |date=2021-06-10 |title=Două ieșence au escaladat Everestul |url=https://www.7est.ro/2021/06/doua-iesence-au-escaladat-everestul/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=7est.ro – Știri Iași, știri locale, naționale și internaționale |language=ro}}</ref> They then climbed the [[Seven Summits]], which are the [[List of highest mountains on Earth|highest peaks]] on each continent.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Two Romanian sisters are making history in mountaineering: They have climbed the highest peaks on every continent |url=https://observatornews.ro/social/douasurori-romance-fac-istorie-in-alpinism-au-urcat-pe-cele-mai-inalte-varfuri-de-pe-fiecare-continent-456873.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Observatornews.ro |language=RO}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=James |date=2023-02-05 |title=Volcanic Seven Summits completions: February 2023 |url=https://clachliath.com/2023/02/volcanic-seven-summits-completions-february-2023/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=James Stone |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=James |date=2022-09-07 |title=Volcanic Seven Summiters – May 2022 |url=https://clachliath.com/2022/09/volcanic-seven-summiters-may-2022/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=James Stone |language=en-GB}}</ref> In May 2021, they climbed to the top of [[Mount Everest]]. They were the first European twins and the youngest Romanian women to reach the top of Mount Everest.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsweek Romania – stiri, analize, opinii, investigatii, politica, business, investigatii, politica internationala |url=https://newsweek.ro/eticheta/everest |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=newsweek.ro |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-08 |title=The youngest mountaineers in Europe to climb Everest are two girls, the twins Iulia and Delia Zanoschi |url=https://www.bzi.ro/cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa-care-au-escaladat-everestul-sunt-doua-iesence-gemenele-iulia-si-delia-zanoschi-4205227 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=BZI.ro |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Everest Corona.pdf |url=https://www.furtenbachadventures.com/wp-content/uploads/mount_everest_corona.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12 Everest Summits for Pioneer Adventures Team – 31st May – Everest Mountain |url=https://everestmountain.co.uk/12-everest-summits-for-pioneer-adventures-team-31st-may |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=everestmountain.co.uk |date=31 May 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley |url=https://www.himalayandatabase.com/2021%20Season%20Lists/2021%20Spring%20A10.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.himalayandatabase.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Everest 2021: More Summit Bids Underway. Wave 6 {{!}} The Blog on alanarnette.com |url=https://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2021/05/31/everest-2021-more-summit-bids-underway-wave-6/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.alanarnette.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2022, they climbed to the top of [[Vinson Massif]] and became the first Romanian women to complete the [[Seven Summits]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-27 |title=L'alpiniste Marie-Pier Desharnais s'attaque aux sommets de l'Antarctique |url=http://syndication.thecanadianpress.com/rss/16101cd9-4e72-41e2-9f2f-5f05d2116772/b5f7b0da-23b0-4f61-a7f0-608c9fd83b81 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=thecanadianpress |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Zanoschi sisters climbed [[Mount Damavand]] in May 2022, finishing their successful ascents of both the [[Seven Summits]] and the [[Volcanic Seven Summits|Seven Volcanic Summits]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=The youngest mountaineers in Europe who climbed Everest are two twins from Romania |url=https://ziare.com/vacanta/obiective-turistice/cela-mai-tinere-alpiniste-europa-everest-gemene-romania-1684065 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Ziare.com |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominence FRL – World Top 50 by Prominence |url=http://www.cohp.org/writers/AndyMartin/prominence/frl.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.cohp.org}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Two Romanian twins are the youngest climbers in Europe to have scaled Everest. They are preparing for a world record. |url=http://tvrmoldova.md/romania-la-zi/doua-romance-gemene-sunt-cele-mai-tinere-alpiniste-din-europa-care-au-escaladat-everestul-se-pregatesc-pentru-un-record-mondial/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=TVR MOLDOVA |language=ro}}</ref> They beat [[Satyarup Siddhanta]]'s record as the youngest climbers to complete both the [[Seven Summits]] and the [[Volcanic Seven Summits|Seven Volcanic Summits]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Twins from Iași, the youngest sisters in Europe who reached Everest |url=https://www.ziaruldeiasi.ro/stiri/foto-gemene-din-iasi-cele-mai-tinere-surori-din-europa-care-au-ajuns-pe-everest--290822.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.ziaruldeiasi.ro|date=8 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Two sisters from Romania conquered the highest mountains in the world. They are preparing for a world record |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/divers/doua-surori-din-romania-au-cucerit-cei-mai-inalti-munti-din-lume-se-pregatesc-de-un-record-mondial.htmlhttps://stirileprotv.ro/divers/doua-surori-din-romania-au-cucerit-cei-mai-inalti-munti-din-lume-se-pregatesc-de-un-record-mondial.html }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=James |date=2021-12-22 |title=Mount Sidley – December 2021 (updated) |url=https://clachliath.com/2021/12/mount-sidley-december-2021/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=James Stone |language=en-GB}}</ref> Their record is recognized by [[Guinness World Records]].<ref name="GWR">{{cite web |title=Twins make history as youngest to climb Seven Summits in celebration of sisterhood |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2025/8/twins-make-history-as-youngest-to-climb-seven-summits-in-celebration-of-sisterhood |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> In 2024, the sisters won the "Honorary Citizen of the State of [[Iași]]" medals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lista personalităților care au primit distincția de cetățeni de onoare a Iașului |url=https://www.7est.ro/2024/10/lista-personalitatilor-care-au-primit-distinctia-de-cetateni-de-onoare-a-iasului/ |website=7est.ro |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seara Valorilor – A XXXII-a ediție a Sărbătorilor Iașului. Vor fi oferite 60 de medalii în cadrul evenimentului – LIVE VIDEO |url=https://www.bzi.ro/seara-valorilor-a-xxxii-a-editie-a-sarbatorilor-iasului-vor-fi-oferite-60-de-medalii-in-cadrul-evenimentului-5089146 |website=BZI.ro |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seara valorilor 2024 – livestream |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/xK1GMkpMTQc |website=YouTube |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> == Climbing history == The sisters' climbing history is below. === The Seven Summits === The Seven Summits:<ref>{{cite web |title=Iulia Jaso și Delia Wookey, gemenele românce care au făcut istorie pe circuitele „Seven Summits” și „Seven Volcanic Summits” |website=A1.RO |date=2025-08-01 |url=https://a1.ro/news/inedit/iulia-jaso-si-delia-wookey-gemenele-romance-care-au-facut-istorie-pe-circuiteleseven-summits-si-seven-volcanic-summits-id1140913.html |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Apostoaie |first=Mariana |title=Cele mai tinere femei din lume care au cucerit cele Șapte Vârfuri și cei mai înalți vulcani sunt două surori gemene din Iași |website=Știrile ProTV |date=2025-08-12 |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/divers/cele-mai-tinere-femei-din-lume-care-au-cucerit-cele-sapte-varfuri-si-cei-mai-inalti-vulcani-sunt-doua-surori-gemene-din-iasi.html |language=ro |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Number !Mountain !Height !Continent !Date |- |1 |[[Mount Kilimanjaro]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gemenele din România care au cucerit Everestul, marturii impresionante despre aventura riscanta: "Au fost doua cicloane când eram pe munte" |url=https://www.antena3.ro/actualitate/inedit/gemene-romania-everest-marturii-impresionante-aventura-riscanta-604342.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.antena3.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> |5,895 meters |Africa |Oct 2017 |- |2 |[[Mount Kosciuszko]] |2,228 meters |Australia |Jan 2018 |- |3 |[[Mount Elbrus]] |5,642 meters |Europe |Aug 2018 |- |4 |[[Aconcagua]] |6,961 meters |South America |Jan 2019 |- |5 |[[Mount Everest]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> |8,848 meters |Asia |May 2021 |- |6 |[[Denali]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMG Denali Teams 5 & 6 on the way! {{!}} IMG blog |url=https://mountainguides.com/wordpress/2021/06/12/denali/img-denali-teams-5-6-on-the-way/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=mountainguides.com}}</ref><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> |6,190 meters |North America |Jun 2021 |- |7 |[[Vinson Massif]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> |4,892 meters |Antarctica |Jan 2022 |} === The Seven Volcanic Summits === [[Seven Volcanic Summits]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=SEVEN VOLCANOES / All tours / Аll projects of 7 Summits Club |website=Аll projects of 7 Summits Club |url=https://7summitsclub.com/programs/all/project_7_volcanoes/ |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Number !Mountain !Height !Continent !Date |- |1 |[[Mount Kilimanjaro]] |5,895 meters |Africa |Oct 2017 |- |2 |[[Mount Elbrus]] |5,642 meters |Europe |Aug 2018 |- |3 |[[Pico de Orizaba]] |5,636 meters |North America |Nov 2018 |- |4 |[[Mount Giluwe]] |4,367 meters |Australia |Nov 2019 |- |5 |[[Ojos del Salado]] |6,893 meters |South America |Jan 2020 |- |6 |[[Mount Sidley]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":18" /> |4,285 meters |Antarctica |Dec 2021 |- |7 |[[Mount Damavand]]<ref name=":9" /> |5,609 meters |Asia |May 2022 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://7and7summits.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115053733/http://7and7summits.com/ |date=2025-11-15 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zanoschi, Iulia And Delia}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Mountain climbers]] [[Category:Romanian sportspeople]] 7h4wssb9czhpaamb5flbm6znrvao37g 0 1235914 10966831 10628896 2026-08-18T17:09:14Z Canadachick 1633172 Rfd 10966831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rfd|I couldn't find any information about this person online. The article may be a complete fabrication.}} {{Infobox person | name = James Smicksberry | birth_name = James Alistair Smicksberry | birth_date = {{birth date|1927|3|8}} | birth_place = England | death_date = {{death date and age|1984|11|2|1927|3|8}} | death_place = England | occupation = Hobby inventor, amateur naturalist | known_for = Community repair workshops; improvised mechanical designs | children = 2 }} '''James Alistair Smicksberry''' (8 March 1927 – 2 November 1984) was a British hobby inventor, craftsman, and amateur naturalist noted for his local repair initiatives and for promoting practical self-sufficiency during the 1960s and 1970s. His improvised mechanical devices and do‑it‑yourself publications earned him a small following among rural tinkerers and conservation enthusiasts. == Early life and education == Smicksberry was born in England, to Thomas Smicksberry, a carpenter, and Eleanor Smicksberry (née Fletcher), an amateur botanist.<ref name="HartwoodChron">{{cite book |title=The Hartwood Chronicle: A Local History |last=Fenn |first=Marjorie |year=1975 |publisher=The Brit|pages=188–189}}</ref> Educated at Hartwood Grammar School, he showed an early aptitude for mechanical repair and woodworking. After completing national service in 1946, he attended evening courses at the Norfolk Institute of Rural Arts and Technology, earning a certificate in applied mechanics in 1949.<ref name="NIRAT">{{cite journal |title=Profiles in Practical Craft |journal=NIRAT Review |volume=3 |issue=2 |year=1951 |pages=12–14 |last=Chalmers |first=Edwin}}</ref> == Career == Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Smicksberry worked as a maintenance engineer for a series of agricultural workshops in East Anglia. In 1962, he self-published a pamphlet titled ''The Handyman’s Companion'', offering step‑by‑step guides for rural household repairs.<ref name="Handyman">{{cite book |title=The Handyman’s Companion |last=Smicksberry |first=James |year=1962 |publisher=Wexford Handcraft Cooperative}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Greatest Books for the Average Layman|last=Jackson| first=Elaine |year=1963 |publisher=Springer|page=7}}</ref> In 1969, he founded the "Tinkerers’ Circle", a community group that organized free public sessions on basic engineering, furniture mending, and small‑engine repair.<ref name="EWTinker">{{cite news |title=Villagers Form 'Tinkerers’ Circle' |newspaper=Herald of Hartwood |date=22 March 1969 |page=5}}</ref> By the mid‑1970s, the group was hosting annual fairs, and Smicksberry became locally recognized as a promoter of sustainable, self‑taught craftsmanship.<ref name="CraftFair">{{cite news |title=DIY Fair Draws Record Crowd |newspaper=Norfolk Gazette |date=10 July 1975 |page=8}}</ref> == Environmental work == In the late 1970s, Smicksberry collaborated with amateur naturalists to record moth and beetle populations in woodlands in England. His detailed sketches and field notes were later cited in the regional study ''Insects of the East Coast Heathlands'' (1981).<ref name="Heathlands">{{cite book |title=Insects of the East Coast Heathlands |last=Protheroe |first=Anne |year=1981 |publisher=Norfolk Naturalist Society |pages=55–56}}</ref> == Death == Smicksberry died suddenly on 2 November 1984 at his home workshop, at the age of 57.<ref name="Obit">{{cite news |title=James Smicksberry, Local Inventor, Dies at 57 |newspaper=Herald of Hartwood|date=5 November 1984 |page=3}}</ref> == Personal life == Smicksberry married ceramic artist Miriam Fletcher in 1954; the couple had two children.<ref name="LocalMag">{{cite magazine |title=The Makers of the Current Era |magazine=Craft & Countryside Monthly |date=June 1978 |pages=14–15}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:1984 deaths]] [[Category:British inventors]] [[Category:English naturalists]] [[Category:People from Norfolk]] [[Category:British environmentalists]] {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smicksberry, James}} duk6k1bx0qtmh438kc4tpnbn4wqepba 0 1236868 10967171 10635225 2026-08-19T03:47:30Z ~2026-45374-72 1857793 10967171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | image = | director = [[Zach Cregger]] | writer = Zach Cregger | producer = {{Plainlist| * Zach Cregger * [[Roy Lee]] * Miri Yoon * [[J. D. Lifshitz]] * Raphael Margules }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Josh Brolin]] * [[Julia Garner]] * [[Alden Ehrenreich]] * [[Austin Abrams]] * [[Cary Christopher]] * [[Benedict Wong]] * [[Amy Madigan]] }} | cinematography = [[Larkin Seiple]] | editing = Joe Murphy | music = {{Plainlist| * Ryan Holladay * Hays Holladay * Zach Cregger }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[New Line Cinema]] * Subconscious * [[Vertigo Entertainment]] * [[BoulderLight Pictures]] }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2025|2|3}} | runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{cite web|date=July 28, 2025|title=''Weapons'' (18)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]|access-date=July 28, 2025|archive-date=May 17, 2025|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250517163147/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $38 million | gross = $268.2 million<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |title=Weapons |id=26581740 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|archive-date=August 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825132007/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt26581740/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{Cite The Numbers |title=Weapons – Financial Information |id=Weapons-(2025)|website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=October 28, 2025|archive-date=August 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831154240/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Weapons-(2025)|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Weapons''''' is a 2025 American [[mystery movie|mystery]] [[horror movie]] directed, written, produced, and co-scored by [[Zach Cregger]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspapers |first=LEE CLARK ZUMPE, Tampa Bay |date=2025-10-16 |title=Scream-o-rama cinema 2025 |url=https://www.tbnweekly.com/diversions/article_13e63e96-dad6-428a-9bf1-b210d42766eb.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=TBNweekly}}</ref> It stars [[Josh Brolin]], [[Julia Garner]], [[Alden Ehrenreich]], [[Austin Abrams]], [[Cary Christopher]], [[Toby Huss]], [[Benedict Wong]], and [[Amy Madigan]]. The movie is about the case of seventeen children from the same classroom who mysteriously run away on the same night at the same time. ''Weapons'' was released in theaters in the United States on February 3, 2025, by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. The movie received positive reviews. It did well on the [[box office]], making $268 million against a $38 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuster |first=Jeremy |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Is Another Warner Bros. Box Office Win With $40 Million Opening |url=https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812061232/https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |archive-date=August 12, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref name="DH">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Sets Sights On $40M+ Opening, 'Freakier Friday' Dazzles $30M+ – Box Office Update |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811164753/https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |archive-date=August 11, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:American mystery movies]] [[Category:2020s horror movies]] [[Category:2020s mystery movies]] [[Category:Movies about child abuse]] [[Category:American supernatural horror movies]] [[Category:Movies about abduction]] [[Category:Movies about witchcraft]] rbxlbnjljak1kuxagdj3inpzgcmls3w 10967172 10967171 2026-08-19T03:48:09Z ~2026-45374-72 1857793 10967172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | image = | director = [[Zach Cregger]] | writer = Zach Cregger | producer = {{Plainlist| * Zach Cregger * [[Roy Lee]] * Miri Yoon * [[J. D. Lifshitz]] * Raphael Margules }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Josh Brolin]] * [[Julia Garner]] * [[Alden Ehrenreich]] * [[Austin Abrams]] * [[Cary Christopher]] * [[Benedict Wong]] * [[Amy Madigan]] }} | cinematography = [[Larkin Seiple]] | editing = Joe Murphy | music = {{Plainlist| * Ryan Holladay * Hays Holladay * Zach Cregger }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[New Line Cinema]] * Subconscious * [[Vertigo Entertainment]] * [[BoulderLight Pictures]] }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2025|2|3}} | runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{cite web|date=July 28, 2025|title=''Weapons'' (18)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]|access-date=July 28, 2025|archive-date=May 17, 2025|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250517163147/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $38 million | gross = $268.2 million<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |title=Weapons |id=26581740 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|archive-date=August 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825132007/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt26581740/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{Cite The Numbers |title=Weapons – Financial Information |id=Weapons-(2025)|website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=October 28, 2025|archive-date=August 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831154240/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Weapons-(2025)|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Weapons''''' is a 2025 American [[mystery movie|mystery]] [[horror movie]] directed, written, produced, and co-scored by [[Zach Cregger]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspapers |first=LEE CLARK ZUMPE, Tampa Bay |date=2025-10-16 |title=Scream-o-rama cinema 2025 |url=https://www.tbnweekly.com/diversions/article_13e63e96-dad6-428a-9bf1-b210d42766eb.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=TBNweekly}}</ref> It stars [[Josh Brolin]], [[Julia Garner]], [[Alden Ehrenreich]], [[Austin Abrams]], [[Cary Christopher]], [[Toby Huss]], [[Benedict Wong]], and [[Amy Madigan]]. The movie is about the case of seventeen children from the same classroom who mysteriously run away on the same night at the same time. ''Weapons'' was released in theaters in the United States on August 8, 2025, by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. The movie received positive reviews. It did well on the [[box office]], making $268 million against a $38 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuster |first=Jeremy |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Is Another Warner Bros. Box Office Win With $40 Million Opening |url=https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812061232/https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |archive-date=August 12, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref name="DH">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Sets Sights On $40M+ Opening, 'Freakier Friday' Dazzles $30M+ – Box Office Update |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811164753/https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |archive-date=August 11, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:American mystery movies]] [[Category:2020s horror movies]] [[Category:2020s mystery movies]] [[Category:Movies about child abuse]] [[Category:American supernatural horror movies]] [[Category:Movies about abduction]] [[Category:Movies about witchcraft]] qgzisj6eezjtobml66rug32reeqaaor 10967173 10967172 2026-08-19T03:48:29Z ~2026-45374-72 1857793 10967173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | image = | director = [[Zach Cregger]] | writer = Zach Cregger | producer = {{Plainlist| * Zach Cregger * [[Roy Lee]] * Miri Yoon * [[J. D. Lifshitz]] * Raphael Margules }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Josh Brolin]] * [[Julia Garner]] * [[Alden Ehrenreich]] * [[Austin Abrams]] * [[Cary Christopher]] * [[Benedict Wong]] * [[Amy Madigan]] }} | cinematography = [[Larkin Seiple]] | editing = Joe Murphy | music = {{Plainlist| * Ryan Holladay * Hays Holladay * Zach Cregger }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[New Line Cinema]] * Subconscious * [[Vertigo Entertainment]] * [[BoulderLight Pictures]] }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2025|8|8}} | runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{cite web|date=July 28, 2025|title=''Weapons'' (18)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]|access-date=July 28, 2025|archive-date=May 17, 2025|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250517163147/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $38 million | gross = $268.2 million<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |title=Weapons |id=26581740 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|archive-date=August 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825132007/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt26581740/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{Cite The Numbers |title=Weapons – Financial Information |id=Weapons-(2025)|website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=October 28, 2025|archive-date=August 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831154240/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Weapons-(2025)|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Weapons''''' is a 2025 American [[mystery movie|mystery]] [[horror movie]] directed, written, produced, and co-scored by [[Zach Cregger]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspapers |first=LEE CLARK ZUMPE, Tampa Bay |date=2025-10-16 |title=Scream-o-rama cinema 2025 |url=https://www.tbnweekly.com/diversions/article_13e63e96-dad6-428a-9bf1-b210d42766eb.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=TBNweekly}}</ref> It stars [[Josh Brolin]], [[Julia Garner]], [[Alden Ehrenreich]], [[Austin Abrams]], [[Cary Christopher]], [[Toby Huss]], [[Benedict Wong]], and [[Amy Madigan]]. The movie is about the case of seventeen children from the same classroom who mysteriously run away on the same night at the same time. ''Weapons'' was released in theaters in the United States on August 8, 2025, by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. The movie received positive reviews. It did well on the [[box office]], making $268 million against a $38 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuster |first=Jeremy |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Is Another Warner Bros. Box Office Win With $40 Million Opening |url=https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812061232/https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |archive-date=August 12, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref name="DH">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Sets Sights On $40M+ Opening, 'Freakier Friday' Dazzles $30M+ – Box Office Update |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811164753/https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |archive-date=August 11, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:American mystery movies]] [[Category:2020s horror movies]] [[Category:2020s mystery movies]] [[Category:Movies about child abuse]] [[Category:American supernatural horror movies]] [[Category:Movies about abduction]] [[Category:Movies about witchcraft]] qac1av8affnq18nkoyxv4381fiy9l1d 10967178 10967173 2026-08-19T03:54:00Z ~2026-45374-72 1857793 10967178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | image = | director = [[Zach Cregger]] | writer = Zach Cregger | producer = {{Plainlist| * Zach Cregger * [[Roy Lee]] * Miri Yoon * [[J. D. Lifshitz]] * Raphael Margules }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Josh Brolin]] * [[Julia Garner]] * [[Alden Ehrenreich]] * [[Austin Abrams]] * [[Cary Christopher]] * [[Benedict Wong]] * [[Amy Madigan]] }} | cinematography = [[Larkin Seiple]] | editing = Joe Murphy | music = {{Plainlist| * Ryan Holladay * Hays Holladay * Zach Cregger }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[New Line Cinema]] * Subconscious * [[Vertigo Entertainment]] * [[BoulderLight Pictures]] }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2026|2|3}} | runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{cite web|date=July 28, 2025|title=''Weapons'' (18)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]|access-date=July 28, 2025|archive-date=May 17, 2025|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250517163147/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $38 million | gross = $268.2 million<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |title=Weapons |id=26581740 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|archive-date=August 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825132007/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt26581740/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{Cite The Numbers |title=Weapons – Financial Information |id=Weapons-(2025)|website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=October 28, 2025|archive-date=August 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831154240/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Weapons-(2025)|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Weapons''''' is a 2026 American [[mystery movie|mystery]] [[horror movie]] directed, written, produced, and co-scored by [[Zach Cregger]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspapers |first=LEE CLARK ZUMPE, Tampa Bay |date=2025-10-16 |title=Scream-o-rama cinema 2025 |url=https://www.tbnweekly.com/diversions/article_13e63e96-dad6-428a-9bf1-b210d42766eb.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=TBNweekly}}</ref> It stars [[Josh Brolin]], [[Julia Garner]], [[Alden Ehrenreich]], [[Austin Abrams]], [[Cary Christopher]], [[Toby Huss]], [[Benedict Wong]], and [[Amy Madigan]]. The movie is about the case of seventeen children from the same classroom who mysteriously run away on the same night at the same time. ''Weapons'' was released in theaters in the United States on February 3, 2026, by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. The movie received positive reviews. It did well on the [[box office]], making $268 million against a $38 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuster |first=Jeremy |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Is Another Warner Bros. Box Office Win With $40 Million Opening |url=https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812061232/https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |archive-date=August 12, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref name="DH">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Sets Sights On $40M+ Opening, 'Freakier Friday' Dazzles $30M+ – Box Office Update |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811164753/https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |archive-date=August 11, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:American mystery movies]] [[Category:2020s horror movies]] [[Category:2020s mystery movies]] [[Category:Movies about child abuse]] [[Category:American supernatural horror movies]] [[Category:Movies about abduction]] [[Category:Movies about witchcraft]] mb24qkztv3t27vzwcrzjnrkariuglok 10967179 10967178 2026-08-19T03:54:59Z ~2026-45374-72 1857793 10967179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | image = | director = [[Zach Cregger]] | writer = Zach Cregger | producer = {{Plainlist| * Zach Cregger * [[Roy Lee]] * Miri Yoon * [[J. D. Lifshitz]] * Raphael Margules }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Josh Brolin]] * [[Julia Garner]] * [[Alden Ehrenreich]] * [[Austin Abrams]] * [[Cary Christopher]] * [[Benedict Wong]] * [[Amy Madigan]] }} | cinematography = [[Larkin Seiple]] | editing = Joe Murphy | music = {{Plainlist| * Ryan Holladay * Hays Holladay * Zach Cregger }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[New Line Cinema]] * Subconscious * [[Vertigo Entertainment]] * [[BoulderLight Pictures]] }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2025|8|8}} | runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{cite web|date=July 28, 2025|title=''Weapons'' (18)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]|access-date=July 28, 2025|archive-date=May 17, 2025|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250517163147/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/weapons-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzu4|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $38 million | gross = $268.2 million<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |title=Weapons |id=26581740 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|archive-date=August 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825132007/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt26581740/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{Cite The Numbers |title=Weapons – Financial Information |id=Weapons-(2025)|website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=October 28, 2025|archive-date=August 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831154240/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Weapons-(2025)|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Weapons''''' is a 2025 American [[mystery movie|mystery]] [[horror movie]] directed, written, produced, and co-scored by [[Zach Cregger]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspapers |first=LEE CLARK ZUMPE, Tampa Bay |date=2025-10-16 |title=Scream-o-rama cinema 2025 |url=https://www.tbnweekly.com/diversions/article_13e63e96-dad6-428a-9bf1-b210d42766eb.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=TBNweekly}}</ref> It stars [[Josh Brolin]], [[Julia Garner]], [[Alden Ehrenreich]], [[Austin Abrams]], [[Cary Christopher]], [[Toby Huss]], [[Benedict Wong]], and [[Amy Madigan]]. The movie is about the case of seventeen children from the same classroom who mysteriously run away on the same night at the same time. ''Weapons'' was released in theaters in the United States on August 8, 2025, by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. The movie received positive reviews. It did well on the [[box office]], making $268 million against a $38 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuster |first=Jeremy |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Is Another Warner Bros. Box Office Win With $40 Million Opening |url=https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812061232/https://www.thewrap.com/weapons-box-office-hit/ |archive-date=August 12, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref name="DH">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 9, 2025 |title='Weapons' Sets Sights On $40M+ Opening, 'Freakier Friday' Dazzles $30M+ – Box Office Update |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811164753/https://deadline.com/2025/08/box-office-weapons-freakier-friday-1236482095/ |archive-date=August 11, 2025 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:American mystery movies]] [[Category:2020s horror movies]] [[Category:2020s mystery movies]] [[Category:Movies about child abuse]] [[Category:American supernatural horror movies]] [[Category:Movies about abduction]] [[Category:Movies about witchcraft]] qac1av8affnq18nkoyxv4381fiy9l1d 1 1238601 10966904 10851464 2026-08-18T18:12:58Z Raisinisredviolatesarebluefu 1857563 /* Why does hybe suck */ new section 10966904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == What is Yoonchae's personality like? == What's her personality? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28294-63|&#126;2026-28294-63]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28294-63|talk]]) 17:56, 10 May 2026 (UTC) == Why does hybe suck == cuz it's shitty [[User:Raisinisredviolatesarebluefu|Raisinisredviolatesarebluefu]] ([[User talk:Raisinisredviolatesarebluefu|talk]]) 18:12, 18 August 2026 (UTC) 74qo9mdoorccim5sy7zvrhvz244xvng 10966905 10966904 2026-08-18T18:13:16Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Raisinisredviolatesarebluefu|Raisinisredviolatesarebluefu]] ([[User talk:Raisinisredviolatesarebluefu|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-28294-63: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 10851464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == What is Yoonchae's personality like? == What's her personality? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28294-63|&#126;2026-28294-63]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28294-63|talk]]) 17:56, 10 May 2026 (UTC) iykidf12nuauvopi2f3cpwfh8116apm 0 1239798 10966838 10656414 2026-08-18T17:12:48Z Canadachick 1633172 10966838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{one source|date=November 2025}} '''Serena Ryder''' (born December 8, 1982) is a Canadian singer-songwriter. She was born in [[Toronto, Canada]], she lives in [[Millbrook]], [[Ontario]]. Ryder first with her ballad "Weak in the Knees" in 2007 and has released eight studio albums. In 2014, Ryder co-hosted the Juno Awards. == References == *[https://www.afm.org/2016/10/serena-ryder/ AFM] {{Bio-stub}} [[Category:Canadian pop singers]] [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Atlantic Records artists]] [[Category:Canadian feminists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Musicians from Peterborough, Ontario]] [[Category:Singers from Toronto]] [[Category:Canadian rock singers]] [[Category:Canadian guitarists]] cavx2uah29qhttv9tf2tt0fcw8y8bou 10966839 10966838 2026-08-18T17:13:23Z Canadachick 1633172 10966839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{one source|date=November 2025}} '''Serena Ryder''' (born December 8, 1982) is a Canadian singer-songwriter. She was born in [[Toronto, Canada]], she lives in [[Millbrook]], [[Ontario]]. Ryder first with her ballad "Weak in the Knees" in 2007 and has released eight studio albums. In 2014, Ryder co-hosted the Juno Awards. == References == *[https://www.afm.org/2016/10/serena-ryder/ AFM] {{Bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ryder, Serena}} [[Category:Canadian pop singers]] [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Atlantic Records artists]] [[Category:Canadian feminists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Musicians from Peterborough, Ontario]] [[Category:Singers from Toronto]] [[Category:Canadian rock singers]] [[Category:Canadian guitarists]] qv9qmgrfemh8gjm0l4k79vw2rbpd73f 2 1240418 10967121 10963067 2026-08-19T00:48:08Z Passengerpigeon 264719 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Diamonds records inc]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967121 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === December 2025 === # [[:Trek Émonda]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2025-34728-11}} 21:09, 1 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Tinil]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-36165-30}} 21:10, 1 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Justin Parsons]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:20, 2 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:William Parsons]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2025-37824-41}} 03:20, 2 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-37612-83}} 18:39, 2 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bosintang]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2025-34728-11}} 14:37, 3 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:California Waste Solutions]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); 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notified {{user|~2026-23074}} 04:15, 2 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christina Koch]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|JonThomBen}} 15:53, 2 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Palestinian Emirates Plan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|JamesThreeSeven}} 16:18, 3 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Project Alpha (hoax)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-56737}} 20:09, 3 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chicken stars]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-57751}} 22:30, 3 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Meese cart]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21339-5}} 02:23, 11 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Greenland: Migration]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21077-7}} 02:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Robert II, Count of Hesbaye]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 05:04, 11 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:All planets of solar system]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|~2026-23001-7}} 19:52, 11 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dan lin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-24155-6}} 15:10, 12 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Enlil]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A3|A3]]); notified {{user|~2026-24690-6}} 15:10, 12 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Story of O.J.]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2025-42524-85}} 15:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jospeh Kargbo Entertainement]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-28428-8}} 03:34, 14 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:AD 2082]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Bruno45654564}} 05:31, 16 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Salvador Alvarado Municipality]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-34984-2}} 01:24, 17 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Angostura Municipality, Sinaloa]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-34984-2}} 01:24, 17 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dream Academy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-45787-1}} 17:04, 21 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Point-and-click game]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-51318-2}} 22:56, 23 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Turan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-50532-9}} 00:03, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Disney family]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-50541-9}} 01:20, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mister Maker Around The World]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-51233-2}} 15:22, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Show de Turminha de Heitor e ninimo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:17, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor e ninimo and the Cockroaches (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:17, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor e ninimo et les Cafards: Le Film]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:18, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Teresa Mo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53084-5}} 19:18, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor e ninimo et les Cafards Saison 4 (CD)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:59, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Marya]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 00:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Advice and consent]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53827-4}} 17:27, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|~2026-54424-6}} 21:35, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Curridabat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-56685-5}} 14:54, 26 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor et les Cafards]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:27, 26 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Island gigantism]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-57689-3}} 04:29, 27 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Medellín Cartel]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-64362-6}} 21:20, 29 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Malik Munawar Khan Awan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-67049-8}} 23:42, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chinese Pidgin English]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-32008-55}} 23:43, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Binary prefix]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-66790-9}} 23:43, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of Community characters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-66956-4}} 03:08, 31 January 2026 (UTC) === February 2026 === # [[:Damn TV]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-68866-1}} 15:33, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tempio di Minerva (Foro Transitorio)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-71114-3}} 22:26, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dojima Rice Exchange]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-70855-5}} 23:30, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mathias trøan isaksen]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|Yoyoyoyohei123}} 14:10, 2 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bernal Diaz del Castillo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:30, 3 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rucka Rucka Ali]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 22:30, 3 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Delfino Borroni]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-75646-3}} 01:43, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Oviul Maruf (photographer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-76599-1}} 03:36, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ferriman]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-77892-7}} 20:31, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nappy Heads]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-79503-2}} 01:09, 5 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Registered sex offender]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-80782-7}} 21:36, 5 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Greenbrae, California]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Yahooyahoo16284}} 00:50, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Netzverb SatzApp]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-80528-1}} 00:50, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Golden dandelions minecraft]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-80840-1}} 01:24, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Country Bear Jamboree]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-44276-92}} 05:36, 7 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dongxiang language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-85713-3}} 20:40, 7 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dalton School]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-87021-7}} 23:38, 8 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Whole Lotta Red (Deluxe)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-88467-2}} 01:58, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Outfit7]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-84685-9}} 03:56, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Super Bowl LX]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-86947-5}} 04:42, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:European Mink]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-89177-0}} 23:54, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:American Mink]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-89177-0}} 23:55, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bauhaus (company)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-99393-8}} 15:46, 13 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Newton MessagePad]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-98651-6}} 20:24, 13 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Richcash120}} 16:22, 14 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shinoshin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|GRP213}} 05:04, 15 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of all planets in early solar system]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 15:40, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Absolute Solver]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#A7|A7]]); notified {{user|~2026-10878-89}} 22:14, 17 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Good Luck (2000 film)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Mahnameajayandamapp}} 04:38, 18 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Neo (keyboard layout)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11049-40}} 04:31, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aleksandar Vulin]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11049-40}} 04:31, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Stadtholder William V of the Netherlands]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-11049-40}} 04:32, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Colonization of the Moon]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|~2026-11116-24}} 18:31, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Reena Dutta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11237-15}} 18:48, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aerospatiale]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11169-76}} 20:13, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Little Hector and Yellow Cat and Friends]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-11122-08}} 02:54, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Little Hector and Yellow Cat]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-11479-31}} 20:46, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nicene Christianity]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Gladiator Valguarnera}} 20:52, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Scythian languages]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Gladiator Valguarnera}} 20:53, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Government Engineering College, Rajkot]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-11412-13}} 21:55, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:331st prime number]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11549-07}} 04:24, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Agartha]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Exploration literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Travelogue]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Adventure literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ferdynand Ossendowski]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:06, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:06, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Louis Jacolliot]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:06, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Les fils de Dieu]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:07, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Travel literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:09, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Thomasking004]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-11622-27}} 17:36, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Music of India]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-11628-01}} 17:36, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lady of Elche]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11845-03}} 18:44, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Harlem Shake (Doris version)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11945-09}} 19:16, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yukaghir languages]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-11893-48}} 20:34, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Michael J. Schultz]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11917-33}} 03:53, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wesley Schultz]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11968-28}} 03:53, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph efc wants a session (But he’s ghosting me)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BenjaminFish}} 16:17, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Covids of reddit, what is the covidest covid you've ever covided?]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|DanQuayleQuandaleFan5}} 01:12, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Office of Akash Nanda]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12191-92}} 07:04, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Massive cock]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-12380-37}} 21:25, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Seabiscuit (movie)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12356-16}} 01:09, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Weverse]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:39, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sir Aqiff]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12513-77}} 21:40, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sir Abrioris]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:41, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sir Griflet]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:41, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Novice]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-12420-69}} 14:11, 26 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Bug's Life: 2 Revenge of Grasshoppers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 04:18, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Bug's Life: 2 Revenge of Grasshoppers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 05:21, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ben hargrave]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13012-94}} 18:46, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gear (Static Shock)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-13187-71}} 19:35, 28 February 2026 (UTC) === March 2026 === # [[:Soft Em]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13196-53}} 03:44, 1 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:God's Child (Baila Conmigo)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-13597-51}} 20:10, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Directive]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13628-26}} 02:21, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Space Patrol (1950 TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13695-18}} 22:42, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Where's Waldo? (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14459-05}} 20:42, 5 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Siege of Bankmut]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:42, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:SilverClapboard Productions]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 03:17, 11 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kisskh]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-15771-97}} 19:21, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tread]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15947-78}} 03:26, 13 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tunnelistan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:08, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ulises Francisco Espaillat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-17348-12}} 13:48, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Unanimous consent]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-17371-61}} 23:18, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ambatukam]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-17495-04}} 17:10, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Creating Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? (Service Client)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-17544-39}} 21:41, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Deolira Gliceria Pedro da Silva]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-18542-42}} 02:51, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 미주 대표 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Tanveer.webvio01}} 17:54, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:미국 아시아나항공 고객 센터 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Hale336622}} 19:05, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Watermelon tape dispenser]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-18995-16}} 03:08, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zucchini stapler]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-18929-55}} 03:18, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ? 【Besoin d'aide”33】]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-18983-64}} 07:46, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro de téléphone de Singapore Airlines ?]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-18945-99}} 07:47, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Volkswagen Type 2 (T2)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-19138-78}} 03:52, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم طيران الإمارات المجاني]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Yhheesr562}} 22:34, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:XM Partner Code PY8GQ]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-19618-36}} 17:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 고객 서비스 전화번호]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Lutharere651}} 20:48, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Assassination of Meir Kahane]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Josephsona1}} 00:19, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم هاتف خدمة عملاء الخطوط الجوية القطرية]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Loiiyre76}} 00:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Baruch Goldstein]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Tzombathy Testament}} 00:47, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Castiglioni Method]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|~2026-19790-57}} 02:33, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Water scarcity in India]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-20087-02}} 20:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:DheReckahsTeam]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A7|A7]]); notified {{user|Lorilouer}} 20:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) === April 2026 === # [[:A Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-20108-10}} 14:19, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Atex is dumb]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 18:05, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amihai Eliyahu]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Payton Ramban}} 03:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ? Besoin d'aide!!]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:19, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:FAQ! Quel est le numéro du 1 888 422 7533 ? Gratitude!]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:19, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter l'agence Air Algérie ? Gratitute Sans frais]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:19, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro du 1 888 422 7533 ? PARLER-24H]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:20, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où se trouve le numéro de vol EasyJet ? ASK-HELP]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:20, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro du 1 888 422 7533 ? ASSIST-2K]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:20, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fighter pilot]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-20359-93}} 12:17, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:ROBA Coffee]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-20548-19}} 19:23, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lehava]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Shakeitoff4today}} 03:01, 3 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cro (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-20807-30}} 04:10, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mugiasco (Lake Como)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-22509-65}} 03:04, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zucco della Rocca]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-22509-65}} 03:04, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Office of American Innovation]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22389-77}} 03:06, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shake Shack]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:08, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:I Just Might]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:08, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hawaii: Part II]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22533-24}} 20:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shion Kaji]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-22800-12}} 18:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:V2 rocket]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22853-84}} 18:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Emma Kaji]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-22800-12}} 18:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cheetozard]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 18:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Baby Bowser’s Tire Service]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:(1 833 852 0744) JALの代表電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:(1 833 852 0744) JALの問い合わせ電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:(1 833 852 0744) 日本航空の代表電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:JALに直接電話するには？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kristin Stokes]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-23306-95}} 01:56, 15 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Charlie Young]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-23105-27}} 01:56, 15 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:USA 미국에서 대한항공에 전화하려면 어떻게 해야 하나요?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kimjihnnunn525}} 00:48, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wankerpedia]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Wanerpedia 2}} 18:08, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:JAL 日本航空の代表電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shiny9890}} 18:08, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 취소 방법?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shine4598}} 18:08, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-23679-37}} 18:08, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Wanerpedia 2]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Wanerpedia 2}} 18:09, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод 1XBET на Сегодня: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Viktorivnavinta}} 13:48, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод 1XBET: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Viktorivnavinta}} 13:48, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:1440 Yuki Shiromitas Timer (Every 60 Yuki Shiromitas in Africa, a minute passes)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-24774-58}} 01:39, 23 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Every Yuki Shiromita in the Internet in 2021 (Every 60 Yuki Shiromitas in Africa, a minute passes)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-24774-58}} 01:39, 23 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Every Yuki Shiromita in the Internet (Every 60 Yuki Shiromitas in Africa, a minute passes)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-24774-58}} 01:39, 23 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-855-542-9312 파라 타 항공 고객센터 전화번호]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeer8a765}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-855-542-9312 티 웨이 항공 고객센터 전화번호]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbroqeer8a765}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод Мелбет при Регистрации Беларусь: BNB777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nikiktorivnavinta}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод 1WIN при Регистрации Беларусь: 1W500BINGO]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nikiktorivnavinta}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод Мостбет при Регистрации Беларусь: BRO125]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nikiktorivnavinta}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Advance Seat 에어프레미아 좌석 선택 방법?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeeeri8wa765}} 23:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-855-542-9312 에어프레미아 좌석은 어떻게 구매하나요?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeeer8wa765}} 23:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:AA. 아메리칸 에어 라인에 전화하려면 어떻게 해야 하나요?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeeqri8wa765}} 23:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:INT 아시아나 국제선 고객 센터 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeeqriq8wa765}} 23:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:French manicure]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Nailart Medan}} 14:09, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:2026 Mali attacks]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-26413-28}} 17:17, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Statistical area (United States)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-26466-03}} 23:48, 30 April 2026 (UTC) === May 2026 === # [[:2026 Mali offensives]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-26537-49}} 02:35, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:281101]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-27328-94}} 16:26, 5 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Buddy DML (Ghanaian Musician)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Jbalvinknai}} 03:20, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Renmar 'Cañete]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:20, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Buddy DML (Official)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Jbalvinknai}} 03:21, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Red-crested turaco]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-27587-10}} 15:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-27664-60}} 17:01, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Elgoog]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-27822-52}} 19:37, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Thou]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-16686-74}} 22:26, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1,000,00]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-28266-13}} 16:26, 10 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Imam Shurunbulali]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28005-58}} 20:52, 10 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jospeh kargbo Entertainment]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-28148-49}} 00:16, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Adam Hamid]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chiltern (district)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29044-28}} 22:08, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Skinny dip]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-29384-86}} 20:54, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of countries in Asia and Oceania by Human Development Index]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-29480-93}} 23:29, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dutch Golden Age]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29906-67}} 13:36, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Peter O'Toole (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-29983-59}} 03:29, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:30th century BC]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-30311-49}} 16:36, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sandbox (band)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-30553-91}} 03:04, 22 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dfggfdg]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-31218-31}} 14:10, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Coniston massacre]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-31717-84}} 04:56, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:حسان حسين محمد السعيدي]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|~2026-31933-41}} 23:56, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Maruti 800]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-31853-44}} 04:46, 29 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:NUFC ownership (2021–present)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-32091-66}} 18:39, 29 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Godzilla x Kong: Supernova]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-32277-14}} 01:33, 31 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mines (Spribe)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:27, 31 May 2026 (UTC) === June 2026 === # [[:Noah alves]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:14, 1 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:ANAのコールセンターは24時間対応していますか？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Tohrchaltegoli}} 02:57, 2 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:日本航空の代表電話番号は？(カスタマーサービス（日本）)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Tohrchaltegoli}} 03:07, 2 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Youareanidiot.cc]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Flixissmart}} 01:38, 3 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:New Technology Train]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-32931-35}} 16:36, 3 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Twirlywoos series 5]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-33045-37}} 02:07, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-32892-31}} 02:47, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Double O (Cyrillic)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-33117-74}} 03:27, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking com teléfono colombia]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Guleldhaari}} 03:36, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Berg concentration camp]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-33311-43}} 16:22, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Did only wealthy people have houses in ancient rome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-33507-05}} 19:00, 5 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (January 2027)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-33397-90}} 04:14, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (2027)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-33322-36}} 04:15, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-33322-36}} 04:15, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (February 2027)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Infinits7887442}} 04:57, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (March 2027)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Axnasia99846}} 05:43, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:40th century BC]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-33804-42}} 22:54, 7 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Natufian culture]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-36005-00}} 00:08, 22 June 2026 (UTC) === July 2026 === # [[:Italian Socialist Republic]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 04:17, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Smogg]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:52, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Coloring Book (mixtape)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:53, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Doug Stone]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-39151-53}} 02:32, 10 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Used Engines For Sale in San Jose,CA]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fuiy87y87ey8}} 15:43, 11 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Used Motors for Sale with Fast Nationwide Delivery]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fuiy87y87ey8}} 15:47, 11 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ariana islam raj]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Ariyanislamraj499}} 02:52, 13 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Meteor Crater]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-40140-37}} 01:41, 17 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Qusay Frog]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 03:03, 17 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Seasons of the Month (December 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-40144-05}} 02:41, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (2027)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-40144-05}} 02:42, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Battle Buttermilky (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-40491-35}} 02:42, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (November 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-40144-05}} 02:42, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (October 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-40144-05}} 02:42, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (September 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-40144-05}} 02:42, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Seasons of the Month (2026)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-40144-05}} 02:43, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:SHOOLBOY G]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-40387-30}} 03:19, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Millwall Iron Works]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-40273-95}} 03:19, 19 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Valetudo (moon)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 00:59, 23 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nuisance streamer]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-41145-77}} 03:58, 24 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Watts Towers]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Saffronrebel}} 00:41, 30 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zio (slur)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-42504-57}} 02:35, 31 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Communism defenition]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-42430-02}} 04:06, 31 July 2026 (UTC) === August 2026 === # [[:I Heard You Paint Houses]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-42343-98}} 02:41, 1 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Number name 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-42937-78}} 01:57, 4 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dream TV (Egypt)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-43190-13}} 20:30, 4 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Energy generator]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-42985-13}} 23:35, 4 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ethan strange]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-43474-87}} 02:11, 7 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Close Shave]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-43275-01}} 02:52, 7 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ema]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Zikasry}} 14:57, 7 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Peter O'Toole (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-43418-71}} 03:32, 8 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Florida Everglades]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-43546-98}} 17:38, 8 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Benedetto Castelli]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); 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He plays as midfielder for the [[2. Liga|2nd league]] club [[FC Liefering]]. ==Career == Ivanschitz began his career at First Vienna FC. In January 2021, he moved to the youth academy of FC Red Bull Salzburg. There he progressed through all age groups from the 2021/22 season onwards. For the [[2025-26 FC Liefering season|2025/26 season]], he joined the squad of the second-division team FC Liefering. <ref>[https://www.fc-liefering.at/de/fc-liefering/news/saison_2025_26/trainingsauftakt-2025-26.html FC Liefering Homepage] </ref> He made his debut in the second division on 15 August 2025. He came as a substitute for [[Oliver Lukic]] in the 76th minute of the third matchday of that season against SK Sturm Graz II. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/3._Runde,_Saison_2025/26,_FC_Liefering_gegen_SK_Sturm_Graz_II FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> He scored his first goal for Liefering on 1 November 2025 in a away-match versus [[Young Violets Austria Wien]]. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/12._Runde,_Saison_2025/26,_Young_Violets_Austria_Wien_gegen_FC_Liefering FC salzburg Wiki] </reF> ==International == Ivanschitz made his debut for an Austrian youth national team in April 2022. In September 2023, he debuted for the U-17 team. He participated in the 2024 European Championship with this team. He made three appearances in the tournament. ==Personal == His father [[Andreas Ivanschitz|Andreas]] (* 1983) was also a football player. He played for the [[Austria national football team]]. {{Commonscat|Ilia Ivanschitz}} {{ FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ivanschitz, Ilia}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Austrian football midfielders]] hgr4z38h7942veg1p07sle8g6azypqh 0 1240670 10967208 10860260 2026-08-19T05:05:00Z Werner100359 106408 10967208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Nikola Šarčević | image = FC Salzburg gegen SK Brann Bergen (2025-07-30 Championsleague Qualifikation Zweite Runde Rückspiel) 02.jpg | fullname = Nikola Šarčević | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2006|12|27|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Vienna]], Austria | height = 1.91 m | position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 31 | youthyears1 = 2013–2016 | youthclubs1 = SV Wienerberg | youthyears2 = 2016–2018 | youthclubs2 = SC Team Wiener Linien | youthyears3 = 2018–2022 | youthclubs3 = [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Wien]] | youthyears4 = 2022 | youthclubs4 = [[FK Austria Wien|Austria Wien]] | youthyears5 = 2022–2025 | youthclubs5 = TWL Elektra | years1 = 2022–2024 | clubs1 = TWL Elektra II | caps1 = 8 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2023–2025 | clubs2 = TWL Elektra | caps2 = 33 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2025– | clubs3 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps3 = 11 | goals3 = 0 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | pcupdate = 17 May 2026 | ntupdate = 2 December 2025 | medaltemplates = }} '''Nikola Šarčević''' (born 27 December 2006) is an Austrian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[2. Liga]] club [[FC Liefering]]. == Club career == Sarcevic began his career at SV Wienerberg. For the 2016–17 season, he moved to SC Team Wiener Linien. In February 2018 he moved to the youth academy of [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Wien]]. In February 2022, he moved to the academy of [[FK Austria Wien|Austria Wien]]. After only half a year with Austria Wien, he returned to TWL for the 2022–23 season. For the 2023–24 season he was promoted to the first team squad. He made his debut in the [[Regionalliga Ost]] in September 2023. During his first season, he made six appearances in the third tier of Austrian football. In the 2024–25 season, he played in 27 matches. For the 2025–26 season, he moved to [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] club [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]]. There he played for [[FC Liefering]]. He made his debut in the [[2. Liga]] in August 2025, when he was in the starting eleven on the first matchday of that season against [[SC Austria Lustenau|Austria Lustenau]].<ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2025/26,_FC_Liefering_gegen_SC_Austria_Lustenau FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref> {{Commonscat|Nikola Sarcevic}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sarcevic, Nikola}} [[Category:2006 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Austrian football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Vienna]] {{sports-bio-stub}} qefexu0i9mby8tjfv54g97unek5viqd 0 1240950 10966762 10768713 2026-08-18T16:31:38Z Werner100359 106408 /* References */ 10966762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Jakob Pokorny | image = Jakob Pokorny.jpg | fullname = Jakob Vinzenz Pokorny | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|2 |23|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Klagenfurt]], [[Austria]] | height = | position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender ]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 13 | youthyears1 = 2014-2021 | youthclubs1 = [[Klagenfurter AC]] | youthyears2 = 2021-2022 | youthclubs2 = [[Wolfsberger AC]] | youthyears3 = 2022-2024 | youthclubs3 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2024- | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps1 =5 | goals1 =0 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2022-2023 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria national under-15 football team|Austria U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2023-2024 | nationalteam2 = [[Austria national under-16 football team|Austria U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 8 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2024- | nationalteam3 = [[Austria national under-17 football team|Austria U17]] | nationalcaps3 =17 | nationalgoals3 =1 | pcupdate = 4 December 2025 | ntupdate = 4 December 2025 | medaltemplates = }} '''Jakob Pokorny''' (* 23 February 2008 in [[Klagenfurt am Wörthersee]]) is an Austrian football player. He plays as [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for the [[2. Liga|Austrian 2nd league]] club [[FC Liefering]]. == Career == Pokorny began his career at KAC 1909. In September 2021, he moved to the youth academy of [[Wolfsberger AC]]. After just a few months in Wolfsberg, he went to the youth academy of [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] in February 2022. There he went through all age groups in the academy starting in the 2022/23 season. In December 2024, he made his debut for FC Liefering . He came as a substitute for [[Bryan Okoh]] in the 76th minute of Matchday 16 of the 2024/25 season against [[First Vienna FC]]. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/16._Runde,_Saison_2024/25,_First_Vienna_FC_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==International == Pokorny made his debut for an Austrian youth national team in November 2022. In September 2024, he debuted for the U-17 team against Finland. With the U-17 team, he qualified for the 2025 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Qatar. The team reached the final and finished as runners-up after a loss to Portugal <ref>[https://www.kleinezeitung.at/sport/fussball/international/20351514/das-finale-zwischen-oesterreich-und-portugal-ab-17-uhr-im-liveticker Kleine Zeitung.at] </ref> He captained the team in all matches. {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pokorny, Jakob}} [[Category:2008 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Austrian football defenders]] {{sports-bio-stub}} 8f615ikclrr62ff68kcf7fhtrwmwj4x 0 1241516 10966690 10965131 2026-08-18T15:34:09Z ~2026-45253-56 1857480 /* */ correction 10966690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yadav''' is a traditionally peasant-pastoral community of [[India]] and [[Nepal]].The Yadav community holds a distinguished place in India's cultural and historical landscape, characterized by a proud legacy of leadership, resilience, and deep-rooted traditions. Historically tracing their lineage to the ancient Yadu dynasty and Lord Krishna, they carry a profound sense of heritage that blends a pastoral, hard-working ethos with a historic martial and ruling tradition. This unique background has fostered a community spirit defined by strength, independence, and strong social cohesion. Today, Yadavs continue to demonstrate their influence and adaptability, shaping modern India through significant contributions and leadership roles across politics, governance, sports, and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ&dq=yadav+surname&pg=PT110|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=2018-09-17|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-78395-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ|title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-46732-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ|title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-46732-2|language=en}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Sons of Krishna: The politics of Yadav community formation in a north Indian town.|url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/135735/|publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science|date=2002|degree=doctoral|language=en|first=Lucia|last=Michelutti}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pviHAwAAQBAJ|title=Caste in Question: Identity Or Hierarchy?|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|date=2004-11-08|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0345-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni9uAAAAMAAJ&q=ahirs+adopted+yadav+surname|title=The Scheduled Castes in India|last=Kashyap|first=Anirban|date=1996|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-0511-5|language=en}}</ref>It is a part of several castes that unite by their gotra. the Yadav surname to raise their social status during late 19th to 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&pg=PA1551|title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh|date=2005|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7304-114-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2003|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Claveyrolas |first1=Mathieu |title=The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3886|access-date=2026-07-23|journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |date=2019 |doi=10.4000/samaj.3886 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA205|title=The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India|last=Gooptu|first=Nandini|date=2001-07-05|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44366-1|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Gujarati Ahir.jpg|thumb|A picture clicked during an Ahir caste meeting in Gujarat.]] This was a part of a movement of social and political resurgence, Sanskritisation under the influence of Arya Samaj where the other backward and lower status castes adopted different surnames to raise their social status. The term "Yadav" is now commonly used as a surname by members of communities such as Ahirs, Golas, and Gavlis.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWms_1WzF1sC&dq=The+term+%22Yadav%22+covers+many+castes+which+initially+had+different+names:+Ahir+in+the+Hindi+belt&pg=PA187|publisher=Columbia University Press|date=2003|isbn=978-81-7824-080-0|language=en|first=Christophe Jaffrelot|last=The term 'Yadav' covers many castes which initially had different names: Ahir in the Hindi belt, Punjab and Gujarat, Gavli in Maha-rashtra, Gola in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka etc. Their traditional common function, all over India, was that of herdsmen, cowherds and milksellers.}}</ref> At present people from this community are chiefly engaged in agriculture, military services, and also in cattle herding.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2003|publisher=Hurst & Company|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|pages=188|language=en}}</ref> In India, they are found in states such as [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Orissa]], [[Bengal]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Entrenchment of Hindutva: Local Mediations and Forms of Convergence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52oHEAAAQBAJ&dq=yadav+caste&pg=PT169|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2020-11-29|isbn=978-1-000-08368-2|language=en|first1=Daniela|last1=Berti|first2=Nicolas|last2=Jaoul|first3=Pralay|last3=Kanungo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC|title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India|last=Yadava|first=S. D. S.|date=2006|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-216-1|language=en}}</ref> == Origin and History == ===In the Rigveda=== The word Yadava (different from the modern day adopted surname ‘Yadav’) is described as "''descendants of Yadu''". Yadu is one of the five early Indo-Aryan tribes (Panchajana) described in the [[Rigveda]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|pages=54}}</ref> The Yadu's had a tribal association with the Turvasu tribe, and they often were described together.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=2001|title=Autochthonous Aryans?: The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts.|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=7|pages=7}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Erdosy|first1=George|title=Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Rgvedic history: poets, chieftains and politics|last2=Witzel|first2=Michael|publisher=De Gruyter|year=1995|isbn=|location=|pages=204}}</ref> Yadu partially Indo-Aryan-culture influenced the Indus tribe. By the time of the arrival of the Puru and Bharata tribes, the Yadu-Turvasu had settled in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with the Yadu's possibly living along the banks of the [[Yamuna River]].{{Sfn|Erdosy|Witzel|1995|p=262}} Mandalas 4 and 5 of the [[Rigveda]] describe the Yadavas and Turvasas as a foreign tribe and mention them being brought to India by sea and settled by [[Indra]].{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=605, 695}}{{Sfn|Erdosy|Witzel|1995|p=222, 262}}{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=829}}{{Sfn|Erdosy|Witzel|1995|p=237}}{{Sfn|Erdosy|Witzel|1995|p=235}}{{Sfn|Erdosy|Witzel|1995|p=239}} In [[Rigveda]] X.62.10, the Turvashas along with them are described as Das-Dasyu and [[Barbarians]] ( Mlechchha ). Historian R.P. Chanda speculated that they originally inhabited [[Western Asia]], from where they came to [[India]], settled in the Surashtra or [[Kathiawar]] peninsula and then spread to [[Mathura]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmaewdodLZQC|title=Reflections on the Tantras|last=Chattopadhyaya|first=Sudhakar|date=1978|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0691-7|pages=19|language=en|quote=In the Rigveda, x.62.10, the Yadus and Turvaśas are called dāsas or barbarians. From these evidences R.P. Chanda infers that the Yadus were of homo-Alpinus origin, settled originally in Western Asia, from where they came to India, settled in Surāştra or Kathiawad Peninsula and then spread to Mathura.}}</ref> ===In the Epics and Puranas=== A.D. Pusalkar observed that the Ahirs were called Asuras in the Epics and [[Puranas]], which may be due to their mixing with non-Aryans and laxity in following the Aryan religion. In the Mahabharata, they are once called Vratyas and at another place, Krishna talks about his tribe which included eighteen thousand Vratyas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC&dq=yadu+Rigveda&pg=PA33|title=Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya|last=Roy|first=Janmajit|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0169-2|pages=33–34|language=en|quote=A.D. Pusalkar observes that the Yadava branches are called Asuras in the epics and purāṇas on account of their considerable mixture with the non-Aryans and the resultant looseness in the observance of the Aryan Dharma. It is important to note that even in the Mahabharata, Krsna is called the sanghamukhya. Bimanbehari Majumdar points out that at one place in the Mahābhārata the Yadavas are called Vrātyas and at another place, Krņa speaks of his tribe consisting of eighteen thousand Vrātas. He is inclined to accept Bloomfield's interpretation of the term Vrātya as meaning Samghātmaka.}}</ref> From the genealogical sections of several major [[Puranas|Puranas]], it can be inferred that the Yadavas were spread across the Aravalli region, [[Gujarat]], the Narmada Valley, the northern Deccan, and the eastern Gangetic valley. The [[Mahabharata]] and the Puranas mention that the a confederation of several clans ruled the [[Mathura]] region. The Mahabharata also mentions the migration of ancient Yadavas from Mathura to Dwarka due to pressure from the Paurava rulers of Magadha and possibly the Kauravas.<ref name="thapar2">Thapar, Romila (1978, reprint 1996). ''Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|978-81-250-0808-8}}, pp.216-7</ref><ref name="sircar1">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=D. C. |title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2790-5|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA16|location=Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hcr1">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972) "Political History of Ancient India", Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 127-8</ref> Shri Ramdhari Singh, M.A. writes in his article titled “History of Andhaka-Vrishni-Sangha” – {{cquote|"The Yadav caste was extremely hard-working and fun-loving. That caste belonged to the cowherds, who lived with their cattlemen in a very fertile and convenient place on the banks of Yamuna. They lived a comfortable life by producing milk, curd, butter and ghee in sufficient quantities."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/shivpujansinh-kushwah_202308/page/n32/mode/1up?q=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE+|title=Are Ahirs, Gujars and Jats foreigners? (In this book, it has been proved with many historical evidences that Ahirs, Gujars and Jats are not foreigners but are descendants of Aryans. They are Kshatriyas of the lunar dynasty.] Author: Shivpujan Singh Kushwah Shivpujansinh Kushwah|last=Shivpujan Singh Kushwah}}</ref>}}The ancient Yadavas of the [[Mahabharata]] period were known as followers of the [[Vaishnavism]], with Shri [[Krishna]] as the God they worship: they were all cowherds by profession. However, they participated in the [[Kurukshetra War|battle of Kurukshetra]]. The present-day Ahirs are also followers of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duIjAQAAIAAJ|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: The tribal world in transition|last=Shashi|first=Shyam Singh|publisher=Anmol Publications, 1994|year=1994|isbn=9788170418368|page=76|quote=The Yadavas of the Mahabharata period were known to be the followers of Vaisnavism, of which Krsna was the leader: they were gopas (cowherd) by profession Ksatriyas, participating in the battle of Kurukshetra. The present Ahirs are also followers of Vaisnavism.}}</ref> == Relation with Ahir, Gopa & Goala castes == The Ahir, Gopa and Goalas castes in India since the 19th and 20th centuries, have claimed descent from the legendary king Yadu as a part of a movement of social and political resurgence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA0tAQAAIAAJ|title=Contributions to Indian Sociology|date=2001|publisher=Mouton|language=en}}</ref> The Yadav movement has worked to improve the social standing of its constituents through Sanskritisation, adoption of ‘''Yadav’'' title as a surname by these cowherd communities and their active participation in the armed forces, expansion of economic opportunities to include more prestigious business fields, and active participation in politics. Yadav leaders and intellectuals have often focused and tried to claim descent from Yadu, and from Krishna as an effort of recasting the group narrative to emphasise a martial character.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA383|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|last=Bayly|first=Susan|date=2001-02-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2003|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|language=en}}</ref> Scholar M.S. A. Rao claimed that there are evidence for identifying the modern Ahirs (Yadavs) with the ancient Yadavas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWEiAQAAMAAJ|title=Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India|last=Rao|first=M. S. A.|date=1987|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-0-8364-2133-0|pages=124|language=en|quote=Besides this mythical origin of the Yadavas, semi-historical and historical evidence exists* for equating the Ahirs with the Yadavas. It is argued that the term Ahir comes from Abhira (Bhandarkar, 1911:16), who were once found in different parts of India, and who in several places wielded political power. The Abhiras are equated with Ahirs, Gopas and Gollas, and all of them are considered Yadavas.}}</ref> Historian P. M. Chandorkar, using both literary and epigraphic sources, has argued that the modern Ahirs and Gavlis – until recently cattle-keepers – should be identified with Abhiras of the classical Sanskrit texts. He also notes that Khandesh, on the margin of the central Indian forests, was earlier known as the land of the Ahirs, and the local Marathi dialect continued to be called Ahirani.<ref name="Robert">{{cite book |author=Robert Vane Russell |title=pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces |date=1916 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lfhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19 |publisher=Macmillan and Company, limited | pages=19–}}</ref> Historian T. Padmaja writes in her book named ‘Temples of Krishna in [[South India]]: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil Nadu’ that Ahirs were known as Ayar in [[Tamil|Tamil Nadu]], it is believed that the Ayars migrated to [[Tamil Nadu]] and established their kingdom. Some copper plate grants and inscriptions mention these Ayars as being of the [[Yadu]] lineage.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay|last=Enthoven|first=Reginald Edward|date=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0630-2|pages=25|language=en|quote=Again, many ancient remains in the Khándesh district are popularly believed to belong to the period of the Gauli Ráj. From the Archæological point of view, they are to be ascribed to the time of the Yádavas of Devagiri. It is, therefore, not unlikely that, according to popular belief, these Yádavas were Abhiras. This receives some support from the fact that Yaduvanshis even now are one of the most important sub-divisions of the Ahirs.}}</ref> ==Claimed mythological characters== ===Goddess Gayatri=== *Gayatri is the expressed form of the popular Gayatri mantra, which is a bhajan of Vedic texts. She is also known as Savitri and Vedmata (Mother of the Vedas). According to the Puranas, Gayatri was a girl who helped [[Brahma]] in the sacrifice performed at Pushkar Purāṇa, a Critical Study.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDQqAAAAYAAJ&q=abhira|title=Religion and Philosophy of the Padma-purāṇa|last=Arya|first=Sharda|date=1988|publisher=Nag Publishers|isbn=978-81-7081-190-9|language=an}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SMLAQAAMAAJ&q=gayatri+abhira|title=The Aryan Path|last=Wadia|first=Sophia|date=1969|publisher=Theosophy Company (India), Limited|language=en}}</ref> ===Goddess Durga=== *[[Durga|Maa Durga]], a major goddess in Hinduism. She is worshiped as a key aspect of Goddess Maa and is one of the most popular and widely respected among Indian deities. According to Chanda, a primitive form of Durga, was the result of "the syncretism of a mountain-goddess worshiped by the inhabitants of the [[Himalaya]] and Vindhya" as a war-goddess of the Abhir. In the Virata Parva Stuti and the [[Vishnu]] text, the goddess is called Mahamaya or Yoga Nidra of Vishnu. These indicate his Abhir or Gop origin. Durga then transformed into [[Kali]] as the incarnation of all-destructive time and this idea was built on the foundation of Vedic religion, Mythology and Philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4bXAAAAMAAJ&q=parvan+stuti|title=Durga As Mahisasuramardini|last=Aiyar|first=Indira S.|date=1997|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-0510-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC|title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in the West Bengal|last=McDaniel|first=June|date=2004-08-05|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534713-5|language=en}}</ref> ===Goddess Radha=== *[[Radha]] is also called Radhika, a Hindu goddess of Barsana is claimed as an Ahir .<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_anlsbp56aoC&pg=PA46|title=The Book of Krishna|last=Varma|first=Pavan K.|date=2009-07-01|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306763-4|language=one}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgIAQAAIAAJ|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Káthiáwar|date=1884|publisher=Government Central Press|language=in|quote=Radha or Radhika who was the daughter of Vrashabhánu, an Ahir chief of Varsána, a village near Gokul.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXXXAAAAMAAJ&q=vrishabhanu+yadava|title=Temples of Vrindaban|last=Das|first=R. K.|date=1990|publisher=Sandeep Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85067-47-6|language=en}}</ref> ==As a martial race== === Mythology === The Narayani sena (army) that Lord [[Krishna]] gave to Duryodhana to fight in the [[Mahabharata]] is believed to consist of [[Abhira|Abhiras]]. Abhira warriors were also present in the Samsaptaks. According to some claims, Abhiras are mentioned as in the [[Mahabharata]] and were a very important part of the Chakravyuh created by Dronacharya, who allowed only [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] and [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]] in his army.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTEoAAAAMAAJ|title=Report of the Indian Statutory Commission ...|last=commission|first=Great Britain Indian statutory|date=1930|publisher=H. M. Stationery Office|language=en|quote=The Narayani Army which the Krishna organized and which made him so powerful that his friendship was eagerly sought by the greatest kings of his time, is described in the Mahabharata as being all of the Ahir caste.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uY2AQAAMAAJ|title=Rajputana Classes: 1921|date=1922|publisher=Government Monotype Press|language=en|quote=In the Mahabharat it is mentioned that the Narayani army which Sri Krishna organized was composed of Ahirs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Braj Kumar |last=Pandey |title=Sociology and Economics of Casteism in India: A Study of Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e41uAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Pragati Publications, 1996 |isbn=9788173070365 |page=78 |quote=The Narayani Army which he organised, and which made him so powerful that his friendship was eagerly sought by the greatest kings of his time, is described in the Mahabharat as being all of the Abhira caste.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAIAAJ|title=Braj Ka Raas Rangmanch|last=Aggarwal|first=Ramnarayan|date=1981|publisher=National Publishing House|language=hi|quote=The Narayani Army which Lord Krishna gave to Duryodhana to fight in the Mahabharata was of Abhiras only. Brave Abhira warriors were also present in the Samsaptaks. The Ahirs played a key role in Drona's golden formation.}}</ref> === Modernly === https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Brave_Ahir.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Rezang_La_Memorial.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_rezangla_place.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Veer_ahir_ajit_hai_abhit_hai.jpg The Britishers classified the Ahirs as a martial castes and recruited them into the army.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC |page=90 |accessdate=2012-02-22}}</ref> The British government then formed four companies of Ahirs, two of which were in the 95th Russell Infantry.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. S. A. Rao|title=Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2011-03-28|date=1 May 1979|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-90255-4 }}</ref> The velour and sacrifice of Ahir soldiers at the [[Rezang La]] front of the Ahir Company of the 13th Kumaon Regiment lead by Major Captain Shaitan Singh Bhati during the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian war]] is still greatly admired in India and in memory of their bravery, the battle site memorial was named as "Ahir Dham".<ref>{{cite news|first=Mohan |last=Guruswamy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/dont-forget-the-heroes-of-rezang-la/article4112584.ece |title=Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La |work=The Hindu |date=20 November 2012 |accessdate=2014-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-nobody-believed-we-had-killed-so-many-chinese-at-rezang-la.-our-commander-called-me-crazy-and-warned-that-i-could-be-courtmartialled-/1023745/0 |title='Nobody believed we had killed so many Chinese at Rezang La. Our commander called me crazy and warned that I could be court-martialled' |work=The Indian Express |date=30 October 2012 |accessdate=2014-07-13}}</ref> == See more == • [[Pran Sukh Yadav]] • [[Ahirwal]] • [[Ahirani]] • [[Rezang La]] • [[Abhira]] • [[Ahirwada]] == References == 4wnmw00nmc0qu6ms8c6wh80nuwf3cfz 0 1242269 10967130 10672548 2026-08-19T01:08:44Z MourningRainfall 86802 /* History */ 10967130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hockey team | team = Vancouver Goldeneyes | color = background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#0F4777 5px solid; border-bottom:#EEE9D8 5px solid; | color text = | city = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] | league = [[Professional Women's Hockey League|PWHL]] | conference = | division = | founded = 2025 | arena = [[Pacific Coliseum]] | colours = Pacific blue, coastal cream, earthy bronze, sunset gold, sky blue<br>{{color box|#0F4777}} {{color box|#EEE9D8}} {{color box|#A76741}} {{color box|#E2B12E}} {{color box|#72B0D5}} | owner = [[Mark Walter|Mark Walter Group]] | GM = [[Cara Gardner Morey]] | coach = [[Brian Idalski]] | captain = [[Ashton Bell]] | affiliates = | website = [https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes Official website] | name1 = '''Vancouver Goldeneyes''' | dates1 = {{nowrap|2025–present}} | reg_season_titles = | championships1_type = [[PWHL Regular season championship|Regular season titles]] | championships1 = 0 | uniform_image = | championships2_type = [[Walter Cup]]s | championships2 = 0 }} The '''Vancouver Goldeneyes''' are a [[Canada|Canadian]] professional [[ice hockey]] team. They began playing in [[2025–26 PWHL season|2025]]. The team plays in the [[Professional Women's Hockey League]] (PWHL). They play their home games in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] at the [[Pacific Coliseum]]. ==History== On April 18, 2025, it was reported that the PWHL was expanding and that a new team would be awarded to Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-hockey-pwhl-expansion-vancouver-2e0bfdf56a67655008218d029b2fc4a5|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=PWHL chooses Vancouver as 1st expansion city with 2nd market to be determined, AP source says|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> On April 23, it was officially confirmed and announced that the PWHL were expanding to Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/news/2025/april/23/professional-womens-hockey-league-expands-to-vancouver|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=Professional Women's Hockey League Expands to Vancouver|publisher=[[Professional Women's Hockey League]]}}</ref> The team announced they will play their home games at [[Pacific Coliseum]], the former home of both the [[Vancouver Canucks]] and [[Vancouver Giants]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2025/december/05/pacific-coliseum-gives-the-vancouver-goldeneyes-a-home-like-no-other-in-the-pwhl|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=Pacific Coliseum gives the Vancouver Goldeneyes a home like no other in the PWHL|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> On June 23, 2025, the team introduced [[Brian Idalski]] as their first head coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/news/2025/june/23/pwhl-vancouver-names-brian-idalski-as-first-ever-head-coach|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=PWHL Vancouver Names Brian Idalski as First-Ever Head Coach|publisher=Professional Women's Hockey League}}</ref> On November 21, 2025, the team announced [[Ashton Bell]] as the team's first [[Captain (ice hockey)|captain]], with [[Sarah Nurse]] and [[Claire Thompson]] as [[Captain (ice hockey)|alternate captains]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2025/november/21/vancouver-goldeneyes-announce-ashton-bell-claire-thompson-and-sarah-nurse-as-team-s-first-ever-leadership-core|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=Vancouver Goldeneyes Announce Ashton Bell, Claire Thompson, and Sarah Nurse as Team’s First-Ever Leadership Core|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> On October 21, 2025, the team revealed their first jerseys.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2025/10/21/pwhl-unveils-vancouver-teams-official-jerseys/|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=PWHL unveils Vancouver team's official jerseys|publisher=[[CityNews|CityNews Vancouver]]}}</ref> On November 6, 2025, it was officially announced that team name was the Vancouver Goldeneyes. It was named after the [[common goldeneye]] which is commonly found in the lakes of British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2025/november/21/vancouver-goldeneyes-announce-ashton-bell-claire-thompson-and-sarah-nurse-as-team-s-first-ever-leadership-core|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=PWHL Unveils Vancouver Goldeneyes in Expansion Team Identity Launch|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> On June 1, 2026, the Goldeneyes fired Idalski as head coach after he coached the team to a 9-3-4-14 record and finished sixth in the league.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2026/june/01/vancouver-goldeneyes-announce-change-at-head-coach-position|accessdate=August 18, 2026|title=Vancouver Goldeneyes Announce Change at Head Coach Position|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> The team won the PWHL's Gold Plan and were able to secure the first overall pick in the [[2026 PWHL Draft]] which they used to select [[Caroline Harvey]] of the [[Wisconsin Badgers women's ice hockey|Wisconsin Badgers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2026/june/17/vancouver-goldeneyes-select-caroline-harvey-first-overall-in-the-first-round-of-the-2026-pwhl-draft|accessdate=August 18, 2026|title=Vancouver Goldeneyes Select Caroline Harvey First Overall in the First Round of the 2026 PWHL Draft|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> On July 30, [[Cara Gardner Morey]] announced that she was stepping down as general manager of the team and was taking over as the new head coach of the Goldeneyes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2026/july/30/vancouver-goldeneyes-name-cara-gardner-morey-as-head-coach|accessdate=August 18, 2026|title=Vancouver Goldeneyes Name Cara Gardner Morey as Head Coach|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{Official|https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes}} {{multistub|sport|Canada}} [[Category:2025 establishments]] [[Category:2020s establishments in British Columbia]] [[Category:Ice hockey teams in British Columbia]] [[Category:Sports teams in Vancouver]] [[Category:Women's sports]] idtq47q5ev9x23ijryc5lir1thfxabz 10967134 10967130 2026-08-19T01:10:42Z MourningRainfall 86802 10967134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hockey team | team = Vancouver Goldeneyes | color = background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#0F4777 5px solid; border-bottom:#EEE9D8 5px solid; | color text = | city = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] | league = [[Professional Women's Hockey League|PWHL]] | conference = | division = | founded = 2025 | arena = [[Pacific Coliseum]] | colours = Pacific blue, coastal cream, earthy bronze, sunset gold, sky blue<br>{{color box|#0F4777}} {{color box|#EEE9D8}} {{color box|#A76741}} {{color box|#E2B12E}} {{color box|#72B0D5}} | owner = [[Mark Walter|Mark Walter Group]] | GM = Vacant | coach = [[Cara Gardner Morey]] | captain = [[Ashton Bell]] | affiliates = | website = [https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes Official website] | name1 = '''Vancouver Goldeneyes''' | dates1 = {{nowrap|2025–present}} | reg_season_titles = | championships1_type = [[PWHL Regular season championship|Regular season titles]] | championships1 = 0 | uniform_image = | championships2_type = [[Walter Cup]]s | championships2 = 0 }} The '''Vancouver Goldeneyes''' are a [[Canada|Canadian]] professional [[ice hockey]] team. They began playing in [[2025–26 PWHL season|2025]]. The team plays in the [[Professional Women's Hockey League]] (PWHL). They play their home games in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] at the [[Pacific Coliseum]]. ==History== On April 18, 2025, it was reported that the PWHL was expanding and that a new team would be awarded to Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-hockey-pwhl-expansion-vancouver-2e0bfdf56a67655008218d029b2fc4a5|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=PWHL chooses Vancouver as 1st expansion city with 2nd market to be determined, AP source says|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> On April 23, it was officially confirmed and announced that the PWHL were expanding to Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/news/2025/april/23/professional-womens-hockey-league-expands-to-vancouver|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=Professional Women's Hockey League Expands to Vancouver|publisher=[[Professional Women's Hockey League]]}}</ref> The team announced they will play their home games at [[Pacific Coliseum]], the former home of both the [[Vancouver Canucks]] and [[Vancouver Giants]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2025/december/05/pacific-coliseum-gives-the-vancouver-goldeneyes-a-home-like-no-other-in-the-pwhl|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=Pacific Coliseum gives the Vancouver Goldeneyes a home like no other in the PWHL|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> On June 23, 2025, the team introduced [[Brian Idalski]] as their first head coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/news/2025/june/23/pwhl-vancouver-names-brian-idalski-as-first-ever-head-coach|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=PWHL Vancouver Names Brian Idalski as First-Ever Head Coach|publisher=Professional Women's Hockey League}}</ref> On November 21, 2025, the team announced [[Ashton Bell]] as the team's first [[Captain (ice hockey)|captain]], with [[Sarah Nurse]] and [[Claire Thompson]] as [[Captain (ice hockey)|alternate captains]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2025/november/21/vancouver-goldeneyes-announce-ashton-bell-claire-thompson-and-sarah-nurse-as-team-s-first-ever-leadership-core|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=Vancouver Goldeneyes Announce Ashton Bell, Claire Thompson, and Sarah Nurse as Team’s First-Ever Leadership Core|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> On October 21, 2025, the team revealed their first jerseys.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2025/10/21/pwhl-unveils-vancouver-teams-official-jerseys/|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=PWHL unveils Vancouver team's official jerseys|publisher=[[CityNews|CityNews Vancouver]]}}</ref> On November 6, 2025, it was officially announced that team name was the Vancouver Goldeneyes. It was named after the [[common goldeneye]] which is commonly found in the lakes of British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2025/november/21/vancouver-goldeneyes-announce-ashton-bell-claire-thompson-and-sarah-nurse-as-team-s-first-ever-leadership-core|accessdate=December 10, 2025|title=PWHL Unveils Vancouver Goldeneyes in Expansion Team Identity Launch|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> On June 1, 2026, the Goldeneyes fired Idalski as head coach after he coached the team to a 9-3-4-14 record and finished sixth in the league.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2026/june/01/vancouver-goldeneyes-announce-change-at-head-coach-position|accessdate=August 18, 2026|title=Vancouver Goldeneyes Announce Change at Head Coach Position|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> The team won the PWHL's Gold Plan and were able to secure the first overall pick in the [[2026 PWHL Draft]] which they used to select [[Caroline Harvey]] of the [[Wisconsin Badgers women's ice hockey|Wisconsin Badgers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2026/june/17/vancouver-goldeneyes-select-caroline-harvey-first-overall-in-the-first-round-of-the-2026-pwhl-draft|accessdate=August 18, 2026|title=Vancouver Goldeneyes Select Caroline Harvey First Overall in the First Round of the 2026 PWHL Draft|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> On July 30, [[Cara Gardner Morey]] announced that she was stepping down as general manager of the team and was taking over as the new head coach of the Goldeneyes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes/news/2026/july/30/vancouver-goldeneyes-name-cara-gardner-morey-as-head-coach|accessdate=August 18, 2026|title=Vancouver Goldeneyes Name Cara Gardner Morey as Head Coach|publisher=Vancouver Goldeneyes}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{Official|https://www.thepwhl.com/en/teams/vancouver-goldeneyes}} {{multistub|sport|Canada}} [[Category:2025 establishments]] [[Category:2020s establishments in British Columbia]] [[Category:Ice hockey teams in British Columbia]] [[Category:Sports teams in Vancouver]] [[Category:Women's sports]] e26vvrktmg1e6hmztyk5ga3uak5wqx7 0 1242634 10966827 10776811 2026-08-18T17:07:16Z Canadachick 1633172 10966827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup|reason=|date=December 2025}} {{Infobox Russian district |en_name=Slobodskoy District |ru_name=Слободской район |image_map={{Russia district OSM map}} |map_caption=Location of Slobodskoy District in Kirov Oblast |image_view=Никулицкое городище.jpg |image_caption=Archaeological site, Slobodsky District |coordinates = {{coord|58|43|N|50|11|E|type:adm2nd_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_flag=Flag of Slobodskoy rayon (Kirov oblast).png |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Slobodsky rayon (Kirov oblast).png |anthem= |holiday= |federal_subject=[[Kirov Oblast]] |adm_ctr_name=[[Slobodskoy, Kirov Oblast|Slobodskoy]] |urban-type_settlement_of_district_significance_type=Urban-type settlements |no_of_urban-type_settlements_of_district_significance=1 |selsoviet_type1=Rural okrugs |no_of_selsoviets_type1=12 |no_of_urban-type_settlements=1 |no_of_rural_localities=232 |mun_formation1=Slobodskoy Municipal District |mun_formation1_no_of_urban_settlements=1 |mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=12 |mun_formation1_leader_title= |mun_formation1_leader_title_ref= |mun_formation1_leader_name= |mun_formation1_leader_name_ref= |mun_formation1_representative_body= |mun_formation1_representative_body_ref= |area_km2=3790 |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=30174 |urban_pop_2010census=32.2% |rural_pop_2010census=67.8% |pop_2010census_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date= |established_date_ref= |website=http://www.admslob.ru/ }} '''Slobodskoy District''' is a [[district]] or (raion), in [[Kirov Oblast]], [[Russia]]. It is in the north of the [[oblast]]. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Kirov Oblast}} {{multitub|Europe|Geo}} [[Category:1929 establishments in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Districts of Russia]] rvqq9ljrb3r5ajk2baayrsivinit0mc 0 1242779 10967306 10850007 2026-08-19T07:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Rob McCallum | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|06|16}} | birth_place = New Zealand | nationality = New Zealander | occupation = Explorer, Expedition leader | employer = EYOS Expeditions (Co-founder) | known_for = Deep-ocean expeditions; Five Deeps Expedition; Deepest-diving New Zealander | notable_works = ''Race for the Rainforest'' (co-author) | awards = Lincoln University Alumni International Medal (2024); Honorary Doctorate, Aberystwyth University (2025) }} '''Rob McCallum''' (born 16 June 1965) is a New Zealand explorer and expedition leader. He is a Fellow of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] and a Fellow of The Explorers Club, for which he has led four flagged expeditions. McCallum is the deepest-diving New Zealander,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title='The ANZAC Dive': Australian, New Zealander Dive To Challenger Deep - DeeperBlue.com |url=https://www.deeperblue.com/the-anzac-dive-australian-new-zealander-dive-to-challenger-deep/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> having reached 10,925 m in the Challenger Deep. == Conservation == McCallum earned a degree in Parks and Recreation Management from Lincoln University<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 LU Alumni International Medal Citation - Robert Dougall McCallum |url=https://livingheritage.lincoln.ac.nz/nodes/view/94490 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Lincoln University Living Heritage: Tikaka Tuku Iho |language=en}}</ref> and an M.Sc. in Conservation Management from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He worked in Papua New Guinea as a Technical Advisor for the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), supporting community-based rainforest protection initiatives. He co-authored the book ''Race for the Rainforest'' with Nikhil Sekhran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nik Sekhran {{!}} Leaders {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/leaders/nik-sekhran |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en-US}}</ref> McCallum spent 23 years working in New Zealand’s national parks and protected areas. After rising to the role of Conservator,<ref>{{Cite news |last=English |first=Phillip |date=25 April 2001 |title=New chief to spread the word on heritage |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-chief-to-spread-the-word-on-heritage/JPSZHKH47ZCHMBRXLSK7HG2WZU/#google_vignette |work=NZ Herald}}</ref> he left the Department of Conservation to pursue expedition work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New chief to spread the word on heritage |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-chief-to-spread-the-word-on-heritage/JPSZHKH47ZCHMBRXLSK7HG2WZU/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> In 2024, he was appointed an Ambassador for the New Zealand Nature Fund,<ref>{{Cite web |title=One of the world's most prominent explorers is on a mission {{!}} NZ Nature Fund |url=https://nznaturefund.org/news/one-of-the-worlds-most-prominent-explorers-is-on-a-mission/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=nznaturefund.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} NZ Nature Fund |url=https://nznaturefund.org/about/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=nznaturefund.org}}</ref> which supports national conservation projects, including predator eradication efforts on the sub-Antarctic Auckland Island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Post |url=https://www.thepost.co.nz/environment/360662919/last-island-killing-200-years-predator-domination |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.thepost.co.nz}}</ref> == Deep-Ocean Operations == From 2005 to 2012, McCallum was General Manager of Deep Ocean Expeditions, which operated the twin Mir submersibles for deep-sea dives to locations including the [[German battleship Bismarck|Bismarck]] (twice), [[RMS Titanic]] (seven times), [[hydrothermal vent]] sites, and the Deep Challenge Expedition. He also served as General Manager of Deep Ocean Quest (2006–2011), where he was involved in the design and construction of the research vessel ''MV Alucia''. Its first major mission was the search for [[Air France Flight 447|Air France Flight 447]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hylton |first=Will |date=4 May 2011 |title=What Happened to Air France Flight 447 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/08/magazine/mag-08Plane-t.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> after which the vessel became associated with OceanX. From 2012 to 2018, he was Manager – Special Projects and a partner at Williamson and Associates, a deep-water search firm that operated AMS60 and WA30 sonar systems. Projects included searches for HMAS ''Sydney'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finding HMAS Sydney |url=https://museum.wa.gov.au/explore/hmas-sydney-ii-introduction/history-hmas-sydney-ii/finding-hmas-sydney-ii}}</ref> HSK ''Kormoran'', AHS Centaur, USS Grunion, [[INS Dakar]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=D |date=1999 |title=The role of image processing in the search for the I.N.S. Dakar |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/799744?section=abstract |journal=Oceans '99. MTS/IEEE. Riding the Crest into the 21st Century. Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings |volume=1 |pages=234–236 |via=IEEE Xplore}}</ref> and the 2013 Bezos Expeditions project to recover [[Rocketdyne F-1]] engines from [[Apollo 11]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/assets/Transcripts/OH_Capone_Vince.pdf|title=Oral History Vince Capone}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Expeditions == In 2008, McCallum and Tim Soper<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Soper {{!}} EYOS Founding Partner {{!}} EYOS Expeditions Team |url=https://www.eyos-expeditions.com/team-members/tim-soper/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=EYOS Expeditions |language=en-US}}</ref> co-founded EYOS Expeditions,<ref>{{Cite web |title=EYOS Expeditions {{!}} Expedition Yachts {{!}} Operations {{!}} Specialists |url=https://www.eyos-expeditions.com/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=EYOS Expeditions |language=en-US}}</ref> a company that organizes expeditions for private clients, research groups, government agencies, and media organizations. EYOS expeditions twice set the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the furthest south reached by any vessel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Caroline |date=18 March 2015 |title=Arctic P and the furthest voyage south ever undertaken |url=https://www.boatinternational.com/destinations/rest-of-the-world-yacht-destinations/arctic-p-and-the-furthest-voyage-south-ever-undertaken--24501 |website=www.boatinternational.com}}</ref> Other records include the largest vessel to transit the Northwest Passage and the first double transit of the route.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leader |first=Expedition |date=2017-04-19 |title=Ross Sea Expedition: Furthest South |url=https://aboardtheworld.com/ross-sea-expedition-furthest-south/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=The World |language=en-US}}</ref> McCallum was expedition leader and mission designer for the Five Deeps Expedition,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2025 |title=Rob McCallum: Founding Partner, Expedition Leader and Divemaster |url=https://www.eyos-expeditions.com/team-members/rob-mccallum-frgs/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2025 |title=Rob McCallum Eyos Expeditions The Expedition Leader |url=https://fivedeeps.com/home/team/crew/rob/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Taub |first=Ben |date=10 May 2020 |title=Thirty-six Thousand Feet Under The Sea |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/thirty-six-thousand-feet-under-the-sea |magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Millward |first=Adam |date=24 November 2020 |title=American explorer plunges to new lows on quest to visit the oceans' hidden depths |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2020/11/american-explorer-plunges-to-new-lows-on-quest-to-visit-the-oceans-hidden-depths-638671 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> which took Victor Vescovo to the deepest point of each of the five oceans. The expedition received the Citation of Merit from The Explorers Club and reported the discovery of more than 40 new species and mapping of over 4 million [[Square kilometre|km²]] of ocean floor. McCallum later participated in expeditions to the deepest points of all 10,000-m-plus trenches, including the Horizon Deep, the Philippine Trench, Calypso Deep, and the Suakin Trough. On 7 April 2021, McCallum and Tim MacDonald (Australia) reached 10,925 m in the Challenger Deep, becoming the deepest-diving individuals from their respective countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title='The ANZAC Dive': Australian, New Zealander Dive To Challenger Deep - DeeperBlue.com |url=https://www.deeperblue.com/the-anzac-dive-australian-new-zealander-dive-to-challenger-deep/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2023, McCallum planned and led the “Interstellar Expedition”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interstellar meteors may have formed from extreme tidal disruption events |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/galileo/news/interstellar-meteors-may-have-formed-extreme-tidal-disruption-events |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=projects.iq.harvard.edu |date=11 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> for Harvard University to recover interstellar meteorite particles from 1700 m off the coast of Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Interstellar meteors may have formed from extreme tidal disruption events |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/galileo/news/interstellar-meteors-may-have-formed-extreme-tidal-disruption-events |website=projects.iq.harvard.edu}}</ref> McCallum also served on the Executive Committee of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO)<ref>{{Cite web |title=RI Business Portal |url=https://business.sos.ri.gov/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?FEIN=000562907 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=business.sos.ri.gov}}</ref> and is Chair of the Expedition Committee on the Board of Trustees of Nekton Mission, which launched Ocean Census in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2025 |title=About Nekton |url=https://nektonmission.org/about/}}</ref> He is a member of the Strategic Advisory Council of DEEP,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rob McCallum announced as member of Strategic Advisory Council |url=https://www.deep.com/article/rob-mccallum-announced-as-member-of-strategic-advisory-council/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.deep.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> an organization developing subsea human-habitation technology. Between 2009 and 2016, McCallum provided advice to Stockton Rush and OceanGate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=A. O. L. |date=2025-05-24 |title=Former OceanGate staffers say CEO Stockton Rush 'wanted fame' and describe him as a 'borderline psychopath' in new Netflix documentary trailer |url=https://www.aol.com/former-oceangate-staffers-ceo-stockton-161151971.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.aol.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004151502/https://www.aol.com/former-oceangate-staffers-ceo-stockton-161151971.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He later expressed safety concerns about the unclassed submersible ''Titan'' in emails disclosed by the BBC after its 2023 implosion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-23 |title=Titan sub CEO dismissed safety warnings as 'baseless cries', emails show |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65998914 |access-date=2025-09-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Morelle |first=Rebecca |date=24 June 2023 |title=Titan sub CEO dismissed safety warnings as 'baseless cries', emails show |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65998914}}</ref> McCallum has been interviewed widely on expedition safety and appears in the Netflix documentary ''Titan''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morin |first=Natalie |date=31 January 2025 |title=Titan Examines the True Events Leading to OceanGate's Doomed Expedition |work=Netflix Tudum |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/titan-documentary-release-date-news}}</ref> == Design Consultation == McCallum has worked as a design consultant for expedition-capable vessels, including ''MV Alucia'' and the SeaXplorer series built by Damen Yachting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Damen Yachting {{!}} Leading builder of semi-custom luxury superyachts |url=https://www.damenyachting.com/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.damenyachting.com |language=en}}</ref> The first two SeaXplorers, measuring 62 m and 77 m, launched in 2020, with additional models built later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2017 |title=Damen sells 75m SeaXplorer - SuperyachtNews |url=https://www.superyachtnews.com/fleet/damen-sells-75m-seaxplorer |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Superyacht News}}</ref> == Awards == McCallum received the 2024 Alumni International Medal from Lincoln University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 LU Alumni International Medal Citation - Robert Dougall McCallum |url=https://livingheritage.lincoln.ac.nz/nodes/view/94490 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Lincoln University Living Heritage: Tikaka Tuku Iho |language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Aberystwyth University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=July : News , Aberystwyth University |url=https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/news/archive/2025/07/title-282373-en.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.aber.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Oceanographers]] fdbcxbbbqyr1lj3wfvpl6kriavcn4st 0 1242937 10967263 10860253 2026-08-19T06:30:30Z Werner100359 106408 10967263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Jakob Zangerl | image = FC Liefering gegen SV Ried (2025-03-09 Zweite Liga) 47.jpg | fullname =Jakob Zangerl | birth_date = {{birth date|2007|4|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]] | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender ]], [[Forward]] | youthyears1 = 2013-2018 | youthclubs1 = [[SVG Reichenau]] | youthyears2= 2018-2021 | youthclubs2 = [[F.C. Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] | youthyears3= 2021-2025 | youthclubs3 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2025- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1 = 19 | goals1 = 1 | nationalyears1 = 2022-2023 | nationalteam1 = [[Austrian national under-16 football team|Austria U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 8 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | pcupdate = 17 May 2026 }} '''Jakob Zangerl''' (born April 26, 2007 in [[Innsbruck]]) is an Austrian football player. He plays for FC Liefering in the [[2. Liga|2nd league]] in Austria. ==Career == Zangerl began his career at [[SVG Reichenau]]. He moved to FC Wacker Innsbruck for the 2018/19 season. In January 2021, he moved to the FC Red Bull Salzburg academy. There he went through all age levels . In March 2025 he was in the squad of the FC Liefering for the first time against [[SV Ried]]. His debut in the 2nd league followed in April 2025. He came on as a substitute for [[Alexander Murillo]] in the 75th minute against [[SV Horn]]. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/22._Runde,_Saison_2024/25,_SV_Horn_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==International == Zangerl played eight times for the [[Austrian national under-16 football team]] between 2022 and 2023. {{Commonscat|Jakob Zangerl}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Zangerl, Jakob}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Austrian football defenders]] [[Category:Austrian football forwards]] g38051b2avwx543s4osrovtxoow8hnx 0 1242957 10967199 10690706 2026-08-19T04:54:39Z Werner100359 106408 10967199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Riquelme | image = FC Liefering gegen SV Austria Salzburg (2025-09-14 Zweite Liga ) 29.jpg | fullname =Riquelme Reis de Almeida de Jesus dos Santos | birth_date = {{birth date|2006|1|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brazil]] | height = 1.88m | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Midfielder]] | youthyears1 = - 2023 | youthclubs1 = [[EC Vitória]] | youthyears2= 2023-2025 | youthclubs2 = [[Red Bull Bragantino]] | youthyears3= | youthclubs3 = | years1 = 2024- | years2 = 2025- | years3 = | clubs1 = [[Red Bull Bragantino]] | clubs2 = [[FC Liefering]] (loan) | clubs3 = |caps1 =1 |goals1 = 0 |caps2 =11 |goals2 = 0 }} '''Riquelme Reis de Almeida de Jesus dos Santos''' (born January 7, 2006) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays for the Austrian [[2. Liga|2nd league]] club [[FC Liefering]] as [[midfielder]] on loan from [[Red Bull Bragantino]]. ==Career == Riquelme started his career at [[EC Vitória]]. In April 2023 he moved to [[Red Bull Bragantino II|Red Bull Bragantino's U-20 team]]. In July 2024 he was in Bragantino's professional squad for the first time, but did not play. He then made his Série A debut in August 2024 against [[Flamengo |Flamengo Rio de Janeiro]]. This should also be his only professional appearance in the 2024 season. In July 2025, Riquelme moved to the Austrian second division club [[FC Liefering]] on loan. {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} {{Commonscat|Riquelme Reis}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reis, Riquelme }} [[Category:2006 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Brazilian footballers]] 0dualkwmar5f9x6vyrf6egepsr5zisw 0 1243076 10966958 10963161 2026-08-18T19:50:47Z Werner100359 106408 10966958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Mayker Palacios | image = FC Liefering gegen Young Violets Austria Wien (2026-04-24 Zweite Liga) 18.jpg | fullname = Mayker Palacios Mosquera | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|2|19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Colombia]] | height = 1.73 m | position = [[Midfielder]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]]<br>(on loan from [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]]) | clubnumber = 18 | youthyears1 = –2025 | youthclubs1 = Academia Alemana de Fútbol Popayán | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = | years1 = 2025– | clubs1 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps1 = 0 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2025– | clubs2 = → [[FC Liefering]] (loan) | caps2 = 9 | goals2 = 0 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = | nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = | nationalcaps2 = | nationalgoals2 = | pcupdate = 17 May 2026 | ntupdate = 12 December 2025 | medaltemplates = }} '''Mayker Palacios Mosquera''' (born 19 February 2007) is a Colombian football player. He plays as midfielder for the Austrian [[2. Liga]] club [[FC Liefering]], on loan from [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]]. ==Career == Palacios began his career at the Academia Alemana de Fútbol Popayán. For the [[2025–26 FC Red Bull Salzburg season|2025–26 season]] he signed with [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] club [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]].<ref>[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/aktuelles/news/ein-talent-aus-kolumbien-kommt-zu-den-roten-bullen FC Red Bull Salzburg]</ref> There he was loaned to [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga (Austria)|second division]]. He made his debut with FC Liefering in the [[2. Liga]] in August 2025, substituting [[Oliver Lukic|Oliver Lukić]] in stoppage time against [[First Vienna FC]] on the fourth matchday of that season.<ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/4._Runde,_Saison_2025/26,_First_Vienna_FC_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> {{Commonscat|Mayker Palacios}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Palacios , Mayker }} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Colombian footballers]] gc34wtx3103gf7cgta5vde2oq2flcdz 0 1244684 10966776 10718299 2026-08-18T16:47:12Z Canadachick 1633172 10966776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox legislature | background_color = {{party color|Republican Party (US)}} | name = Wyoming State Senate | coa_pic = | house_type = Upper House | term_limits = None | new_session = January 14, 2025 | legislature = [[Wyoming Legislature|68th Wyoming State Legislature]] | leader1_type = President | leader1 = [[Bo Biteman]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election1 = January 14, 2025 | leader2_type = Vice President | leader2 = [[Tim Salazar]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election2 = January 14, 2025 | leader3_type = Majority Leader | leader3 = [[Tara Nethercott]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election3 = January 14, 2025 | leader4_type = Minority Leader | leader4 = [[Mike Gierau]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | election4 = January 14, 2025 | members = 31 | structure1 = {{switcher |[[File:Senate diagram 2023 State of Wyoming.svg|250px]] |Seat display|[[File:WY Senate August 2025.svg|250px]] |Map display|default=1}} | political_groups1 = '''Majority''' *{{nowrap|{{Color box|#FF0000|border=darkgray}} [[Wyoming Republican Party|Republican]] (29)}} '''Minority''' *{{nowrap|{{Color box|#0000FF|border=darkgray}} [[Wyoming Democratic Party|Democratic]] (2)}} | last_election1 = [[2024 Wyoming State Senate election|November 5, 2024]]<br/>(15 seats) | next_election1 = November 3, 2026<br/>(16 seats) | term_length = 4 years | authority = Article 3, [[Wyoming Constitution]] | salary = $150/day + per diem | redistricting = Legislative Control | meeting_place = State Senate Chamber<br/>[[Wyoming State Capitol]]<br/>[[Cheyenne, WY|Cheyenne]], [[Wyoming]] | website = [https://www.wyoleg.gov/ Wyoming State Legislature] }} The '''Wyoming Senate''' is the [[upper house]] of the [[Wyoming Legislature|Wyoming State Legislature]]. There are 31 Senators in the Senate, representing an equal number of constituencies across [[Wyoming]]. The Senate meets at the [[Wyoming State Capitol]] in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]]. Members of the Senate serve four-year terms without [[term limits]]. ==Other websites== * [https://www.wyoleg.gov/ Wyoming Senate] * [http://www.vote-smart.org/official_state_legislator.php?type=office&state_id=WY&criteria=upper Project Vote Smart – State Senate of Wyoming]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://wyominglibertyindex.info/ The Wyoming Liberty Index] {{multistub|US|politics}} [[Category:State upper houses in the United States]] [[Category:Wyoming]] dtol3cj7kulkprhjc8w658jftjytdi7 0 1244685 10966777 10718292 2026-08-18T16:47:27Z Canadachick 1633172 10966777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox legislature | name = Wyoming State Legislature | coa_pic = | legislature = [[68th Wyoming Legislature]] | coa-pic = | session_room = Wyoming Capitol Exterior.jpg | house_type = Bicameral | houses = [[Wyoming Senate|Senate]]<br>[[Wyoming House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | leader1_type = Senate President | leader1 = [[Bo Biteman]] | party1 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election1 = January 14, 2025 | leader2_type = [[Speaker of the Wyoming House of Representatives|House Speaker]] | leader2 = [[Chip Neiman]] | party2 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election2 = January 14, 2025 | authority = Article III, [[Wyoming Constitution]] | salary = $150/day + per diem | house1 = Senate | house2 = House | members = '''93''' voting members:<br>31 Senators<br>62 Representatives | structure1 = Senate diagram 2023 State of Wyoming.svg | structure1_res = 250px | structure2 = Wyoming House of Representatives 2024.svg | structure2_res = 250px | political_groups1 = '''Majority (29)''' *{{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}|border=silver}} [[Wyoming Republican Party|Republican]] (29) '''Minority (2)''' *{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}|border=silver}} [[Wyoming Democratic Party|Democratic]] (2) | political_groups2 = '''Majority (56)''' *{{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}|border=silver}} [[Wyoming Republican Party|Republican]] (56) '''Minority (6)''' *{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}|border=silver}} [[Wyoming Democratic Party|Democratic]] (6) | last_election1 = [[2024 Wyoming State Senate election|November 5, 2024]] | last_election2 = [[2024 Wyoming House of Representatives election|November 5, 2024]] | next_election1 = [[2026 Wyoming Senate election|November 3, 2026]] | next_election2 = [[2026 Wyoming House of Representatives election|November 3, 2026]] | meeting_place = [[Wyoming State Capitol]]<br>[[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] | website = https://wyoleg.gov }} The '''Wyoming State Legislature''' is the [[legislative branch]] of the [[U.S. State]] of [[Wyoming]]. It is a [[bicameral]] [[State legislature (United States)|state legislature]]. It is made up of a 62-member [[Wyoming House of Representatives]], and a 31-member [[Wyoming Senate]]. The legislature meets at the [[Wyoming State Capitol]] in [[Cheyenne, WY|Cheyenne]]. There are no [[term limit]]s for either chamber. The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] holds a [[supermajority]] in the current legislature. ==Other websites== *[https://web.archive.org/web/19961224185013/http://legisweb.state.wy.us/ Official website] *[http://www.votesmart.org/official_state_legislator.php?type=office&state_id=WY&criteria=upper Project Vote Smart – State Senate of Wyoming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718062243/http://www.votesmart.org/official_state_legislator.php?type=office&state_id=WY&criteria=upper |date=2010-07-18 }} {{US-stub}} [[Category:Wyoming]] [[Category:State legislatures of the United States|Wyoming]] km6ut5pfvk1b68jtedgm2k6bh758nne 0 1244688 10966778 10754376 2026-08-18T16:47:45Z Canadachick 1633172 10966778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox legislature | background_color = {{party color|Republican Party (US)}} | name = Wyoming House of Representatives | coa_pic = | session_room = Cheyenne capitol sitzungssaal3.jpg | house_type = Lower house | term_limits = None | new_session = January 14, 2025 | legislature = [[Wyoming Legislature|68th Wyoming State Legislature]] | leader1_type = [[Speaker of the Wyoming House of Representatives|Speaker]] | leader1 = [[Chip Neiman]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election1 = January 14, 2025 | leader2_type = Speaker pro tempore | leader2 = [[Jeremy Haroldson]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election2 = January 14, 2025 | leader3_type = Majority Leader | leader3 = [[Scott Heiner]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election3 = January 14, 2025 | leader4_type = Minority Leader | leader4 = [[Mike Yin]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | election4 = January 10, 2023 | term_length = 2 years | authority = Article 3, [[Wyoming Constitution]] | salary = $150/day + per diem | members = 62 | structure1 = {{switcher |[[File:Wyoming House of Representatives 2024.svg|250px]] |Seat display|[[File:WY House August 2025.svg|250px]] |Map display|default=1}} | political_groups1 = '''Majority (56)''' *{{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}|border=silver}} [[Wyoming Republican Party|Republican]] (56) '''Minority (6)''' *{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}|border=silver}} [[Wyoming Democratic Party|Democratic]] (6) | last_election1 = [[2024 Wyoming House of Representatives election|November 5, 2024]]<br/>(62 seats)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rice |first1=Ethan |title=Wyoming enacts new state legislative districts |url=https://news.ballotpedia.org/2022/03/31/wyoming-enacts-new-state-legislative-districts/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=Ballotpedia News |publisher=[[Ballotpedia]] |date=31 March 2022 |quote=The enacted proposal adds one Senate seat and two House seats to the state legislature.}}</ref> | next_election1 = [[2026 Wyoming House of Representatives election|November 3, 2026]]<br/>(62 seats) | redistricting = Legislative Control | meeting_place = House of Representatives Chamber<br/>[[Wyoming State Capitol]]<br/>[[Cheyenne, Wyoming]] | website = [https://www.wyoleg.gov/ Wyoming State Legislature] }} The '''Wyoming House of Representatives''' is the [[lower house]] of the [[Wyoming Legislature|Wyoming State Legislature]]. There are 62 Representatives in the House. The House meets at the [[Wyoming State Capitol]] in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]]. Members of the House serve two year terms without [[term limits]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Legislature|url=https://wyoleg.gov/Legislature/LegislatureAbout|access-date=2020-12-27|website=State of Wyoming Legislature}}</ref> The current [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker of the House]] is [[Chip Neiman]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://web.archive.org/web/19961224185013/http://legisweb.state.wy.us/ Wyoming House of Representatives] *[http://www.vote-smart.org/official_state_legislator.php?type=office&state_id=WY&criteria=lower Project Vote Smart - State House of Wyoming]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{US-stub}} [[Category:Wyoming]] [[Category:State lower houses in the United States]] 0tt39d1d0wakuq4qbirv3x5gnxstfsa 0 1246198 10967073 10704325 2026-08-18T23:45:09Z ~2026-45260-96 1857708 10967073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Thrill Seeker | type = studio | artist = [[August Burns Red]] | released = November 8, 2005 | recorded = 2005 | studio = Dark Horse Studio, [[Franklin, Tennessee]] | genre = [[Metalcore]], [[Progressive metal|progressive metalcore]] | length = 44:43 | label = Solid State | producer = Adam Dutkiewicz | next_title = [[Messengers]] | next_year = 2007 }} '''''Thrill Seeker''''' is the debut studio album by American [[metalcore]] band [[August Burns Red]]. The album was released on November 8, 2005. ==Track listing== {{Track listing | title1 = Your Little Suburbia Is in Ruins | length1 = 3:58 | title2 = Speech Impediment | length2 = 4:01 | title3 = Endorphins | length3 = 3:10 | title4 = Too Late for Roses | length4 = 3:19 | title5 = Barbarian | length5 = 3:45 | title6 = The Reflective Property | length6 = 3:51 | title7 = A Wish Full of Dreams | length7 = 2:58 | title8 = Consumer | length8 = 4:10 | title9 = A Shot Below the Belt | length9 = 4:10 | title10 = Eve of the End | note10 = instrumental | length10 = 3:09 | title11 = The Seventh Trumpet | length11 = 8:12 | total_length = 44:43 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:2005 albums]] 5gy6apyc38gtz08la9nub1mp4fgjgek 0 1249973 10966694 10767920 2026-08-18T15:37:52Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Pedro Alberto Morettin | image = Pedro Morettin - Cerimônia de emérito.png | caption = Morettin in 2023 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|06|29}} | birth_place = [[Catanduva]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], Brazil | nationality = Brazilian | education = | occupation = Researcher, university professor | imagesize = 200px | birthname = | ethnicity = | yearsactive = }} '''Pedro Alberto Morettin''' (born 29 June 1942) is a Brazilian statistician. He is a professor at the [[Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo]] and holds a PhD from the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. He is recognized for his works in [[time series]] and [[Wavelet|wavelets]] analysis. == Education == Morettin studied at the Instituto de Educação de [[Catanduva]], where he had a math teacher who inspired him to persuade this career. Morettin joined the [[University of São Paulo]]'s mathematics program.In1963, received both bachelor and licentiate's degree. After briefly working as a teacher, Morettin lived at the [[United States]] and began to expand his statistics' [[knowledge]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=Professor Pedro Morettin é outorgado com o título de Professor Emérito do IME-USP |url=https://www.ime.usp.br/professor-pedro-morettin-e-outorgado-com-o-titulo-de-professor-emerito-do-ime-usp/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=IME-USP |language=pt-BR |archive-date=2026-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260521060554/https://www.ime.usp.br/professor-pedro-morettin-e-outorgado-com-o-titulo-de-professor-emerito-do-ime-usp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He received a master's degree in statistics in 1971 and his PhD in 1972, both from the University of California, Berkeley.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Galeria de Diretores: Pedro Alberto Morettin |url=https://www.ime.usp.br/historia/galeria-de-diretores-e-vice-diretores/pedro-alberto-morettin/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=IME-USP |language=pt-BR}}</ref> == Career == === At the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo (IME-USP) === Although his initial degree was in [[pure mathematics]], Morettin expanded his knowledge in statistics and began to teach in this area at the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics.<ref name=":0" /> Morettin became the institute's dean in 1990. He modernized the Department of Statistics, introducing research lines in time series and wavelets and consolidate international partnerships. His warrant lasted until 1994, when [[Carlos Alberto de Bragança Pereira]] assumed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=Galeria de Diretores |url=https://www.ime.usp.br/galeria-diretores/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=IME-USP |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Until 2012, he was Full Professor at the IME-USP. Later, in 2023, he received the Emeritus title,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Título de Pesquisador Emérito & Mençaõ Especial de Agradecimentos - Agraciados 2024 - CNPq |url=https://www.gov.br/cnpq/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/premios/pe/copy_of_emeritos_2024_Folder_DIGITAL.pdf |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> which is granted to retired teachers who standed out by his reasearch and teaching activities and by his contribuitions towards the university.<ref name=":0" /> Currently, Morettin is IME-USP's Senior Professor and a associated editor of the ''Journal of Forecasting'' and ''São Paulo Journal of Mathematical Sciences.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> === Scientific associations === Morettin was president of the [[Associação Brasileira de Estatística]] between 1994 and 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diretoria – ABE |url=https://www.redeabe.org.br/diretoria/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> He is a Emeritus researcher at the [[National Council for Scientific and Technological Development]] (CNPq) and was an associated professor at the Centro de Estudos Quantitativos em Economia e Finanças.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Ceqef |url=https://ceqef.fgv.br/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=ceqef.fgv.br}}</ref> == Legacy == Morettin worked with time series,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Chiann|first=Chang|last2=Morettin|first2=Pedro A.|date=1998-01-01|title=A wavelet analysis for time series|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10485259808832752|journal=Journal of Nonparametric Statistics|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–46|doi=10.1080/10485259808832752|issn=1048-5252}}</ref> wavelets<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Zandonade|first=Eliana|last2=Morettin|first2=Pedro A.|date=2003|title=Wavelets in state space models|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asmb.496|journal=Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=199–219|doi=10.1002/asmb.496|issn=1526-4025}}</ref> and statistics applications,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2023-08-23|title=Estatística e ciência de dados: publicação de docentes do IME-USP – Biblioteca Carlos Benjamin de Lyra|url=https://www.ime.usp.br/bib/estatistica-e-ciencia-de-dados-publicacao-de-docentes-do-ime-usp/|access-date=2025-07-10|language=pt-BR}}</ref> with enphasis in its applications in finances, health and physics. For his contribuitions in his area, Pedro Alberto Morettin is the first brazilian to received the Mahalobis Award, by the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]. The award is conceived since 2003 to a statistic originated in a [[developing country]] who promoted a research area.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=FAPESP |title=Destaque em estatística |url=https://agencia.fapesp.br/destaque-em-estatistica/10623 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=AGÊNCIA FAPESP |language=pt-BR}}</ref> In addition, Morettin advised 46 students in master and PhD's degree and published books that are used since basic courses to advanced ones.<ref name=":3" /> == Awards and recognition == * 2006: ABE Awards, from the Associação Brasileira de Estatística.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prêmio ABE – ABE |url=https://www.redeabe.org.br/premio-abe/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * 2009: Mahalanobis International Award, from the India Government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahalanobis International Award {{!}} ISI |url=https://isi-web.org/awards-prizes/mahalanobis-international-award |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=isi-web.org}}</ref> * 2012: honored with a Workshop at [[Campinas]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title=Boletim da ABE |url=https://www.redeabe.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Boletim_82-2012.pdf |journal=Associação Brasileira de Estatística |volume=28 |issue=82}}</ref> * 2021: Conselho Federal de Estatística's Emeritus Statistic, from the Conselho Regional de Estatística 3ª Região (CONRE-3).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estatístico Emérito – CONRE-3 {{!}} Conselho Regional de Estatística 3ª Região |url=https://www.conre3.org.br/portal/estatistico-emerito/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * 2023: Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da Universidade de São Paulo's Emeritus Professor, from IME-USP.<ref name=":0" /> * 2024: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico's Emeritus researcher, from the CNPq.<ref name=":0" /> * 2024: the book ''Time Series and Wavelet Analysis: Festschrift in Honor of Pedro A. Morettin,'' that honors him, was published.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024 |editor-last=Chiann |editor-first=Chang |editor2-last=de Souza Pinheiro |editor2-first=Aluisio |editor3-last=Castro Toloi |editor3-first=Clélia Maria |title=Time Series and Wavelet Analysis |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-66398-7 |journal=SpringerLink |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-66398-7}}</ref> == Works == === Livros === * 1997: ''Ondaletas e seus usos na Estatística''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ABE - Associação Brasileira de Estatística|url=https://www.ime.usp.br/~abe/publicacoes.htm|access-date=2025-07-10|website=www.ime.usp.br}}</ref> * 2014: ''Ondas e Ondaletas: da análise de Fourier à análise de ondaletas de séries temporais''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=n9kPHigs-MsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-BR&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Ondas e Ondaletas Vol. 23|last=Morettin|first=Pedro Alberto|date=1999|publisher=EdUSP|isbn=978-85-314-0509-9|language=pt-BR}}</ref> * 2017: ''Econometria financeira''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=I3i5DwAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Econometria financeira: um curso em séries temporais financeiras|last=Morettin|first=Pedro A.|date=2017-09-13|publisher=Editora Blucher|isbn=978-85-212-1585-1|language=pt-PT}}</ref> * 2017: ''Estatística Básica''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books/about/ESTAT%C3%8DSTICA_B%C3%81SICA.html?id=vDhnDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|title=ESTATÍSTICA BÁSICA|last=Morettin|first=Pedro A.|last2=Bussab|first2=Wilton O.|date=2017-10-06|publisher=Editora Saraiva|isbn=978-85-02-20717-2|language=pt-BR}}</ref> * 2018: ''Análise de Series Temporais, Volume 1: Modelos Lineares Univariados''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books/about/An%C3%A1lise_de_s%C3%A9ries_temporais.html?id=UwC5DwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Análise de séries temporais: modelos lineares univariados|last=Morettin|first=Pedro A.|last2=Toloi|first2=Clélia M. C.|date=2018-10-18|publisher=Editora Blucher|isbn=978-85-212-1352-9|language=pt-BR}}</ref> * 2020: ''Análise de séries temporais, vol. 2: Modelos multivariados e não lineares''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=liv7DwAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Análise de Séries Temporais – Volume 2: Modelos multivariados e não lineares|last=Morettin|first=Pedro A.|last2=Toloi|first2=Clélia M. C.|publisher=Editora Blucher|isbn=978-65-5506-006-5|language=pt-BR}}</ref> * 2022: ''Estatística e ciência de dados''.<ref name=":6" /> === Artigos === * 1974: ''Walsh-function analysis of a certain class of time series.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morettin|first=P. A.|date=1974-04-01|title=Walsh-function analysis of a certain class of time series|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030441497490026X|journal=Stochastic Processes and their Applications|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–193|doi=10.1016/0304-4149(74)90026-X|issn=0304-4149}}</ref> * 1984: ''The Levinson Algorithm and Its Applications in Time Series Analysis.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morettin|first=Pedro A.|date=1984|title=The Levinson Algorithm and Its Applications in Time Series Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1403247|journal=International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique|volume=52|issue=1|pages=83–92|doi=10.2307/1403247|issn=0306-7734}}</ref> * 1991: ''Walsh-Fourier Analysis and Its Statistical Applications: Comment.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morettin|first=Pedro A.|date=1991|title=Walsh-Fourier Analysis and Its Statistical Applications: Comment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2290598|journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association|volume=86|issue=414|pages=482–483|doi=10.2307/2290598|issn=0162-1459}}</ref> * 1998: ''A wavelet analysis for time series.''<ref name=":4" /> * 2003: ''Wavelets in state space models.''<ref name=":5" /> * 2007: ''Wavelet based time-varying vector autoregressive modelling.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sato|first=João R.|last2=Morettin|first2=Pedro A.|last3=Arantes|first3=Paula R.|last4=Amaro|first4=Edson|date=2007-08-15|title=Wavelet based time-varying vector autoregressive modelling|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167947306004208|journal=Computational Statistics & Data Analysis|volume=51|issue=12|pages=5847–5866|doi=10.1016/j.csda.2006.10.027|issn=0167-9473}}</ref> * 2010: ''Time-varying autoregressive conditional duration model.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bortoluzzo|first=Adriana B.|last2=Morettin|first2=Pedro A.|last3=Toloi|first3=Clelia M.C.|date=2010-05-01|title=Time-varying autoregressive conditional duration model|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760902914458|journal=Journal of Applied Statistics|volume=37|issue=5|pages=847–864|doi=10.1080/02664760902914458|issn=0266-4763}}</ref> * 2012: ''Comparing non-stationary and irregularly spaced time series.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salcedo|first=Gladys E.|last2=Porto|first2=Rogério F.|last3=Morettin|first3=Pedro A.|date=2012-12-01|title=Comparing non-stationary and irregularly spaced time series|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167947312002216|journal=Computational Statistics & Data Analysis|volume=56|issue=12|pages=3921–3934|doi=10.1016/j.csda.2012.05.022|issn=0167-9473}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Morettin, Pedro A.}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Professors of the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo]] [[Category:Brazilian mathematicians]] [[Category:University of São Paulo alumni]] [[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]] [[Category:Living people]] 9xqwsyjmw7ed28c38lj05o5g6qnfgea 4 1250480 10967154 10959165 2026-08-19T03:06:05Z SpBot 17413 archiving 1 section from [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback]] (after section [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback/Archives/2026#User:FlammablePizza|User:FlammablePizza]]) 10967154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talkarchive}} ====PieWriter==== *{{User2|PieWriter}} ([[Special:Userrights/PieWriter|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) Hi, I’d like to request rollback rights to help deal with vandalism more quickly. I’ve been active in monitoring recent changes and reverting disruptive edits ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&tagfilter=mw-undo&target=PieWriter]), and I’m familiar with using tools like Twinkle. I understand rollback is meant only for clear cases of vandalism or unconstructive edits, and I’ll use it carefully and responsibly in line with Wikipedia’s policies (I have also read WP:Rollback). [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 10:45, 3 January 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:54, 3 January 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:54, 3 January 2026 (UTC)</small> ====ExplorerofSpace==== I would like to request rollback permissions as the main thing I do on here is revert vandalism. I think the ability to quickly revert changes would help me a lot. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) :{{not done}} While I do have faith that you would use rollback properly, I'm only seeing a couple undos by you that you didn't revert almost immediately, which doesn't strike me as proper conditions to grant the rollback flag in. I recommend getting more experience with reverts locally before asking for rollback in the future.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 17:52, 8 February 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: - [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 17:53, 8 February 2026 (UTC)</small> ====LuniZunie==== *{{User2|LuniZunie}} ([[Special:Userrights/LuniZunie|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) Hiya! I would like to help with anti-vandalism work on simplewiki, I often see many LTAs and vandals move over to simplewiki after getting blocked, and it would be nice to be able to revert such disruption quickly. Outside of crosswiki stuff, I would love to just be able to help out here in general =) I have a solid understanding of the tool and how to use it. Thanks! [[User:LuniZunie|LuniZunie]] ([[User talk:LuniZunie|talk]]) 03:56, 17 February 2026 (UTC) *:+1 Trusted user, will make good use of tool. Keep up the good work! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 03:59, 17 February 2026 (UTC) *{{done}} - Seems uncontroversial. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 11:33, 17 February 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 11:33, 17 February 2026 (UTC)</small> ==== {{u|lp0 on fire}} ==== *{{User2|lp0 on fire}} Hello! I sometimes make reverts on simplewiki while doing cross-wiki patrolling. Usually I find vandalism here through the global abuse log. I'd like to be able to use tools like [[m:selective rollback|selective rollback]] to deal with LTAs who vandalise many pages very quickly. I have made only a little over a hundred edits here on simplewiki, but most of them are reverting vandalism or spam. I have rollback on enwiki, wikidata and meta. [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 18:42, 13 March 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} - Seems to be ok. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:37, 13 March 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:37, 13 March 2026 (UTC)</small> ====أوس==== *{{User2|أوس}} ([[Special:Userrights/أوس|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) ​Hello, I am requesting rollback rights to help fight vandalism here, I am an active rollbacker on the arwiki, Wikidata and Commons, I have been busy lately fighting cross-wiki vandals and Having this tool here will help me protect Simple English Wikipedia from the Cross-wiki vandalism. Thank You! [[User:أوس|أوس]] ([[User talk:أوس|talk]]) 03:02, 13 March 2026 (UTC) :{{nacmt}} This looks like [[:en:WP:hat collecting|hat collecting]], given yesterday's patroller request on meta which was declined and followed by a request for autopatrol. You are also blocked on cywiki for incorrect reverts. I would advise you to slow down with your requests and be careful with your reverts. [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 19:29, 13 March 2026 (UTC) ::{{u|lp0 on fire}}, while we appreciate the observation, please leave it to <s>non-</s>admins to make comments on requests. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 18:31, 17 March 2026 (UTC) :::Got it. {{small|I assume you meant "please leave it to {{underline|admins}}"}}. [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 18:38, 17 March 2026 (UTC) ::::Ha, thanks! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 18:38, 17 March 2026 (UTC) :{{not done}}, I would like to see consistent activity in undoing vandalism before granting the rollback right. Please spend some time doing work in that area and feel free to request the right at a later time if there is a need. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 19:51, 13 March 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 18:31, 17 March 2026 (UTC)</small> ====[[User:Erakilos]]==== *{{User2|Erakilos}} ([[Special:Userrights/Erakilos|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :Hello! I would like to request rollback rights. I frequently patrols recent changes and reverts vandalism and test edits. I currently use Twinkle/undo to revert disruptive edits, but rollback would help me respond to obvious vandalism more quickly and efficiently. I understand that rollback should only be used for clear vandalism or spam and not for content disputes. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 11:22, 13 March 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you for all of your hard work. However, I would prefer to see a longer track record of reverting vandalism. I see you started editing the wiki 13 days ago. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 19:57, 13 March 2026 (UTC) :::Got it! I’ll keep working on it. Thanks! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 20:54, 13 March 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 18:31, 17 March 2026 (UTC)</small> ====[[User:Erakilos]]==== *{{User2|Erakilos}} ([[Special:Userrights/Erakilos|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :Hello! I would like to request rollback rights. I frequently patrols recent changes and currently use Twinkle/undo to revert disruptive edits, but rollback would help me respond more quickly and efficiently. I understand that rollback should only be used for clear vandalism or spam and not for content disputes. My previous request can be seen [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_permissions/Rollback/Archives/2026#User:Erakilos here]. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 04:46, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::{{done}} I am happy with the amount you've done since then. Thank you, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:05, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 00:20, 15 April 2026 (UTC)</small> ====[[User:ExplorerofSpace]]==== *{{User2|ExplorerofSpace}} ([[Special:Userrights/ExplorerofSpace|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :I have been an active member of the Wikipedia community for about 2 years now on other wikis. I get how to responsibly use tools like this, and after today, I believe I need them. Without the help of other editors with Rollback, mass deletions of pages today would not have been reverted. I am fine with it either way, but I request that you grant me rollback rights. I will say/admit, I am banned on the English Wikipedia, but I was being stupid and using other accounts to influence my edit count. I have not done that here, will not do that here, and understand how to be a good member of the community. Also, I am being unbanned there right now. I also want this so I can use tools that require rollback like SWViewer. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]]</span> 𐤀 04:46, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::{{notdone}} Thanks for the request, but I would like to see more experience with undo prior to requesting rollback on this wiki. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 19:16, 6 April 2026 (UTC) :::Ok, thanks. I will continue and request it next month. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:08, 6 April 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 00:20, 15 April 2026 (UTC)</small> ====[[User:Nathan Veritas]]==== *{{User2|Nathan Veritas}} Hello! I sometimes make reverts on simplewiki while doing cross-wiki patrolling. Usually I find vandalism here through the global abuse log. I'd like to be able to use tools like selective rollback to deal with LTAs who vandalise many pages very quickly. I have made only a little over a hundred edits here on simplewiki, but most of them are reverting vandalism or spam. I have rollback on idwiki and wikidata. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 13:03, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :I'll let another admin handle the final decision but I'm a bit concerned at the lack of warnings issued after your reverts (at least enough to be hesitant to grant the flag, even with the lowered requirements that come with having rollback on another wiki).- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:43, 19 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hello @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]], I am a script user currently developing several tools, such as Smart Rollback, Spam Detection, User Transparency, and others. Right now, I am testing and running these tools on Test Wikipedia. You can see my contributions and testing results at the following link: https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Nathan_Veritas. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 19:44, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :::{{notdone}} I appreciate you have rollback on other wikis, but you have only been editing here for 4 days. There is less experience expected from those who have rollback on another wiki, but we would expect more experience here than what you currently have. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 19:46, 19 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Thank you for the explanation @[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] 🙏. Even so, I will stay motivated to fight vandalism on Simple Wikipedia. Warm regards. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 19:50, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 19:46, 19 April 2026 (UTC)</small> * ====[[User:cyberwolf]]==== *{{User2|cyberwolf}} ([[Special:Userrights/cyberwolf|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :would like to use mass rollback gadget for the (month)(day)Hermes lta Plus i have it on en.wiki [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 19:22, 22 April 2026 (UTC) ::After reviewing your edit history here at Simple English, I can tell that you've checked out the criteria of not only monitoring pages and reverting vandal edits, but you've also notified unregistered IPs/warn them about their edits. I checked English Wikipedia and while I can confirm you have rollback rights there, I've noticed you've been blocked indefinitely (albeit it's been a year since you've been blocked). I feel this may require a second admin (more experienced perhaps) to deliver a verdict. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 17:47, 26 May 2026 (UTC) :::A year to the day i believe but sure. My block is an isolated case. Not to get into the nitty gritty but i ran into turbulent times at the time i was in a mental spiral where i let an LTA get to me albeit in an outlier type case of an fiction piece being written about me having intercourse with an adminstrator. I brought it to ANI where an all out brawl where the topic i brought up was completely shoved aside and i was put basically on full blast which an warning was given (not for my behavior but for my user page)(they were correct in hindsight.) I created pages which were inflammatory because i felt like i was being personallly attacked. which the block was given. I don’t think it’ll affect here at all but I know I’m not the person who can say that i am a net positive or a net negative. [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 19:30, 26 May 2026 (UTC) *{{done}} - edits here look good. Afaics, the block on enwiki is not related to rollback misuse or anything. I think Cyberwolf can do well here with the additional rights. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:43, 26 May 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:43, 26 May 2026 (UTC)</small> ====[[User:Least Action]]==== *{{User2|Least Action}} ([[Special:Userrights/Least Action|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :To use interceptor, huggle and other tools. I have a track record on enwiki reverting vandalism. [[User:Least Action|Least Action]] ([[User talk:Least Action|talk]]) 14:38, 8 July 2026 (UTC) ::{{not done}} for now. I appreciate the work you’ve done here, but you’ve only been editing locally for less than two weeks and only just over 50 edits. It’s simply too soon to grant this for now. I would also like to see you warning users when you revert their edits with rollback-like features (Twinkle). This is a best-practice when using the actual rollback tool. I invite you to reapply in a few weeks with some more experience on simplewiki. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 18:33, 8 July 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:58, 7 August 2026 (UTC)</small> ====[[User:MakaylaHippo1998]]==== *{{User2|MakaylaHippo1998}} ([[Special:Userrights/MakaylaHippo1998|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :To revert vandalism and report users easier using special tools reserved for rollbackers and sysops. I have over 200 edits on this wiki here patrolling vandalism the past few days and also some early edits for the same matter last fall. I have been a rollbacker on the English Wikipedia with 15,000+ total edits since early January and am a pending changes reviewer and temporary account IP viewer (the latter of which I will request for here once I have reached 300 edits, which has not happened yet). [[User:MakaylaHippo1998|MakaylaHippo1998]] ([[User talk:MakaylaHippo1998|talk]]) 23:20, 24 July 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} Although your recent history is a bit sparse, I feel you qualify based on these and your 2025 work. Please reread [[wp: rollback]]. Thanks for your efforts '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:36, 24 July 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:58, 7 August 2026 (UTC)</small> ====[[User:Morkoz]]==== *{{User2|Morkoz}} ([[Special:Userrights/Morkoz|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) Hello, I have over 250 edits on here, and I'm reverting vandalism since 20 June. I already have rollback on [https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Permissions&uselang=en&user=Morkoz frwiki] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AUserRights&user=Morkoz metawiki]. Thanks, --[[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|talk]]) 17:44, 7 August 2026 (UTC) :{{done}}. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:58, 7 August 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:58, 7 August 2026 (UTC)</small> ====[[User:FlammablePizza]]==== *{{User2|FlammablePizza}} ([[Special:Userrights/FlammablePizza|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :I am a rollbacker on the [[Special:UserRights/FlammablePizza|English Wikipedia]]. I have been occasionally checking this wiki's Recent Changes list over the last 2-3 months and reverting any vandalism I see. Having rollback permissions would help me better combat vandalism here. [[User:FlammablePizza|FlammablePizza]] ([[User talk:FlammablePizza|talk]]) 20:07, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::{{done}}, has experience with the tool, has had some anti-vandal activity here, and shows no red flags. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 21:37, 15 August 2026 (UTC) :<small>This section was archived on a request by: [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 21:44, 15 August 2026 (UTC)</small> 8abd4x46fm3enf66fxc6ywe39m5h0ab 0 1250982 10966561 10820567 2026-08-18T13:10:01Z Tunix Is Here 1727996 Fixed brackets 10966561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Amstrad CPC 6128.png|thumb|An Amstrad CPC 6128 running BASIC]] [[File:Spectravideo QuickShot series joystick-IMG 4851.jpg|thumb|An Amstrad joy-stick]] [[File:Amstrad CPC 6128 3´´.jpg|thumb|A 3<nowiki>''</nowiki> video game disk for Amstrad CPC{{Split-apart}}]] The Amstrad CPC is a series of [[Home computer|computers]], originally released in June 1984. It was based on the [[Z80]] [[Central processing unit|CPU]], the machines were either fitted with 64 or 128 [[Kilobyte|KB]] [[Random-access memory|RAM]]. The first models in the line, CPC 464, CPC 664 (which replaced the cassette with a disk drive) and CPC 6128 (which added an additional 64KB RAM plus the disk drive) were successful. [[File:472 es.jpg|thumb|The Amstrad CPC 472, the spanish version of the Amstrad CPC 464]] Although in 1990, the Plus line, was less successful, which consisted of the 464 Plus and 6128 Plus and the [[GX4000]] games console. In 1985, in Spain, a version of the CPC 464 was released, the CPC 672, it had 72 KB because Spain set a tax on computers with 64 KB or less The CPC's strategy was to be an <nowiki>''</nowiki>All-In-One<nowiki>''</nowiki> type computer, original packs included the main unit (A [[Keyboard (computer)|keyboard]] and a built-on [[Data storage device|storage device]], a cassette deck or disk drive), alongside a [[Computer monitor|monitor]], either [[Color]] or [[monochrome]]. The system was well supported with a lot of [[software]], competing with other computers that could run video games, such as the [[Commodore 64]] or the [[ZX Spectrum|Sinclair ZX Spectrum]]. A wide range of [[Peripheral equipment|hardware peripherals]] such as [[Computer printer|printers]], [[Joystick|joysticks]], [[RAM|memory expansion]], and others were available. The Amstrad CPC series sold over 3 million units. The computers were created by [[Amstrad plc]] {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Computer hardware]] qztfqz6vfakj40mz2etpee45qxto86r 0 1252752 10967054 10951739 2026-08-18T22:43:04Z Mrfgdddff 1855636 /* */ Iraqi government made these accusations. However, some Kurdish civilians may also accuse these Barzani leaders of those types of crimes. 10967054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Iraqi–Kurdish conflict | partof = | image = Kurdish refugees in camp sites along the Turkey-Iraq border, 1991.jpg | image_size = 260 | caption = Kurdish refugees in camp sites along the Turkey–Iraq border in 1991. | date = 1918–present<br />(Main stage: 1961–1991) | place = [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] | territory = Creation of the [[Kurdish Autonomous Territory]], led by many Kurdish political parties | result = Establishment of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. * Iraq withdrew from the Kurds' territories in 1991; the Kurds control the autonomous territory ''[[de facto]]''. * The [[Kurdish Civil War]] from 1994 to 1998 with Iraq joining in (1995). * The [[Peshmerga]] supported the coalition forces in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]; ending Ba'athist's control. * The Kurdish government was recognized by Iraq's central government in 2005. * Tensions between [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and Iraq's central government continued. | status = | combatants_header = Belligerents | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922-1924).svg}} [[Kingdom of Kurdistan]] ---- {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Kurdistan Democratic Party|KDP]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[PUK]]<br /> {{flagicon image|}} [[Iraqi Communist Party|ICP]]<br /> {{noflag|[[Iraqi National Convention|INC]]}}<br /> {{flagicon image|ISCI flag.svg}} [[SCIRI]]<br /> ''Supported by:''<br /> {{flag|Iran}} (1980–1988)<br /> {{flag|Syria}} (1980–1988)<br/> {{flag|Israel}} (1961–1970) ---- {{flag|Iraqi Kurdistan}}<br> [[No-fly zone]] according to [[UNSC Resolution 688]]: * {{flag|United States}} * {{flag|United Kingdom}} * {{flag|France}} * {{flag|Soviet Union}} (1991) * {{TUR}} * {{AUS}} * {{POL}} | combatant2 = {{flagicon|Iraq|1924}} [[Kingdom of Iraq]]<br /> ''Supported by:''<br /> {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1922–1924) ---- {{flagicon|Iraq|1924}} [[Kingdom of Iraq]] ---- {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] * [[Iraqi Republican Guard]] * [[Iraqi Armed Forces]] * [[Iraqi police]] * [[Jihaz al-Mukhabarat al-Amma|Mukhabarat]] {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Mujahedin e-Kalq|MKO]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistana Îranê.png}} [[KDP-I]] | commander1 = [[File:Flag of kurdistan-1922 1924.svg|22px|border]] [[Mahmud Barzanji]] ---- [[Ahmed Barzani]] ---- {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Mustafa Barzani]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Idris Barzani]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Massoud Barzani]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Babaker Shawkat B. Zebari|Babakir Zebari]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Jalal Talabani]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Ibrahim Ahmad]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Ali Askari]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Nawshirwan Mustafa]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Kosrat Rasul Ali]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Najmadin Shukr Rauf|Mama Risha]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Shaykh Uthman Abd-Aziz|Uthman Abd-Asis]]<br /> [[Ahmad Challabi]]<br /> {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Icpsymbol.PNG -->}} [[Aziz Muhammad]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Mohsen Rezaee]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Ali Sayad Shirazi]]<br /> {{flagicon image|ISCI flag.svg}} [[Abdul Aziz al-Hakim]] {{flagicon|United States}} [[John Shalikashvili]] | commander2 = {{flagicon|Iraq|1924}} [[Faisal I of Iraq]] ---- {{flagicon|Iraq|1924}} [[Faisal II of Iraq]] ---- {{Flagicon image|Flag of Iraq 1959-1963.svg}} [[Abdul Karim Qasim]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Abdul Salam Arif]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Abdul Rahman Arif]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Tahir Yahya]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Saddam Hussein]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Ali Hassan al-Majid]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Taha Yassin Ramadan]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Tariq Aziz]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Saddam Kamel]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Qusay Hussein]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Uday Hussein]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Massoud Rajavi]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Maryam Rajavi]]<br /> {{flagicon|Syria|1963}} [[Luai al-Atassi]] | units1 = | units2 = | strength1 = '''KDP''':<br> 15,000–20,000 (1962)<ref>Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, p.157, {{ISBN|0-8032-3733-2}}</ref><ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 39] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> 6,000 (1970)<ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 47] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> 50,000-60,000 (1974)<ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 48] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> '''KDP & PUK''':<br> 5,000 (1980)<ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 54] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> 100,000 (1991)<ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 59] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> {{flag|Iraqi Kurdistan}}: 70,000 (2003)<ref>[http://www.jezail.org/03_archive/manuals_monogrms/Surrogate_war_UW.pdf Page 24]</ref> | strength2 = {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Military of Iraq]]:<br /> 48,000 (1969)<ref name="strength">{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUKNV6gFKucC&dq=Iraq+60%2C000+1969&pg=PA121 |journal= [[Google Books]]|title=Iraq's armed forces |isbn=978-0-415-40078-7 |last1=Al-Marashi |first1=Ibra |last2=Salama |first2=Sammy |year=2008}}</ref><br /> 90,000 (1974)<ref name="strength" /><br /> 180,000 (1978)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/agency/army.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2022-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122133952/https://nuke.fas.org/guide/iraq/agency/army.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> 300,000 (1980)<ref name="GlobalSecIIWar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm |title=Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |author=John Pike}}</ref><br /> 1,000,000 (1988)<ref name="GlobalSecIIWar" /><br /> 382,500 (1992)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atsc.army.mil/crc/IRAQ_OVERVIEW.pdf |access-date=2019-06-01 |title=IRAQ OVERVIEW (page 17) |archive-date = 23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723020826/http://www.atsc.army.mil/crc/IRAQ_OVERVIEW.pdf }}</ref><br /> 424,000 (2002)<ref>[http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/csis-military_balance-062802.pdf Iraq and The Conventional Military Balance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807072316/http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/csis-military_balance-062802.pdf |date = 7 August 2011}}</ref> | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = 163,800–345,100 deaths{{ref|a|[a]}}<br />Millions of Kurds fled or became refugees. | notes = | campaignbox = }} The '''Iraqi–Kurdish conflict''' is an ongoing armed conflict between [[Iraq]] and the [[Kurdish people]], it began in the 20th century immediately after the [[Ottoman Empire]] lost the [[First World War]] until the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|US invasion of Iraq in 2003]], though smaller clashes are still occurring. Some pointed that [[Mahmud Barzanji]]'s efforts to create an independent Kurdish kingdom as the start of the conflict but others think that it was in 1961 with a revolt by Barzanis. == Iraqi government allegations == According to Iraqi government, Barzani leaders, and henchmen had direct ties to the Nazis, and Islamists, while both them and their civilian members had and still have to Zionists. Hashemite monarchy claimed that Mullah Mustafa, Sheikh Ahmad, and Ubaidullah Barzanis supported the [[Axis powers]] along with the [[Zionism|Zionists]] (as the Iraq was among the first nations to publish Zionist's and even Barzani leaders' close ties to Nazis, like [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Josef Mengele]], and [[Heinrich Himmler]]) and being behind [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]]. In the Baathist era between 1958 and 1979, Iraqi government officials, journalists, and even politicians, such as Abdul Salam Arif, Abdul Rahman Arif, Tahir Yahya, and Abdel Karim Qasim (from 1961 to 1963), terrorlisted Barzani leaders and around 10 of their henchmen (whose not being from the Barzani tribe or confederation), including Said Abdul (nicknamed "Shaytan" by the Iraqi government) Rahman, and "Shaytan" Mariwan, and published these terrorlists on Newspapers, ''"Al Ameel Al Sihyoniyah"'' in Arabic, which includes both their ties to the Turkish and Iranian governments, as well as Zionists in Central Intelligence Agency and Mossad, including [[Dick Cheney]], [[Harry S. Truman]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], and [[David Ben-Gurion]], and through CIA and Mossad even henchmen's direct links to Josef Mengele, and Heinrich Himmler. According to the Iraqi Anti-Zionist sites, Josef Mengele did not die in South America 1979, but in early 21st Century at American Hospital aided by [[Bush family]]. Still, some Iraqi government officials also claims that [[Mahmoud Abbas]] is a fake Anti-Zionist, but a Zionist collaborator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masoud Barzani: The Butcher of Sinjar|url=https://thecradle.co/articles-id/thecradle.co|access-date=2026-08-18|website=thecradle.co|language=en}}</ref> In 2005, after fall of [[Saddam Hussein]]'s regime, Iraqi regime both make re-discuss these accusations and more modern accusations, such as Masoud Barzani, Nechirvan Barzani, and Masrour Barzani of being largely collaborators of [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]] and/or his [[Türkiye|Turkish]] regime, and from 2014 to 2017 of helping [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] (even called "Simon Elliott" by Iraqi government).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masoud Barzani: The Butcher of Sinjar|url=https://thecradle.co/articles-id/thecradle.co|access-date=2026-08-18|website=thecradle.co|language=en}}</ref> They believe that [[Abdul Salam Barzani]] was an agent of Zionists, including the Rothschilds, who fought against both the Ottoman, and Russian Empires, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Magierski|first=Peter|date=2020-07-22|title=Access to Mideast and Islamic Resources (AMIR): Open Access Newspaper Archive: Iraqi Newspapers|url=https://amirmideast.blogspot.com/2020/07/open-access-newspaper-archive-iraqi.html|access-date=2026-08-18|website=Access to Mideast and Islamic Resources (AMIR)}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Middle East conflicts}} {{multistub|hist|mil}} [[Category:20th century in Iraq]] [[Category:History of Iraq]] [[Category:Iraqi Kurdistan]] [[Category:Kurdish history]] [[Category:Wars involving Iraq]] eoc6di0ad80k6kk60k9av5fpfixfhr0 10967383 10967054 2026-08-19T09:54:53Z Mrfgdddff 1855636 /* Iraqi government allegations */ It is better for me to wait, and think before acting. 10967383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Iraqi–Kurdish conflict | partof = | image = Kurdish refugees in camp sites along the Turkey-Iraq border, 1991.jpg | image_size = 260 | caption = Kurdish refugees in camp sites along the Turkey–Iraq border in 1991. | date = 1918–present<br />(Main stage: 1961–1991) | place = [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] | territory = Creation of the [[Kurdish Autonomous Territory]], led by many Kurdish political parties | result = Establishment of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. * Iraq withdrew from the Kurds' territories in 1991; the Kurds control the autonomous territory ''[[de facto]]''. * The [[Kurdish Civil War]] from 1994 to 1998 with Iraq joining in (1995). * The [[Peshmerga]] supported the coalition forces in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]; ending Ba'athist's control. * The Kurdish government was recognized by Iraq's central government in 2005. * Tensions between [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and Iraq's central government continued. | status = | combatants_header = Belligerents | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922-1924).svg}} [[Kingdom of Kurdistan]] ---- {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Kurdistan Democratic Party|KDP]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[PUK]]<br /> {{flagicon image|}} [[Iraqi Communist Party|ICP]]<br /> {{noflag|[[Iraqi National Convention|INC]]}}<br /> {{flagicon image|ISCI flag.svg}} [[SCIRI]]<br /> ''Supported by:''<br /> {{flag|Iran}} (1980–1988)<br /> {{flag|Syria}} (1980–1988)<br/> {{flag|Israel}} (1961–1970) ---- {{flag|Iraqi Kurdistan}}<br> [[No-fly zone]] according to [[UNSC Resolution 688]]: * {{flag|United States}} * {{flag|United Kingdom}} * {{flag|France}} * {{flag|Soviet Union}} (1991) * {{TUR}} * {{AUS}} * {{POL}} | combatant2 = {{flagicon|Iraq|1924}} [[Kingdom of Iraq]]<br /> ''Supported by:''<br /> {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1922–1924) ---- {{flagicon|Iraq|1924}} [[Kingdom of Iraq]] ---- {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] * [[Iraqi Republican Guard]] * [[Iraqi Armed Forces]] * [[Iraqi police]] * [[Jihaz al-Mukhabarat al-Amma|Mukhabarat]] {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Mujahedin e-Kalq|MKO]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistana Îranê.png}} [[KDP-I]] | commander1 = [[File:Flag of kurdistan-1922 1924.svg|22px|border]] [[Mahmud Barzanji]] ---- [[Ahmed Barzani]] ---- {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Mustafa Barzani]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Idris Barzani]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Massoud Barzani]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Babaker Shawkat B. Zebari|Babakir Zebari]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Jalal Talabani]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Ibrahim Ahmad]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Ali Askari]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Nawshirwan Mustafa]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Kosrat Rasul Ali]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Najmadin Shukr Rauf|Mama Risha]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Shaykh Uthman Abd-Aziz|Uthman Abd-Asis]]<br /> [[Ahmad Challabi]]<br /> {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Icpsymbol.PNG -->}} [[Aziz Muhammad]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Mohsen Rezaee]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Ali Sayad Shirazi]]<br /> {{flagicon image|ISCI flag.svg}} [[Abdul Aziz al-Hakim]] {{flagicon|United States}} [[John Shalikashvili]] | commander2 = {{flagicon|Iraq|1924}} [[Faisal I of Iraq]] ---- {{flagicon|Iraq|1924}} [[Faisal II of Iraq]] ---- {{Flagicon image|Flag of Iraq 1959-1963.svg}} [[Abdul Karim Qasim]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Abdul Salam Arif]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Abdul Rahman Arif]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Tahir Yahya]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Saddam Hussein]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Ali Hassan al-Majid]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Taha Yassin Ramadan]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Tariq Aziz]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Saddam Kamel]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Qusay Hussein]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Uday Hussein]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Massoud Rajavi]]<br /> {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Maryam Rajavi]]<br /> {{flagicon|Syria|1963}} [[Luai al-Atassi]] | units1 = | units2 = | strength1 = '''KDP''':<br> 15,000–20,000 (1962)<ref>Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, p.157, {{ISBN|0-8032-3733-2}}</ref><ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 39] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> 6,000 (1970)<ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 47] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> 50,000-60,000 (1974)<ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 48] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> '''KDP & PUK''':<br> 5,000 (1980)<ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 54] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> 100,000 (1991)<ref>[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Page 59] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><br /> {{flag|Iraqi Kurdistan}}: 70,000 (2003)<ref>[http://www.jezail.org/03_archive/manuals_monogrms/Surrogate_war_UW.pdf Page 24]</ref> | strength2 = {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Military of Iraq]]:<br /> 48,000 (1969)<ref name="strength">{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUKNV6gFKucC&dq=Iraq+60%2C000+1969&pg=PA121 |journal= [[Google Books]]|title=Iraq's armed forces |isbn=978-0-415-40078-7 |last1=Al-Marashi |first1=Ibra |last2=Salama |first2=Sammy |year=2008}}</ref><br /> 90,000 (1974)<ref name="strength" /><br /> 180,000 (1978)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/agency/army.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2022-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122133952/https://nuke.fas.org/guide/iraq/agency/army.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> 300,000 (1980)<ref name="GlobalSecIIWar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm |title=Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |author=John Pike}}</ref><br /> 1,000,000 (1988)<ref name="GlobalSecIIWar" /><br /> 382,500 (1992)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atsc.army.mil/crc/IRAQ_OVERVIEW.pdf |access-date=2019-06-01 |title=IRAQ OVERVIEW (page 17) |archive-date = 23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723020826/http://www.atsc.army.mil/crc/IRAQ_OVERVIEW.pdf }}</ref><br /> 424,000 (2002)<ref>[http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/csis-military_balance-062802.pdf Iraq and The Conventional Military Balance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807072316/http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/csis-military_balance-062802.pdf |date = 7 August 2011}}</ref> | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = 163,800–345,100 deaths{{ref|a|[a]}}<br />Millions of Kurds fled or became refugees. | notes = | campaignbox = }} The '''Iraqi–Kurdish conflict''' is an ongoing armed conflict between [[Iraq]] and the [[Kurdish people]], it began in the 20th century immediately after the [[Ottoman Empire]] lost the [[First World War]] until the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|US invasion of Iraq in 2003]], though smaller clashes are still occurring. Some pointed that [[Mahmud Barzanji]]'s efforts to create an independent Kurdish kingdom as the start of the conflict but others think that it was in 1961 with a revolt by Barzanis. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Middle East conflicts}} {{multistub|hist|mil}} [[Category:20th century in Iraq]] [[Category:History of Iraq]] [[Category:Iraqi Kurdistan]] [[Category:Kurdish history]] [[Category:Wars involving Iraq]] qlhx2bsbfvc6mr7mk0mdcn1ry7jvpmc 0 1252921 10967018 10966173 2026-08-18T21:57:23Z ~2026-45380-39 1857655 /* */ 10967018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{uncat|date=February 2026}} '''Submitters''' are followers of the Egyptian-American biochemist [[Rashad Khalifa]] (d. 1990) who established United Submitters International (USI) in [[Tucson]], Arizona. The Submitters [[Hadith rejectors|reject hadith]] and believe in the "Qur'an alone" plus the specific mathematical code (19), which Khalifa popularised, whom they consider a "Messenger of the Covenant". Though similar to [[Quranism|Qur'anists]], the Submitters do not consider themselves to be Qur'anists, as the two are fundamentally different in their core beliefs, specifically regarding the status of Khalifa and the understanding of certain practices.<ref>https://thesubmitters.org/</ref><ref>https://www.academia.edu/72964563/NINETEEN_Gods_Signature_in_Nature_and_Scripture_by_Edip_Yuksel</ref> Qur'anists have accused Khalifa of "extremism in lying and extremism in disbelief".<ref>https://www.ahl-alquran.com/arabic/printpage.php?doc_type=1&doc_id=13444</ref> [[File:Edip Yuksel 2015-3-28 Tucson-7.jpg|thumb|[[Edip Yuksel]], once a prominent member of the Submitters<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Nineteen.html?id=8bJIYgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y</ref>]] Masjid Tucson was a private house at Tucson, Arizona, which Khalifa rented out from a private owner to enable the Friday gatherings of Submitters back in the 1980s. People would gather there every Friday to listen to Khalifa's sermons in the 1980s. After Khalifa, it was abandoned, and now is simply a private home and the Submitters do not gather to pray there anymore. Today, the Submitters are thinly spread throughout the world and gather mainly online.<ref>https://thesubmitters.org/masjid-tucson/</ref> The USI founded by Khalifa has published a monthly newsletter with the title "Submitter's Perspective" since 1985.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Who are Submitters and what is Submission? |url=https://masjidtucson.org/submission/submitter_and_submission.html |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=masjidtucson.org}}</ref> Among those influenced by Khalifa's ideas include [[Edip Yuksel|Edip Yüksel]],<ref>https://19.org/posts/edip-yuksel</ref> [[Ahmad Rashad]],<ref name="auto">Murray Olderman, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GrgdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Jl0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1963%2C3707744 Rashad Made A Name For Himself. . . Twice.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515161635/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GrgdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Jl0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1963%2C3707744|date=2020-05-15}}, ''The Pittsburgh Press'', Accsessed February 16, 2019</ref> and Nigerian High Court Judge, Isa Othman.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/nrn/WP2Alkali.pdf|title=Overview of Islamic actors in northern Nigeria|author1=Muhammad Nur Alkali|author2=Abubakar Kawu Monguno|date=January 2012|publisher=Nigeria Research Network|page=16|author3=Ballama Shettima Mustafa|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306043352/http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/nrn/WP2Alkali.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> == See also == * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Ahl al-Hadith]] * [[Hadithists]] * [[Sunnah]] * [[Ahl al-Kalam]] * [[Non-denominational Muslim]] * [[Mu'tazila]] * [[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] * [[Muslim Hebraists]] == References == {{reflist}} {{stub}} k6i1prnb7wql6zhqcynhzpbyvyr7kb5 0 1253281 10967152 10913945 2026-08-19T02:52:45Z Afizzy 1854360 /* */ 10967152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdullah Chakralawi''' (d. 1916 CE) was an Indian reformer who founded the Ahl al-Qur'an movement which was influential mostly in the [[Punjab region]]. He is considered by [[Quranism|Qur'anists]] to be an influence on the later development of Qur'anism in [[Pakistan]].<ref>https://ahl-alquran.com/arabic/show_article.php?main_id=13792</ref> His movement took [[hadith]] as relevant only to the human situation of prophet [[Muhammad]], took only the injunctions of the [[Qur'an]] as compulsory, and rejected what it saw as the excessive emphasis that [[Ahl-i Hadith]] put on hadith.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BdH_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289&dq=Led+by+Maulana+Abdu%27llah+Chakralawi+in+Lahore,+its+influence+was+mostly+limited+to+the+Punjab.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD-sCNgJWTAxVZU0EAHVDuL18Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> In 1920 CE, the Lahore High Court of Pakistan gave legitimacy to the Ahl al-Qur'an group as a Muslim sect.<ref>https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/ali-usman-qasmi/a-mosque-qurani-namaz/d/10137</ref> Ahl al-Qur'an has been described by Aziz Ahmad and Dietrich Reetz as a "[[fundamentalist]] splinter group of Ahl al-Hadith" while Francis Robinson has described it as puritanical.<ref name="ahl">{{Cite web |title=Ahl al-Quran Movement in Colonial Punjab: Exclusion of Hadith Literature |url=http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/bitstream/123456789/1456/1/AHL-Al-Quran-Movement-in-Colonial-Punjab-Exclusion-of-Hadith-Literature-10%20%281%29.pdf |website=ojs.aiou.edu.pk}}</ref> Chakralawi also opposed [[Sufism]] and vehemently condemned the shrine-based practices and Piri-Muridi traditions of the time.<ref>https://darulquran.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Reformist-Movements-in-the-Indian-Subcontinent-and-Their-Views-on-the-Quran-Scientific-Movement-versus-Political-Movement.pdf</ref> Chakralawi established a mosque with the financial assistance of his disciple Shaykh Muhammad Chittu (d. 1911 CE) in Lahore.<ref name="ahl" /> == See also == * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Islam in India]] * [[Islam in Pakistan]] * [[Islamic schools and branches]] * [[Madhhab]] == References == {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} [[Category:1916 deaths]] onozhf3be6rmh4cb8o1mkf02uu1av70 2 1254701 10966900 10901284 2026-08-18T17:53:04Z Patandor 1656702 10966900 wikitext text/x-wiki Editor, patroller and sysop on the [[Norway|Norwegian]] Wikipedia. I correct/fix errors across other language versions if I see them. == Articles I have created == * [[Ine Eriksen Søreide]] * [[Norwegian Police Security Service]] * [[Norwegian Intelligence Service]] * [[Italian Social Movement]] * [[National Alliance (Italy)]] * [[Victoria De Angelis]] * [[Jan P. Syse]] * [[Eurovision Song Contest 1985]] == INFO: == {{userpage}} [[no:User:Patandor]] pmrpugxz4p2xpo8g4t3zu8j4g8ewwkc 0 1255868 10966955 10795345 2026-08-18T19:50:18Z Werner100359 106408 /* Other websites */ 10966955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{family name hatnote|Murillo|Albert|lang=Spanish}} {{Infobox football biography |name = Alexander Murillo |image = FC Liefering gegen First Vienna FC (2026-02-27 Zweite Liga) 77.jpg |fullname = Alexander Murillo Albert |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|10|4|df=y}} |birth_place = |height = |position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] |currentclub = [[FC Liefering|Liefering]] |clubnumber = 15 |youthyears1 = -2022 |youthclubs1 = [[Kelme CF]] |youthyears2 = 2023 - |youthclubs2 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] |youthyears3 = |youthclubs3 = |years1 = 2023– |clubs1 = [[FC Liefering|Liefering]] |caps1 = 24|goals1 = 3 |nationalyears1 = 2022 |nationalteam1 = [[Spain national under-16 football team|Spian U16]] |nationalcaps1 = 2 |nationalgoals1 = 0 |club-update = 1 March 2026 |nationalteam-update = 1 March 2026 }} '''Alexander Murillo Albert''' (born 4 October 2006) is a Spanish professional [[association football|footballer]]. He plays as a [[forward (association football)|forward]] for [[2. Liga|Austrian 2. Liga]] team [[FC Liefering]]. ==Early and personal life== Murillo was born in [[Alicante]], Spain, to [[Colombia]]n parents.<ref name=as>{{cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/futbol/colombianos-por-el-mundo/alexander-murillo-nueva-joya-del-salzburgo-con-raices-colombianas-n/|title=Alexander Murillo, nueva joya del Salzburgo con raíces colombianas|trans-title=Alexander Murillo, new jewel of Salzburg with Colombian roots|date=14 October 2022|access-date=25 July 2023|website=colombia.as.com|language=es}}</ref> He is the nephew of former [[Once Caldas]] player Jairo Murillo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.futbolred.com/colombianos-en-el-exterior/red-bull-salzburg-ficha-a-alexander-murillo-espanol-con-padres-colombianos-nuevo-haaland-167847|title=¿Lo verá Lorenzo? Colombiano del Salzburgo al que llaman nuevo Haaland|trans-title=Will Lorenzo see it? Colombian from Salzburg who is called the new Haaland|date=14 October 2022|access-date=25 July 2023|website=futbolred.com|language=es}}</ref> ==Career == Murillo began his career in the [[youth system|academy]] of [[Kelme CF]]. He joined the academy of Austrian Bundesliga club [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] in January 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/en/recent/news/alexander-murillo-mit-vertrag-bis-2025|title=Spanish youngster joins Red Bulls|date=13 October 2022|access-date=25 July 2023|website=redbullsalzburg.at}}</ref> He made his [[debut]] for [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga|Austrian 2. Liga]] in October 2024, when he came on as a [[substitute (association football)|substitute]] for [[Tim Paumgartner]] in the 87th minute against [[Floridsdorfer AC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/fc-liefering-floridsdorfer-ac/KfdsPfd#id:12868606 |title=FAC 0 - 1 FC Liefering|website=Sofascore|date=29 October 2024|access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> ==International career== Murillo played two [[Exhibition game|friendly matches]] for [[Spain national under-16 football team|Spain's under-16 team]] against [[Switzerland national under-16 football team|Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rookiesoccer.com/2022/02/12/alexander-murillo-es-convocado-por-la-seleccion-espanola-sub-16/|title=Alexander Murillo es convocado por la Selección Española Sub-16|trans-title=Alexander Murillo is summoned by the Spanish Under-16 Team|first=Juan|last=Marin|date=12 February 2022|access-date=25 July 2023|website=rookiesoccer.com|language=es}}</ref> He can still play for [[Colombia]] in international football. ==References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Soccerway|alex-murillo/856665}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} {{Commonscat|Alexander Murillo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murillo, Alexander}} [[Category:2006 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Footballers from Alicante]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:FC Red Bull Salzburg players]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] {{sports-bio-stub}} elu51ryun6u08yemygvd1zqv0oykb7o 0 1255922 10967387 10767785 2026-08-19T10:04:50Z ~2026-45517-53 1857907 Fixed typos and a few grammatical errors. 10967387 wikitext text/x-wiki In [[economics]] a '''regulated market''', is a kind of [[market]]. In a [[free market]], only the [[law of supply and demand]] will fix the [[price]]. In a regulated market, the government or other organization will change the these rules: * There may be minimum or maximum prices that can be charged. * Some economic actors may be prohibited from entering the market. * Actors who buy or sell on such a market often have to respect additional rules. They may have ot pay taxes, and they must respect laws to fight discrimination, and to follow certain labor laws. There are often reasons why markets are regulated: * Sometimes, there are high [[barriers to entry]], which is the case for telecommunications or energy systems. This will lead to what are called [[Natural monopoly|natural monopolies]]. The regulation occurs to make sure that the market players do not have too much power * In many parts of the world, the state [[Subsidies in economics|subsidizes]] certain products. Very often, this is about agricultural products. The price a producer gets for a liter of milk is fixed, or it varies only slightly. This mean that the prices for [[dairy product]]s in the stores are more or less stable. * In some cases, there may be a guaranteed [[minimum price]] or a [[Price controls|maximum price]] that cannot be surpassed. [[Category:Economic markets]] ogaggsjfjgr1vnyez0kchpj867weueb 10967388 10967387 2026-08-19T10:05:10Z ~2026-45517-53 1857907 Forgot to fix "ot" into "to". Fixed. 10967388 wikitext text/x-wiki In [[economics]] a '''regulated market''', is a kind of [[market]]. In a [[free market]], only the [[law of supply and demand]] will fix the [[price]]. In a regulated market, the government or other organization will change the these rules: * There may be minimum or maximum prices that can be charged. * Some economic actors may be prohibited from entering the market. * Actors who buy or sell on such a market often have to respect additional rules. They may have to pay taxes, and they must respect laws to fight discrimination, and to follow certain labor laws. There are often reasons why markets are regulated: * Sometimes, there are high [[barriers to entry]], which is the case for telecommunications or energy systems. This will lead to what are called [[Natural monopoly|natural monopolies]]. The regulation occurs to make sure that the market players do not have too much power * In many parts of the world, the state [[Subsidies in economics|subsidizes]] certain products. Very often, this is about agricultural products. The price a producer gets for a liter of milk is fixed, or it varies only slightly. This mean that the prices for [[dairy product]]s in the stores are more or less stable. * In some cases, there may be a guaranteed [[minimum price]] or a [[Price controls|maximum price]] that cannot be surpassed. [[Category:Economic markets]] gxyeh7l54apcvgwksj0hmfasy0viffd 1 1257422 10966786 10862809 2026-08-18T16:51:58Z ~2026-45090-75 1857520 /* جم999999999 فری فایر مکس */ new section 10966786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == Pspkmass == 12210109345 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-30014-03|&#126;2026-30014-03]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-30014-03|talk]]) 14:54, 19 May 2026 (UTC) == جم999999999 فری فایر مکس == عبدالله 1399 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45090-75|&#126;2026-45090-75]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45090-75|talk]]) 16:51, 18 August 2026 (UTC) g5xbp4qweis698a8qxjgq6rg5eixukq 10966812 10966786 2026-08-18T16:59:18Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45090-75|~2026-45090-75]] ([[User talk:~2026-45090-75|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-30014-03: gibberish additions 10862809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == Pspkmass == 12210109345 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-30014-03|&#126;2026-30014-03]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-30014-03|talk]]) 14:54, 19 May 2026 (UTC) s5zzul4d3483xe3wlllnvqz4qbajbzz 0 1257489 10967200 10860254 2026-08-19T04:55:22Z Werner100359 106408 10967200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Benedict Scharner | image = FC Liefering gegen First Vienna FC (2026-02-27 Zweite Liga) 10.jpg | fullname = Benedict Scharner | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|4 |12|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Bergen]], [[Norway]] | height = | position = [[Midfielder]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 26 | youthyears1 = 2014-2018 | youthclubs1 = [[SV Wienerwald]] | youthyears2 = 2018 | youthclubs2 = [[SK Rapid Wien]] | youthyears3 = 2018 -2022 | youthclubs3 = [[SKN St. Pölten|SKN St. Pölten academy]] | youthyears4 = 2024-2025 | youthclubs4 = [[Hellas Verona FC]] | years1 = 2022-2024 | clubs1 = [[SKN St. Pölten]] | caps1 = 29 | goals1 = 4 | years2 = 2022-2024 | clubs2 = [[SKN St. Pölten|SKN St. Pölten Juniors]] | caps2= 12 | goals2 = 8 | years3 = 2025- | clubs3 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps3 = 8 | goals3 = 0 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria national under-15 football team|Austria U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 3 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2021-2022 | nationalteam2 = [[Austria national under-17 football team|Austria U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 8 | nationalgoals2 = 3 | nationalyears3 = 2022 | nationalteam3 = [[Austria national under-18 football team|Austria U18]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2023-2024 | nationalteam4 = [[Austria national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps4= 6 | nationalgoals4 = 1 | pcupdate = 17 May 2026 | ntupdate = 11 March 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Benedict Scharner''' (* 12 April 2005 in Bergen, Norway) is an Austrian football player. He plays as [[Midfielder|midfielder]] for the [[2. Liga|Austrian Second League]] club [[FC Liefering]]. ==Career == Scharner began his career at SV Wienerwald. In February 2018, he moved to the youth academy of [[SK Rapid Wien]]. Then he joined the AKA St. Pölten, where he progressed through all age groups over the next four years. For the 2022/23 season, he moved to second-division side [[SKN St. Pölten]]. <ref>[https://www.skn-stpoelten.at/skn-news/benedict-scharner-verstarkt-das-mittelfeld-der-wolfe SKN St. Pölten Homepage (German)]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He made his debut in the second division in July 2022 against [[SK Rapid Wien II]]. In that match he also scored his first professional goal. In total, Scharner made 29 second-division appearances for SKN. In August 2024, Scharner moved to Italy to play for the under-19 team of [[Hellas Verona FC|Hellas Verona]]. After a season in Italy, he returned to Austria . He moved to second division club FC Liefering. <ref>[https://www.fc-liefering.at/de/fc-liefering/news/saison_2025_26/neuzugaenge-und-vertragsverlaengerung-30-06-2025.html FC Liefering Homepage (German)] </ref> ==International == Scharner first played for an Austrian youth national team in October 2019. In September 2021, he made his debut for the U-17 national team against Denmark. In September 2022, he debuted for the U-18 team against Sweden. Between 2023 and 2024 he made six appearances for Austria's U-19 national team during the qualification for the 2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/NT-Profile/Spieler/1292466?Benedict-Scharner ÖFB Players profile] </ref> == Personal life == Benedict Scharner is the son of former Austrian national player [[Paul Scharner]]. His brothers Constantin (* 2003) and Paul (* 2008) are also football players. {{Commonscat|Benedict Scharner}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scharner, Benedict}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Austrian football midfielders]] {{sports-bio-stub}} k3chgdb52vmfk9zwg65z4kymvy6mhs8 0 1257505 10967204 10860255 2026-08-19T04:58:17Z Werner100359 106408 10967204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Lassina Traoré | image = FC Salzburg U19 gegen Celtic FC U19 (2025-02-12 UEFA Youth League ) 57.jpg | fullname = Lassina Traoré | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|1 |10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Burkina Faso]] | height = 182 cm | position = [[Defender]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 28 | youthyears1 = {{0}}{{0}}{{0}}{{0}}–2025 | youthclubs1 = [[Rahimo FC]] | youthyears2 = 2025– | youthclubs2 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | youthyears3 = | youthclubs3 = | years1 = 2025– | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] (loan) | caps1 = 14 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2025– | clubs2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg | caps2= 0 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = | clubs3 = | caps3 = | goals3 = | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2023 | nationalteam1 = [[Burkina Faso national under-17 football team|Burkina Faso U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 9 | nationalgoals1 = | nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = | nationalcaps2 = | nationalgoals2 = | pcupdate = 17 May 2026 | ntupdate = 11 March 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Lassina Traoré''' (born 10 January 2007) is a Burkinabe footballer. He plays as [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[2. Liga|Austrian 2. Liga]] side [[FC Liefering]]. ==Career== Traoré started his career at [[Rahimo FC]]. In January 2025, he joined [[Austrian Bundesliga]] club [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]].<ref>[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/aktuelles/news/lassina-traore-transfer-neuzugang Red Bull Salzburg]</ref> He made his debut for [[FC Liefering]] in February 2025, in a match against [[SV Lafnitz]].<ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/17._Runde,_Saison_2024/25,_FC_Liefering_gegen_SV_Lafnitz FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> In May 2025, he was in the Salzburg Bundesliga squad for the first time against [[SK Rapid Wien]]. ==International== Traoré played for [[Burkina Faso national under-17 football team|Burkina Faso's under-17 national team]] at the [[2023 U-17 Africa Cup of Nations]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso Squad List|url=https://www.cafonline.com/media/1xejo3ty/burkina-faso.pdf|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] |access-date=10 April 2026 |date=26 April 2023}}</ref> and later at the [[2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA U-17 World Cup Indonesia 2023™ |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce115/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref> At the [[2023 U-17 Africa Cup of Nations]], he was chosen as part of the team of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 May 2023|title=Senegal's dominance shines in TotalEnergies U17 AFCON Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-u17-africa-cup-of-nations/2023/news/senegal-s-dominance-shines-in-totalenergies-u17-afcon-best-xi|website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]]|access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Lassina Traoré (born 2007)}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Traoré, Lassina}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Burkinabé footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] m2swjqb0kutx2tgtcng95qdskm2xyef 0 1257990 10966718 10803238 2026-08-18T15:54:44Z Wikipedian2025 1593189 added a stub in the article 10966718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox galaxy|name=CDG-2|image=CDG-2 Image from Hubble Space Telescope.jpg|caption=Image of the galaxy that was photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope, with four globular clusters visible|constellation name=Perseus|ra={{RA|03|17|12.61}}|dec={{DEC|+41|20|52.64}}|dist_ly=245 million of [[Light-year|ly]]|group_cluster=Perseus|notes=It is a [[Dark galaxy|dark galaxy]]}} '''Candidate Dark Galaxy 2 (CDG-2)''' is a [[dark galaxy]] that is made of with a lot of dark matter, along with four [[Globular cluster|globular clusters,]] in the [[Perseus cluster.|Perseus cluster]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-02-18|title=Dark Galaxy CDG-2 Near Perseus Cluster - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/asset/hubble/dark-galaxy-cdg-2-near-perseus-cluster/|access-date=2026-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref> This galaxy has the most dark matter in the [[universe]], estimated to be between 99.94% and 99.98% dark matter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=Robert Lea|date=2026-02-19|title=Hubble telescope discovers rare galaxy that is 99% dark matter|url=https://www.space.com/astronomy/dark-universe/hubble-telescope-discovers-rare-galaxy-that-is-99-percent-dark-matter|access-date=2026-03-13|website=Space|language=en}}</ref> It is located 300 million [[Light year|light years]] (2.84 sextillion km) away from us. == Related pages == * [[Dark galaxy]] * [[Dark matter]] == References == [[Category:Dark galaxies]] [[Category:Dark matter]] [[Category:Galaxies]] <references /> {{Dark matter}}{{Sci-stub}} eulpb2xmmkb64n1xs7tdcmjmuut7spr 0 1258016 10967165 10782360 2026-08-19T03:36:38Z FD950 752027 /* Production */ minor grammar change 10967165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] | based_on = {{Based on|''That Night''|[[:en:Gillian McAllister|Gillian McAllister]]}} | writer = {{ubl|Jason George|Lara Sendim}} | director = {{ubl|[[:en:Jorge Dorado|Jorge Dorado]]|Liliana Torres}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[:en:Clara Galle|Clara Galle]] * [[:en:Claudia Salas|Claudia Salas]] * [[:en:Paula Usero|Paula Usero]] }} | music = | composer = | country = Spain | language = Spanish | num_seasons = | num_episodes = 6 | executive_producer = {{ubl|Jason George|Marian Fernández Pascal}} | producer = | editor = | location = | cinematography = Pau Castejón | camera = Multi-camera | runtime = 38–46 mins<ref>{{cite web |title=That Night |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/that-night-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmtezndi0 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=12 March 2026}}</ref> | company = [[:eu:Txintxua Films|Txintxua Films]] | channel = [[Netflix]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2026|03|13}} | last_aired = | related = }} '''''That Night''''' ({{langx|es|'''Esa Noche'''|links=no}}) is a Spanish [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series created by Jason George, based on the novel of the same name. Produced under [[:eu:Txintxua Films|Txintxua Films]], it stars [[:en:Clara Galle|Clara Galle]], [[:en:Claudia Salas|Claudia Salas]] and [[:en:Paula Usero|Paula Usero]]. The series premiered on Netflix on March 13, 2026. == Cast == {{multiple image|perrow = 3 | total_width = 250 | direction = horizontal | align = right | footer = [[:en:Clara Galle|Clara Galle]] (in 2023), [[:en:Claudia Salas|Claudia Salas]] (in 2018) and [[:en:Paula Usero|Paula Usero]] (in 2024). | image1 = Clara Galle 230624.jpg | image2 = Claudia Salas en No hay burlas con el amor Calderón de la Barca Versión Juan Polanco y Karmele Aranburu Dirección Juan Polanco 190718 MC 0434 (cropped).jpg | image3 = Festival de Málaga 2024 - Paula Usero.jpg }} * [[:en:Clara Galle|Clara Galle]] as Elena * [[:en:Claudia Salas|Claudia Salas]] as Paula * [[:en:Paula Usero|Paula Usero]] as Cris * [[:en:Pedro Casablanc|Pedro Casablanc]] as Beltrán * [[:es:Nüll García|Nüll García]] as Luisa * Raidher Díaz as Zahi * Gabriel Polanco as Tito * [[:es:Alícia Falcó|Alícia Falcó]] as Ane * Pablo Zito as Ricardo * Ignacio Visca as journalist * Sonya Peña as masseuse * Peio Etxarri as Rafa * Luis del Valle as Bartolo == Production == The series, which is based on novel of the same name by [[:en:Gillian McAllister|Gillian McAllister]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Is That Night Based on a True Story? |url=https://thecinemaholic.com/that-night-true-story/ |website=The Cinemaholic |date=March 13, 2026}}</ref> was officially commissioned by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix is adapting the British novel 'That Night' in Spain |url=https://cveintiuno.com/prime-video-confirma-la-produccion-de-dimelo-en-secreto-secuela-de-la-aun-por-estrenar-dimelo-bajito/ |website=Cveintiuno |date=May 2, 2025}}</ref> [[:en:Jorge Dorado|Jorge Dorado]] and Liliana Torres serving as [[Television director|director]] and the script is penned by Jason George and Lara Sendim, while [[:eu:Txintxua Films|Txintxua Films]] managed the [[Filmmaking#Production|production]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix anuncia 'That Night', nueva serie con Clara Galle, Paula Usero y Claudia Salas que adaptará su novela homónima |url=https://www.eldiario.es/vertele/noticias/netflix-anuncia-that-night-nueva-serie-clara-galle-paula-usero-claudia-salas-adaptara-novela-homonima_1_12026532.html |website=[[:en:elDiario.es|elDiario.es]] |language=es |date=4 February 2025}}</ref> [[:en:Clara Galle|Clara Galle]], [[:en:Claudia Salas|Claudia Salas]] and [[:en:Paula Usero|Paula Usero]] were cast as the leads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Esa Noche: El drama familiar protagonizado por Clara Galle, Claudia Salas y Paula Usero |url=https://es.hollywoodreporter.com/esa-noche-el-drama-familiar-protagonizado-por-clara-galle-claudia-salas-y-paula-usero/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter|Hollywood Reporter]] |language=es |date=January 27, 2026}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in February 2025 in the [[Dominican Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish actresses caught in earthquake while filming in the Caribbean |url=https://russpain.com/en/celebrities/unexpected-incident-during-filming-esa-noche-410155/ |website=RUSSPAIN.COM |date=March 12, 2026}}</ref> Production subsequently moved to [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Gau bat" filmaren grabaketak egin ditu Santa Engraziako ermitan |url=https://danbolin.eus/netflixek-esa-noche-gau-bat-filmaren-grabaketak-egin-ditu-santa-engraziako-ermitan/ |website=danbolin |language=eu |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> with sequences filmed at the [[:eu:Santa Engrazia baseliza (Aizarna)|Santa Engrazia]] in [[:en:Zestoa|Zestoa]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix vuelve a elegir Gipuzkoa como escenario para una de sus series, ahora rueda 'That Night' |url=https://www.diariovasco.com/culturas/series/netflix-vuele-elegir-gipuzkoa-escenario-series-rueda-20250402062602-nt.html |website=[[:en:El Diario Vasco|El Diario Vasco]] |language=es |date=2 April 2025}}</ref> [[Gipuzkoa]] and the [[:es:Palacio de Congresos y Auditorio de Navarra|Palacio de Congresos y Auditorio de Navarra]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Clara Galle rueda en Pamplona la serie 'Esa noche', de Txintxua Films y Netflix |url=https://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/cultura/2025/04/23/clara-galle-rueda-pamplona-serie-9551016.html |website=Diario de Noticias de Navarra |language=es |date=April 23, 2025}}</ref> in [[Pamplona]], [[Navarre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=El rodaje de 'That Night' continúa en Zizur Mayor con Pedro Casablanc |url=https://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/cultura/2025/05/01/rodaje-that-night-continua-zizur-mayor-9580620.html |website=Diario de Noticias de Navarra |language=es |date=May 1, 2025}}</ref> Filming [[:en:wrap (filming)|wrapped]] in May 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where is Netflix's That Night Filmed? |url=https://moviedelic.com/where-netflix-that-night-filmed/ |website=Moviedelic |date=March 13, 2026}}</ref> == Music == {{Infobox album | name = Esa Noche | type = Soundtrack | artist = Aitor Etxebarria | cover = | alt = | released = {{Start date|2026|03|13}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Esa Noche (Banda Sonora De La Serie De Netflix) by Aitor Etxebarria on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/album/esa-noche-banda-sonora-de-la-serie-de-netflix/1883100800 |website=[[Apple Music]] |date=March 13, 2026}}</ref> | recorded = | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Soundtrack]] | length = {{duration|m=40|s=44}} | language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | label = [[Netflix|Netflix Music]] | producer = | prev_title = | prev_year = | next_title = | next_year = | misc = }} {{track listing | headline = Track listing | total_length = 40:44 | title1 = No Abras la Boca | length1 = 0:37 | title2 = Día 1 | length2 = 1:43 | title3 = Elena, Cris y Paula | length3 = 1:44 | title4 = El Secreto | length4 = 1:18 | title5 = La Extraña Belleza de la Mentira | length5 = 1:18 | title6 = En la Oscuridad | length6 = 1:30 | title7 = Los Pasos de Ama | length7 = 1:12 | title8 = Jungla | length8 = 1:06 | title9 = Esa Noche, That Night | length9 = 1:03 | title10 = Caos en La Jungla | length10 = 2:51 | title11 = Sauna y Mentiras | length11 = 1:20 | title12 = Cris | length12 = 0:41 | title13 = Paula en la Farmacia | length13 = 1:05 | title14 = Resort | length14 = 1:00 | title15 = Elena | length15 = 0:48 | title16 = Desesperación | length16 = 1:57 | title17 = Es la Poli | length17 = 0:29 | title18 = El Retorno | length18 = 1:03 | title19 = Extraña Verdad | length19 = 2:51 | title20 = Gris | length20 = 0:49 | title21 = Lo Que Realmente Pasó | length21 = 3:14 | title22 = Ane | length22 = 1:52 | title23 = Contra y Sub | length23 = 0:53 | title24 = Draft 3 | length24 = 2:19 | title25 = Es un Policia | length25 = 1:15 | title26 = Drive My Car | length26 = 1:38 | title27 = Fiesta en Dominicana | length27 = 1:20 | title28 = Hermanas | length28 = 1:34 }} == Release == The trailer of the series was released on February 12, 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix comparte el tráiler de 'Esa noche', su nuevo thriller con Claudia Salas, Clara Galle y Paula Usero |url=https://www.larazon.es/television/series/netflix-comparte-trailer-esa-noche-nuevo-thriller-claudia-salas-clara-galle-paula-usero_20260212698df3281817b41eb643da73.html |website=[[:en:La Razón (Madrid)|La Razón]] |language=es |date=February 12, 2026}}</ref> The series was made available to stream exclusively on [[Netflix]] on March 13, 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Las series que se estrenan esta semana |url=https://www.lasprovincias.es/pantallas/series/series-estrenan-semana-netflix-amazon-disney-filmin-apple-hbo-20260311155932-ntrc.html |website=[[:en:Las Provincias|Las Provincias]] |language=es |date=March 13, 2026}}</ref> == Reception == Lucas Barquero of ''[[:en:Cinemanía|Cinemanía]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Crítica de 'Esa noche': Clara Galle se deja la piel en un desigual thriller vacacional que brilla en su ligereza |url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/series/critica-esa-noche-clara-galle-netflix-thriller-vacacional-brilla-ligereza_6945687_0.html |website=[[:en:Cinemanía|Cinemanía]] |language=es |date=March 13, 2026}}</ref> Laura Martinez of ''Los Lunes Seriéfilos'',<ref>{{cite web |title=[Series] Reseñamos 'Esa noche' (Netflix): un viaje de hermanas que termina en crimen|url=https://www.loslunesseriefilos.com/2026/03/critica-esa-noche-serie-netflix.html |website=Los Lunes Seriéfilos |date=12 March 2026}}</ref> Diego Lerer of ''Micropsiacine''<ref>{{cite web |title='That Night' Review: Three Sisters, One Dead Cop, and a Vacation Gone Very Wrong (Netflix) |url=https://www.micropsiacine.com/2026/03/that-night-review-three-sisters-one-dead-cop-and-a-vacation-gone-very-wrong-netflix/ |website=Micropsia |date=13 March 2026}}</ref> and Enric Albero of ''[[:ca:Serielizados|Serielizados]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Crítica de 'Esa noche' (Netflix): tres hermanas y un cadáver |url=https://serielizados.com/critica-de-esa-noche-netflix-tres-hermanas-y-un-cadaver/ |website=[[:ca:Serielizados|Serielizados]] |language=es |date=March 13, 2026}}</ref> reviewed the series. == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|tt35674865}} * {{Netflix title|81613228}} == References == {{Reflist}} s05yz8vra87he4holsztf9lynnzc969 3 1259630 10966995 10956508 2026-08-18T21:18:02Z ~2026-45301-59 1857639 10966995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkheader|bottom=yes}} I'll fck your mther, you son of a btch. == About [[Firman of Mir Muhammad]] == Vandalism IP Removed Sources please Reverted Back [[User:Masare012|Masare012]] ([[User talk:Masare012|talk]]) 15:36, 1 April 2026 (UTC) == Confirmed == Could you please grant the confirmed user right to my alt account @[[User:ExplorerofUniverse|ExplorerofUniverse]]. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 01:42, 3 April 2026 (UTC) :I'm not comfortable with granting rights to an alternate account of someone who is blocked on another wiki for abusing multiple accounts. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 14:13, 8 April 2026 (UTC) ::Ok, thanks for providing a reason. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:31, 8 April 2026 (UTC) == Thanks == I want to thank you for providing a thorough and logical response to deletion and permission requests. Keep up the great work. [[User:ExplorerofUniverse|ExplorerofUniverse]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofUniverse|talk]]) 21:47, 8 April 2026 (UTC) == Ieditstuffandyes == This user, who you have been dealing with already, has history on the main site of being banned for sock evasion, and is currently banned there for that. They were previously banned for personal attacks and being generally hostile. I feel it would be the right move to make sure you know the person you are talking to is very persistent and should be handled with care. [[User:Phlogiston Enthusiast|Phlogiston Enthusiast]] ([[User talk:Phlogiston Enthusiast|talk]]) 18:40, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :Thanks... I had poked around their En. talk page/edit history the other day so will continue to keep an eye on things. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:57, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == A look == Since you're a staff member here, is it ok if you [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope take a look] at this question I had? It's basically me asking about which Wikimedia project can cover for in-depth information that may get redirected or removed from Simple English Wikipedia, and even my question if there can be a looser notability policy since the demographic would benefit from simpler articles on a larger variety of topics. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|talk]]) 16:13, 16 April 2026 (UTC) == Lock the Wikipedia article == As I see that you're an administrator here right, can you please lock the Wikipedia Article of [[Bongbong Marcos]] for a temporary/Short Period of Time? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-16|&#126;2026-23654-16]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-23654-16|talk]]) 13:19, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :I don't believe that is necessary at this time. Only two socks have edited recently; we can handle the current flow. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 21:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Virtual Boy == Hi, this isn't a notability concern. I just wonder if the edits I did to the [[Virtual Boy]] article are in-line with this wiki's style. There's a handful of sources that I've added, including for the release dates. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|talk]]) 00:24, 18 April 2026 (UTC) == Discord == You've got mail :-) [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 10:36, 20 April 2026 (UTC) :Unless I'm missing something, all I see is a wave. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:08, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == ipblock-exempt == Hello @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]], Currently, I am using a VPN when connected to public Wi-Fi because auth.wikimedia.org is blocked in my country, Indonesia [[id:Wikipedia:Pernyataan resmi komunitas Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia terhadap pembatasan akses auth.wikimedia.org di Indonesia|(here is the proof)]]. I understand that the IP addresses used by this VPN service are globally blocked, which prevents me from editing, especially on Simplewiki Wikipedia where I help create templates. I already have IP block exemption rights on my main account in Indonesian Wikipedia, but I do not have this permission yet on Simple English Wikipedia. Therefore, I would like to request this flag so I can continue editing. Your consideration would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 12:28, 20 April 2026 (UTC) :This isn't something I'm personally comfortable with enabling. I suggest bringing it to the [[WP:AN|admin noticeboard]] and see if others can review. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:19, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::Thankyou! 🙏 [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 12:24, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == Rollback and edit request == I recently made a [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback|rollback rights request]] and an edit request for the [[MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist#c-Cyberwolf-20260422142700-1xbet and others|title blacklist]] could you take a lot at both? [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 13:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Sub 2 minute block == nice job :3 I appreciate it [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 17:48, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Can you please stop == You are literally following my every edit so you can add a tag that’s not needed to them can you please go onto the Suzume And LiSA articles and remove your tag since you are not contributing anything to them or fixing the problem [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:12, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :I have also told you multiple times that you can edit the articles to make them good in. Your standard and I’m fine with that but you still say the Suzume plot is too long even though I said I have done all I can to shorten it [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:16, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ::I am not obligated to fix your poor grammar on the articles you make. The copy edit tag alerts others to the concerns and adds it to a maintenance category. If you don’t want the tags on the articles, then make articles that don’t require them. On Wikipedia, [[WP:CIR|competence is required]]. If all of the articles you make and all of your contributions are going to be filled with the poor grammar and spelling that you are displaying, it is possible your ability to change Wikipedia may be restricted. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:22, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :::Please also look at our [[WP:ONESTRIKE]] policy. Users who are blocked on another wiki can receive a block here, especially if they are displaying the same behavior. Your actions so far show that you are committing the same issues here. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:29, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :::How about you leave me alone [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:42, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I just want to edit but nooo I have to have a person watching my every move while I try to fix articles also the tag you put on the LiSA article I made dosnt make any sense after you put it there I checked and it has nothing wrong in its grammar nothing is spelled wrong [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:32, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ::i stopped [[User:Wesds2026|Wesds2026]] ([[User talk:Wesds2026|talk]]) 14:43, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::You also need to stop uploading images on Commons that you just copy off of the internet. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 15:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::::i did stop I stop uploading images [[User:Wesds2026|Wesds2026]] ([[User talk:Wesds2026|talk]]) 16:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Bruce Lee == Hi bro, there seems to be constant vandalism on the Bruce Lee article. Please keep watch, I will too. [[User:Tai Warrior Chi|Tai Warrior Chi]] ([[User talk:Tai Warrior Chi|talk]]) 01:23, 18 May 2026 (UTC) :Will do. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 13:16, 18 May 2026 (UTC) == Follow up == The topic is now removed from VIP, but I realize I wasn't clear. I meant that I didn't want to reveal the IP address to myself using the TAIV tool if I didn't have to, since the tool already listed the linked accounts. I certainly would not reveal them publicly. I used the ambiguous "range block" as a way to say "use discretion", but I can start looking at and suggesting ranges if you think that would be helpful for those patrolling VIP. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:41, 18 May 2026 (UTC) :Understood. When you suggested a range needed to be blocked, I assumed you had looked at the IPs and determined that it was happening within a range, not just a single IP. It's up to you whether you want to be looking into the IPs and the ranges and mentioning the ranges vaguely in VIP reports... I would just suggest not saying a range needs to be blocked unless you know for sure it's a range. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 13:18, 18 May 2026 (UTC) ==[[José Mourinho]]== The Real Madrid transfer is no longer a rumor. It is 100% confirmed by Perez and Mourinho.<!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:~2026-30093-96|~2026-30093-96]] ([[User talk:~2026-30093-96#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/~2026-30093-96|contribs]]) 15:53, 19 May 2026 (UTC)</small> :Not yet -- It's still in the "verbally agreed" status per [https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/48815936/real-madrid-set-date-announce-jose-mourinho-return-sources sources]. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:30, 19 May 2026 (UTC) == Question re. global locks == Hi! Two accounts of globally blocked [[User:Jaredryandloneria|Jaredryandloneria]] are currently active and pending global lock (it's been there for two days). One of them, [[User:Nemine2X2X2|Nemine2X2X2]], is currently editing here at Simple & causing disruption. What's the process at Simple, since I don't think he's been formally blocked for sockpuppetry over here (only Commons & Wikipedia)? [[User:Blue-Sonnet|Blue-Sonnet]] ([[User talk:Blue-Sonnet|talk]]) 08:23, 22 May 2026 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=08:35, 31 May 2026 (UTC)}} — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 08:35, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :Responded, thanks! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 10:34, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Username needing block == [[Special:Contribs/Foidraper271|This username]] is highly offensive, see [[wiktionary:foid#Etymology_2]]. Please block them for the bad username. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-33008-75|&#126;2026-33008-75]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-33008-75|talk]]) 23:59, 2 June 2026 (UTC) == Regarding the personal data of an individual referenced on Google and other search engines without consent == Hello @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] I am contacting you to inform you that a name and surname, "Sofiane Baddouri," are listed on Google and other search engines. In accordance with the GDPR, this person does not wish to be included on Google or here, as they have not requested this and it is without their consent. Thank you in advance for taking the necessary steps. Sincerely, [[User:Lighthousemiami|Lighthousemiami]] ([[User talk:Lighthousemiami|talk]]) 12:23, 8 June 2026 (UTC) :For issues related to the GDPR, please contact [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Privacy_policy#Contact_Us the Wikimedia Foundation] at the link provided. Please stick to one account. Continuing to edit via numerous accounts can result in a block. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:35, 8 June 2026 (UTC) == An article you nominated for deletion has been recreated == The article you previously proposed for deletion, [[Vivansh Vasishta]], has been recreated without violating any rules. You may wish to propose it for deletion again. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 08:03, 11 June 2026 (UTC) :Thanks. Nominated again. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:14, 11 June 2026 (UTC) == Talk page == Hi. Just so you know, Wekeepwhatwekill has (again) [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ABZPN&diff=10904530&oldid=10904518 removed] your comment from my talk page. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 17:44, 29 June 2026 (UTC) :Thank you ... Just blocked them per ONESTRIKE. Thanks for reverting their attempts to control conversation in ways that broke things. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:09, 29 June 2026 (UTC) == blocks and their reach query == I noticed an editor getting a temp block and then a full indefinite block for using an ip to get around the first block. Is that only for this simple wikipedia? Does none of it apply to the main English wikipedia? It seems like they would be globally linked but I'm guessing blocks don't work that way. Thanks. [[User:Fyunck(click)|Fyunck(click)]] ([[User talk:Fyunck(click)|talk]]) 21:55, 13 July 2026 (UTC) note - it looks like I just found it under the [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|reciprocal rules]] here: "In some cases, users who have been blocked indefinitely or banned on other Wikimedia Foundation projects move to Simple English Wikipedia. While most of these users will be integrated without problems, some are known as troublemakers. Administrators have the option to block such users. This is decided on a case-by-case basis. In most cases, a user who broke the rules on another project is not blocked unless they also break the rules on the Simple English Wikipedia. They can be blocked if they break the rules here even once, and do not need the same amount of warning as a new user. This is often called the "one-strike" rule. It is made to stop disruptive users, who have a history of making bad changes, from disrupting this project." I'm guessing it also works the other way around... sort of a one-strike-rule now at the main Wikipedia. Sorry to bother you today. [[User:Fyunck(click)|Fyunck(click)]] ([[User talk:Fyunck(click)|talk]]) 22:03, 13 July 2026 (UTC) :Yes we have a “ONESTRIKE” policy here; it’s mostly in place because we’ve frequently been a place that users come after they’ve been blocked or banned at the English Wikipedia and we don’t want to tolerate the same behavior here. I don’t believe there is a similar policy on the English Wikipedia. However, if a user is blocked across a few wikis or if they’ve been banned or long-term abusing a wiki, they can be locked globally as well. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 22:43, 13 July 2026 (UTC) == Hello == Hello, Why did you delete my article ([[Chester Neal Tate]])? [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 13:09, 19 July 2026 (UTC) :The article made no claim at notability for the individual. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 14:09, 19 July 2026 (UTC) ::He had a cambridge section for him, so he is notable enough ta have a page on it, i request an undeletion. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 15:22, 20 July 2026 (UTC) :::What do you mean by "a cambridge section"? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 15:47, 20 July 2026 (UTC) ::::[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/c-neal-tate/F43740AD3F27B524FBB73FD5C238EEEC this] [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 11:33, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::That's an obituary published by the publication of an organization he was a member of; it doesn't guarantee notability. Is there anything else that proves he's notable? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 11:47, 21 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/gastongazette/name/chester-tate-obituary?id=25668804 a legacy for him], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231745951_C_NEAL_TATE another article about him], also he has notable works like [https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Governments_of_the_World.html?id=vAUWAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y governments of the world] ([https://search.worldcat.org/title/Governments-of-the-world-:-a-global-guide-to-citizens'-rights-and-responsibilities/oclc/1052644399] [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6006347]) He has notability enough to get an article for himself. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 11:55, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::::The first is his obituary on a site where funeral homes post obituaries; the second is the same as the obituary you mentioned above just listed in a different journal database; the other links are just his publications. These do not establish notability. You are welcome to recreate the article if you feel he is truly notable, but based on what I see, it'll not survive a deletion discussion. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:14, 21 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Okay then, but at least can I see the old revision before it got taken down? [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 12:15, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::::::I have restored it at [[User:Birthay boy/Chester Neal Tate]]. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 02:54, 24 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Thanks. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 10:40, 24 July 2026 (UTC) == Hi About [[Soran-Persian War (1829-1834)]] == Hi if you watch Before the war it's say Soran forces raided Kurdish areas on the Iranian side of the border. Sources mention parts of Mukriyan, including Lajan, Sauj Bulag, and Sardasht, as well as villages near Salmas and Urmia, as areas that were raided by Soran forces Later campaigns (1831–1833) change Qajar forces tried to push the Soran troops back from the areas they had taken. There were several fights between Soran and Iranian soldiers in the mountains along the border. So the result should be better:Soran forces raided Kurdish areas Qajar offensives repulsed [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-41673-40|&#126;2026-41673-40]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-41673-40|talk]]) 07:39, 27 July 2026 (UTC) == Silinen madde == . Dear Wikipedia Editors, I would like to contest the deletion of this article, as the subject (Samir Nagizadeh) satisfies Wikipedia's notability guidelines for artists and public figures through significant coverage in multiple independent, reliable media sources. The subject's notable career in film, media, and entertainment has been widely covered by mainstream news outlets. Here are the reliable press references supporting the notability: 1. KRT TV: https://www.krttv.com.tr/samir-nagizadeh-yeni-single-parcasiyla-geliyor 2. Timeturk: https://www.timeturk.com/kultur/azeri-oyuncu-nagizadeh-samir-turk-izleyicisinin-kalbini-calmaya-geliyor/haber-1663020 3. Haqq.az: https://haqq.az/samir-nagizadeh-il%c9%99-s%c9%99n%c9%99t-dunyasi-v%c9%99-g%c9%99nc-aktyorlarin-v%c9%99ziyy%c9%99ti-musahibe/ 4. Mürekkep Haber: https://www.murekkephaber.com/samir-nagizadeh-ve-cenab-ulvi-sinema-projesi-icin-bir-araya-geliyor/19111/ 5. Demokrat Haber: https://www.demokrathaber.org/oyuncu-samir-nagizadeh-kimdir/amp 6. Refleks Haber: https://www.reflexhaber.com/samir-nagizadeh-ve-cenab-ulviden-yeni-proje-sinema-sektorune-adim-atiyorlar/amp Given these verifiable, independent third-party sources establishing significant media presence, I kindly request the restoration or re-evaluation of the article. Best regards, [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-42619-15|&#126;2026-42619-15]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-42619-15|talk]]) 12:37, 31 July 2026 (UTC) :These are not reliable sources. They're all interviews or press releases and, frankly, look AI-generated and fake. There is no claim to notability in the article either. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:42, 31 July 2026 (UTC) == Mail == {{ygm}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:18, 5 August 2026 (UTC) == Error == You said that you have blocked me from creating new pages but I am unable to edit even existing pages, so please correct the error. I am sure I can simplify the English used in existing pages and request the lifting of restrictions later.-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 04:59, 6 August 2026 (UTC) :I have adjusted the block. You should be able to edit in the main space now but not create new pages. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:12, 6 August 2026 (UTC) ::OK, thanks!-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 14:45, 6 August 2026 (UTC) == Appreciation Message == Hello friend I wanted to appreciate you on your guidance on how to edit here on wiki simple. Just a quick question can I recreate the already deleted articles since am now familiar with the rules and regulations here ? [[User:Afrowriter|Afrowriter]] ([[User talk:Afrowriter|talk]]) 12:37, 8 August 2026 (UTC) cry4fd6ubyz3jogb63o6jxy3jc8aidc 10966996 10966995 2026-08-18T21:20:07Z Cewbot 687081 [[User:Cewbot/log/20170515|Signing]] [[Special:Diff/10966995|comment by ~2026-45301-59]].This tool is only for recording.You may re-edit the text whatever you want. 10966996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkheader|bottom=yes}} I'll fck your mther, you son of a btch.<!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:~2026-45301-59|~2026-45301-59]] ([[User talk:~2026-45301-59#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45301-59|contribs]]) 21:18, 18 August 2026 (UTC)</small> == About [[Firman of Mir Muhammad]] == Vandalism IP Removed Sources please Reverted Back [[User:Masare012|Masare012]] ([[User talk:Masare012|talk]]) 15:36, 1 April 2026 (UTC) == Confirmed == Could you please grant the confirmed user right to my alt account @[[User:ExplorerofUniverse|ExplorerofUniverse]]. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 01:42, 3 April 2026 (UTC) :I'm not comfortable with granting rights to an alternate account of someone who is blocked on another wiki for abusing multiple accounts. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 14:13, 8 April 2026 (UTC) ::Ok, thanks for providing a reason. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:31, 8 April 2026 (UTC) == Thanks == I want to thank you for providing a thorough and logical response to deletion and permission requests. Keep up the great work. [[User:ExplorerofUniverse|ExplorerofUniverse]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofUniverse|talk]]) 21:47, 8 April 2026 (UTC) == Ieditstuffandyes == This user, who you have been dealing with already, has history on the main site of being banned for sock evasion, and is currently banned there for that. They were previously banned for personal attacks and being generally hostile. I feel it would be the right move to make sure you know the person you are talking to is very persistent and should be handled with care. [[User:Phlogiston Enthusiast|Phlogiston Enthusiast]] ([[User talk:Phlogiston Enthusiast|talk]]) 18:40, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :Thanks... I had poked around their En. talk page/edit history the other day so will continue to keep an eye on things. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:57, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == A look == Since you're a staff member here, is it ok if you [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope take a look] at this question I had? It's basically me asking about which Wikimedia project can cover for in-depth information that may get redirected or removed from Simple English Wikipedia, and even my question if there can be a looser notability policy since the demographic would benefit from simpler articles on a larger variety of topics. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|talk]]) 16:13, 16 April 2026 (UTC) == Lock the Wikipedia article == As I see that you're an administrator here right, can you please lock the Wikipedia Article of [[Bongbong Marcos]] for a temporary/Short Period of Time? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-16|&#126;2026-23654-16]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-23654-16|talk]]) 13:19, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :I don't believe that is necessary at this time. Only two socks have edited recently; we can handle the current flow. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 21:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Virtual Boy == Hi, this isn't a notability concern. I just wonder if the edits I did to the [[Virtual Boy]] article are in-line with this wiki's style. There's a handful of sources that I've added, including for the release dates. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|talk]]) 00:24, 18 April 2026 (UTC) == Discord == You've got mail :-) [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 10:36, 20 April 2026 (UTC) :Unless I'm missing something, all I see is a wave. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:08, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == ipblock-exempt == Hello @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]], Currently, I am using a VPN when connected to public Wi-Fi because auth.wikimedia.org is blocked in my country, Indonesia [[id:Wikipedia:Pernyataan resmi komunitas Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia terhadap pembatasan akses auth.wikimedia.org di Indonesia|(here is the proof)]]. I understand that the IP addresses used by this VPN service are globally blocked, which prevents me from editing, especially on Simplewiki Wikipedia where I help create templates. I already have IP block exemption rights on my main account in Indonesian Wikipedia, but I do not have this permission yet on Simple English Wikipedia. Therefore, I would like to request this flag so I can continue editing. Your consideration would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 12:28, 20 April 2026 (UTC) :This isn't something I'm personally comfortable with enabling. I suggest bringing it to the [[WP:AN|admin noticeboard]] and see if others can review. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:19, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::Thankyou! 🙏 [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 12:24, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == Rollback and edit request == I recently made a [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback|rollback rights request]] and an edit request for the [[MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist#c-Cyberwolf-20260422142700-1xbet and others|title blacklist]] could you take a lot at both? [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 13:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Sub 2 minute block == nice job :3 I appreciate it [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 17:48, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Can you please stop == You are literally following my every edit so you can add a tag that’s not needed to them can you please go onto the Suzume And LiSA articles and remove your tag since you are not contributing anything to them or fixing the problem [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:12, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :I have also told you multiple times that you can edit the articles to make them good in. Your standard and I’m fine with that but you still say the Suzume plot is too long even though I said I have done all I can to shorten it [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:16, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ::I am not obligated to fix your poor grammar on the articles you make. The copy edit tag alerts others to the concerns and adds it to a maintenance category. If you don’t want the tags on the articles, then make articles that don’t require them. On Wikipedia, [[WP:CIR|competence is required]]. If all of the articles you make and all of your contributions are going to be filled with the poor grammar and spelling that you are displaying, it is possible your ability to change Wikipedia may be restricted. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:22, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :::Please also look at our [[WP:ONESTRIKE]] policy. Users who are blocked on another wiki can receive a block here, especially if they are displaying the same behavior. Your actions so far show that you are committing the same issues here. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:29, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :::How about you leave me alone [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:42, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I just want to edit but nooo I have to have a person watching my every move while I try to fix articles also the tag you put on the LiSA article I made dosnt make any sense after you put it there I checked and it has nothing wrong in its grammar nothing is spelled wrong [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:32, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ::i stopped [[User:Wesds2026|Wesds2026]] ([[User talk:Wesds2026|talk]]) 14:43, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::You also need to stop uploading images on Commons that you just copy off of the internet. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 15:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::::i did stop I stop uploading images [[User:Wesds2026|Wesds2026]] ([[User talk:Wesds2026|talk]]) 16:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Bruce Lee == Hi bro, there seems to be constant vandalism on the Bruce Lee article. Please keep watch, I will too. [[User:Tai Warrior Chi|Tai Warrior Chi]] ([[User talk:Tai Warrior Chi|talk]]) 01:23, 18 May 2026 (UTC) :Will do. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 13:16, 18 May 2026 (UTC) == Follow up == The topic is now removed from VIP, but I realize I wasn't clear. I meant that I didn't want to reveal the IP address to myself using the TAIV tool if I didn't have to, since the tool already listed the linked accounts. I certainly would not reveal them publicly. I used the ambiguous "range block" as a way to say "use discretion", but I can start looking at and suggesting ranges if you think that would be helpful for those patrolling VIP. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:41, 18 May 2026 (UTC) :Understood. When you suggested a range needed to be blocked, I assumed you had looked at the IPs and determined that it was happening within a range, not just a single IP. It's up to you whether you want to be looking into the IPs and the ranges and mentioning the ranges vaguely in VIP reports... I would just suggest not saying a range needs to be blocked unless you know for sure it's a range. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 13:18, 18 May 2026 (UTC) ==[[José Mourinho]]== The Real Madrid transfer is no longer a rumor. It is 100% confirmed by Perez and Mourinho.<!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:~2026-30093-96|~2026-30093-96]] ([[User talk:~2026-30093-96#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/~2026-30093-96|contribs]]) 15:53, 19 May 2026 (UTC)</small> :Not yet -- It's still in the "verbally agreed" status per [https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/48815936/real-madrid-set-date-announce-jose-mourinho-return-sources sources]. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:30, 19 May 2026 (UTC) == Question re. global locks == Hi! Two accounts of globally blocked [[User:Jaredryandloneria|Jaredryandloneria]] are currently active and pending global lock (it's been there for two days). One of them, [[User:Nemine2X2X2|Nemine2X2X2]], is currently editing here at Simple & causing disruption. What's the process at Simple, since I don't think he's been formally blocked for sockpuppetry over here (only Commons & Wikipedia)? [[User:Blue-Sonnet|Blue-Sonnet]] ([[User talk:Blue-Sonnet|talk]]) 08:23, 22 May 2026 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=08:35, 31 May 2026 (UTC)}} — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 08:35, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :Responded, thanks! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 10:34, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Username needing block == [[Special:Contribs/Foidraper271|This username]] is highly offensive, see [[wiktionary:foid#Etymology_2]]. Please block them for the bad username. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-33008-75|&#126;2026-33008-75]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-33008-75|talk]]) 23:59, 2 June 2026 (UTC) == Regarding the personal data of an individual referenced on Google and other search engines without consent == Hello @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] I am contacting you to inform you that a name and surname, "Sofiane Baddouri," are listed on Google and other search engines. In accordance with the GDPR, this person does not wish to be included on Google or here, as they have not requested this and it is without their consent. Thank you in advance for taking the necessary steps. Sincerely, [[User:Lighthousemiami|Lighthousemiami]] ([[User talk:Lighthousemiami|talk]]) 12:23, 8 June 2026 (UTC) :For issues related to the GDPR, please contact [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Privacy_policy#Contact_Us the Wikimedia Foundation] at the link provided. Please stick to one account. Continuing to edit via numerous accounts can result in a block. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:35, 8 June 2026 (UTC) == An article you nominated for deletion has been recreated == The article you previously proposed for deletion, [[Vivansh Vasishta]], has been recreated without violating any rules. You may wish to propose it for deletion again. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 08:03, 11 June 2026 (UTC) :Thanks. Nominated again. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:14, 11 June 2026 (UTC) == Talk page == Hi. Just so you know, Wekeepwhatwekill has (again) [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ABZPN&diff=10904530&oldid=10904518 removed] your comment from my talk page. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 17:44, 29 June 2026 (UTC) :Thank you ... Just blocked them per ONESTRIKE. Thanks for reverting their attempts to control conversation in ways that broke things. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:09, 29 June 2026 (UTC) == blocks and their reach query == I noticed an editor getting a temp block and then a full indefinite block for using an ip to get around the first block. Is that only for this simple wikipedia? Does none of it apply to the main English wikipedia? It seems like they would be globally linked but I'm guessing blocks don't work that way. Thanks. [[User:Fyunck(click)|Fyunck(click)]] ([[User talk:Fyunck(click)|talk]]) 21:55, 13 July 2026 (UTC) note - it looks like I just found it under the [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|reciprocal rules]] here: "In some cases, users who have been blocked indefinitely or banned on other Wikimedia Foundation projects move to Simple English Wikipedia. While most of these users will be integrated without problems, some are known as troublemakers. Administrators have the option to block such users. This is decided on a case-by-case basis. In most cases, a user who broke the rules on another project is not blocked unless they also break the rules on the Simple English Wikipedia. They can be blocked if they break the rules here even once, and do not need the same amount of warning as a new user. This is often called the "one-strike" rule. It is made to stop disruptive users, who have a history of making bad changes, from disrupting this project." I'm guessing it also works the other way around... sort of a one-strike-rule now at the main Wikipedia. Sorry to bother you today. [[User:Fyunck(click)|Fyunck(click)]] ([[User talk:Fyunck(click)|talk]]) 22:03, 13 July 2026 (UTC) :Yes we have a “ONESTRIKE” policy here; it’s mostly in place because we’ve frequently been a place that users come after they’ve been blocked or banned at the English Wikipedia and we don’t want to tolerate the same behavior here. I don’t believe there is a similar policy on the English Wikipedia. However, if a user is blocked across a few wikis or if they’ve been banned or long-term abusing a wiki, they can be locked globally as well. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 22:43, 13 July 2026 (UTC) == Hello == Hello, Why did you delete my article ([[Chester Neal Tate]])? [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 13:09, 19 July 2026 (UTC) :The article made no claim at notability for the individual. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 14:09, 19 July 2026 (UTC) ::He had a cambridge section for him, so he is notable enough ta have a page on it, i request an undeletion. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 15:22, 20 July 2026 (UTC) :::What do you mean by "a cambridge section"? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 15:47, 20 July 2026 (UTC) ::::[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/c-neal-tate/F43740AD3F27B524FBB73FD5C238EEEC this] [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 11:33, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::That's an obituary published by the publication of an organization he was a member of; it doesn't guarantee notability. Is there anything else that proves he's notable? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 11:47, 21 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/gastongazette/name/chester-tate-obituary?id=25668804 a legacy for him], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231745951_C_NEAL_TATE another article about him], also he has notable works like [https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Governments_of_the_World.html?id=vAUWAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y governments of the world] ([https://search.worldcat.org/title/Governments-of-the-world-:-a-global-guide-to-citizens'-rights-and-responsibilities/oclc/1052644399] [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6006347]) He has notability enough to get an article for himself. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 11:55, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::::The first is his obituary on a site where funeral homes post obituaries; the second is the same as the obituary you mentioned above just listed in a different journal database; the other links are just his publications. These do not establish notability. You are welcome to recreate the article if you feel he is truly notable, but based on what I see, it'll not survive a deletion discussion. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:14, 21 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Okay then, but at least can I see the old revision before it got taken down? [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 12:15, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::::::I have restored it at [[User:Birthay boy/Chester Neal Tate]]. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 02:54, 24 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Thanks. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 10:40, 24 July 2026 (UTC) == Hi About [[Soran-Persian War (1829-1834)]] == Hi if you watch Before the war it's say Soran forces raided Kurdish areas on the Iranian side of the border. Sources mention parts of Mukriyan, including Lajan, Sauj Bulag, and Sardasht, as well as villages near Salmas and Urmia, as areas that were raided by Soran forces Later campaigns (1831–1833) change Qajar forces tried to push the Soran troops back from the areas they had taken. There were several fights between Soran and Iranian soldiers in the mountains along the border. So the result should be better:Soran forces raided Kurdish areas Qajar offensives repulsed [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-41673-40|&#126;2026-41673-40]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-41673-40|talk]]) 07:39, 27 July 2026 (UTC) == Silinen madde == . Dear Wikipedia Editors, I would like to contest the deletion of this article, as the subject (Samir Nagizadeh) satisfies Wikipedia's notability guidelines for artists and public figures through significant coverage in multiple independent, reliable media sources. The subject's notable career in film, media, and entertainment has been widely covered by mainstream news outlets. Here are the reliable press references supporting the notability: 1. KRT TV: https://www.krttv.com.tr/samir-nagizadeh-yeni-single-parcasiyla-geliyor 2. Timeturk: https://www.timeturk.com/kultur/azeri-oyuncu-nagizadeh-samir-turk-izleyicisinin-kalbini-calmaya-geliyor/haber-1663020 3. Haqq.az: https://haqq.az/samir-nagizadeh-il%c9%99-s%c9%99n%c9%99t-dunyasi-v%c9%99-g%c9%99nc-aktyorlarin-v%c9%99ziyy%c9%99ti-musahibe/ 4. Mürekkep Haber: https://www.murekkephaber.com/samir-nagizadeh-ve-cenab-ulvi-sinema-projesi-icin-bir-araya-geliyor/19111/ 5. Demokrat Haber: https://www.demokrathaber.org/oyuncu-samir-nagizadeh-kimdir/amp 6. Refleks Haber: https://www.reflexhaber.com/samir-nagizadeh-ve-cenab-ulviden-yeni-proje-sinema-sektorune-adim-atiyorlar/amp Given these verifiable, independent third-party sources establishing significant media presence, I kindly request the restoration or re-evaluation of the article. Best regards, [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-42619-15|&#126;2026-42619-15]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-42619-15|talk]]) 12:37, 31 July 2026 (UTC) :These are not reliable sources. They're all interviews or press releases and, frankly, look AI-generated and fake. There is no claim to notability in the article either. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:42, 31 July 2026 (UTC) == Mail == {{ygm}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:18, 5 August 2026 (UTC) == Error == You said that you have blocked me from creating new pages but I am unable to edit even existing pages, so please correct the error. I am sure I can simplify the English used in existing pages and request the lifting of restrictions later.-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 04:59, 6 August 2026 (UTC) :I have adjusted the block. You should be able to edit in the main space now but not create new pages. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:12, 6 August 2026 (UTC) ::OK, thanks!-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 14:45, 6 August 2026 (UTC) == Appreciation Message == Hello friend I wanted to appreciate you on your guidance on how to edit here on wiki simple. Just a quick question can I recreate the already deleted articles since am now familiar with the rules and regulations here ? [[User:Afrowriter|Afrowriter]] ([[User talk:Afrowriter|talk]]) 12:37, 8 August 2026 (UTC) 76zxu3vhygpshsusjm2k208m20i8j63 10967069 10966996 2026-08-18T23:27:42Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Reverted to revision 10956508 by Afrowriter: Revert vandal . ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkheader|bottom=yes}} == About [[Firman of Mir Muhammad]] == Vandalism IP Removed Sources please Reverted Back [[User:Masare012|Masare012]] ([[User talk:Masare012|talk]]) 15:36, 1 April 2026 (UTC) == Confirmed == Could you please grant the confirmed user right to my alt account @[[User:ExplorerofUniverse|ExplorerofUniverse]]. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 01:42, 3 April 2026 (UTC) :I'm not comfortable with granting rights to an alternate account of someone who is blocked on another wiki for abusing multiple accounts. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 14:13, 8 April 2026 (UTC) ::Ok, thanks for providing a reason. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:31, 8 April 2026 (UTC) == Thanks == I want to thank you for providing a thorough and logical response to deletion and permission requests. Keep up the great work. [[User:ExplorerofUniverse|ExplorerofUniverse]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofUniverse|talk]]) 21:47, 8 April 2026 (UTC) == Ieditstuffandyes == This user, who you have been dealing with already, has history on the main site of being banned for sock evasion, and is currently banned there for that. They were previously banned for personal attacks and being generally hostile. I feel it would be the right move to make sure you know the person you are talking to is very persistent and should be handled with care. [[User:Phlogiston Enthusiast|Phlogiston Enthusiast]] ([[User talk:Phlogiston Enthusiast|talk]]) 18:40, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :Thanks... I had poked around their En. talk page/edit history the other day so will continue to keep an eye on things. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:57, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == A look == Since you're a staff member here, is it ok if you [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope take a look] at this question I had? It's basically me asking about which Wikimedia project can cover for in-depth information that may get redirected or removed from Simple English Wikipedia, and even my question if there can be a looser notability policy since the demographic would benefit from simpler articles on a larger variety of topics. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|talk]]) 16:13, 16 April 2026 (UTC) == Lock the Wikipedia article == As I see that you're an administrator here right, can you please lock the Wikipedia Article of [[Bongbong Marcos]] for a temporary/Short Period of Time? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-16|&#126;2026-23654-16]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-23654-16|talk]]) 13:19, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :I don't believe that is necessary at this time. Only two socks have edited recently; we can handle the current flow. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 21:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Virtual Boy == Hi, this isn't a notability concern. I just wonder if the edits I did to the [[Virtual Boy]] article are in-line with this wiki's style. There's a handful of sources that I've added, including for the release dates. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|talk]]) 00:24, 18 April 2026 (UTC) == Discord == You've got mail :-) [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 10:36, 20 April 2026 (UTC) :Unless I'm missing something, all I see is a wave. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:08, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == ipblock-exempt == Hello @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]], Currently, I am using a VPN when connected to public Wi-Fi because auth.wikimedia.org is blocked in my country, Indonesia [[id:Wikipedia:Pernyataan resmi komunitas Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia terhadap pembatasan akses auth.wikimedia.org di Indonesia|(here is the proof)]]. I understand that the IP addresses used by this VPN service are globally blocked, which prevents me from editing, especially on Simplewiki Wikipedia where I help create templates. I already have IP block exemption rights on my main account in Indonesian Wikipedia, but I do not have this permission yet on Simple English Wikipedia. Therefore, I would like to request this flag so I can continue editing. Your consideration would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 12:28, 20 April 2026 (UTC) :This isn't something I'm personally comfortable with enabling. I suggest bringing it to the [[WP:AN|admin noticeboard]] and see if others can review. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:19, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::Thankyou! 🙏 [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 12:24, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == Rollback and edit request == I recently made a [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback|rollback rights request]] and an edit request for the [[MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist#c-Cyberwolf-20260422142700-1xbet and others|title blacklist]] could you take a lot at both? [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 13:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Sub 2 minute block == nice job :3 I appreciate it [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 17:48, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Can you please stop == You are literally following my every edit so you can add a tag that’s not needed to them can you please go onto the Suzume And LiSA articles and remove your tag since you are not contributing anything to them or fixing the problem [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:12, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :I have also told you multiple times that you can edit the articles to make them good in. Your standard and I’m fine with that but you still say the Suzume plot is too long even though I said I have done all I can to shorten it [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:16, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ::I am not obligated to fix your poor grammar on the articles you make. The copy edit tag alerts others to the concerns and adds it to a maintenance category. If you don’t want the tags on the articles, then make articles that don’t require them. On Wikipedia, [[WP:CIR|competence is required]]. If all of the articles you make and all of your contributions are going to be filled with the poor grammar and spelling that you are displaying, it is possible your ability to change Wikipedia may be restricted. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:22, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :::Please also look at our [[WP:ONESTRIKE]] policy. Users who are blocked on another wiki can receive a block here, especially if they are displaying the same behavior. Your actions so far show that you are committing the same issues here. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:29, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :::How about you leave me alone [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:42, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I just want to edit but nooo I have to have a person watching my every move while I try to fix articles also the tag you put on the LiSA article I made dosnt make any sense after you put it there I checked and it has nothing wrong in its grammar nothing is spelled wrong [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:32, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ::i stopped [[User:Wesds2026|Wesds2026]] ([[User talk:Wesds2026|talk]]) 14:43, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::You also need to stop uploading images on Commons that you just copy off of the internet. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 15:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::::i did stop I stop uploading images [[User:Wesds2026|Wesds2026]] ([[User talk:Wesds2026|talk]]) 16:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Bruce Lee == Hi bro, there seems to be constant vandalism on the Bruce Lee article. Please keep watch, I will too. [[User:Tai Warrior Chi|Tai Warrior Chi]] ([[User talk:Tai Warrior Chi|talk]]) 01:23, 18 May 2026 (UTC) :Will do. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 13:16, 18 May 2026 (UTC) == Follow up == The topic is now removed from VIP, but I realize I wasn't clear. I meant that I didn't want to reveal the IP address to myself using the TAIV tool if I didn't have to, since the tool already listed the linked accounts. I certainly would not reveal them publicly. I used the ambiguous "range block" as a way to say "use discretion", but I can start looking at and suggesting ranges if you think that would be helpful for those patrolling VIP. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:41, 18 May 2026 (UTC) :Understood. When you suggested a range needed to be blocked, I assumed you had looked at the IPs and determined that it was happening within a range, not just a single IP. It's up to you whether you want to be looking into the IPs and the ranges and mentioning the ranges vaguely in VIP reports... I would just suggest not saying a range needs to be blocked unless you know for sure it's a range. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 13:18, 18 May 2026 (UTC) ==[[José Mourinho]]== The Real Madrid transfer is no longer a rumor. It is 100% confirmed by Perez and Mourinho.<!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:~2026-30093-96|~2026-30093-96]] ([[User talk:~2026-30093-96#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/~2026-30093-96|contribs]]) 15:53, 19 May 2026 (UTC)</small> :Not yet -- It's still in the "verbally agreed" status per [https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/48815936/real-madrid-set-date-announce-jose-mourinho-return-sources sources]. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:30, 19 May 2026 (UTC) == Question re. global locks == Hi! Two accounts of globally blocked [[User:Jaredryandloneria|Jaredryandloneria]] are currently active and pending global lock (it's been there for two days). One of them, [[User:Nemine2X2X2|Nemine2X2X2]], is currently editing here at Simple & causing disruption. What's the process at Simple, since I don't think he's been formally blocked for sockpuppetry over here (only Commons & Wikipedia)? [[User:Blue-Sonnet|Blue-Sonnet]] ([[User talk:Blue-Sonnet|talk]]) 08:23, 22 May 2026 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=08:35, 31 May 2026 (UTC)}} — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 08:35, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :Responded, thanks! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 10:34, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Username needing block == [[Special:Contribs/Foidraper271|This username]] is highly offensive, see [[wiktionary:foid#Etymology_2]]. Please block them for the bad username. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-33008-75|&#126;2026-33008-75]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-33008-75|talk]]) 23:59, 2 June 2026 (UTC) == Regarding the personal data of an individual referenced on Google and other search engines without consent == Hello @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] I am contacting you to inform you that a name and surname, "Sofiane Baddouri," are listed on Google and other search engines. In accordance with the GDPR, this person does not wish to be included on Google or here, as they have not requested this and it is without their consent. Thank you in advance for taking the necessary steps. Sincerely, [[User:Lighthousemiami|Lighthousemiami]] ([[User talk:Lighthousemiami|talk]]) 12:23, 8 June 2026 (UTC) :For issues related to the GDPR, please contact [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Privacy_policy#Contact_Us the Wikimedia Foundation] at the link provided. Please stick to one account. Continuing to edit via numerous accounts can result in a block. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:35, 8 June 2026 (UTC) == An article you nominated for deletion has been recreated == The article you previously proposed for deletion, [[Vivansh Vasishta]], has been recreated without violating any rules. You may wish to propose it for deletion again. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 08:03, 11 June 2026 (UTC) :Thanks. Nominated again. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:14, 11 June 2026 (UTC) == Talk page == Hi. Just so you know, Wekeepwhatwekill has (again) [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ABZPN&diff=10904530&oldid=10904518 removed] your comment from my talk page. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 17:44, 29 June 2026 (UTC) :Thank you ... Just blocked them per ONESTRIKE. Thanks for reverting their attempts to control conversation in ways that broke things. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:09, 29 June 2026 (UTC) == blocks and their reach query == I noticed an editor getting a temp block and then a full indefinite block for using an ip to get around the first block. Is that only for this simple wikipedia? Does none of it apply to the main English wikipedia? It seems like they would be globally linked but I'm guessing blocks don't work that way. Thanks. [[User:Fyunck(click)|Fyunck(click)]] ([[User talk:Fyunck(click)|talk]]) 21:55, 13 July 2026 (UTC) note - it looks like I just found it under the [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|reciprocal rules]] here: "In some cases, users who have been blocked indefinitely or banned on other Wikimedia Foundation projects move to Simple English Wikipedia. While most of these users will be integrated without problems, some are known as troublemakers. Administrators have the option to block such users. This is decided on a case-by-case basis. In most cases, a user who broke the rules on another project is not blocked unless they also break the rules on the Simple English Wikipedia. They can be blocked if they break the rules here even once, and do not need the same amount of warning as a new user. This is often called the "one-strike" rule. It is made to stop disruptive users, who have a history of making bad changes, from disrupting this project." I'm guessing it also works the other way around... sort of a one-strike-rule now at the main Wikipedia. Sorry to bother you today. [[User:Fyunck(click)|Fyunck(click)]] ([[User talk:Fyunck(click)|talk]]) 22:03, 13 July 2026 (UTC) :Yes we have a “ONESTRIKE” policy here; it’s mostly in place because we’ve frequently been a place that users come after they’ve been blocked or banned at the English Wikipedia and we don’t want to tolerate the same behavior here. I don’t believe there is a similar policy on the English Wikipedia. However, if a user is blocked across a few wikis or if they’ve been banned or long-term abusing a wiki, they can be locked globally as well. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 22:43, 13 July 2026 (UTC) == Hello == Hello, Why did you delete my article ([[Chester Neal Tate]])? [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 13:09, 19 July 2026 (UTC) :The article made no claim at notability for the individual. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 14:09, 19 July 2026 (UTC) ::He had a cambridge section for him, so he is notable enough ta have a page on it, i request an undeletion. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 15:22, 20 July 2026 (UTC) :::What do you mean by "a cambridge section"? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 15:47, 20 July 2026 (UTC) ::::[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/c-neal-tate/F43740AD3F27B524FBB73FD5C238EEEC this] [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 11:33, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::That's an obituary published by the publication of an organization he was a member of; it doesn't guarantee notability. Is there anything else that proves he's notable? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 11:47, 21 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/gastongazette/name/chester-tate-obituary?id=25668804 a legacy for him], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231745951_C_NEAL_TATE another article about him], also he has notable works like [https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Governments_of_the_World.html?id=vAUWAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y governments of the world] ([https://search.worldcat.org/title/Governments-of-the-world-:-a-global-guide-to-citizens'-rights-and-responsibilities/oclc/1052644399] [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6006347]) He has notability enough to get an article for himself. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 11:55, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::::The first is his obituary on a site where funeral homes post obituaries; the second is the same as the obituary you mentioned above just listed in a different journal database; the other links are just his publications. These do not establish notability. You are welcome to recreate the article if you feel he is truly notable, but based on what I see, it'll not survive a deletion discussion. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:14, 21 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Okay then, but at least can I see the old revision before it got taken down? [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 12:15, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::::::I have restored it at [[User:Birthay boy/Chester Neal Tate]]. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 02:54, 24 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Thanks. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 10:40, 24 July 2026 (UTC) == Hi About [[Soran-Persian War (1829-1834)]] == Hi if you watch Before the war it's say Soran forces raided Kurdish areas on the Iranian side of the border. Sources mention parts of Mukriyan, including Lajan, Sauj Bulag, and Sardasht, as well as villages near Salmas and Urmia, as areas that were raided by Soran forces Later campaigns (1831–1833) change Qajar forces tried to push the Soran troops back from the areas they had taken. There were several fights between Soran and Iranian soldiers in the mountains along the border. So the result should be better:Soran forces raided Kurdish areas Qajar offensives repulsed [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-41673-40|&#126;2026-41673-40]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-41673-40|talk]]) 07:39, 27 July 2026 (UTC) == Silinen madde == . Dear Wikipedia Editors, I would like to contest the deletion of this article, as the subject (Samir Nagizadeh) satisfies Wikipedia's notability guidelines for artists and public figures through significant coverage in multiple independent, reliable media sources. The subject's notable career in film, media, and entertainment has been widely covered by mainstream news outlets. Here are the reliable press references supporting the notability: 1. KRT TV: https://www.krttv.com.tr/samir-nagizadeh-yeni-single-parcasiyla-geliyor 2. Timeturk: https://www.timeturk.com/kultur/azeri-oyuncu-nagizadeh-samir-turk-izleyicisinin-kalbini-calmaya-geliyor/haber-1663020 3. Haqq.az: https://haqq.az/samir-nagizadeh-il%c9%99-s%c9%99n%c9%99t-dunyasi-v%c9%99-g%c9%99nc-aktyorlarin-v%c9%99ziyy%c9%99ti-musahibe/ 4. Mürekkep Haber: https://www.murekkephaber.com/samir-nagizadeh-ve-cenab-ulvi-sinema-projesi-icin-bir-araya-geliyor/19111/ 5. Demokrat Haber: https://www.demokrathaber.org/oyuncu-samir-nagizadeh-kimdir/amp 6. Refleks Haber: https://www.reflexhaber.com/samir-nagizadeh-ve-cenab-ulviden-yeni-proje-sinema-sektorune-adim-atiyorlar/amp Given these verifiable, independent third-party sources establishing significant media presence, I kindly request the restoration or re-evaluation of the article. Best regards, [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-42619-15|&#126;2026-42619-15]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-42619-15|talk]]) 12:37, 31 July 2026 (UTC) :These are not reliable sources. They're all interviews or press releases and, frankly, look AI-generated and fake. There is no claim to notability in the article either. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:42, 31 July 2026 (UTC) == Mail == {{ygm}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:18, 5 August 2026 (UTC) == Error == You said that you have blocked me from creating new pages but I am unable to edit even existing pages, so please correct the error. I am sure I can simplify the English used in existing pages and request the lifting of restrictions later.-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 04:59, 6 August 2026 (UTC) :I have adjusted the block. You should be able to edit in the main space now but not create new pages. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:12, 6 August 2026 (UTC) ::OK, thanks!-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 14:45, 6 August 2026 (UTC) == Appreciation Message == Hello friend I wanted to appreciate you on your guidance on how to edit here on wiki simple. Just a quick question can I recreate the already deleted articles since am now familiar with the rules and regulations here ? [[User:Afrowriter|Afrowriter]] ([[User talk:Afrowriter|talk]]) 12:37, 8 August 2026 (UTC) hafzcrqdsiubmxpjeu3yub0tjst3qe4 0 1260247 10966724 10964994 2026-08-18T16:00:14Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Eurovision_Song_Contest_2027_artwork.jpg|Eurovision_Song_Contest_2027_artwork.jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Mys 721tx|Mys 721tx]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:COM:Licensing|Commons:Licensing]] ([[:c:COM: 10966724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = 11 May 2027 | semi2 = 13 May 2027 | final = 15 May 2027 | venue = {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}, [[Burgas]], [[Bulgaria]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/host-city-guide-burgas-2027/|title=Burgas 2027: Your Host City guide|website=eurovision.com|date=13 August 2026}}</ref> | presenters = | musdirector = | director = Martin Green | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = August 2026 | entries = 20 | finalists = | debut = {{Esc|Canada}} | return = {{Esc|North Macedonia}} | nonreturn = | vote = Each country awards two sets of 12, 10, 8–1 points to ten songs.<br/>Online votes from viewers in non-participating countries are aggregated and awarded as one set of points. | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held at the {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} in [[Burgas]], [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "[[Bangaranga]]" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="Burgas2027">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/burgas-to-host-71st-eurovision-bulgaria-2027/|title=Burgas is our Host City for the 71st Eurovision Song Contest|website=eurovision.com|date=13 August 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]] at the Arena Sofia. [[Canada in the Eurovision Song Contest|Canada]] will make its debut in the contest, the first new country to join the Contest since [[Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Australia]] in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2015|2015]], it will also be the first country in the Americas to take part in the contest. [[North Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest|North Macedonia]] will return for the first time since [[Eurovision Song Contest 2022|2022]]. Some rules for the 2027 contest were updated in August 2026, the winning broadcaster will automatically be ineligible to host the Contest if an armed conflict, a sensitive geopolitical situation, or any other situation affects the security, safety or stability of the region. The lead singer(s) must perform the main melody live, backing tracks and pre-recorded elements may be used in accordance with the rules of the contest, artists competing must be 18 years old on the day of the first rehearsal, instead of 16 years old which had been the case since 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/newsroom/release/eurovision-song-contest-updates-rules-for-2027/|title=Eurovision Song Contest updates rules for 2027|website=eurovision.com|date=12 August 2026}}</ref> ==Location== ===Bidding phase=== After Bulgaria won the 2026 contest, the director of the [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT), Milena Milotinova said during the winner's press conference that BNT was ready to host the 2027 contest. On 3 July 2026, four cities submitted their bids to host the contest [[Burgas]], [[Plovdiv]], [[Sofia]] and [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]].<ref name="2027HostBid">{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/eurovision-2027-four-cities-submitted-their-bids-to-host/|title=🇧🇬 Eurovision 2027: Four Cities Have Submitted Their Bids to Host|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> On 13 July 2026, BNT announced that the choice of host city was narrowed to [[Burgas]] and [[Sofia]].<ref name="2027HostBid2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/burgas-and-sofia-in-the-running-host-eurovision-2027-bulgaria/|title=Burgas or Sofia will host Eurovision 2027 in Bulgaria|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|date=13 July 2026}}</ref> On 13 August 2026, [[Burgas]] was announced as the host city for the 2027 contest and will be held at {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> {{Location map many|Bulgaria|width=200px|float=left|caption=The location of the host city (in blue), shortlisted cities (in green) and other bidding cities (in red) |places= | label1='''[[Burgas]]'''|lat1=42.502965|long1=27.470179|position1=left|mark1=Blue pog.svg |coordinates1=| label2=[[Sofia]]|lat2=42.7|long2=23.33|position2=right|mark2=Green pog.svg | label3=[[Plovdiv]]|lat3=42.1354|long3=24.7453|position3=left|mark3=Red pog.svg | label4=[[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]|lat4=43.2166|long4=27.9166|position4=left|mark4=Red pog.svg }} '''Key:'''<br /> {{Color box|#CEDFF2|†|border=darkgray}} Host city ({{Abbr|TBD|To be decided}}) {{Color box|#D0F0C0|*|border=darkgray}} Shortlisted {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |-style="background:#CEDFF2" ! scope="row"| '''[[Burgas]] †''' | '''{{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}''' | Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/><ref name="Burgas2027"/> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Eliminated from selection process on 13 July 2026. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |-style="background:#D0F0C0" ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] * | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]] | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Eliminated from selection process on 13 July 2026. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |} ==Provisional list of participants== [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|thumb|310px|Countries which have provisionally confirmed their participation in 2027.]] {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Albania}} | {{ill|RTSH|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/04/albania-applications-festivali-i-kenges-open-in-september/|title=🇦🇱 Albania: Applications for Festivali i Këngës Open in September|website=Eurovoix|date=4 August 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Austria}} | [[ORF]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/28/austria-begins-search-for-eurovision-2027-representative/|title=🇦🇹 Austria: Begins Search for Eurovision 2027 Representative|website=Eurovoix|date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | [[Bulgarian National Television|BNT]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/18/eurovision-2027-bnt-bulgarian-government-hold-first-meetings-hosting-eurovision/|title=🇧🇬 Eurovision 2027: BNT & Bulgarian Government Hold First Meeting on Hosting Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Canada}} | [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC/Radio-Canada]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/canada-will-debut-at-eurovision-song-contest-2027/|title=Canada will debut at the 71st Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=1 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 13 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/03/06/denmark-kolding-host-dansk-melodi-grand-prix-2027-february-13/|title=🇩🇰 Denmark: Kolding to Host Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2027 on February 13|website=Eurovoix|date=6 March 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | [[Yle]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 20 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=🇫🇮 Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA February 2027}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/03/germany-selects-for-eurovision-2027-february/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: Selects for Eurovision 2027 in February|website=Eurovoix|date=3 August 2026}}</ref> | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Greece}} | {{ill|Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=ERT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/14/greece-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇬🇷 Greece: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=14 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Israel}} | {{ill|Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=IPBC}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/12/israel-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇮🇱 Israel: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=12 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Italy}} | [[RAI]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 19 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/italy-eurovision-representative-to-be-chosen-on-february-19/|title=🇮🇹 Italy: Eurovision Representative to be Chosen on February 19|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Latvia}} | [[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 6 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/latvia-moves-eurovision-pre-selection-to-arena-for-2027/|title=Latvia upgrades its Eurovision pre-selection to an arena for 2027|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Lithuania}} | {{ill|LRT televizija|en|lt=LRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/14/lithuania-confirms-participation-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇹 Lithuania: Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=14 August 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 30 January 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Norway}} | [[NRK]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/18/norway-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇳🇴 Norway: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=18 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Malta}} | {{ill|Public Broadcasting Services|en|lt=PBS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/14/malta-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇲🇹 Malta: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=eurovoix|date=14 august 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Romania}} | {{ill|TVR (TV network)|en|lt=TVR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/22/romania-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇷🇴 Romania: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 6 March 2027}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/03/san-marino-selects-eurovision-2027-on-march-6/|title=🇸🇲 San Marino: Selects for Eurovision 2027 on March 6|website=Eurovoix|date=3 August 2026}}</ref> | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=🇸🇲 San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Switzerland}} | [[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG SSR]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/11/switzerland-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇨🇭 Switzerland: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|United Kingdom}} | [[BBC]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/18/united-kingdom-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=18 June 2026}}</ref> |} ===Other countries=== Countries that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027: * {{esc|Armenia}} * {{esc|Australia}} * {{esc|Azerbaijan}} * {{esc|Belgium}} * {{esc|Croatia}} * {{esc|Cyprus}} * {{esc|Czech Republic}} * {{esc|Estonia}} * {{esc|France}} * {{esc|Georgia}} * {{esc|Moldova}} * {{esc|Montenegro}} * {{esc|Poland}} * {{esc|Portugal}} * {{esc|Serbia}} * {{esc|Sweden}} * {{esc|Ukraine}} Countries that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/14/tvmonaco-has-not-yet-considered-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇲🇨 Monaco: TVMonaco Has Not Yet Considered Eurovision 2027 Participation|website=Eurovoix|date=14 June 2026}}</ref> * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> The following countries' that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], that confirmed non-participation: * {{esc|Andorra}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/06/andorra-eurovision-2027/|title=🇦🇩 Andorra: RTVA Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=6 July 2026}}</ref> * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/bosnia-herzegovina-eurovision-2027/|title=🇧🇦 Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> Countries that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have been excluded from participation: * {{esc|Belarus}} * {{esc|Russia}} ==Results== ===Semi-final 1=== The first semi-final will take place on 11 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ===Semi-final 2=== The first semi-final will take place on 13 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ===Final=== The final will take place on 15 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Category:May events]] 1cwa82ezuh72s3q44yfmf2ullm43lyc 10967043 10966724 2026-08-18T22:27:00Z Greenock125 652309 10967043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = [[File:Eurovision-2027-burgas.jpg|300px]] | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = 11 May 2027 | semi2 = 13 May 2027 | final = 15 May 2027 | venue = {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}, [[Burgas]], [[Bulgaria]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/host-city-guide-burgas-2027/|title=Burgas 2027: Your Host City guide|website=eurovision.com|date=13 August 2026}}</ref> | presenters = | musdirector = | director = Martin Green | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = August 2026 | entries = 20 | finalists = | debut = {{Esc|Canada}} | return = {{Esc|North Macedonia}} | nonreturn = | vote = Each country awards two sets of 12, 10, 8–1 points to ten songs.<br/>Online votes from viewers in non-participating countries are aggregated and awarded as one set of points. | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held at the {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} in [[Burgas]], [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "[[Bangaranga]]" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="Burgas2027">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/burgas-to-host-71st-eurovision-bulgaria-2027/|title=Burgas is our Host City for the 71st Eurovision Song Contest|website=eurovision.com|date=13 August 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]] at the Arena Sofia. [[Canada in the Eurovision Song Contest|Canada]] will make its debut in the contest, the first new country to join the Contest since [[Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Australia]] in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2015|2015]], it will also be the first country in the Americas to take part in the contest. [[North Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest|North Macedonia]] will return for the first time since [[Eurovision Song Contest 2022|2022]]. Some rules for the 2027 contest were updated in August 2026, the winning broadcaster will automatically be ineligible to host the Contest if an armed conflict, a sensitive geopolitical situation, or any other situation affects the security, safety or stability of the region. The lead singer(s) must perform the main melody live, backing tracks and pre-recorded elements may be used in accordance with the rules of the contest, artists competing must be 18 years old on the day of the first rehearsal, instead of 16 years old which had been the case since 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/newsroom/release/eurovision-song-contest-updates-rules-for-2027/|title=Eurovision Song Contest updates rules for 2027|website=eurovision.com|date=12 August 2026}}</ref> ==Location== ===Bidding phase=== After Bulgaria won the 2026 contest, the director of the [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT), Milena Milotinova said during the winner's press conference that BNT was ready to host the 2027 contest. On 3 July 2026, four cities submitted their bids to host the contest [[Burgas]], [[Plovdiv]], [[Sofia]] and [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]].<ref name="2027HostBid">{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/eurovision-2027-four-cities-submitted-their-bids-to-host/|title=🇧🇬 Eurovision 2027: Four Cities Have Submitted Their Bids to Host|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> On 13 July 2026, BNT announced that the choice of host city was narrowed to [[Burgas]] and [[Sofia]].<ref name="2027HostBid2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/burgas-and-sofia-in-the-running-host-eurovision-2027-bulgaria/|title=Burgas or Sofia will host Eurovision 2027 in Bulgaria|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|date=13 July 2026}}</ref> On 13 August 2026, [[Burgas]] was announced as the host city for the 2027 contest and will be held at {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> {{Location map many|Bulgaria|width=200px|float=left|caption=The location of the host city (in blue), shortlisted cities (in green) and other bidding cities (in red) |places= | label1='''[[Burgas]]'''|lat1=42.502965|long1=27.470179|position1=left|mark1=Blue pog.svg |coordinates1=| label2=[[Sofia]]|lat2=42.7|long2=23.33|position2=right|mark2=Green pog.svg | label3=[[Plovdiv]]|lat3=42.1354|long3=24.7453|position3=left|mark3=Red pog.svg | label4=[[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]|lat4=43.2166|long4=27.9166|position4=left|mark4=Red pog.svg }} '''Key:'''<br /> {{Color box|#CEDFF2|†|border=darkgray}} Host city ({{Abbr|TBD|To be decided}}) {{Color box|#D0F0C0|*|border=darkgray}} Shortlisted {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |-style="background:#CEDFF2" ! scope="row"| '''[[Burgas]] †''' | '''{{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}''' | Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/><ref name="Burgas2027"/> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Eliminated from selection process on 13 July 2026. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |-style="background:#D0F0C0" ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] * | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]] | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Eliminated from selection process on 13 July 2026. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |} ==Provisional list of participants== [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|thumb|310px|Countries which have provisionally confirmed their participation in 2027.]] {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Albania}} | {{ill|RTSH|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/04/albania-applications-festivali-i-kenges-open-in-september/|title=🇦🇱 Albania: Applications for Festivali i Këngës Open in September|website=Eurovoix|date=4 August 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Austria}} | [[ORF]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/28/austria-begins-search-for-eurovision-2027-representative/|title=🇦🇹 Austria: Begins Search for Eurovision 2027 Representative|website=Eurovoix|date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | [[Bulgarian National Television|BNT]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/18/eurovision-2027-bnt-bulgarian-government-hold-first-meetings-hosting-eurovision/|title=🇧🇬 Eurovision 2027: BNT & Bulgarian Government Hold First Meeting on Hosting Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Canada}} | [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC/Radio-Canada]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/canada-will-debut-at-eurovision-song-contest-2027/|title=Canada will debut at the 71st Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=1 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 13 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/03/06/denmark-kolding-host-dansk-melodi-grand-prix-2027-february-13/|title=🇩🇰 Denmark: Kolding to Host Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2027 on February 13|website=Eurovoix|date=6 March 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | [[Yle]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 20 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=🇫🇮 Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA February 2027}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/03/germany-selects-for-eurovision-2027-february/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: Selects for Eurovision 2027 in February|website=Eurovoix|date=3 August 2026}}</ref> | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Greece}} | {{ill|Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=ERT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/14/greece-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇬🇷 Greece: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=14 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Israel}} | {{ill|Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=IPBC}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/12/israel-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇮🇱 Israel: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=12 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Italy}} | [[RAI]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 19 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/italy-eurovision-representative-to-be-chosen-on-february-19/|title=🇮🇹 Italy: Eurovision Representative to be Chosen on February 19|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Latvia}} | [[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 6 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/latvia-moves-eurovision-pre-selection-to-arena-for-2027/|title=Latvia upgrades its Eurovision pre-selection to an arena for 2027|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Lithuania}} | {{ill|LRT televizija|en|lt=LRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/14/lithuania-confirms-participation-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇹 Lithuania: Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=14 August 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 30 January 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Norway}} | [[NRK]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/18/norway-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇳🇴 Norway: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=18 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Malta}} | {{ill|Public Broadcasting Services|en|lt=PBS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/14/malta-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇲🇹 Malta: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=eurovoix|date=14 august 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Romania}} | {{ill|TVR (TV network)|en|lt=TVR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/22/romania-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇷🇴 Romania: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 6 March 2027}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/03/san-marino-selects-eurovision-2027-on-march-6/|title=🇸🇲 San Marino: Selects for Eurovision 2027 on March 6|website=Eurovoix|date=3 August 2026}}</ref> | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=🇸🇲 San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Switzerland}} | [[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG SSR]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/11/switzerland-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇨🇭 Switzerland: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|United Kingdom}} | [[BBC]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/18/united-kingdom-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=18 June 2026}}</ref> |} ===Other countries=== Countries that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027: * {{esc|Armenia}} * {{esc|Australia}} * {{esc|Azerbaijan}} * {{esc|Belgium}} * {{esc|Croatia}} * {{esc|Cyprus}} * {{esc|Czech Republic}} * {{esc|Estonia}} * {{esc|France}} * {{esc|Georgia}} * {{esc|Moldova}} * {{esc|Montenegro}} * {{esc|Poland}} * {{esc|Portugal}} * {{esc|Serbia}} * {{esc|Sweden}} * {{esc|Ukraine}} Countries that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/14/tvmonaco-has-not-yet-considered-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇲🇨 Monaco: TVMonaco Has Not Yet Considered Eurovision 2027 Participation|website=Eurovoix|date=14 June 2026}}</ref> * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> The following countries' that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], that confirmed non-participation: * {{esc|Andorra}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/06/andorra-eurovision-2027/|title=🇦🇩 Andorra: RTVA Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=6 July 2026}}</ref> * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/bosnia-herzegovina-eurovision-2027/|title=🇧🇦 Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> Countries that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have been excluded from participation: * {{esc|Belarus}} * {{esc|Russia}} ==Results== ===Semi-final 1=== The first semi-final will take place on 11 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ===Semi-final 2=== The first semi-final will take place on 13 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ===Final=== The final will take place on 15 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Category:May events]] dve0g1p3a3yg4dgzcr1pz88pevun63y 10967044 10967043 2026-08-18T22:27:24Z Greenock125 652309 10967044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = 11 May 2027 | semi2 = 13 May 2027 | final = 15 May 2027 | venue = {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}, [[Burgas]], [[Bulgaria]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/host-city-guide-burgas-2027/|title=Burgas 2027: Your Host City guide|website=eurovision.com|date=13 August 2026}}</ref> | presenters = | musdirector = | director = Martin Green | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = August 2026 | entries = 20 | finalists = | debut = {{Esc|Canada}} | return = {{Esc|North Macedonia}} | nonreturn = | vote = Each country awards two sets of 12, 10, 8–1 points to ten songs.<br/>Online votes from viewers in non-participating countries are aggregated and awarded as one set of points. | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held at the {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} in [[Burgas]], [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "[[Bangaranga]]" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="Burgas2027">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/burgas-to-host-71st-eurovision-bulgaria-2027/|title=Burgas is our Host City for the 71st Eurovision Song Contest|website=eurovision.com|date=13 August 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]] at the Arena Sofia. [[Canada in the Eurovision Song Contest|Canada]] will make its debut in the contest, the first new country to join the Contest since [[Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Australia]] in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2015|2015]], it will also be the first country in the Americas to take part in the contest. [[North Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest|North Macedonia]] will return for the first time since [[Eurovision Song Contest 2022|2022]]. Some rules for the 2027 contest were updated in August 2026, the winning broadcaster will automatically be ineligible to host the Contest if an armed conflict, a sensitive geopolitical situation, or any other situation affects the security, safety or stability of the region. The lead singer(s) must perform the main melody live, backing tracks and pre-recorded elements may be used in accordance with the rules of the contest, artists competing must be 18 years old on the day of the first rehearsal, instead of 16 years old which had been the case since 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/newsroom/release/eurovision-song-contest-updates-rules-for-2027/|title=Eurovision Song Contest updates rules for 2027|website=eurovision.com|date=12 August 2026}}</ref> ==Location== ===Bidding phase=== After Bulgaria won the 2026 contest, the director of the [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT), Milena Milotinova said during the winner's press conference that BNT was ready to host the 2027 contest. On 3 July 2026, four cities submitted their bids to host the contest [[Burgas]], [[Plovdiv]], [[Sofia]] and [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]].<ref name="2027HostBid">{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/eurovision-2027-four-cities-submitted-their-bids-to-host/|title=🇧🇬 Eurovision 2027: Four Cities Have Submitted Their Bids to Host|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> On 13 July 2026, BNT announced that the choice of host city was narrowed to [[Burgas]] and [[Sofia]].<ref name="2027HostBid2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/burgas-and-sofia-in-the-running-host-eurovision-2027-bulgaria/|title=Burgas or Sofia will host Eurovision 2027 in Bulgaria|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|date=13 July 2026}}</ref> On 13 August 2026, [[Burgas]] was announced as the host city for the 2027 contest and will be held at {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> {{Location map many|Bulgaria|width=200px|float=left|caption=The location of the host city (in blue), shortlisted cities (in green) and other bidding cities (in red) |places= | label1='''[[Burgas]]'''|lat1=42.502965|long1=27.470179|position1=left|mark1=Blue pog.svg |coordinates1=| label2=[[Sofia]]|lat2=42.7|long2=23.33|position2=right|mark2=Green pog.svg | label3=[[Plovdiv]]|lat3=42.1354|long3=24.7453|position3=left|mark3=Red pog.svg | label4=[[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]|lat4=43.2166|long4=27.9166|position4=left|mark4=Red pog.svg }} '''Key:'''<br /> {{Color box|#CEDFF2|†|border=darkgray}} Host city ({{Abbr|TBD|To be decided}}) {{Color box|#D0F0C0|*|border=darkgray}} Shortlisted {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |-style="background:#CEDFF2" ! scope="row"| '''[[Burgas]] †''' | '''{{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}''' | Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/><ref name="Burgas2027"/> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Eliminated from selection process on 13 July 2026. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |-style="background:#D0F0C0" ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] * | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]] | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Eliminated from selection process on 13 July 2026. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |} ==Provisional list of participants== [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|thumb|310px|Countries which have provisionally confirmed their participation in 2027.]] {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Albania}} | {{ill|RTSH|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/04/albania-applications-festivali-i-kenges-open-in-september/|title=🇦🇱 Albania: Applications for Festivali i Këngës Open in September|website=Eurovoix|date=4 August 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Austria}} | [[ORF]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/28/austria-begins-search-for-eurovision-2027-representative/|title=🇦🇹 Austria: Begins Search for Eurovision 2027 Representative|website=Eurovoix|date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | [[Bulgarian National Television|BNT]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/18/eurovision-2027-bnt-bulgarian-government-hold-first-meetings-hosting-eurovision/|title=🇧🇬 Eurovision 2027: BNT & Bulgarian Government Hold First Meeting on Hosting Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Canada}} | [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC/Radio-Canada]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/canada-will-debut-at-eurovision-song-contest-2027/|title=Canada will debut at the 71st Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=1 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 13 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/03/06/denmark-kolding-host-dansk-melodi-grand-prix-2027-february-13/|title=🇩🇰 Denmark: Kolding to Host Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2027 on February 13|website=Eurovoix|date=6 March 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | [[Yle]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 20 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=🇫🇮 Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA February 2027}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/03/germany-selects-for-eurovision-2027-february/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: Selects for Eurovision 2027 in February|website=Eurovoix|date=3 August 2026}}</ref> | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Greece}} | {{ill|Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=ERT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/14/greece-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇬🇷 Greece: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=14 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Israel}} | {{ill|Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=IPBC}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/12/israel-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇮🇱 Israel: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=12 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Italy}} | [[RAI]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 19 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/italy-eurovision-representative-to-be-chosen-on-february-19/|title=🇮🇹 Italy: Eurovision Representative to be Chosen on February 19|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Latvia}} | [[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 6 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/latvia-moves-eurovision-pre-selection-to-arena-for-2027/|title=Latvia upgrades its Eurovision pre-selection to an arena for 2027|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Lithuania}} | {{ill|LRT televizija|en|lt=LRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/14/lithuania-confirms-participation-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇹 Lithuania: Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=14 August 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 30 January 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Norway}} | [[NRK]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/18/norway-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇳🇴 Norway: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=18 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Malta}} | {{ill|Public Broadcasting Services|en|lt=PBS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/14/malta-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇲🇹 Malta: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=eurovoix|date=14 august 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Romania}} | {{ill|TVR (TV network)|en|lt=TVR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/22/romania-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇷🇴 Romania: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 6 March 2027}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/03/san-marino-selects-eurovision-2027-on-march-6/|title=🇸🇲 San Marino: Selects for Eurovision 2027 on March 6|website=Eurovoix|date=3 August 2026}}</ref> | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=🇸🇲 San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Switzerland}} | [[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG SSR]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/11/switzerland-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇨🇭 Switzerland: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|United Kingdom}} | [[BBC]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/18/united-kingdom-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=18 June 2026}}</ref> |} ===Other countries=== Countries that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027: * {{esc|Armenia}} * {{esc|Australia}} * {{esc|Azerbaijan}} * {{esc|Belgium}} * {{esc|Croatia}} * {{esc|Cyprus}} * {{esc|Czech Republic}} * {{esc|Estonia}} * {{esc|France}} * {{esc|Georgia}} * {{esc|Moldova}} * {{esc|Montenegro}} * {{esc|Poland}} * {{esc|Portugal}} * {{esc|Serbia}} * {{esc|Sweden}} * {{esc|Ukraine}} Countries that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/14/tvmonaco-has-not-yet-considered-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇲🇨 Monaco: TVMonaco Has Not Yet Considered Eurovision 2027 Participation|website=Eurovoix|date=14 June 2026}}</ref> * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> The following countries' that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], that confirmed non-participation: * {{esc|Andorra}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/06/andorra-eurovision-2027/|title=🇦🇩 Andorra: RTVA Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=6 July 2026}}</ref> * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/bosnia-herzegovina-eurovision-2027/|title=🇧🇦 Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> Countries that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have been excluded from participation: * {{esc|Belarus}} * {{esc|Russia}} ==Results== ===Semi-final 1=== The first semi-final will take place on 11 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ===Semi-final 2=== The first semi-final will take place on 13 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ===Final=== The final will take place on 15 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Category:May events]] 1cwa82ezuh72s3q44yfmf2ullm43lyc 10967386 10967044 2026-08-19T10:00:17Z Greenock125 652309 10967386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = [[File:Eurovision 2026 heart - Bulgaria.svg|200px]] | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = 11 May 2027 | semi2 = 13 May 2027 | final = 15 May 2027 | venue = {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}, [[Burgas]], [[Bulgaria]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/host-city-guide-burgas-2027/|title=Burgas 2027: Your Host City guide|website=eurovision.com|date=13 August 2026}}</ref> | presenters = | musdirector = | director = Martin Green | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = August 2026 | entries = 20 | finalists = | debut = {{Esc|Canada}} | return = {{Esc|North Macedonia}} | nonreturn = | vote = Each country awards two sets of 12, 10, 8–1 points to ten songs.<br/>Online votes from viewers in non-participating countries are aggregated and awarded as one set of points. | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held at the {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} in [[Burgas]], [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "[[Bangaranga]]" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="Burgas2027">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/burgas-to-host-71st-eurovision-bulgaria-2027/|title=Burgas is our Host City for the 71st Eurovision Song Contest|website=eurovision.com|date=13 August 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]] at the Arena Sofia. [[Canada in the Eurovision Song Contest|Canada]] will make its debut in the contest, the first new country to join the Contest since [[Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Australia]] in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2015|2015]], it will also be the first country in the Americas to take part in the contest. [[North Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest|North Macedonia]] will return for the first time since [[Eurovision Song Contest 2022|2022]]. Some rules for the 2027 contest were updated in August 2026, the winning broadcaster will automatically be ineligible to host the Contest if an armed conflict, a sensitive geopolitical situation, or any other situation affects the security, safety or stability of the region. The lead singer(s) must perform the main melody live, backing tracks and pre-recorded elements may be used in accordance with the rules of the contest, artists competing must be 18 years old on the day of the first rehearsal, instead of 16 years old which had been the case since 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/newsroom/release/eurovision-song-contest-updates-rules-for-2027/|title=Eurovision Song Contest updates rules for 2027|website=eurovision.com|date=12 August 2026}}</ref> ==Location== ===Bidding phase=== After Bulgaria won the 2026 contest, the director of the [[Bulgarian National Television]] (BNT), Milena Milotinova said during the winner's press conference that BNT was ready to host the 2027 contest. On 3 July 2026, four cities submitted their bids to host the contest [[Burgas]], [[Plovdiv]], [[Sofia]] and [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]].<ref name="2027HostBid">{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/eurovision-2027-four-cities-submitted-their-bids-to-host/|title=🇧🇬 Eurovision 2027: Four Cities Have Submitted Their Bids to Host|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> On 13 July 2026, BNT announced that the choice of host city was narrowed to [[Burgas]] and [[Sofia]].<ref name="2027HostBid2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/burgas-and-sofia-in-the-running-host-eurovision-2027-bulgaria/|title=Burgas or Sofia will host Eurovision 2027 in Bulgaria|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|date=13 July 2026}}</ref> On 13 August 2026, [[Burgas]] was announced as the host city for the 2027 contest and will be held at {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> {{Location map many|Bulgaria|width=200px|float=left|caption=The location of the host city (in blue), shortlisted cities (in green) and other bidding cities (in red) |places= | label1='''[[Burgas]]'''|lat1=42.502965|long1=27.470179|position1=left|mark1=Blue pog.svg |coordinates1=| label2=[[Sofia]]|lat2=42.7|long2=23.33|position2=right|mark2=Green pog.svg | label3=[[Plovdiv]]|lat3=42.1354|long3=24.7453|position3=left|mark3=Red pog.svg | label4=[[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]|lat4=43.2166|long4=27.9166|position4=left|mark4=Red pog.svg }} '''Key:'''<br /> {{Color box|#CEDFF2|†|border=darkgray}} Host city ({{Abbr|TBD|To be decided}}) {{Color box|#D0F0C0|*|border=darkgray}} Shortlisted {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |-style="background:#CEDFF2" ! scope="row"| '''[[Burgas]] †''' | '''{{ill|Arena Burgas|en}}''' | Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/><ref name="Burgas2027"/> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Eliminated from selection process on 13 July 2026. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |-style="background:#D0F0C0" ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] * | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]] | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Eliminated from selection process on 13 July 2026. | <ref name="2027HostBid"/><ref name="2027HostBid2"/> |} ==Provisional list of participants== [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|thumb|310px|Countries which have provisionally confirmed their participation in 2027.]] {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Albania}} | {{ill|RTSH|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/04/albania-applications-festivali-i-kenges-open-in-september/|title=🇦🇱 Albania: Applications for Festivali i Këngës Open in September|website=Eurovoix|date=4 August 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Austria}} | [[ORF]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/28/austria-begins-search-for-eurovision-2027-representative/|title=🇦🇹 Austria: Begins Search for Eurovision 2027 Representative|website=Eurovoix|date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | [[Bulgarian National Television|BNT]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/18/eurovision-2027-bnt-bulgarian-government-hold-first-meetings-hosting-eurovision/|title=🇧🇬 Eurovision 2027: BNT & Bulgarian Government Hold First Meeting on Hosting Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Canada}} | [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC/Radio-Canada]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/canada-will-debut-at-eurovision-song-contest-2027/|title=Canada will debut at the 71st Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=1 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 13 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/03/06/denmark-kolding-host-dansk-melodi-grand-prix-2027-february-13/|title=🇩🇰 Denmark: Kolding to Host Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2027 on February 13|website=Eurovoix|date=6 March 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | [[Yle]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 20 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=🇫🇮 Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA February 2027}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/03/germany-selects-for-eurovision-2027-february/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: Selects for Eurovision 2027 in February|website=Eurovoix|date=3 August 2026}}</ref> | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Greece}} | {{ill|Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=ERT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/14/greece-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇬🇷 Greece: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=14 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Israel}} | {{ill|Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=IPBC}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/12/israel-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇮🇱 Israel: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=12 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Italy}} | [[RAI]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 19 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/italy-eurovision-representative-to-be-chosen-on-february-19/|title=🇮🇹 Italy: Eurovision Representative to be Chosen on February 19|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Latvia}} | [[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]] | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 6 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/latvia-moves-eurovision-pre-selection-to-arena-for-2027/|title=Latvia upgrades its Eurovision pre-selection to an arena for 2027|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Lithuania}} | {{ill|LRT televizija|en|lt=LRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/14/lithuania-confirms-participation-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇹 Lithuania: Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=14 August 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 30 January 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Norway}} | [[NRK]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/18/norway-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇳🇴 Norway: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=18 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Malta}} | {{ill|Public Broadcasting Services|en|lt=PBS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/14/malta-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇲🇹 Malta: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=eurovoix|date=14 august 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Romania}} | {{ill|TVR (TV network)|en|lt=TVR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/22/romania-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇷🇴 Romania: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | colspan="4" {{TBA|TBA 6 March 2027}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/08/03/san-marino-selects-eurovision-2027-on-march-6/|title=🇸🇲 San Marino: Selects for Eurovision 2027 on March 6|website=Eurovoix|date=3 August 2026}}</ref> | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=🇸🇲 San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Switzerland}} | [[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG SSR]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/11/switzerland-eurovision-2027-participation-confirmed/|title=🇨🇭 Switzerland: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|United Kingdom}} | [[BBC]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/18/united-kingdom-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Eurovision 2027 Participation Confirmed|website=Eurovoix|date=18 June 2026}}</ref> |} ===Other countries=== Countries that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027: * {{esc|Armenia}} * {{esc|Australia}} * {{esc|Azerbaijan}} * {{esc|Belgium}} * {{esc|Croatia}} * {{esc|Cyprus}} * {{esc|Czech Republic}} * {{esc|Estonia}} * {{esc|France}} * {{esc|Georgia}} * {{esc|Moldova}} * {{esc|Montenegro}} * {{esc|Poland}} * {{esc|Portugal}} * {{esc|Serbia}} * {{esc|Sweden}} * {{esc|Ukraine}} Countries that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/06/14/tvmonaco-has-not-yet-considered-eurovision-2027-participation/|title=🇲🇨 Monaco: TVMonaco Has Not Yet Considered Eurovision 2027 Participation|website=Eurovoix|date=14 June 2026}}</ref> * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> The following countries' that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], that confirmed non-participation: * {{esc|Andorra}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/06/andorra-eurovision-2027/|title=🇦🇩 Andorra: RTVA Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=6 July 2026}}</ref> * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/07/03/bosnia-herzegovina-eurovision-2027/|title=🇧🇦 Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=3 July 2026}}</ref> Countries that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have been excluded from participation: * {{esc|Belarus}} * {{esc|Russia}} ==Results== ===Semi-final 1=== The first semi-final will take place on 11 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ===Semi-final 2=== The first semi-final will take place on 13 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ===Final=== The final will take place on 15 May 2027 at 21:00 CEST.<ref name="Burgas2027"/> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Category:May events]] cxzgh0k7vxb2kzuw2xc029y44s1k1l6 0 1262126 10967190 10818865 2026-08-19T04:32:30Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967190 wikitext text/x-wiki These are the complete Grand Prix racing results for [[Red Bull Racing]]. == Complete Formula One results == === 2000s === <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> ([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 5|key]]) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;" |- ! Year ! Chassis ! Engine ! Tyres ! Drivers ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! [[List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems|Points]] ! WCC |- !rowspan="4"| {{F1|2005}} |rowspan="4"| [[Red Bull RB1|RB1]] |rowspan="4"| [[Cosworth]] TJ2005 3.0 [[V10 engine|V10]] |rowspan="4"| {{Michelin}} | | [[2005 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2005 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2005 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2005 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2005 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2005 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[2005 European Grand Prix|EUR]] | [[2005 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[2005 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2005 French Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2005 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2005 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2005 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2005 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2005 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2005 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[2005 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | [[2005 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2005 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] !rowspan="4"| 34 !rowspan="4"| 7th |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[David Coulthard]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 15 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Christian Klien]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS | | | | |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 15 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]] | | | |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan="4"| {{F1|2006}} |rowspan="4"| [[Red Bull RB2|RB2]] |rowspan="4"| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 056 2.4 [[V8 engine|V8]] |rowspan="4"| {{Michelin}} | | [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2006 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2006 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2006 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2006 European Grand Prix|EUR]] | [[2006 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2006 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[2006 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2006 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[2006 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2006 French Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2006 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2006 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2006 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2006 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2006 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2006 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2006 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | !rowspan="4"| 16 !rowspan="4"| 7th |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[David Coulthard]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 14 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 15^† |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Christian Klien]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 14 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 | | | | |- |align="left"| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Robert Doornbos]]}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 | |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2007}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull RB3|RB3]] |rowspan="3"| [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] RS27 2.4 [[V8 engine|V8]] |rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2007 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2007 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2007 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2007 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2007 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[2007 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[2007 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2007 French Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2007 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2007 European Grand Prix|EUR]] | [[2007 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2007 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2007 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2007 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[2007 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2007 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2007 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | | !rowspan="3"| 24 !rowspan="3"| 5th |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[David Coulthard]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 14 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2008}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull RB4|RB4]] |rowspan="3"| [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] RS27 2.4 [[V8 engine|V8]] |rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2008 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2008 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2008 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2008 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2008 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2008 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[2008 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[2008 French Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2008 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2008 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2008 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2008 European Grand Prix|EUR]] | [[2008 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[2008 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2008 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] | [[2008 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2008 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2008 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | !rowspan="3"| 29 !rowspan="3"| 7th |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[David Coulthard]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 18 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 14 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 14 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 | |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2009}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull RB5|RB5]] |rowspan="3"| [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] RS27 2.4 [[V8 engine|V8]] |rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2009 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2009 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2009 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2009 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2009 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2009 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[2009 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2009 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2009 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2009 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2009 European Grand Prix|EUR]] | [[2009 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[2009 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2009 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] | [[2009 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2009 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | [[2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | | |style="background:#dfdfdf;" rowspan="3"| '''153.5''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;" rowspan="3"| '''2nd''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13^† |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 15^† |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f|p}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|f}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f}} | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6^‡ |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|f}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| {{F1 race position|17|f}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | | |} </div> === 2010s === <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> ([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 5|key]]) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;" |- ! Year ! Chassis ! Engine ! Tyres ! Drivers ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! 21 ! [[List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems|Points]] ! WCC |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2010}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull RB6|RB6]] |rowspan="3"| [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] RS27-2010 2.4 [[V8 engine|V8]] |rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2010 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2010 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2010 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2010 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2010 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2010 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[2010 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2010 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[2010 European Grand Prix|EUR]] | [[2010 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2010 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2010 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2010 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[2010 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2010 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] | [[2010 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2010 Korean Grand Prix|KOR]] | [[2010 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | [[2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | | |rowspan="3" style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''498''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1st''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|p}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| {{F1 race position|Ret|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|6|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|7|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|f|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|f|p}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| {{F1 race position|Ret|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|9|f}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 | | |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2011}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull RB7|RB7]] |rowspan="3"| [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] RS27-2011 2.4 [[V8 engine|V8]] |rowspan="3"| {{Pirelli}} | || [[2011 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2011 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2011 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] || [[2011 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]] || [[2011 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2011 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] || [[2011 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] || [[2011 European Grand Prix|EUR]] || [[2011 British Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2011 German Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2011 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] || [[2011 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] || [[2011 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2011 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] || [[2011 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2011 Korean Grand Prix|KOR]] || [[2011 Indian Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2011 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] || [[2011 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | | |rowspan="3" style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''650''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1st''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]] |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f|p}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f|p}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| {{F1 race position|Ret|p}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|p}} | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|f}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f}} | | |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2012}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull RB8|RB8]] |rowspan="3"| [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] RS27-2012 2.4 [[V8 engine|V8]] |rowspan="3"| {{Pirelli}} | || [[2012 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2012 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2012 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] || [[2012 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] || [[2012 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2012 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] || [[2012 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] || [[2012 European Grand Prix|EUR]] || [[2012 British Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2012 German Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2012 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] || [[2012 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] || [[2012 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2012 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] || [[2012 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2012 Korean Grand Prix|KOR]] || [[2012 Indian Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2012 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] || [[2012 United States Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2012 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | |rowspan="3" style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''460''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1st''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]] |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f|p}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| {{F1 race position|Ret|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 22^† |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|f}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 20^† |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2013}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull RB9|RB9]] |rowspan="3"| [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] RS27-2013 2.4 [[V8 engine|V8]] |rowspan="3"| {{Pirelli}} | || [[2013 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2013 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2013 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] || [[2013 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] || [[2013 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2013 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] || [[2013 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] || [[2013 British Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2013 German Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2013 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] || [[2013 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] || [[2013 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2013 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] || [[2013 Korean Grand Prix|KOR]] || [[2013 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2013 Indian Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2013 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] || [[2013 United States Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2013 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | | |rowspan="3" style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''596''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1st''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|f|p}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 15^† |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f|p}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|p}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} | | |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2014}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull RB10|RB10]] |rowspan="3"| [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] [[Renault V6 hybrid Formula One power unit (2014–2025)|Energy F1-2014]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] |rowspan="3"| {{Pirelli}} | || [[2014 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2014 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2014 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] || [[2014 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] || [[2014 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2014 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] || [[2014 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] || [[2014 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] || [[2014 British Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2014 German Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2014 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] || [[2014 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] || [[2014 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2014 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] || [[2014 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2014 Russian Grand Prix|RUS]] || [[2014 United States Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2014 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] || [[2014 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | | |style="background:#dfdfdf;" rowspan="3"| '''405''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;" rowspan="3"| '''2nd''' |- | align="left"| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]]}} | style="background:#000000; color:white"| DSQ | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} | | |- | align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]] | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|7|f}} | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 | | |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2015}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull RB11|RB11]] |rowspan="3"| [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] [[Renault V6 hybrid Formula One power unit (2014–2025)|Energy F1-2015]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] |rowspan="3"| {{Pirelli}} | || [[2015 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2015 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2015 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] || [[2015 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] || [[2015 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2015 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] || [[2015 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] || [[2015 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] || [[2015 British Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2015 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] || [[2015 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] || [[2015 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2015 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] || [[2015 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2015 Russian Grand Prix|RUS]] || [[2015 United States Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2015 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]] || [[2015 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] || [[2015 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | | !rowspan="3"| 187 !rowspan="3"| 4th |- | align="left"| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Daniil Kvyat]] | style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 | style="background:#cfcfff;"| 12 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 | | |- | align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]] | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|5|f}} | style="background:#cfcfff;"| 13 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|f}} | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} | style="background:#cfcfff;"| 15 | style="background:#cfcfff;"| 15^† | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | | |- !rowspan="4"| {{F1|2016}} |rowspan="4"| [[Red Bull RB12|RB12]] |rowspan="4"| [[TAG Heuer]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] |rowspan="4"| {{Pirelli}} | | [[2016 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2016 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2016 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2016 Russian Grand Prix|RUS]] | [[2016 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2016 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[2016 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[2016 European Grand Prix|EUR]] | [[2016 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[2016 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2016 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2016 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2016 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[2016 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2016 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] | [[2016 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2016 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2016 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2016 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]] | [[2016 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | [[2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] |style="background:#dfdfdf;" rowspan="4"| '''468''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;" rowspan="4"| '''2nd''' |- | align="left"| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Daniil Kvyat]] | style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#cfcfff;"| 15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]] | style="background:#dfffdf;"| {{F1 race position|4|f}} | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|p}} | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| {{F1 race position|2|f}} | style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|f}} | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |- | align="left"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] | | | | | style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 | style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| {{F1 race position|3|f}} | style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |- !rowspan="3"|{{F1|2017}} |rowspan="3"|[[Red Bull RB13|RB13]] |rowspan="3"|[[TAG Heuer]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] |rowspan="3"|{{Pirelli}} | |[[2017 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2017 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] |[[2017 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] |[[2017 Russian Grand Prix|RUS]] |[[2017 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] |[[2017 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] |[[2017 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] |[[2017 Azerbaijan Grand Prix|AZE]] |[[2017 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2017 British Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2017 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] |[[2017 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] |[[2017 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2017 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] |[[2017 Malaysian Grand Prix|MAL]] |[[2017 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2017 United States Grand Prix|USA]] |[[2017 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]] |[[2017 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] |[[2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | !style="background:#ffdf9f;" rowspan="3"|368 !style="background:#ffdf9f;" rowspan="3"|3rd |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]] |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|4 |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#ffffbf"|1 |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#dfffdf"|{{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#dfdfdf"|2 |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|6 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret | |- |align="left"|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|4 |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|10 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#ffffbf"|1 |style="background:#dfdfdf"|2 |style="background:#dfffdf"|4 |style="background:#ffffbf"|1 |style="background:#dfffdf"|{{F1 race position|5|f}} |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 | |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2018}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull Racing RB14|RB14]] |rowspan="3"| [[TAG Heuer]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] |rowspan="3"| {{Pirelli}} | | [[2018 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2018 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2018 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix|AZE]] | [[2018 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2018 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[2018 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[2018 French Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2018 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[2018 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2018 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2018 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2018 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[2018 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2018 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] | [[2018 Russian Grand Prix|RUS]] | [[2018 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2018 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2018 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]] | [[2018 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | [[2018 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] !style="background:#ffdf9f;" rowspan="3"|419 !style="background:#ffdf9f;" rowspan="3"|3rd |- |align="left"|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]] |style="background:#dfffdf"|{{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#ffffbf"|{{F1 race position|1|f}} |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|{{F1 race position|5|f}} |style="background:#ffffbf"|{{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf"|4 |style="background:#dfffdf"|4 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|{{F1 race position|4|f}} |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf"|4 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#efcfff"|{{F1 race position|Ret|p}} |style="background:#dfffdf"|4 |style="background:#dfffdf"|4 |- |align="left"|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] |style="background:#dfffdf"|6 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#dfffdf"|{{F1 race position|9|f}} |style="background:#ffdf9f"|{{F1 race position|3|f}} |style="background:#dfdfdf"|2 |style="background:#ffffbf"|1 |style="background:#cfcfff"|15^† |style="background:#dfffdf"|4 |style="background:#efcfff"|Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#dfdfdf"|2 |style="background:#dfffdf"|5 |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |style="background:#dfdfdf"|2 |style="background:#ffffbf"|1 |style="background:#dfdfdf"|2 |style="background:#ffdf9f"|3 |- !rowspan="4"| {{F1|2019}} |rowspan="4"| [[Red Bull Racing RB15|RB15]] |rowspan="4"| [[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] [[Honda V6 hybrid Formula One power unit (2015–2025)|RA619H]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] |rowspan="4"| {{Pirelli}} | | [[2019 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2019 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2019 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2019 Azerbaijan Grand Prix|AZE]] | [[2019 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2019 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[2019 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[2019 French Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2019 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[2019 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2019 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2019 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2019 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[2019 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2019 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] | [[2019 Russian Grand Prix|RUS]] | [[2019 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2019 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]] | [[2019 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2019 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | [[2019 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] !style="background:#ffdf9f;" rowspan="4"| 417 !style="background:#ffdf9f;" rowspan="4"| 3rd |- |align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA|variant=1974}} [[Pierre Gasly]] |style="background:#cfcfff"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf"| {{F1 race position|6|f}} |style="background:#efcfff"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf"| {{F1 race position|5|f}} |style="background:#dfffdf"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 4 |style="background:#cfcfff"| 14^† |style="background:#dfffdf"| 6 | | | | | | | | | |- |align="left"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Alexander Albon]]}} | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#dfffdf"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 5 |style="background:#cfcfff"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 6 |- |align="left"|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] |style="background:#ffdf9f"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 4 |style="background:#ffdf9f"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 4 |style="background:#ffffbf"| {{F1 race position|1|f}} |style="background:#dfffdf"| 5 |style="background:#ffffbf"| {{F1 race position|1|f}} |style="background:#dfdfdf"| {{F1 race position|2|f|p}} |style="background:#efcfff"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"| 8 |style="background:#ffdf9f"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf"| 6 |style="background:#ffdf9f"| 3 |style="background:#ffffbf"| {{F1 race position|1|p}} |style="background:#dfdfdf"| 2 |} </div> === 2020s === <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> {{hidden | style = width: 25%; | headerstyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 110%; | contentstyle = text-align: center; color: green; | header = Key | content = {{F1 driver results legend 8}} }} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;" |- ! Year ! Chassis ! Engine ! Tyres ! Drivers ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! 21 ! 22 ! 23 ! 24 ! [[List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems|Points]] ! WCC |- !rowspan="3"| {{F1|2020}} |rowspan="3"| [[Red Bull Racing RB16|RB16]] |rowspan="3"| [[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] [[Honda V6 hybrid Formula One power unit (2015–2025)|RA620H]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] |rowspan="3"| {{Pirelli}} | | [[2020 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[2020 Styrian Grand Prix|STY]] | [[2020 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] | [[2020 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[70th Anniversary Grand Prix|70A]] | [[2020 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2020 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[2020 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2020 Tuscan Grand Prix|TUS]] | [[2020 Russian Grand Prix|RUS]] | [[2020 Eifel Grand Prix|EIF]] | [[2020 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]] | [[2020 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2020 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] | [[2020 Sakhir Grand Prix|SKH]] | [[2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | | | | | | | !rowspan="3" style="background-color:#DFDFDF"| 319 !rowspan="3" style="background-color:#DFDFDF"| 2nd |- |align="left"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Alexander Albon]]}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|AUT}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|STY}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|HUN}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|GBR}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|70A}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|ESP}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|BEL}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|ITA}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|TUS}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|RUS}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|EIF}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|POR}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|EMI}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|TUR}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|BHR}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|SKH}} |{{F1R2020|ALB|ABU}} | | | | | | | |- |align="left"|{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Max Verstappen]] |{{F1R2020|VER|AUT}} |{{F1R2020|VER|STY}} |{{F1R2020|VER|HUN}} |{{F1R2020|VER|GBR}} |{{F1R2020|VER|70A}} |{{F1R2020|VER|ESP}} |{{F1R2020|VER|BEL}} |{{F1R2020|VER|ITA}} |{{F1R2020|VER|TUS}} |{{F1R2020|VER|RUS}} |{{F1R2020|VER|EIF}} |{{F1R2020|VER|POR}} |{{F1R2020|VER|EMI}} |{{F1R2020|VER|TUR}} |{{F1R2020|VER|BHR}} |{{F1R2020|VER|SKH}} |{{F1R2020|VER|ABU}} | | | | | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |{{F1|2021}} | rowspan="3" |[[Red Bull Racing RB16|RB16B]] | rowspan="3" |[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] [[Honda V6 hybrid Formula One power unit (2015–2025)|RA621H]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] | rowspan="3" |{{Pirelli}} | |[[2021 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] |[[2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]] |[[2021 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]] |[[2021 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] |[[2021 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] |[[2021 Azerbaijan Grand Prix|AZE]] |[[2021 French Grand Prix|FRA]] |[[2021 Styrian Grand Prix|STY]] |[[2021 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2021 British Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2021 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] |[[2021 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] |[[2021 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] |[[2021 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2021 Russian Grand Prix|RUS]] |[[2021 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]] |[[2021 United States Grand Prix|USA]] |[[2021 Mexico City Grand Prix|MXC]] |[[2021 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] |[[2021 Qatar Grand Prix|QAT]] |[[2021 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix|SAU]] |[[2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | | ! rowspan="3" {{Coltit|DFDFDF|x=}} 585.5 ! rowspan="3" {{Coltit|DFDFDF|x=}} 2nd |- |align="left"|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]] | {{F1R2021|PER|BHR}} | {{F1R2021|PER|EMI}} | {{F1R2021|PER|POR}} | {{F1R2021|PER|ESP}} | {{F1R2021|PER|MON}} | {{F1R2021|PER|AZE}} | {{F1R2021|PER|FRA}} | {{F1R2021|PER|STY}} | {{F1R2021|PER|AUT}} | {{F1R2021|PER|GBR}} | {{F1R2021|PER|HUN}} | {{F1R2021|PER|BEL}} | {{F1R2021|PER|NED}} | {{F1R2021|PER|ITA}} | {{F1R2021|PER|RUS}} | {{F1R2021|PER|TUR}} | {{F1R2021|PER|USA}} | {{F1R2021|PER|MXC}} | {{F1R2021|PER|SAP}} | {{F1R2021|PER|QAT}} | {{F1R2021|PER|SAU}} | {{F1R2021|PER|ABU}} | | |- |align="left"|{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Max Verstappen]] | {{F1R2021|VER|BHR}} | {{F1R2021|VER|EMI}} | {{F1R2021|VER|POR}} | {{F1R2021|VER|ESP}} | {{F1R2021|VER|MON}} | {{F1R2021|VER|AZE}} | {{F1R2021|VER|FRA}} | {{F1R2021|VER|STY}} | {{F1R2021|VER|AUT}} | {{F1R2021|VER|GBR}} | {{F1R2021|VER|HUN}} | {{F1R2021|VER|BEL}}^‡ | {{F1R2021|VER|NED}} | {{F1R2021|VER|ITA}} | {{F1R2021|VER|RUS}} | {{F1R2021|VER|TUR}} | {{F1R2021|VER|USA}} | {{F1R2021|VER|MXC}} | {{F1R2021|VER|SAP}} | {{F1R2021|VER|QAT}} | {{F1R2021|VER|SAU}} | {{F1R2021|VER|ABU}} | | |- ! rowspan="3" | {{F1|2022}} | rowspan="3" | [[Red Bull Racing RB18|RB18]] | rowspan="3" | [[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull]] [[Honda V6 hybrid Formula One power unit (2015–2025)|RBPTH001]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] | rowspan="3" | {{Pirelli}} | |[[2022 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] |[[2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix|SAU]] |[[2022 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]] |[[2022 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] |[[2022 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] |[[2022 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] |[[2022 Azerbaijan Grand Prix|AZE]] |[[2022 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] |[[2022 British Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2022 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2022 French Grand Prix|FRA]] |[[2022 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] |[[2022 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] |[[2022 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] |[[2022 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2022 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] |[[2022 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2022 United States Grand Prix|USA]] |[[2022 Mexico City Grand Prix|MXC]] |[[2022 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] |[[2022 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | | !rowspan="3" {{Coltit|FFFFBF|x=}} 759 !rowspan="3" {{Coltit|FFFFBF|x=}} 1st |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]] |{{F1R2022|PER|BHR}} |{{F1R2022|PER|SAU}} |{{F1R2022|PER|AUS}} |{{F1R2022|PER|EMI}} |{{F1R2022|PER|MIA}} |{{F1R2022|PER|ESP}} |{{F1R2022|PER|MON}} |{{F1R2022|PER|AZE}} |{{F1R2022|PER|CAN}} |{{F1R2022|PER|GBR}} |{{F1R2022|PER|AUT}} |{{F1R2022|PER|FRA}} |{{F1R2022|PER|HUN}} |{{F1R2022|PER|BEL}} |{{F1R2022|PER|NED}} |{{F1R2022|PER|ITA}} |{{F1R2022|PER|SIN}} |{{F1R2022|PER|JPN}} |{{F1R2022|PER|USA}} |{{F1R2022|PER|MXC}} |{{F1R2022|PER|SAP}} |{{F1R2022|PER|ABU}} | | |- |nowrap align="left"| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] |{{F1R2022|VER|BHR}} |{{F1R2022|VER|SAU}} |{{F1R2022|VER|AUS}} |{{F1R2022|VER|EMI}} |{{F1R2022|VER|MIA}} |{{F1R2022|VER|ESP}} |{{F1R2022|VER|MON}} |{{F1R2022|VER|AZE}} |{{F1R2022|VER|CAN}} |{{F1R2022|VER|GBR}} |{{F1R2022|VER|AUT}} |{{F1R2022|VER|FRA}} |{{F1R2022|VER|HUN}} |{{F1R2022|VER|BEL}} |{{F1R2022|VER|NED}} |{{F1R2022|VER|ITA}} |{{F1R2022|VER|SIN}} |{{F1R2022|VER|JPN}} |{{F1R2022|VER|USA}} |{{F1R2022|VER|MXC}} |{{F1R2022|VER|SAP}} |{{F1R2022|VER|ABU}} | | |- ! rowspan="3" | {{F1|2023}} | rowspan="3" | [[Red Bull Racing RB19|RB19]] | rowspan="3" | [[Honda RBPT|Honda]] [[Honda V6 hybrid Formula One power unit (2015–2025)|RBPTH001]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] | rowspan="3" | {{Pirelli}} | |[[2023 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] |[[2023 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix|SAU]] |[[2023 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2023 Azerbaijan Grand Prix|AZE]] |[[2023 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] |[[2023 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] |[[2023 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] |[[2023 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] |[[2023 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2023 British Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2023 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] |[[2023 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] |[[2023 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] |[[2023 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2023 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] |[[2023 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2023 Qatar Grand Prix|QAT]] |[[2023 United States Grand Prix|USA]] |[[2023 Mexico City Grand Prix|MXC]] |[[2023 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] |[[2023 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LVG]] |[[2023 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | | !rowspan="3" {{Coltit|FFFFBF|x=}} 860 !rowspan="3" {{Coltit|FFFFBF|x=}} 1st |- | align="left" |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]] |{{F1R2023|PER|BHR}} |{{F1R2023|PER|SAU}} |{{F1R2023|PER|AUS}} |{{F1R2023|PER|AZE}} |{{F1R2023|PER|MIA}} |{{F1R2023|PER|MON}} |{{F1R2023|PER|ESP}} |{{F1R2023|PER|CAN}} |{{F1R2023|PER|AUT}} |{{F1R2023|PER|GBR}} |{{F1R2023|PER|HUN}} |{{F1R2023|PER|BEL}} |{{F1R2023|PER|NED}} |{{F1R2023|PER|ITA}} |{{F1R2023|PER|SIN}} |{{F1R2023|PER|JPN}} |{{F1R2023|PER|QAT}} |{{F1R2023|PER|USA}} |{{F1R2023|PER|MXC}} |{{F1R2023|PER|SAP}} |{{F1R2023|PER|LVG}} |{{F1R2023|PER|ABU}} | | |- |align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] |{{F1R2023|VER|BHR}} |{{F1R2023|VER|SAU}} |{{F1R2023|VER|AUS}} |{{F1R2023|VER|AZE}} |{{F1R2023|VER|MIA}} |{{F1R2023|VER|MON}} |{{F1R2023|VER|ESP}} |{{F1R2023|VER|CAN}} |{{F1R2023|VER|AUT}} |{{F1R2023|VER|GBR}} |{{F1R2023|VER|HUN}} |{{F1R2023|VER|BEL}} |{{F1R2023|VER|NED}} |{{F1R2023|VER|ITA}} |{{F1R2023|VER|SIN}} |{{F1R2023|VER|JPN}} |{{F1R2023|VER|QAT}} |{{F1R2023|VER|USA}} |{{F1R2023|VER|MXC}} |{{F1R2023|VER|SAP}} |{{F1R2023|VER|LVG}} |{{F1R2023|VER|ABU}} | | |- ! rowspan="3" | {{F1|2024}} | rowspan="3" | [[Red Bull Racing RB20|RB20]] | rowspan="3" | [[Honda RBPT|Honda]] [[Honda V6 hybrid Formula One power unit (2015–2025)|RBPTH002]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] | rowspan="3" | {{Pirelli}} | |[[2024 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] |[[2024 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix|SAU]] |[[2024 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2024 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2024 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] |[[2024 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] |[[2024 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]] |[[2024 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] |[[2024 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] |[[2024 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] |[[2024 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2024 British Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2024 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] |[[2024 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] |[[2024 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] |[[2024 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2024 Azerbaijan Grand Prix|AZE]] |[[2024 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] |[[2024 United States Grand Prix|USA]] |[[2024 Mexico City Grand Prix|MXC]] |[[2024 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] |[[2024 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LVG]] |[[2024 Qatar Grand Prix|QAT]] |[[2024 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] !rowspan="3" {{Coltit|FFDF9F|x=}} 589 !rowspan="3" {{Coltit|FFDF9F|x=}} 3rd |- | align="left" |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]] |{{F1R2024|PER|BHR}} |{{F1R2024|PER|SAU}} |{{F1R2024|PER|AUS}} |{{F1R2024|PER|JPN}} |{{F1R2024|PER|CHN}} |{{F1R2024|PER|MIA}} |{{F1R2024|PER|EMI}} |{{F1R2024|PER|MON}} |{{F1R2024|PER|CAN}} |{{F1R2024|PER|ESP}} |{{F1R2024|PER|AUT}} |{{F1R2024|PER|GBR}} |{{F1R2024|PER|HUN}} |{{F1R2024|PER|BEL}} |{{F1R2024|PER|NED}} |{{F1R2024|PER|ITA}} |{{F1R2024|PER|AZE}} |{{F1R2024|PER|SIN}} |{{F1R2024|PER|USA}} |{{F1R2024|PER|MXC}} |{{F1R2024|PER|SAP}} |{{F1R2024|PER|LVG}} |{{F1R2024|PER|QAT}} |{{F1R2024|PER|ABU}} |- |align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] |{{F1R2024|VER|BHR}} |{{F1R2024|VER|SAU}} |{{F1R2024|VER|AUS}} |{{F1R2024|VER|JPN}} |{{F1R2024|VER|CHN}} |{{F1R2024|VER|MIA}} |{{F1R2024|VER|EMI}} |{{F1R2024|VER|MON}} |{{F1R2024|VER|CAN}} |{{F1R2024|VER|ESP}} |{{F1R2024|VER|AUT}} |{{F1R2024|VER|GBR}} |{{F1R2024|VER|HUN}} |{{F1R2024|VER|BEL}} |{{F1R2024|VER|NED}} |{{F1R2024|VER|ITA}} |{{F1R2024|VER|AZE}} |{{F1R2024|VER|SIN}} |{{F1R2024|VER|USA}} |{{F1R2024|VER|MXC}} |{{F1R2024|VER|SAP}} |{{F1R2024|VER|LVG}} |{{F1R2024|VER|QAT}} |{{F1R2024|VER|ABU}} |- ! rowspan="4" | {{F1|2025}} | rowspan="4" | [[Red Bull Racing RB21|RB21]] | rowspan="4" | [[Honda RBPT|Honda]] [[Honda V6 hybrid Formula One power unit (2015–2025)|RBPTH003]] 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] | rowspan="4" | {{Pirelli}} | |[[2025 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2025 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] |[[2025 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2025 Bahrain Grand Prix|BHR]] |[[2025 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix|SAU]] |[[2025 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] |[[2025 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]] |[[2025 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] |[[2025 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] |[[2025 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] |[[2025 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2025 British Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2025 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] |[[2025 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] |[[2025 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] |[[2025 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2025 Azerbaijan Grand Prix|AZE]] |[[2025 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] |[[2025 United States Grand Prix|USA]] |[[2025 Mexico City Grand Prix|MXC]] |[[2025 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] |[[2025 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LVG]] |[[2025 Qatar Grand Prix|QAT]] |[[2025 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] !rowspan="4" {{Coltit|FFDF9F|x=}} 451 !rowspan="4" {{Coltit|FFDF9F|x=}} 3rd |- |align=left|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Liam Lawson]] |{{F1R2025|LAW|AUS}} |{{F1R2025|LAW|CHN}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- |align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Tsunoda]] | | |{{F1R2025|TSU|JPN}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|BHR}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|SAU}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|MIA}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|EMI}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|MON}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|ESP}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|CAN}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|AUT}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|GBR}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|BEL}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|HUN}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|NED}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|ITA}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|AZE}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|SIN}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|USA}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|MXC}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|SAP}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|LVG}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|QAT}} |{{F1R2025|TSU|ABU}} |- |align=left|{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Max Verstappen]] |{{F1R2025|VER|AUS}} |{{F1R2025|VER|CHN}} |{{F1R2025|VER|JPN}} |{{F1R2025|VER|BHR}} |{{F1R2025|VER|SAU}} |{{F1R2025|VER|MIA}} |{{F1R2025|VER|EMI}} |{{F1R2025|VER|MON}} |{{F1R2025|VER|ESP}} |{{F1R2025|VER|CAN}} |{{F1R2025|VER|AUT}} |{{F1R2025|VER|GBR}} |{{F1R2025|VER|BEL}} |{{F1R2025|VER|HUN}} |{{F1R2025|VER|NED}} |{{F1R2025|VER|ITA}} |{{F1R2025|VER|AZE}} |{{F1R2025|VER|SIN}} |{{F1R2025|VER|USA}} |{{F1R2025|VER|MXC}} |{{F1R2025|VER|SAP}} |{{F1R2025|VER|LVG}} |{{F1R2025|VER|QAT}} |{{F1R2025|VER|ABU}} |- ! rowspan="3" | {{F1|2026}} | rowspan="3" | [[Red Bull Racing RB22|RB22]] | rowspan="3" | [[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] DM01 1.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Turbocharger|t]] | rowspan="3" | {{Pirelli}} | |[[2026 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] |[[2026 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] |[[2026 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] |[[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] |[[2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix|BCN]] |[[2026 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2026 British Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2026 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] |[[2026 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] |[[2026 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] |[[2026 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2026 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] |[[2026 Azerbaijan Grand Prix|AZE]] |[[2026 Singapore Grand Prix|SIN]] |[[2026 United States Grand Prix|USA]] |[[2026 Mexico City Grand Prix|MXC]] |[[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] |[[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LVG]] |[[2026 Qatar Grand Prix|QAT]] |[[2026 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] | | !rowspan="3" {{F1cstat|RBR|seasonpoints}}* !rowspan="3" {{F1cstat|RBR|seasonposition}}* |- |align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Isack Hadjar]] |{{F1R2026|HAD|AUS}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|CHN}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|JPN}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|MIA}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|CAN}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|MON}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|BCN}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|AUT}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|GBR}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|BEL}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|HUN}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|NED}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|ITA}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|ESP}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|AZE}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|SIN}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|USA}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|MXC}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|SAP}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|LVG}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|QAT}} |{{F1R2026|HAD|ABU}} | | |- |align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] |{{F1R2026|VER|AUS}} |{{F1R2026|VER|CHN}} |{{F1R2026|VER|JPN}} |{{F1R2026|VER|MIA}} |{{F1R2026|VER|CAN}} |{{F1R2026|VER|MON}} |{{F1R2026|VER|BCN}} |{{F1R2026|VER|AUT}} |{{F1R2026|VER|GBR}} |{{F1R2026|VER|BEL}} |{{F1R2026|VER|HUN}} |{{F1R2026|VER|NED}} |{{F1R2026|VER|ITA}} |{{F1R2026|VER|ESP}} |{{F1R2026|VER|AZE}} |{{F1R2026|VER|SIN}} |{{F1R2026|VER|USA}} |{{F1R2026|VER|MXC}} |{{F1R2026|VER|SAP}} |{{F1R2026|VER|LVG}} |{{F1R2026|VER|QAT}} |{{F1R2026|VER|ABU}} | | |- ! colspan="31" | Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statsf1.com/en/red-bull/grand-prix.aspx |title=Red Bull – Grands Prix started |publisher=StatsF1 |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Red Bull – Seasons|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/red-bull/saison.aspx|access-date=8 December 2024|website=StatsF1}}</ref> |} </div> ;Notes: *<nowiki>*</nowiki> – Season still in progress.<!-- At the end of the season, please hide this footnote rather than deleting it, so it's in place for the next season--> *^† – The driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance. *^‡ – Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed. == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?action=Submit&exact=on&team=Red%20Bull&nc=0 Red Bull Racing results at ChicaneF1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224359/http://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?action=Submit&exact=on&team=Red%20Bull&nc=0 |date=2015-09-23 }} {{RBR}} {{Formula One constructors}} [[Category:Formula One constructor results]] [[Category:Red Bull Racing]] o59c9tfsa9mqvbto9nm4sk8ekawgfea 0 1265086 10966871 10832832 2026-08-18T17:25:09Z Canadachick 1633172 10966871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=April 2026}} S/2009 1 is the innermost moon of Saturn. [[Category:Saturn's moons]] {{sci-stub}} rhl13mbq3etkezfb0ho5xule5jdmmsu 0 1266338 10966914 10963250 2026-08-18T18:28:30Z Wolgajunge 719060 /* Teams and drivers */ Most of the listed drivers derive from rumours and last season's drivers that aren't even confirmed yet to drive for the upcoming season. Removing them (for now) until proper confirmation. 10966914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motorsport season|year=2026-27|title=[[Formula E|FIA Formula E World Championship]]|series=Formula E|previous=2025–26|link=Formula E World Championship|next=2027–28}} The '''2026-27 ABB FIA Formula E World Championship''' will be the thirteenth season of the FIA Formula E World Championship, a motor racing championship for [[Electric vehicles|electrically powered vehicles]] recognised by motorsport's governing body, the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), as the highest class of competition for electric [[Open-wheel cars|open-wheel racing cars]]. It has been classed as a world championship since [[2019–20 Formula E Championship|Season 6 (2019-20)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collantine |first=Keith |date=2019-12-03 |title=FIA grants world championship status to Formula E |url=https://www.racefans.net/2019/12/03/fia-grants-world-championship-status-to-formula-e/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=RaceFans |language=en-GB}}</ref> The 2026–27 season will see a major overhaul in its technical ruleset as the [[Formula E Gen3|Formula E Gen3 Evo]] package will be replaced by the [[Formula E Gen4]] car.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=WMSC gathers in Baku for final meeting of a landmark year |url=https://www.fia.com/news/wmsc-gathers-baku-final-meeting-landmark-year |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=[[Federation Internationale de l'Automobile]] |language=en}}</ref> == Teams and drivers == All teams will use the [[Formula E Gen4]] car on [[Bridgestone]] tyres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=GALLERY: Formula E's new GEN4 race car from every angle |url=https://fiaformulae.com/en/news/1021047/fiaformulae.com/en/news/1021047/gallery-formula-e-s-new-gen4-race-car-from-every-angle |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Official Home of Formula E |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style=font-size:85%; |+ !Team !Powertrain !No. !Drivers |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|United States}} [[Andretti Global|Andretti Formula E]] | rowspan="2" |[[Nissan]] |align="center" |27 |{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Jake Dennis]] |- |align="center" |28 |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Felipe Drugovich]] |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|France}} [[Citroën Racing]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Citroën Racing unveils new GEN4 car ahead of 2026/27 season |url=https://fiaformulae.com/en/news/1022310/fiaformulae.com/en/news/1022310/citroen-racing-unveils-new-gen4-car-ahead-of-2026-27-season |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Official Home of Formula E |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowspan="2" |[[Citroën]] |align="center" | 25 |{{flagicon|France}} [[Jean-Éric Vergne]] |- |align="center" | 37 |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Nick Cassidy]] |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}} [[Envision Racing|Paysafe Envision Racing]] | rowspan="4" |[[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] |align="center"| TBC | {{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}} [[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar TCS Racing]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-16 |title=Jaguar TCS Racing reveal GEN4 development car with test livery |url=https://fiaformulae.com/en/news/1020625/fiaformulae.com/en/news/1020625/jaguar-tcs-racing-reveal-gen4-development-car-with-test-livery |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Official Home of Formula E |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center"| 13 |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[António Félix da Costa]] |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|United States}} [[Kiro Race Co]].<ref name=":3" /> | rowspan="2" |[[Porsche]] |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}} [[Lola Cars|Lola Yamaha Formula E Team]]<ref name=":0" /> | rowspan="2" |[[Lola Cars|Lola]]-[[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|India}} [[Mahindra Racing]]<ref name=":0" /> | rowspan="2" |[[Mahindra Electric|Mahindra]] |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|Japan}} [[Nissan Formula E Team]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GEN4 - The Next Evolution {{!}} FIA Formula E World Championship |url=https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/www.fiaformulae.com/en/formula-e-gen4-unleashed |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Official Home of Formula E |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowspan="2" |[[Nissan]] |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|Germany}} [[Opel GSE Formula E Team]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Opel presents new GEN4 Formula E prototype at GEN4 Unleashed |url=https://fiaformulae.com/en/news/1059372/fiaformulae.com/en/news/1059372/opel-presents-new-gen4-formula-e-prototype-at-gen4-unleashed |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Official Home of Formula E |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowspan="2" |[[Opel]] |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon|France}} [[Theo Pourchaire]] |- | rowspan="2" | {{flagg|cnxa|United States}} [[Penske]] | rowspan="2" | TBA |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center" | TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|Germany}} [[Porsche Formula E Team]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-20 |title=Porsche reveal new Formula E race car 975 RSE |url=https://fiaformulae.com/en/news/1021452/fiaformulae.com/en/news/1021452/porsche-reveal-new-formula-e-race-car-975-rse |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Official Home of Formula E |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowspan="4" |[[Porsche]] |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagg|cnxa|Germany}} [[Porsche Formula E Team|Porsche]] TBA<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title=Shock Formula E entry: Porsche creates second factory team |url=https://www.the-race.com/formula-e/shock-formula-e-entry-porsche-creates-second-factory-team/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Race |language=en}}</ref> |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |- |align="center"| TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of none.svg}} TBA |} == Team and Sponsor changes == * DS automobiles has ended its partnership with Penske after the 25-26 season == Calendar == The official calendar was released on 23 June 2026.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Formula E and FIA unveil record-breaking 21-race 2026-27 calendar for GEN4 era |url=https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/1074657/formula-e-and-fia-unveil-record-breaking-21-race-2026-27-calendar-for-gen4-era |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=The Official Home of Formula E |language=en}}</ref> The following ePrix are contracted to form the 2026–27 Formula E World Championship, which will be the longest season in championship history, consisting of a record 21 races. {| class="wikitable" style=font-size:85%; !Round !E-Prix !Country !Circuit !Date |- !1 | rowspan="2" |[[Jeddah ePrix]] | rowspan="2" |{{KSA}} | rowspan="2" |[[Jeddah Corniche Circuit]] |18 December 2026 |- !2 |19 December 2026 |- !3 |[[Mexico City ePrix]] |{{MEX}} |[[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]] |16 January 2027 |- !4 |[[Austin ePrix]] | rowspan="2" |{{USA}} |[[Circuit of the Americas]] |6 February 2027 |- !5 |[[Miami ePrix]] |[[Miami International Autodrome]] |20 February 2027 |- !6 |[[São Paulo ePrix]] |{{BRA}} |[[São Paulo Street Circuit]] |13 March 2027 |- !7 |[[Sanya ePrix]] |{{CHN}} |[[Sanya Street Circuit]] |17 April 2027 |- !8 | rowspan="2" |[[Monaco ePrix]] | rowspan="2" |{{MCO}} | rowspan="2" |[[Circuit de Monaco]] |1 May 2027 |- !9 |2 May 2027 |- !10 | rowspan="2" |[[Berlin ePrix]] | rowspan="2" |{{DEU}} | rowspan="2" |[[Tempelhof Airport Street Circuit]] |8 May 2027 |- !11 |9 May 2027 |- !12 | rowspan="2" |[[London ePrix]] | rowspan="2" |{{GBR}} | rowspan="2" |[[Brands Hatch]] |29 May 2027 |- !13 |30 May 2027 |- !14 | rowspan="2" |[[Zandvoort ePrix]] | rowspan="2" |{{NLD}} | rowspan="2" |[[Circuit Zandvoort]] |18 June 2027 |- !15 |19 June 2027 |- !16 | rowspan="2" |[[Madrid ePrix]] | rowspan="2" |{{ESP}} | rowspan="2" |[[Circuito del Jarama]] |26 June 2027 |- !17 |27 June 2027 |- !18 | rowspan="2" |[[Shanghai ePrix]] | rowspan="2" |{{CHN}} | rowspan="2" |[[Shanghai International Circuit]] |10 July 2027 |- !19 |11 July 2027 |- !20 | rowspan="2" |[[Tokyo ePrix]] | rowspan="2" |{{JPN}} | rowspan="2" |[[Tokyo Street Circuit]] |24 July 2027 |- !21 |25 July 2027 |- ! colspan="5" |Source: <ref name=":5" /> |} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{DEFAULTSORT:2026-27 Formula E World Championship}} [[Category:2026 in sports|Formula E]] [[Category:2027 in sports|Formula E]] [[Category:2020s in motorsport]] [[Category:Formula E]] 25g8ytnaxik0o4n03zpzgxyoran0q0p 0 1266898 10966993 10911487 2026-08-18T21:17:29Z Othersideoftheroad 1826242 10966993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = The Gang's All Here | type = Studio | artist = [[Dropkick Murphys]] | cover = | alt = | released = March 16, 1999 | recorded = 1998 | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Celtic punk]], [[punk rock]], [[oi!]] | length = 42:51 | label = [[Hellcat Records|Hellcat]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jenkins |first1=Mark |title=Punk at Warped Speed |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=21 July 1999 |page=C5}}</ref> | producer = [[Lars Frederiksen]] | prev_title = [[Curse of a Fallen Soul]] | prev_year = 1998 | next_title = [[Mob Mentality 7”|Mob Mentality]] | next_year = 1999 | misc = {{Singles | name = The Gang's All Here | type = Studio album | single1 = Curse of a Fallen Soul | single1date = 1998 | single2 = 10 Years of Service | single2date = 1999 }} }} The Gang's All Here is the second studio album by [[Dropkick Murphys]] ==Track listing== # "Roll Call" – 0:32 # "Blood and Whiskey" – 1:47 # "Pipebomb on Lansdowne" – 1:50 # "Perfect Stranger" – 1:58 # "10 Years of Service" – 2:45 # "Upstarts and Broken Hearts" – 2:56 # "Devil's Brigade" – 1:27 # "Curse of a Fallen Soul" – 3:00 # "Homeward Bound" – 2:00 # "Going Strong" – 3:06 # "[[69th Infantry Regiment (New York)#The Civil War|The Fighting 69th]]" (Traditional) – 3:13 # "Boston Asphalt" – 1:39 # "Wheel of Misfortune" – 3:50 # "The Only Road" – 2:11 # "[[Amazing Grace]]" (Instrumental) ([[John Newton]]) – 2:38 # "The Gang's All Here" – 7:59 #*Contains a hidden track of guitarist Rick Barton's answering machine ==Personell== * [[Al Barr]] – vocals * [[Rick Barton]] – guitar * [[Ken Casey]] – bass guitar/vocals * Matt Kelly – drums * [[Joe Delaney (musician)|Joe Delaney]] – [[bagpipes]] on "Amazing Grace" * [[Johnny Cunningham]] – [[fiddle]] on "Wheel of Misfortune" and "The Gang's All Here" * Beckie Fletcher - drums on Roll Call * Bonnie Fletcher - drums on Roll Call * Colum Lundt - drums on Roll Call * Ken Mac Leod - drums on Roll Call * Scottie Fletcher - drums on Roll Call * Tularch Ard Pipe and Drum Corps – drums on "Roll Call" * Jim Seigal – engineer * [[Thomas Johnson (music producer)|Thomas "T.J." Johnson]] – engineer on "Roll Call" * [[Marco Almera]] – cover ==References== {{Reflist}} 2q6qxfx334y6kvm9wiz7xewbigsc5jg 0 1267317 10966878 10859738 2026-08-18T17:28:45Z Canadachick 1633172 10966878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{complex|date=May 2026}} The '''Riemann xi function''', sometimes called the '''completed zeta function''', is an extension of the [[Riemann zeta function]] defined as <math>\xi(s) = \frac{1}{2} s(s-1) \pi^{-s/2} \Gamma\left(\frac{s}{2}\right) \zeta(s)</math> for <math>s \in \mathbb{C}</math> (s is a [[complex number|complex variable]]). It is defined to satisfy the functional equation : <math>\xi(1-s) = \xi(s) .</math> This shows that the Riemann xi function is symmetric about the [[Riemann_zeta_function#Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis|critical line]] Re(s)= 1/2.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ghusayni |first=Baha |title=Infinite Series: An Introduction |url=https://future-in-tech.net/9.1/R--GhusayniRH.pdf |website=Future in Tech |publisher=Lebanese University |access-date=May 10, 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> Unlike the Riemann zeta function which is a [[meromorphic function]] on the [[complex plane]] with a simple pole (undefined value that can be cancelled by multiplying by (s-1)) at [[Harmonic series (mathematics)|s=1]], the Riemann xi function is an entire function. This means that it is [[Holomorphic function|holomorphic]] (infinitely complex differentiable and analytic/equal to its own [[Taylor series]]) everywhere on the complex plane. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Number theory]] {{math-stub}} jqcao06lwhfo8wasuhcdeaicjsrb2ux 0 1267551 10966755 10856076 2026-08-18T16:26:02Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox basketball biography | name = Brandon Clarke | image = Brandon Clarke in 2020.jpg | caption = Clarke with the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] in 2020 | career_number = 15 | career_position = [[Power forward]] | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 8 | weight_lb = 215 | league = | team = | birth_date = {{birth date|1996|9|19}} | birth_place = [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|5|11|1996|9|19}} | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S. | nationality = Canadian / American | high_school = [[Desert Vista High School|Desert Vista]]<br>([[Phoenix, Arizona]]) | college = * [[San Jose State Spartans men's basketball|San Jose State]] (2015–2017) * [[Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball|Gonzaga]] (2018–2019) | draft_year = 2019 | draft_round = 1 | draft_pick = 21 | draft_team = [[Oklahoma City Thunder]] | career_start = 2019 | career_end = 2026 | years1 = {{nbay|2019|start}}–{{nbay|2025|end}} | team1 = [[Memphis Grizzlies]] | highlights = * [[NBA All-Rookie First Team]] ({{nbay|2019|end}}) * Third-team [[NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|All-American]] – [[Associated Press|AP]], [[Sporting News|SN]] ([[2019 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|2019]]) * First-team All-[[West Coast Conference|WCC]] (2019) * WCC Defensive Player of the Year (2019) * WCC Newcomer of the Year (2019) * [[Mountain West Conference|Mountain West]] Sixth Man of the Year (2016) * First-team All-Mountain West (2017) * Mountain West All-Defensive Team (2017) }} '''Brandon Clarke''' (September 19, 1996 – May 11, 2026) was a Canadian-American professional basketball player. He played in the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) for the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] from 2019 until 2025. He played [[college basketball]] for the [[San Jose State Spartans men's basketball|San Jose State Spartans]] and [[Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball|Gonzaga Bulldogs]]. He was named to the [[NBA All-Rookie First Team]] in 2020. On April 1, 2026, Clarke was arrested in [[Cross County, Arkansas]] for having over 200 grams of [[kratom]] and [[Illegal drug trade|drug trafficking]].<ref>{{cite web|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/48372917/grizzlies-clarke-arrested-arkansas-drug-speeding-charges|title=Grizzlies' Clarke arrested in Arkansas on drug, speeding charges|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=April 1, 2026|access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref> He was chased by police officers and drove over 100mph before being arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.actionnews5.com/2026/04/02/grizzlies-clarke-led-deputies-100mph-chase-sheriff-says|title=Grizzlies' Clarke led deputies on 100mph chase, sheriff says Grizzlies' Clarke led deputies on 100mph chase, sheriff says|date=April 2, 2026|access-date=May 12, 2026|agency=[[WMC-TV]]|last1=Gallant|first1=Jacob|last2=Montgomery|first2=Garner}}</ref> Clarke died on May 11, 2026, in [[Los Angeles, California]], at the age of 29.<ref name="NBC2026">{{cite news |last=Broad |first=Dennis |date=May 12, 2026 |title=29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ |work=[[NBC News]] |location= |publisher= |access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statement on the passing of Brandon Clarke|url=https://www.hoopshype.com/story/sports/nba/rumors/2026/05/12/statement-on-the-passing-of-brandon-clarke/90047550007/|date=May 12, 2026|access-date=May 12, 2026|website=HoopsHype|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=May 12, 2026|title=Grizzlies' Brandon Clarke has died at age 29|url=https://www.fox13memphis.com/news/grizzlies-brandon-clarke-has-died-at-age-29/article_804c83cb-aa2d-46f0-8bfc-b78b09f83f70.html|agency=[[Fox 13]]|access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref> His cause of death was confirmed to be an [[overdose|accidental overdose]] of [[cocaine]], [[heroin]], and other [[prescription drugs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/49555855/coroner-finds-grizzlies-brandon-clarke-died-effects-cocaine-heroin|title=Coroner: Grizzlies' Brandon Clarke died from effects of cocaine, heroin|author= Tom Schad|date=August 7, 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://me.lacounty.gov/case-detail/?caseNumber=2026-07644|title=Los Angeles Medical Examiner - Brandon Clarke|date=August 7, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline}} * [https://gozags.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/brandon-clarke/2523 Gonzaga Bulldogs bio] * [https://sjsuspartans.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/brandon-clarke/238 San Jose State Spartans bio] *{{IMDb name| 15409576}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Brandon}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Memphis Grizzlies players]] [[Category:Canadian basketball players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Vancouver]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] {{sports-bio-stub}} 0gftjfc85iq0003hqqitymekayrykjx 10966757 10966755 2026-08-18T16:26:18Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox basketball biography | name = Brandon Clarke | image = Brandon Clarke in 2020.jpg | caption = Clarke with the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] in 2020 | career_number = 15 | career_position = [[Power forward]] | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 8 | weight_lb = 215 | league = | team = | birth_date = {{birth date|1996|9|19}} | birth_place = [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|5|11|1996|9|19}} | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S. | nationality = Canadian / American | high_school = [[Desert Vista High School|Desert Vista]]<br>([[Phoenix, Arizona]]) | college = * [[San Jose State Spartans men's basketball|San Jose State]] (2015–2017) * [[Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball|Gonzaga]] (2018–2019) | draft_year = 2019 | draft_round = 1 | draft_pick = 21 | draft_team = [[Oklahoma City Thunder]] | career_start = 2019 | career_end = 2026 | years1 = {{nbay|2019|start}}–{{nbay|2025|end}} | team1 = [[Memphis Grizzlies]] | highlights = * [[NBA All-Rookie First Team]] ({{nbay|2019|end}}) * Third-team [[NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|All-American]] – [[Associated Press|AP]], [[Sporting News|SN]] ([[2019 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|2019]]) * First-team All-[[West Coast Conference|WCC]] (2019) * WCC Defensive Player of the Year (2019) * WCC Newcomer of the Year (2019) * [[Mountain West Conference|Mountain West]] Sixth Man of the Year (2016) * First-team All-Mountain West (2017) * Mountain West All-Defensive Team (2017) }} '''Brandon Clarke''' (September 19, 1996 – May 11, 2026) was a Canadian-American professional basketball player. He played in the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) for the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] from 2019 until 2025. He played [[college basketball]] for the [[San Jose State Spartans men's basketball|San Jose State Spartans]] and [[Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball|Gonzaga Bulldogs]]. He was named to the [[NBA All-Rookie First Team]] in 2020. On April 1, 2026, Clarke was arrested in [[Cross County, Arkansas]] for having over 200 grams of [[kratom]] and [[Illegal drug trade|drug trafficking]].<ref>{{cite web|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/48372917/grizzlies-clarke-arrested-arkansas-drug-speeding-charges|title=Grizzlies' Clarke arrested in Arkansas on drug, speeding charges|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=April 1, 2026|access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref> He was chased by police officers and drove over 100mph before being arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.actionnews5.com/2026/04/02/grizzlies-clarke-led-deputies-100mph-chase-sheriff-says|title=Grizzlies' Clarke led deputies on 100mph chase, sheriff says Grizzlies' Clarke led deputies on 100mph chase, sheriff says|date=April 2, 2026|access-date=May 12, 2026|agency=[[WMC-TV]]|last1=Gallant|first1=Jacob|last2=Montgomery|first2=Garner}}</ref> Clarke died on May 11, 2026, in [[Los Angeles, California]], at the age of 29.<ref name="NBC2026">{{cite news |last=Broad |first=Dennis |date=May 12, 2026 |title=29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ |work=[[NBC News]] |location= |publisher= |access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statement on the passing of Brandon Clarke|url=https://www.hoopshype.com/story/sports/nba/rumors/2026/05/12/statement-on-the-passing-of-brandon-clarke/90047550007/|date=May 12, 2026|access-date=May 12, 2026|website=HoopsHype|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=May 12, 2026|title=Grizzlies' Brandon Clarke has died at age 29|url=https://www.fox13memphis.com/news/grizzlies-brandon-clarke-has-died-at-age-29/article_804c83cb-aa2d-46f0-8bfc-b78b09f83f70.html|agency=[[Fox 13]]|access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref> His cause of death was confirmed to be an [[overdose|accidental overdose]] of [[cocaine]], [[heroin]], and other [[prescription drugs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/49555855/coroner-finds-grizzlies-brandon-clarke-died-effects-cocaine-heroin|title=Coroner: Grizzlies' Brandon Clarke died from effects of cocaine, heroin|author= Tom Schad|date=August 7, 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://me.lacounty.gov/case-detail/?caseNumber=2026-07644|title=Los Angeles Medical Examiner - Brandon Clarke|date=August 7, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline}} * [https://gozags.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/brandon-clarke/2523 Gonzaga Bulldogs bio] * [https://sjsuspartans.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/brandon-clarke/238 San Jose State Spartans bio] *{{IMDb name| 15409576}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Brandon}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Memphis Grizzlies players]] [[Category:Canadian basketball players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Vancouver]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] [[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]] {{sports-bio-stub}} 9yeb0wxyh7akdpx0rwbce658vteccit 0 1267897 10967197 10857593 2026-08-19T04:53:59Z Werner100359 106408 /* International */ 10967197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Miha Matjašec | image = FC Liefering gegen Admira Wacker (2026-05-08 Zweite Liga Österreich) 82.jpg | fullname = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2009|2|22|df=yes}} | birth_place = | height = 184 cm | position = [[Midfielder]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 48 | youthyears1 = -2022 | youthclubs1 = [[ND Beltinci]] | youthyears2 = 2022-2024 | youthclubs2 = [[NŠ Mura]] | youthyears3 = 2024-2025 | youthclubs3 = [[NK Domžale]] | youthyears4 = 2025- | youthclubs4 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2025 | clubs1 = NK Domžale | years2 = 2026- | clubs2 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps1 = 1 | goals1 = 0 | caps2 = 3 | goals2 = 1 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2022-2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Slovenia national under 15 football team|Slovenia U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 21 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2023- | nationalteam2 = [[Slovenia national under 16 football team|Slovenia U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 6 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2024- | nationalteam3 = [[Slovenia national under 17 football team|Slovenia U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 8 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | pcupdate = 15 May 2026 | ntupdate = 15 May 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Miha Matjašec''' (* 22 February 2009) is a [[Slovenia|Slovenian]] football player. He plays as [[midfielder]] for the Austrian [[2. Liga|2. league]] club [[FC Liefering]]. ==Career == Matjašec began his career at [[ND Beltinci]]. 2022 he moved to NŠ Mura. 2024 he joined the youth academy of [[NK Domžale]]. In March 2025 he made his professional debut for Domžale against NK [[Olimpija Ljubljana]] in the Slovenian First League (1. SNL). This appearance made the midfielder the first player born in 2009 to play in the Slovenian top league. 2025 Matjašec transferred to Austrian Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg. He was initially assigned to play for team, FC Liefering, in the second division. <ref>[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/aktuelles/news/miha-matjasec-sommer-neuzugang FC Red Bull Salzburg] </ref> For Liefering he debuted on 8 May 2026 when he came in in minute 69 for [[Nikolas Freund]] in the leaguematch versus [[Admira Wacker]]. In minute 91 he also scored his first goal for the team. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/29._Runde,_Saison_2025/26,_FC_Liefering_gegen_Admira_Wacker FC Salzburg Wiki match report] </ref> ==International == Matjašec skipped a year in the Slovenian national team and made his debut for the U-15 team at the age of 13. In September 2024, at the age of 15, he made his debut for the U-17 national team. {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} {{Commonscat|Miha Matjašec}} ==References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Matjašec,Miha }} [[Category:2009 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Slovenian footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] {{sports-bio-stub}} fvi2l60ryqicca3fi8d3mhjy1qqyadp 0 1268673 10967163 10960002 2026-08-19T03:34:18Z ~2026-41688-58 1844999 10967163 wikitext text/x-wiki The second half of season 8 of ''[[Baddies (TV series)|Baddies]],'' officially titled '''''Baddies USA: Chapter Two''''', aired on the Zeus Network. {{Infobox television season | bg_color = #E0E0FF | season_name = Baddies season 8B | starring = * Natalie Nunn * Gia "Rollie Pollie" Mayham * Latifa "Tesehki" Malone * Mariahlynn * Sydonie "Diamond The Body" Person * Ivori Minor * Summer "Summer None Other" Thomas * Alexis "Big Lex Not Da Lil One" Radcliff * Shamisha "Pressure" Adams * Atasha "Tommie Lee" Jefferson * Tatyana "Tinkaabellaaa" Williams * Damerlin "Biggie" Baez * Etheria "Scarface" Ruffin * Kamae "Kay Rixan" Bunch * Amber "Amber Ali" Ward * Kaniyah "Miss Kaniyah" Whipple * Jeanette "Ms. Egypt" Moore * Shaniqua "ShowGirlNeek" Hood * Latasha "Ms. Wet Wet" Smith * Bahati Hassani * Aneshia "Badd Dolly" Sibley * Octavia "Tavii Babii" Poulos * Daze "Daisy Dukes" Smith * Tierrinie "Tee-Tee" Favors * Dru Emery "Hurricane Em" Smith * Johnell "Ciroc Galore" Hickman | num_episodes = 13 | network = [[Zeus Network]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2026|5|17}} | episode_list = [[List of Baddies episodes]] | prev_season = Baddies season 8 }} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Main cast !Age !First appearance !Hometown |- |Natalie Nunn |41 |''[[Baddies season 1|Baddies ATL]]'' |[[Oakland, California]] |- |Gia Mayham |33 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 2|Baddies South]]'' |[[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, Nevada]] |- |Elliadria Griffin |36 |[[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] |- |Damerlin Baez |29 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 3|Baddies West]]'' |[[Providence, Rhode Island]] |- |Atasha Jefferson |41 |[[Newark, New Jersey]] |- |Latifa Malone |30 | rowspan="3" |''[[Baddies season 4|Baddies East]]'' |[[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]] |- |Mariahlynn |35 |[[Newark, New Jersey]] |- |Etheria Ruffin |27 |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] |- |Sydonie Person |33 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 5|Baddies Caribbean]]'' |[[Miami|Miami, Florida]] |- |Tatyana Williams |27 |[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] |- |Alexis Radcliff |24 | rowspan="4" |''[[Baddies season 6|Baddies Midwest]]'' |[[Akron, Ohio]] |- |Badd Dolly |32 |[[Ridgeland, Mississippi]] |- |Ivori Minor |23 |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] |- |Summer Thomas |29 |[[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] |- |Octavia Poulos |37 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 7|Baddies Africa]]'' |[[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]] |- |Kamae Bunch |29 |[[Decatur, Georgia]] |- |Johnell Hickman |34 |''[[Baddies season 8|Baddies USA: Chapter One]]'' |[[Houston|Houston, Texas]] |- |Shamisha Adams |37 |''Baddies Africa Auditions'' |[[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, Nevada]] |- |Amber Ward |32 | rowspan="2" |''Baddies Caribbean Auditions'' |[[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] |- |Latasha Smith |34 |[[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]] |- |Daze Smith |28 | rowspan="6" |''Baddies Gone Wild (season 1)'' |[[Rochester, New York]] |- |Bahati Hassani |25 |[[Melbourne|Melbourne, Victoria, Australia]] |- |Dru Emery Smith |28 |[[Corpus Christi, Texas]] |- |Tierrinie Favors |24 |[[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]] |- |Sharon “Shay Destiny” Carr |25 |[[Toledo, Ohio]] |- |Ivy “Oxy Pirl” Oakley |31 |[[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]] |- |Erica “Envy Erica” Scott |31 | rowspan="3" |''Joseline’s Cabaret: Texas'' |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] |- |Alexus “Lexi Gold” Dorsey |30 |[[Memphis, Tennessee]] |- |Shaniqua Hood |32 |[[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]] |- |Kaniyah Whipple |30 |''Joseline’s Cabaret: California'' |[[New York City|New York City, New York]] |- |Jeanette Moore |32 |''Joseline’s Cabaret: New York'' |[[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] |} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Supporting cast !Age !First appearance !Hometown |- |Scotlynd Ryan |29 |''[[Baddies season 2|Baddies South]]'' |[[Charlotte, North Carolina]] |- |Cleo Rahman |33 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 3|Baddies West]]'' |[[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]] |- |Suzanne Brown |27 |[[Sacramento, California]] |- |Camilla Poindexter |39 |''[[Baddies season 4|Baddies East]]'' |[[Long Beach, California]] |- |Antrivia “Mz. Treve” Smith | | rowspan="5" |''Baddies USA: Chapter Two'' |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] |- |Dolly “Pretty Dolly” Santiago |30 |[[Harlem|Harlem, New York]] |- |Big On Lori | | |- |Victoria “Bro Rilla” Wood | |[[Memphis, Tennessee]] |- |Yaritza “DJ Blue Diamond” Attias |32 |[[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]] |} gc0zdnil6grbwgj95klkfal0yz8iw9t 10967176 10967163 2026-08-19T03:52:18Z ~2026-41688-58 1844999 10967176 wikitext text/x-wiki The second half of season 8 of ''[[Baddies (TV series)|Baddies]],'' officially titled '''''Baddies USA: Chapter Two''''', aired on the Zeus Network. {{Infobox television season | bg_color = #E0E0FF | season_name = Baddies season 8B | starring = * Natalie Nunn * Gia "Rollie Pollie" Mayham * Latifa "Tesehki" Malone * Mariahlynn * Sydonie "Diamond The Body" Person * Ivori Minor * Summer "Summer None Other" Thomas * Alexis "Big Lex Not Da Lil One" Radcliff * Shamisha "Pressure" Adams * Atasha "Tommie Lee" Jefferson * Tatyana "Tinkaabellaaa" Williams * Damerlin "Biggie" Baez * Etheria "Scarface" Ruffin * Kamae "Kay Rixan" Bunch * Amber "Amber Ali" Ward * Kaniyah "Miss Kaniyah" Whipple * Jeanette "Ms. Egypt" Moore * Shaniqua "ShowGirlNeek" Hood * Latasha "Ms. Wet Wet" Smith * Bahati Hassani * Aneshia "Badd Dolly" Sibley * Octavia "Tavii Babii" Poulos * Daze "Daisy Dukes" Smith * Tierrinie "Tee-Tee" Favors * Dru Emery "Hurricane Em" Smith * Johnell "Ciroc Galore" Hickman | num_episodes = 14 | network = [[Zeus Network]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2026|5|17}} | episode_list = [[List of Baddies episodes]] | prev_season = Baddies season 8 }} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Main cast !Age !First appearance !Hometown |- |Natalie Nunn |41 |''[[Baddies season 1|Baddies ATL]]'' |[[Oakland, California]] |- |Gia Mayham |33 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 2|Baddies South]]'' |[[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, Nevada]] |- |Elliadria Griffin |36 |[[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] |- |Damerlin Baez |29 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 3|Baddies West]]'' |[[Providence, Rhode Island]] |- |Atasha Jefferson |41 |[[Newark, New Jersey]] |- |Latifa Malone |30 | rowspan="3" |''[[Baddies season 4|Baddies East]]'' |[[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]] |- |Mariahlynn |35 |[[Newark, New Jersey]] |- |Etheria Ruffin |27 |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] |- |Sydonie Person |33 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 5|Baddies Caribbean]]'' |[[Miami|Miami, Florida]] |- |Tatyana Williams |27 |[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] |- |Alexis Radcliff |24 | rowspan="4" |''[[Baddies season 6|Baddies Midwest]]'' |[[Akron, Ohio]] |- |Badd Dolly |32 |[[Ridgeland, Mississippi]] |- |Ivori Minor |23 |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] |- |Summer Thomas |29 |[[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] |- |Octavia Poulos |37 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 7|Baddies Africa]]'' |[[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]] |- |Kamae Bunch |29 |[[Decatur, Georgia]] |- |Johnell Hickman |34 |''[[Baddies season 8|Baddies USA: Chapter One]]'' |[[Houston|Houston, Texas]] |- |Shamisha Adams |37 |''Baddies Africa Auditions'' |[[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, Nevada]] |- |Amber Ward |32 | rowspan="2" |''Baddies Caribbean Auditions'' |[[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] |- |Latasha Smith |34 |[[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]] |- |Daze Smith |28 | rowspan="6" |''Baddies Gone Wild (season 1)'' |[[Rochester, New York]] |- |Bahati Hassani |25 |[[Melbourne|Melbourne, Victoria, Australia]] |- |Dru Emery Smith |28 |[[Corpus Christi, Texas]] |- |Tierrinie Favors |24 |[[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]] |- |Sharon “Shay Destiny” Carr |25 |[[Toledo, Ohio]] |- |Ivy “Oxy Pirl” Oakley |31 |[[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]] |- |Erica “Envy Erica” Scott |31 | rowspan="3" |''Joseline’s Cabaret: Texas'' |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] |- |Alexus “Lexi Gold” Dorsey |30 |[[Memphis, Tennessee]] |- |Shaniqua Hood |32 |[[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]] |- |Kaniyah Whipple |30 |''Joseline’s Cabaret: California'' |[[New York City|New York City, New York]] |- |Jeanette Moore |32 |''Joseline’s Cabaret: New York'' |[[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] |} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Supporting cast !Age !First appearance !Hometown |- |Scotlynd Ryan |29 |''[[Baddies season 2|Baddies South]]'' |[[Charlotte, North Carolina]] |- |Cleo Rahman |33 | rowspan="2" |''[[Baddies season 3|Baddies West]]'' |[[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]] |- |Suzanne Brown |27 |[[Sacramento, California]] |- |Camilla Poindexter |39 |''[[Baddies season 4|Baddies East]]'' |[[Long Beach, California]] |- |Antrivia “Mz. Treve” Smith | | rowspan="5" |''Baddies USA: Chapter Two'' |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] |- |Dolly “Pretty Dolly” Santiago |30 |[[Harlem|Harlem, New York]] |- |Big On Lori | | |- |Victoria “Bro Rilla” Wood | |[[Memphis, Tennessee]] |- |Yaritza “DJ Blue Diamond” Attias |32 |[[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]] |} m0c1aqsh21k5u1n3g73h7vi6zhfkvji 0 1269287 10967060 10959459 2026-08-18T23:03:42Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10967060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ágnes Forsthoffer | honorific_suffix = [[List of members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2026-2030)|MP]] | image = Ágnes Forsthoffer i Włodzimierz Czarzasty (cropped).jpg | caption = Forsthoffer in 2026 | office = [[President of Hungary]]<br>Acting | term_start = 20 July 2026 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Tamás Sulyok]] | successor = [[András Baka]] ''(elect)'' | office1 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | term_start1 = 9 May 2026 | term_end1 = | alongside1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = [[László Kövér]] | successor1 = | office2 = Vice President of [[Tisza Party|TISZA]] | term_start2 = 19 September 2025 | term_end2 = | alongside2 = [[Márk Radnai]] and [[Zoltán Tarr]] | president2 = [[Péter Magyar]] | succeeding2 = | successor2 = | office3 = [[National Assembly (Hungary)|Member of the National Assembly]] | term_start3 = 9 May 2026 | term_end3 = | constituency3 = [[Veszprém County 2nd constituency|Veszprém County 2nd]] | predecessor3 = [[Károly Kontrát]] | successor3 = | party = [[Tisza Party|TISZA]] | other_party = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|24 March 1980|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Balatonfüred]], Hungary | alma_mater = [[Budapest University of Economics and Business]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[University of Pécs]] ([[Master of Science|MS]]) }} '''Ágnes Forsthoffer''' (born 24 March 1980) is a Hungarian politician and businesswoman who has been the [[List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)|Speaker of the National Assembly]] since 2026. She has also been a vice president of the [[Tisza Party]] since 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telex.hu/belfold/2026/05/09/null/belfold/2026/05/09/tizenket-ev-utan-visszakerul-az-eu-s-zaszlo-a-parlamentre|title=Tizenkét év után visszakerül az EU-s zászló a Parlament épületére|date=9 May 2026|website=telex}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailynewshungary.com/tisza-party-party-vp-speaker-parliament/|title=Historic: Tisza Party nominates party VP as Speaker of Parliament – UPDATE|date=20 April 2026|website=dailynewshungary.com|last=Hetzmann|first=Mercédesz}}</ref> ==Early life== Forsthoffer was born on 24 March 1980 in [[Balatonfüred]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Az Év vállalkozója 2010: megtisztelő elismerésben részesült Forsthoffer Ferenc |url=https://www.veol.hu/gazdasag/2010/12/az-ev-vallalkozoja-2010-megtisztelo-elismeresben-reszesult-forsthoffer-ferenc |work=Az Év vállalkozója 2010: megtisztelő elismerésben részesült Forsthoffer Ferenc |date=2010-12-27 |accessdate=2025-09-08 |last=Tremmer |first=Tamás}}</ref> Forsthoffer was raised in Balatonfüred.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://index.hu/belfold/2025/09/30/forsthoffer-agnes-tisza-part-anna-bal-szepe-magyar-peter/|title=A Tisza Párt alelnöke 18 évesen az Anna-bál szépe volt, a korabeli lapok azonban csalást sejtettek|work=[[Index (Hungarian website)|Index]]|date=30 September 2025|language=hu}}</ref> Forsthoffer moved to [[Budapest]] to study at the [[Budapest University of Economics and Business]]. She received a [[bachelor's degree]] in finance and accounting in 2002, and afterwards received a [[master's degree]] in marketing from the [[University of Pécs]] in 2004.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Forsthoffer Ágnes életrajz, wikipédia |url=https://retromuzsika.hu/forsthoffer-agnes-eletrajz-wikipedia/ |work=Retromuzsika.hu |date=2025-09-07 |accessdate=2025-09-08}}</ref> ==Political career== Forsthoffer began her political career in 2024, when she ran as an [[independent politician|independent]] in the [[2024 Hungarian local elections]] for Balatonfüred's 8th constituency. However, she was not elected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bukott önkormányzati képviselőjelölt a Tisza Párt Kötcsén bejelentett új női alelnöke |url=https://tenyek.hu/cikkek/bukott-onkormanyzati-kepviselojelolt-a-tisza-part-kotcsen-bejelentett-uj-noi-alelnoke |work=Bukott önkormányzati képviselőjelölt a Tisza Párt Kötcsén bejelentett új női alelnöke |accessdate=2025-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bemutatkozik Forsthoffer Ágnes, Arács független önkormányzati képviselőjelöltje |url=https://furedtv.hu/video/bemutatkozik-forsthoffer-gnes-arcs-fggetlen-nkormnyzati-kpviseljelltje |work=Füred TV |accessdate=2025-09-08}}</ref> In September 2025, Forsthoffer was elected as the third vice president of the [[Tisza Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magyartisza.hu/hirek/ujsag/forsthoffer-agnes-a-tisza-uj-alelnoke|title=Forsthoffer Ágnes a TISZA új alelnöke|publisher=[[Tisza Party]]|date=19 September 2025|language=hu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forsthoffer Ágnes lett a Tisza Párt harmadik alelnöke |url=https://hvg.hu/itthon/20250919_tisza-part-alelnok-forsthoffer-agnest |work=hvg.hu |date=2025-09-19 |accessdate=2025-10-13 |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/peter.magyar.102/posts/pfbid02wnSpBz9vqznmxAZj15SyxeUGBvXmbm9ZVXgetM2bNcsgHkQ4h8Hw7BRX3vnC5N9Vl |title=www.facebook.com/peter.magyar |accessdate=2025-10-13}}</ref> ===Member of Parliament=== Forsthoffer was a candidate for the Tisza Party in the [[2026 Hungarian parliamentary election|2026 parliamentary election]], and was elected to the [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] from [[Veszprém County]]'s 2nd constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://82nullanulla.hu/cikkek/2026/04/13/tarolt-a-tisza-veszprem-varmegyeben-mind-a-negy-korzetet-vittek.html|title=Tarolt a Tisza Veszprém vármegyében: mind a négy körzetet vitték|work=82nullanulla|date=13 April 2026|language=hu}}</ref> After the election, [[prime minister of Hungary|prime minister]] [[Péter Magyar]] announced that he would nominate Forsthoffer to be the [[List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)|speaker of the National Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailynewshungary.com/tisza-party-party-vp-speaker-parliament/|title=Historic: Tisza Party nominates party VP as Speaker of Parliament – UPDATE|date=20 April 2026|website=dailynewshungary.com|last=Hetzmann|first=Mercédesz}}</ref> She was sworn in on 9 May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telex.hu/belfold/2026/05/09/null/belfold/2026/05/09/tizenket-ev-utan-visszakerul-az-eu-s-zaszlo-a-parlamentre|title=Tizenkét év után visszakerül az EU-s zászló a Parlament épületére|date=9 May 2026|website=telex}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Forsthoffer, Agnes}} [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Speakers of the National Assembly of Hungary]] [[Category:Hungarian businesspeople]] [[Category:Tisza Party politicians]] {{bio-stub}} 30smkgdh0al6s668v3h9s5zy3tc0t2h 0 1269799 10966957 10875902 2026-08-18T19:50:30Z MourningRainfall 86802 10966957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ice hockey player | image = Justus Annunen (54091511646).jpg | image_size = 230px | caption = Annunen during his time with the Colorado Avalanche on 22 October 2024 | position = [[Goaltender]] | catches = Left | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|3|11|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kempele]], Finland | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 4 | weight_lb = 207 | league = [[National Hockey League|NHL]] | team = [[Nashville Predators]] | prospect_league = [[American Hockey League|AHL]] | prospect_team = | former_teams = [[Oulun Kärpät]]<br>[[Colorado Avalanche]] | ntl_team = FIN | draft = 64th overall | draft_year = 2018 | draft_team = [[Colorado Avalanche]] | career_start = 2018 | career_end = }} '''Justus Hermanni Annunen''' (born 11 March 2000) is a Finnish professional [[ice hockey]] [[goaltender]]. He currently plays for the [[Nashville Predators]] of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). He has also played for the [[Colorado Avalanche]]. Outside of the NHL, Annunen has played for [[Oulun Kärpät]] of the [[Liiga]]. ==Career== Before playing in the NHL, Annunen played parts of four seasons with [[Oulun Kärpät]] of the [[Liiga]]. He was drafted 64th overall by the [[Colorado Avalanche]] in the [[2018 NHL entry draft]]. On 30 April 2020, Annunen signed a three-year entry-level contract to join the Avalanche.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/avalanche/news/avalanche-signs-justus-annunen/c-316786526|accessdate=May 31, 2026|title=Avalanche signs Justus Annunen|publisher=[[Colorado Avalanche]]}}</ref> He was sent down to play for their [[American Hockey League|AHL]]-affiliate [[Colorado Eagles]]. On 4 December 2021, the Avalanche called him up and Annunen made his NHL debut, stopping 17 of 19 shots he faced in a 6–5 overtime loss against the [[Ottawa Senators]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2021/12/04/avalanche-rally-for-point-ot-loss-ottawa/|accessdate=May 31, 2026|title=Avalanche rally for point in OT loss to lowly Ottawa Senators|publisher=[[The Denver Post]]}}</ref> Two days later on 6 October, Annunen earned his first NHL win, stopping 27 of 32 shots he faced in a 7–5 win against the [[Philadelphia Flyers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/justus-annunen-colorado-avalanche-goalie-win/|accessdate=May 31, 2026|title=Avs Rookie Goalie Justus Annunen Records First Career NHL Win In 7-5 Victory Over Flyers|publisher=[[KCNC-TV|CBS Colorado]]}}</ref> On 29 February 2024, Annunen stopped all 24 shots he faced to earn his first NHL [[shutout]] in a 5–0 win against the [[Chicago Blackhawks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/colorado-avalanche-chicago-blackhawks-game-recap-february-29|accessdate=May 31, 2026|title=MacKinnon reaches 100 points, Avalanche cruise past Blackhawks|publisher=[[National Hockey League]]}}</ref> On 30 November 2024, the Avalanche traded Annunen and a [[2025 NHL entry draft|2025]] sixth-round draft pick to the [[Nashville Predators]] in exchange for [[Scott Wedgewood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/predators/news/predators-acquire-justus-annunen-sixth-round-pick-in-2025-nhl-draft-from-colorado-2024-11-30|accessdate=May 31, 2026|title=Predators Acquire Justus Annunen, Sixth-Round Pick in 2025 NHL Draft From Colorado|publisher=[[National Hockey League]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == *{{icehockeystats}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Annunen, Justus}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Colorado Avalanche players]] [[Category:Colorado Eagles players]] [[Category:Finnish ice hockey goaltenders]] [[Category:Nashville Predators players]] oa6unbnym9zl3onp4svphya3g7597qy 2 1271110 10966917 10959222 2026-08-18T18:34:48Z FIGHTklub 1820715 10966917 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://s.alicdn.com/@sc04/kf/Hc78fb1c92b6b4c9b95cba1f3e102686cK.jpg?avif=close&webp=close pokemon] https://disk.yandex.ru/d/1zH40HnVknwEMg [https://www.mommymadethat.com/cut-and-paste-fox-craft/ fox] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSkecgV2EWvQGx_T5kigVrCOqbng3IP8sNIBkhoNwXMrg&s=10 yeti] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSFbyqSVMnlrX0tL_teWYMmtyR2XSNSIU0BshI0FAarXA&s=10 dragon] https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/11047961577628840/ {{Infobox person | name = | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|7|30}} | birth_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actor}} | years_active = 2002–present | website = }} '''Kelvin Uvvo''' (born July 30, 1984) is a [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] actor residing in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. {{-}} ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !<abbr>Ref(s)</abbr> |- ! 2026 |''[[The Man who Laughs]] (Человек, который смеётся)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2">[https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/ros/918530/works Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- ! <!--rowspan="2"--> |2025 |''[[The Kid]] (Малыш)'' |<!-- role --> Johnny |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino">[https://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/7194563 Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- !2023 |''[[Poor Oligarch 2]] (Бедный олигарх-2)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2"/> |- !2022 |''[[Fever (Russian series)|Fever]]'' |<!-- role --> Chief of police |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino"/> |} ==External links== * [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_2026) Russian Wikipeida page, The Kid] * poor oligarch 2 https://cyclowiki .org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_2 ==Notes== <references/> h83iurgc4wruwrb6dp9j3g714lyxria 10966921 10966917 2026-08-18T18:46:49Z FIGHTklub 1820715 10966921 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://s.alicdn.com/@sc04/kf/Hc78fb1c92b6b4c9b95cba1f3e102686cK.jpg?avif=close&webp=close pokemon 9 creatures] [https://www.printables4mom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PokemonMemoryGame.pdf pokemon memory game pdf] https://disk.yandex.ru/d/1zH40HnVknwEMg [https://www.mommymadethat.com/cut-and-paste-fox-craft/ fox] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSkecgV2EWvQGx_T5kigVrCOqbng3IP8sNIBkhoNwXMrg&s=10 yeti] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSFbyqSVMnlrX0tL_teWYMmtyR2XSNSIU0BshI0FAarXA&s=10 dragon] https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/11047961577628840/ {{Infobox person | name = | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|7|30}} | birth_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actor}} | years_active = 2002–present | website = }} '''Kelvin Uvvo''' (born July 30, 1984) is a [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] actor residing in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. {{-}} ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !<abbr>Ref(s)</abbr> |- ! 2026 |''[[The Man who Laughs]] (Человек, который смеётся)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2">[https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/ros/918530/works Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- ! <!--rowspan="2"--> |2025 |''[[The Kid]] (Малыш)'' |<!-- role --> Johnny |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino">[https://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/7194563 Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- !2023 |''[[Poor Oligarch 2]] (Бедный олигарх-2)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2"/> |- !2022 |''[[Fever (Russian series)|Fever]]'' |<!-- role --> Chief of police |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino"/> |} ==External links== * [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_2026) Russian Wikipeida page, The Kid] * poor oligarch 2 https://cyclowiki .org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_2 ==Notes== <references/> 7fq6fdmxty9nm3un5fhg7if5zxxxzkw 10966943 10966921 2026-08-18T19:18:21Z FIGHTklub 1820715 10966943 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://s.alicdn.com/@sc04/kf/Hc78fb1c92b6b4c9b95cba1f3e102686cK.jpg?avif=close&webp=close pokemon 9 creatures] [https://www.printables4mom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PokemonMemoryGame.pdf pokemon memory game pdf] [https://i.pinimg.com/736x/5f/21/63/5f2163f898d191fdbb3dfff2599d71f4.jpg pokemon creatures] https://disk.yandex.ru/d/1zH40HnVknwEMg [https://www.mommymadethat.com/cut-and-paste-fox-craft/ fox] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSkecgV2EWvQGx_T5kigVrCOqbng3IP8sNIBkhoNwXMrg&s=10 yeti] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSFbyqSVMnlrX0tL_teWYMmtyR2XSNSIU0BshI0FAarXA&s=10 dragon] https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/11047961577628840/ {{Infobox person | name = | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|7|30}} | birth_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actor}} | years_active = 2002–present | website = }} '''Kelvin Uvvo''' (born July 30, 1984) is a [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] actor residing in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. {{-}} ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !<abbr>Ref(s)</abbr> |- ! 2026 |''[[The Man who Laughs]] (Человек, который смеётся)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2">[https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/ros/918530/works Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- ! <!--rowspan="2"--> |2025 |''[[The Kid]] (Малыш)'' |<!-- role --> Johnny |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino">[https://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/7194563 Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- !2023 |''[[Poor Oligarch 2]] (Бедный олигарх-2)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2"/> |- !2022 |''[[Fever (Russian series)|Fever]]'' |<!-- role --> Chief of police |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino"/> |} ==External links== * [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_2026) Russian Wikipeida page, The Kid] * poor oligarch 2 https://cyclowiki .org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_2 ==Notes== <references/> m0jwjce705kh5y11al3m2tihwj94a2w 10966944 10966943 2026-08-18T19:20:50Z FIGHTklub 1820715 10966944 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://s.alicdn.com/@sc04/kf/Hc78fb1c92b6b4c9b95cba1f3e102686cK.jpg?avif=close&webp=close pokemon 9 creatures] [https://www.printables4mom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PokemonMemoryGame.pdf pokemon memory game pdf] [https://i.pinimg.com/736x/5f/21/63/5f2163f898d191fdbb3dfff2599d71f4.jpg pokemon creatures] [https://i.pinimg.com/736x/21/06/cd/2106cd6fc0a8cc966b8082f42f83c165.jpg i spy pokemon] https://disk.yandex.ru/d/1zH40HnVknwEMg [https://www.mommymadethat.com/cut-and-paste-fox-craft/ fox] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSkecgV2EWvQGx_T5kigVrCOqbng3IP8sNIBkhoNwXMrg&s=10 yeti] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSFbyqSVMnlrX0tL_teWYMmtyR2XSNSIU0BshI0FAarXA&s=10 dragon] https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/11047961577628840/ {{Infobox person | name = | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|7|30}} | birth_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actor}} | years_active = 2002–present | website = }} '''Kelvin Uvvo''' (born July 30, 1984) is a [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] actor residing in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. {{-}} ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !<abbr>Ref(s)</abbr> |- ! 2026 |''[[The Man who Laughs]] (Человек, который смеётся)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2">[https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/ros/918530/works Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- ! <!--rowspan="2"--> |2025 |''[[The Kid]] (Малыш)'' |<!-- role --> Johnny |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino">[https://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/7194563 Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- !2023 |''[[Poor Oligarch 2]] (Бедный олигарх-2)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2"/> |- !2022 |''[[Fever (Russian series)|Fever]]'' |<!-- role --> Chief of police |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino"/> |} ==External links== * [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_2026) Russian Wikipeida page, The Kid] * poor oligarch 2 https://cyclowiki .org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_2 ==Notes== <references/> 7nnkt8qrdqq511d8kp1w75sm0f22s18 10966945 10966944 2026-08-18T19:28:39Z FIGHTklub 1820715 10966945 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://s.alicdn.com/@sc04/kf/Hc78fb1c92b6b4c9b95cba1f3e102686cK.jpg?avif=close&webp=close pokemon 9 creatures] [https://www.printables4mom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PokemonMemoryGame.pdf pokemon memory game pdf] [https://i.pinimg.com/736x/5f/21/63/5f2163f898d191fdbb3dfff2599d71f4.jpg pokemon creatures] [https://i.pinimg.com/1200x/6a/80/ad/6a80ad8a4ebaafe35a51fba3064bdc5e.jpg 2] [https://i.pinimg.com/736x/21/06/cd/2106cd6fc0a8cc966b8082f42f83c165.jpg i spy pokemon] https://disk.yandex.ru/d/1zH40HnVknwEMg [https://www.mommymadethat.com/cut-and-paste-fox-craft/ fox] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSkecgV2EWvQGx_T5kigVrCOqbng3IP8sNIBkhoNwXMrg&s=10 yeti] [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSFbyqSVMnlrX0tL_teWYMmtyR2XSNSIU0BshI0FAarXA&s=10 dragon] https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/11047961577628840/ {{Infobox person | name = | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|7|30}} | birth_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actor}} | years_active = 2002–present | website = }} '''Kelvin Uvvo''' (born July 30, 1984) is a [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] actor residing in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. {{-}} ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !<abbr>Ref(s)</abbr> |- ! 2026 |''[[The Man who Laughs]] (Человек, который смеётся)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2">[https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/ros/918530/works Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- ! <!--rowspan="2"--> |2025 |''[[The Kid]] (Малыш)'' |<!-- role --> Johnny |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino">[https://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/7194563 Kelvin Uvvo]</ref> |- !2023 |''[[Poor Oligarch 2]] (Бедный олигарх-2)'' |<!-- role --> |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="k2"/> |- !2022 |''[[Fever (Russian series)|Fever]]'' |<!-- role --> Chief of police |<!-- notes --> |<!-- ref --><ref name="kino"/> |} ==External links== * [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_2026) Russian Wikipeida page, The Kid] * poor oligarch 2 https://cyclowiki .org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_2 ==Notes== <references/> fr15a14ehdcrkiv7j54u3r20ttvdufm 3 1271111 10967275 10908949 2026-08-19T06:42:06Z ~2026-45280-70 1857839 10967275 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://parents.highlights.com/sites/default/files/public/2022-07/hp_coloring_pages.pdf highlights hidden pictures] Hello. My name is Gleb. This is my talk page. ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Kelvin Uvvo== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Kelvin Uvvo]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Kelvin Uvvo]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:54, 16 June 2026 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of The Kid== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:The Kid]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Kid]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:01, 3 July 2026 (UTC) 3nv4rkcuaghnrhadbtkeyfnqkw8xill 10967278 10967275 2026-08-19T06:44:06Z Cewbot 687081 [[User:Cewbot/log/20170515|Signing]] [[Special:Diff/10967275|comment by ~2026-45280-70]].This tool is only for recording.You may re-edit the text whatever you want. 10967278 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://parents.highlights.com/sites/default/files/public/2022-07/hp_coloring_pages.pdf highlights hidden pictures]<!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:~2026-45280-70|~2026-45280-70]] ([[User talk:~2026-45280-70#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45280-70|contribs]]) 06:42, 19 August 2026 (UTC)</small> Hello. My name is Gleb. This is my talk page. ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Kelvin Uvvo== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Kelvin Uvvo]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Kelvin Uvvo]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:54, 16 June 2026 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of The Kid== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:The Kid]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Kid]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:01, 3 July 2026 (UTC) c7ayjufe5f2tbhjkujt05345mkxhvhc 0 1271937 10966884 10900257 2026-08-18T17:33:54Z Canadachick 1633172 10966884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Peter Heppelthwaite | birth_name = Peter Frederick Heppelthwaite | birth_date = {{Birth date|1967|09|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Hillingdon]], Greater London, England | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|06|13|1967|09|27|df=y}} | death_place = [[Stevenage]], Hertfordshire, England | occupation = Actor, theatre director, acting coach, mentor | years_active = 1992–2026 | known_for = Role of Jed in ''[[The Green Green Grass]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Ruth Burton|1996}} | children = 3 }} '''Peter Frederick Heppelthwaite''' (27 September 1967 – 13 June 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.limitlessacademyarts.com/peter-heppelthwaite|title=Peter Heppelthwaite|publisher=Limitless Drama Academy|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref>) was an English actor. He was best known for his role as Jed in the [[BBC One]] sitcom ''[[The Green Green Grass]]'' (2005–2009), a spin-off of ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]''. Heppelthwaite died in [[Stevenage]], Hertfordshire, on 13 June 2026, at the age of 58,{{Efn|Most sources incorrectly reported Heppelthwaite's age to be 59|name=a}} following what his family described as an "incredible fight". His death was announced the following day by his talent agency, Apollo Artist Management, who praised his contributions as an actor, director, and mentor. His daughter, musician Georgia Hewer-Heppelthwaite, paid tribute to him on social media, describing him as a man who "loved deeply, and was just unafraid of doing absolutely everything to the fullest". Tributes were also paid by the Limitless Academy of Performing Arts, a drama school in Royston that Heppelthwaite co-founded to help train young performers. He was survived by his wife and three daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pope|first=Milo|date=15 June 2026|title=Only Fools and Horses and EastEnders star Peter Heppelthwaite dies aged 59|url=https://metro.co.uk/2026/06/15/fools-horses-eastenders-star-peter-heppelthwaite-dies-aged-59-28780378/|access-date=16 June 2026|website=Metro|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Moss|first=Molly|date=15 June 2026|title=Peter Heppelthwaite, EastEnders and Only Fools and Horses spin-off actor, dies aged 59|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/peter-heppelthwaite-dead-eastenders-newsupdate/|access-date=16 June 2026|website=Radio Times|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McGarth|first=Rachael|date=15 June 2026|title=Peter Heppelthwaite death: EastEnders and Only Fools spin-off actor dies, aged 59|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/peter-heppelthwaite-death-actor-eastenders-b2995736.html|access-date=16 June 2026|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McGarth|first=Rachel|date=15 June 2026|title=Tributes paid after sudden death of veteran EastEnders actor|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/culture/peter-hepplethwaite-death-eastenders-tributes-b2995755.html|access-date=16 June 2026|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McLoughlin|first=Lisa|date=15 June 2026|title=Tributes pour in after EastEnders and Only Fools and Horses star Peter Heppelthwaite dies aged 59|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/eastenders-only-fools-and-horses-peter-heppelthwaite-dies-aged-59-b1286086.html|access-date=16 June 2026|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} {{actor-stub}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from London]] [[Category:English television actors]] bee9jo0sususa5u49p34vkfmefzaiav 10966885 10966884 2026-08-18T17:34:12Z Canadachick 1633172 10966885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Peter Heppelthwaite | birth_name = Peter Frederick Heppelthwaite | birth_date = {{Birth date|1967|09|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Hillingdon]], Greater London, England | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|06|13|1967|09|27|df=y}} | death_place = [[Stevenage]], Hertfordshire, England | occupation = Actor, theatre director, acting coach, mentor | years_active = 1992–2026 | known_for = Role of Jed in ''[[The Green Green Grass]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Ruth Burton|1996}} | children = 3 }} '''Peter Frederick Heppelthwaite''' (27 September 1967 – 13 June 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.limitlessacademyarts.com/peter-heppelthwaite|title=Peter Heppelthwaite|publisher=Limitless Drama Academy|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref>) was an English actor. He was best known for his role as Jed in the [[BBC One]] sitcom ''[[The Green Green Grass]]'' (2005–2009), a spin-off of ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]''. Heppelthwaite died in [[Stevenage]], Hertfordshire, on 13 June 2026, at the age of 58,{{Efn|Most sources incorrectly reported Heppelthwaite's age to be 59|name=a}} following what his family described as an "incredible fight". His death was announced the following day by his talent agency, Apollo Artist Management, who praised his contributions as an actor, director, and mentor. His daughter, musician Georgia Hewer-Heppelthwaite, paid tribute to him on social media, describing him as a man who "loved deeply, and was just unafraid of doing absolutely everything to the fullest". Tributes were also paid by the Limitless Academy of Performing Arts, a drama school in Royston that Heppelthwaite co-founded to help train young performers. He was survived by his wife and three daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pope|first=Milo|date=15 June 2026|title=Only Fools and Horses and EastEnders star Peter Heppelthwaite dies aged 59|url=https://metro.co.uk/2026/06/15/fools-horses-eastenders-star-peter-heppelthwaite-dies-aged-59-28780378/|access-date=16 June 2026|website=Metro|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Moss|first=Molly|date=15 June 2026|title=Peter Heppelthwaite, EastEnders and Only Fools and Horses spin-off actor, dies aged 59|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/peter-heppelthwaite-dead-eastenders-newsupdate/|access-date=16 June 2026|website=Radio Times|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McGarth|first=Rachael|date=15 June 2026|title=Peter Heppelthwaite death: EastEnders and Only Fools spin-off actor dies, aged 59|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/peter-heppelthwaite-death-actor-eastenders-b2995736.html|access-date=16 June 2026|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McGarth|first=Rachel|date=15 June 2026|title=Tributes paid after sudden death of veteran EastEnders actor|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/culture/peter-hepplethwaite-death-eastenders-tributes-b2995755.html|access-date=16 June 2026|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McLoughlin|first=Lisa|date=15 June 2026|title=Tributes pour in after EastEnders and Only Fools and Horses star Peter Heppelthwaite dies aged 59|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/eastenders-only-fools-and-horses-peter-heppelthwaite-dies-aged-59-b1286086.html|access-date=16 June 2026|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} {{actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Heppelthwaite, Peter}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from London]] [[Category:English television actors]] 62qos5rb48bafz5nitlcn1uajj5k9pt 0 1273474 10967251 10961979 2026-08-19T06:22:46Z ~2026-45403-09 1857836 Transporter stub 10967251 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Fiat Grizzly''' is an [[SUV]] produced by [[Fiat]] since [[2027]]. {{Infobox automobile | name = Fiat Grizzly/Grizzly Fastback | image = | manufacturer = [[Fiat]] | production = Beginning of [[2027]] | model_years = 2026 | class = [[SUV]] | body_style = 5-door [[SUV]] | layout = | sp = | related = [[Opel Frontera (2024)|Opel Frontera]] <br> [[Citroën C3 Aircross]] | predecessor = [[Fiat Freemont]] | aka = Fiat Grizzly Fastback ([[Coupe SUV]] version) }} Instead, the [[Coupe SUV]] version will be in production. == External links == <ref>{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/it-it/motori/notizie/il-suv-coup%C3%A9-di-fiat-%C3%A8-su-strada/ar-AA26Ngze?ocid=BingNewsSerp|access-date=2026-06-29|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> <references />{{transport-stub}} m9vv0f06jroihssqmzdxgnushv2orbf 0 1273821 10967221 10906090 2026-08-19T05:22:00Z Werner100359 106408 10967221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name= Filip Matijasevic | image = | image_size = | fullname = Filip Matijašević | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2008|3|4}} | birth_place = [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] | height = {{convert|1.82|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} | currentclub = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] | clubnumber = 28 | position = [[Midfielder]] | youthyears1 = -2025 | youthclubs1 = [[FK Čukarički]] | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = | years1 = 2024-2026 | years2 = 2026- | clubs1 = FK Čukarički | clubs2 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps1 = 37 | caps2 = 0 | goals1 = 4 | goals2 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2022 | nationalteam1 = [[Serbia national under-15 football team|Serbia U-15]] | nationalcaps1 = 5 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2023-2024 | nationalteam2 = [[Serbia national under-16 football team|Serbia U-16]] | nationalcaps2 = 6 | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalyears3 = 2024 | nationalteam3 = [[Serbia national under-17 football team|Serbia U-17]] | nationalcaps3 = 4 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2025- | nationalteam4 = [[Serbia national under-18 football team|Serbia U-18]] | nationalcaps4 = 2 | nationalgoals4 = 2 | nationalyears5 = 2025- | nationalteam5 = [[Serbia national under-19 football team|Serbia U-19]] | nationalcaps5 = 2 | nationalgoals5 = 0 | pcupdate = {{date|2026-07-01}} | ntupdate = {{date|2026-07-01}} }} Filip Matijasevic (born * March 4, 2008 in [[Belgrade]]) is a Serbian footballer. He plays as midfielder for the [[Austrian Bundesliga]] club [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. ==Career == He began his career at FK Čukarički. In December 2024, he was included in Čukarički's professional squad for the first time but did not make an appearance. He made his professional debut in the SuperLiga in February 2025 against FK Mladost Lučani. In the 2024-25 season he had made six appearances in the Serbian top flight. In the 2025/26 season, he played 31 league matches. He scored four goals. For the 2026/27 season, he moved to the Austrian Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg. <ref>[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/aktuelles/news/filip-matijasevic-transfer-fk-cukaricki FC Red Bull Salzburg] </ref> ==International == From 2022 onwards, he played in all of Serbia's youth national teams, starting at the U-15 level. {{FC Red Bull Salzburg squad 2022/23}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Matijasevic, Filip}} [[Category:2008 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Footballers from Belgrade]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:FC Red Bull Salzburg players]] 6u7fuxmz2ds85801wv9wtaop94nby0t 1 1273919 10967015 10948833 2026-08-18T21:52:31Z Mrfgdddff 1855636 /* Iraqi government allegations */ Reply 10967015 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iraqi government allegations == Iraqi Hashemite monarchy and government accused [[Ubaidullah Barzani]], [[Sheikh Ahmed Barzani|Sheikh Ahmad Barzani]], and [[Mullah Mustafa Barzani]] of supporting [[Adolf Hitler]], and [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani|Rashid al-Gaylani]] and published these accusations on Iraqi Newspapers. Later, Iraqi government accused [[Kurdistan Democratic Party]], and their henchmen, including Said Abdul (nicknamed "Shaytan" by Iraqi government) Rahman, and Shaytan Mariwan, of kidnapping Assyrian women, along with Jalal Talabani, Masoud Barzani, Nechirvan Barzani, Sheikh Ahmed Barzani, Mullah Mustafa Barzani, Central Intelligence Agency, and Mossad of having relationships with the Nazi doctor Josef Mengele, Bush family, and Osama bin Laden, also in the Newspapers during various periods. Several of the Jordanian and the United Arab Emirates backed Iraqi federal government officials claimed that Josef Mengele died in 2005 at an American hospital aided by the Bush family, not in 1979, as published in Iraqi Newspapers. According to these officials, the skull thing shown in 1992 was a fake one. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-37758-28|&#126;2026-37758-28]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-37758-28|talk]]) 21:59, 1 July 2026 (UTC) :[[Said Abdul (Shaytan) Rahman]] [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-42741-07|&#126;2026-42741-07]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-42741-07|talk]]) 13:38, 2 August 2026 (UTC) ::Iraqi government also claims that Saddam made dirty deals with Kurdish leaders like Nechirvan, Massoud Barzanis, and Jalal Talabani to allow them to kill Kurds in Halabja on 1988. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-42741-07|&#126;2026-42741-07]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-42741-07|talk]]) 14:55, 2 August 2026 (UTC) :::Even though Iraq claims Massoud as Nazi collaborator, they also claim him as collaborator of Saddam's, Assad's, Putin's, Khamenei's, and Erdogan's regimes. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-42741-07|&#126;2026-42741-07]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-42741-07|talk]]) 14:57, 2 August 2026 (UTC) ::::Iraq also stated during World War 2 [[Bitlis uprising (1914)]] that Adbul Salam Barzani never supported [[Russian Empire]], instead he was an agent of [[Rothschild Family|Rothschilds]]. In this allegation, he supported Zionist agenda against both the [[Ottoman Empire]], and [[Russian Empire]], thus he lost against both. [[User:Mrfgdddff|Mrfgdddff]] ([[User talk:Mrfgdddff|talk]]) 21:52, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ncj7bbhjkq5wk5tgcfi9rkgi4xogwr6 10967397 10967015 2026-08-19T10:23:13Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) 10967397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 3 1273950 10966585 10907023 2026-08-18T13:32:40Z JAAqqO is the worst 1857426 10966585 wikitext text/x-wiki 10966591 10966585 2026-08-18T13:34:37Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/JAAqqO is the worst|JAAqqO is the worst]] ([[User talk:JAAqqO is the worst|talk]]) to last version by Sakura emad 10907023 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Sakura emad/Active-Users]] mvy2i3p2fb01d9uc0baflztei1fg9mc 0 1274130 10967352 10964719 2026-08-19T08:44:54Z Corrctor1829 1459265 /* */ 10967352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahl al-Kalam''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: أهل الكلام) were a [[Muslims|Muslim]] group of [[Theology|theologians]] who used [[Dialectic|dialectical]] and speculative reasoning, called ''[[kalam]]'', to defend [[Islam|Islamic]] tenets. They were active during the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. They influenced [[Mu'tazila|Mu'tazilite]] thinking.<ref name="HadithCriticismPDF">"Hadith Criticism in Early Islam", p. 20. Available at: https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/2977531/normal_5e36a63ad8ab3.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Fathi | first1=Saul Silas | title=Gods and Religions | date=22 December 2023 | publisher=Writers Republic LLC | isbn=979-8-89100-466-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-B3-EAAAQBAJ&dq=Ahl+al-Kalam+defend+tenets+of+Islam&pg=PA315 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Jacoby | first1=Tim | title=Islam and the Islamic State | date=2025 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-782947-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSiUEQAAQBAJ&dq=The+Ahl+al-Kalam%27s+emphasis+on+speculative+reasoning+gradually+formed+a+basis+for+Mu%27tazilite+thinking&pg=PA153 }}</ref> According to Al-Shafi'i and Ibn Qutayba, they were opponents of [[hadith]] and critics of [[Ahl al-Hadith]].<ref name="HadithCriticismPDF">"Hadith Criticism in Early Islam", p. 20. Available at: https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/2977531/normal_5e36a63ad8ab3.pdf</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Under Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], adherents of ''[[Kalam]]'' were favoured and adherents of Hadith were persecuted<ref>{{cite book | last1=Musa | first1=A. | title=?ad?th as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam | date=12 May 2008 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-0-230-61197-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdbGAAAAQBAJ&dq=Al-Ma%27mun+was+inclined+towards+rational+inquiry+in+religious+matters,+supported+the+proponents+of+Kalam+and+persecuted+the+adherents+of+Hadith.&pg=PA63 }}</ref>]] Al-Shafi'i in his ''Jima al-Ilm'' refers to members of Ahl al-Kalam who [[Hadith rejectors|rejected hadith]].<ref name="HadithCriticismPDF">"Hadith Criticism in Early Islam", p. 19. Available at: https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/2977531/normal_5e36a63ad8ab3.pdf</ref> The group, whose identity is not identified, is believed by scholars to be Mu'tazilite. However, some believe they were [[Kharijites|Kharijite]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Schmid | first1=Nora K. | title=The Ascetic Qur'an and its Kharijite Readers | date=22 September 2025 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=978-90-04-54798-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miaIEQAAQBAJ&dq=A+century+after+Ab%C5%AB+Hamza+,+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Idr%C4%ABs+al+-+Sh%C4%81fi%CA%BBi+(+d+.+204/820+)&pg=PA315 }}</ref> Ahl al-Kalam rejected the authority of hadith on the grounds that its body of work was "filled with contradictory, [[Blasphemy|blasphemous]], and absurd" reports, and that in [[jurisprudence]], even the smallest doubt about a source was too much. Thus, they believed, the true legacy of the [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] was to be found first and foremost in the Qur'an.<ref>https://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_836_66f3c74ac6651881aeb32f7fbef47109.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810082513/http://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_836_66f3c74ac6651881aeb32f7fbef47109.pdf |date=2017-08-10 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=January 2026}}</ref><ref name=DWBRTMIT1996:15>[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-22|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#DWBRTMIT1996|reason= }}: p.15</ref> They rejected hadith in favour of the living tradition (See: [[Living Sunnah]]).<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hasan | first1=Israr | title=The Conflict within Islam: Expressing Religion Through Politics | date=23 December 2011 | publisher=iUniverse | isbn=978-1-4620-8302-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Bww1fwsg8C&dq=Ahl+al-Kalam+rejected+hadith+in+favour+of+the+living+tradition.&pg=PA79 }}</ref> Under Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], adherents of Kalam were favoured and supporters of hadith were dealt harshly. Al-Ma'mun was inclined towards rational inquiry in religious matters, supported the proponents of Kalam and persecuted the adherents of hadith. His two immediate successors, Al-Mu'tasim and Al-Wathiq, followed his policies. Unlike the three caliphs before him, al-Mutawakkil was not inclined to [[Rationalism|rational]] inquiry in religious matters, and strove to bolster hadith as a necessary source of the Sunnah.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Musa | first1=A. | title=?ad?th as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam | date=12 May 2008 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-0-230-61197-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdbGAAAAQBAJ&dq=Al-Ma%27mun+was+inclined+towards+rational+inquiry+in+religious+matters,+supported+the+proponents+of+Kalam+and+persecuted+the+adherents+of+Hadith.&pg=PA63 }}</ref> Ahl al-Kalam were known to attend the [[House of Wisdom]] with al-Ma'mun.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Ihsanoğlu | first1=Ekmeleddin | title=The Abbasid House of Wisdom: Between Myth and Reality | date=August 2022 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-1-000-73628-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeR8EAAAQBAJ&dq=Ahl+al-Kalam+and+the+House+of+Wisdom&pg=PT53 }}</ref> == See also == * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Islamic philosophy]] * [[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] * [[Muslim Hebraists]] * [[Islamic Golden Age]] * [[Islamic archaeology]] * [[Al-Kindi]] * [[Kindi Circle]] * [[Ash'arism]] * [[Maturidism]] == References == [[Category:Islam]] hwkv9k5g0j7ejjdr5nxizu24jggp6xd 10967372 10967352 2026-08-19T09:01:43Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Corrctor1829|Corrctor1829]] ([[User talk:Corrctor1829|talk]]) to last version by Far7dah 10964719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahl al-Kalam''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: أهل الكلام) were a [[Muslims|Muslim]] group of [[Theology|theologians]] who used [[Dialectic|dialectical]] and speculative reasoning, called ''[[kalam]]'', to defend [[Islam|Islamic]] tenets. They were active during the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. They influenced [[Mu'tazila|Mu'tazilite]] thinking.<ref name="HadithCriticismPDF">"Hadith Criticism in Early Islam", p. 20. Available at: https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/2977531/normal_5e36a63ad8ab3.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Fathi | first1=Saul Silas | title=Gods and Religions | date=22 December 2023 | publisher=Writers Republic LLC | isbn=979-8-89100-466-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-B3-EAAAQBAJ&dq=Ahl+al-Kalam+defend+tenets+of+Islam&pg=PA315 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Jacoby | first1=Tim | title=Islam and the Islamic State | date=2025 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-782947-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSiUEQAAQBAJ&dq=The+Ahl+al-Kalam%27s+emphasis+on+speculative+reasoning+gradually+formed+a+basis+for+Mu%27tazilite+thinking&pg=PA153 }}</ref> According to Al-Shafi'i and Ibn Qutayba, they were opponents of [[hadith]] and critics of [[Ahl al-Hadith]].<ref name="HadithCriticismPDF">"Hadith Criticism in Early Islam", p. 20. Available at: https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/2977531/normal_5e36a63ad8ab3.pdf</ref> [[File:Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn from the genealogy (silsilanāma), Cream of Histories (Zübdet-üt Tevarih, 1598).jpg|thumb|Under Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], adherents of ''[[Kalam]]'' were favoured and adherents of Hadith were persecuted<ref>{{cite book | last1=Musa | first1=A. | title=?ad?th as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam | date=12 May 2008 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-0-230-61197-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdbGAAAAQBAJ&dq=Al-Ma%27mun+was+inclined+towards+rational+inquiry+in+religious+matters,+supported+the+proponents+of+Kalam+and+persecuted+the+adherents+of+Hadith.&pg=PA63 }}</ref>]] Al-Shafi'i in his ''Jima al-Ilm'' refers to members of Ahl al-Kalam who [[Hadith rejectors|rejected hadith]].<ref name="HadithCriticismPDF">"Hadith Criticism in Early Islam", p. 19. Available at: https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/2977531/normal_5e36a63ad8ab3.pdf</ref> The group, whose identity is not identified, is believed by scholars to be Mu'tazilite. However, some believe they were [[Kharijites|Kharijite]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Schmid | first1=Nora K. | title=The Ascetic Qur'an and its Kharijite Readers | date=22 September 2025 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=978-90-04-54798-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miaIEQAAQBAJ&dq=A+century+after+Ab%C5%AB+Hamza+,+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Idr%C4%ABs+al+-+Sh%C4%81fi%CA%BBi+(+d+.+204/820+)&pg=PA315 }}</ref> Ahl al-Kalam rejected the authority of hadith on the grounds that its body of work was "filled with contradictory, [[Blasphemy|blasphemous]], and absurd" reports, and that in [[jurisprudence]], even the smallest doubt about a source was too much. Thus, they believed, the true legacy of the [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] was to be found first and foremost in the Qur'an.<ref>https://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_836_66f3c74ac6651881aeb32f7fbef47109.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810082513/http://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_836_66f3c74ac6651881aeb32f7fbef47109.pdf |date=2017-08-10 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=January 2026}}</ref><ref name=DWBRTMIT1996:15>[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-22|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#DWBRTMIT1996|reason= }}: p.15</ref> They rejected hadith in favour of the [[Practical Sunnah|living tradition]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hasan | first1=Israr | title=The Conflict within Islam: Expressing Religion Through Politics | date=23 December 2011 | publisher=iUniverse | isbn=978-1-4620-8302-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Bww1fwsg8C&dq=Ahl+al-Kalam+rejected+hadith+in+favour+of+the+living+tradition.&pg=PA79 }}</ref> Under Abbasid caliph [[al-Ma'mun]], adherents of Kalam were favoured and supporters of hadith were dealt harshly. Al-Ma'mun was inclined towards rational inquiry in religious matters, supported the proponents of Kalam and persecuted the adherents of hadith. His two immediate successors, Al-Mu'tasim and Al-Wathiq, followed his policies. Unlike the three caliphs before him, al-Mutawakkil was not inclined to [[Rationalism|rational]] inquiry in religious matters, and strove to bolster hadith as a necessary source of the Sunnah.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Musa | first1=A. | title=?ad?th as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam | date=12 May 2008 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-0-230-61197-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdbGAAAAQBAJ&dq=Al-Ma%27mun+was+inclined+towards+rational+inquiry+in+religious+matters,+supported+the+proponents+of+Kalam+and+persecuted+the+adherents+of+Hadith.&pg=PA63 }}</ref> Ahl al-Kalam were known to attend the [[House of Wisdom]] with al-Ma'mun.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Ihsanoğlu | first1=Ekmeleddin | title=The Abbasid House of Wisdom: Between Myth and Reality | date=August 2022 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-1-000-73628-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeR8EAAAQBAJ&dq=Ahl+al-Kalam+and+the+House+of+Wisdom&pg=PT53 }}</ref> == See also == * [[Hadith rejectors]] * [[Islamic philosophy]] * [[Neo-Mu'tazilites]] * [[Muslim Hebraists]] * [[Islamic Golden Age]] * [[Islamic archaeology]] * [[Al-Kindi]] * [[Kindi Circle]] * [[Ash'arism]] * [[Maturidism]] == References == [[Category:Islam]] 2jy9wmtqqrxtw66rf1fig6wanm40qmv 0 1274379 10966650 10911793 2026-08-18T14:52:01Z Staticshakedown 123668 expansion 10966650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FAU Sign NW 20th St.jpg|thumb|alt=Street entrance|Street entrance]] '''Florida Atlantic University''' ('''FAU''') is a public [[university]] in [[Boca Raton, Florida]], US. The university also has [[campus|location]]s in Dania Beach, Davie, Fort Lauderdale, Jupiter, and Fort Pierce, Florida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Locations |url=https://www.fau.edu/about/locations/ |website=Florida Atlantic University |access-date=6 July 2026 |language=en}}</ref> FAU opened in 1964. FAU's sports teams are called the Florida Atlantic Owls. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.fau.edu/ Official website] lammh7k6ykbszkgtgsg1bjq2pbxj3vu 10966655 10966650 2026-08-18T14:53:55Z Staticshakedown 123668 +commons 10966655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FAU Sign NW 20th St.jpg|thumb|alt=Street entrance|Street entrance]] '''Florida Atlantic University''' ('''FAU''') is a public [[university]] in [[Boca Raton, Florida]], US. The university also has [[campus|location]]s in Dania Beach, Davie, Fort Lauderdale, Jupiter, and Fort Pierce, Florida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Locations |url=https://www.fau.edu/about/locations/ |website=Florida Atlantic University |access-date=6 July 2026 |language=en}}</ref> FAU opened in 1964. FAU's sports teams are called the Florida Atlantic Owls. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons}} * [https://www.fau.edu/ Official website] jtqy49bbfmq7xybrdg4q1qxggsm5y2v 0 1274520 10966692 10913274 2026-08-18T15:35:59Z Werner100359 106408 /* References */ 10966692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Benjamin Ozegovic | image = Austria U-18 vs. Netherlands U-18 2017-03-23 (011).jpg | fullname = Benjamin Ozegovic | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|8|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Velika Kladuša]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | height = 187 cm | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 1 | youthyears1 = 2006-2013 | youthclubs1 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] | youthyears2 = 2013-2026 | youthclubs2 = [[FK Austria Wien]] | years1 = 2016-2020 | clubs1 = [[SCR Altach]] | caps1 =2 | goals1 =0 | years2 = 2016-2019 | clubs2 = [[SCR Altach II]] | caps2 =53 | goals2 =0 | years3 = 2020-2024 | clubs3 = [[WSG Tirol]] | caps3 =21 | goals3 =0 | years4= 2020-2024 | clubs4 = [[WSG Tirol II]] | caps4 =7 | goals4 =0 | years5= 2024- | clubs5 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps5 =3 | goals5 =0 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2016 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria national under-16 football team|Austria U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2016-2017 | nationalteam2 = [[Austria national under-18 football team|Austria U18]] | nationalcaps2 = 5 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2017-2018 | nationalteam3 = [[Austria national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps3 =2 | nationalgoals3 =0 | pcupdate = 8 July 2026 | ntupdate = 8 July 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Benjamin Ozegovic''' (born August 9, 1999, in Velika Kladuša, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]) is an Austrian football goalkeeper of Bosnian descent. He plays as goalkeeper for the [[2. Liga|2nd league]] club [[FC Liefering]]. ==Career == began his career at [[SK Sturm Graz]]. For the 2013/14 season, he moved to the FK Austria Wien academy. After three years in the Austria academy, he went to [[SCR Altach]]. <ref>[https://www.vol.at/nationaltormann-kommt-hofbauer-geht-weg/4766922 VOL.at] </ref> He made his debut for Altach's reserve team in the Regionalliga in July 2016. He was in the starting team against SV Wörgl in the first round of the [[Regionalliga West (Austria)|Regionalligaseason]]. After 53 appearances for the reserve team, he made his Bundesliga debut for the senior squad in March 2020 against [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling|FC Admira Wacker Mödling.]] He came in as a substitute for Anderson in the 10th minute after starting goalkeeper [[Martin Kobras]] had been sent off. He left Altach after four seasons and joined [[WSG Tirol]]. <ref>[https://www.wsg-fussball.at/de/aktuelles/meldungen/5060047432.php WSG Tirol] </ref>Over four seasons with WSG, he made 21 Bundesliga appearances. He left the club after the 2023/24 season. In September 2024, he then moved to the second-division club [[FC Liefering]]. <ref>[https://www.sn.at/sport/fussball/red-bull-salzburg/fc-liefering-bundesliga-goalie-vertrag-165150712 Salzburger Nachrichten] </ref> ==International == He made his debut for the Austrian U-17 team against Iceland in March 2016. That same year, he also participated in the European Championship with the squad. Ozegovic played in three of the team's four matches during the tournament. In September 2016, he made his debut for the U-18 team against Belgium. Between August 2017 and March 2018, he made two appearances for the U-19 team. {{Commonscat|Benjamin Ozegovic|Benjamin Ožegović}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ozegovic, Benjamin}} [[Category:1999 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Austrian football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Association football goalkeepers]] rouliccfa8kr7go33rrk4o34pqk9qwq 0 1275300 10966766 10919515 2026-08-18T16:42:35Z Canadachick 1633172 10966766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Waspstinger1658-2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Wasp]] stinger, with droplet of [[Venom (poison)|venom]]]] A '''stinger''' is a body part certain [[Animal|animals]] have. It is used to inject [[poison]] into another animal. Usually, stingers are used for defense. Some animals use their stinger for hunting their prey. Many [[Insect|insects]] and some [[Arthropod|arthropods]] have stingers. {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Animal anatomy]] ccaenrtvyguoo5a3hxzhmxaxgfxjy25 0 1275306 10966947 10938142 2026-08-18T19:34:43Z ~2026-45489-25 1857592 10966947 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Marwanid-Byzantine wars''' were a series of military confrontations and border conflicts and battles between the Marwanid State, a [[Kurdish]] principality that ruled Diyarbakir between 990 and 1085 CE, and the Byzantine Empire during the late 10th and early 11th centuries.<ref name=":0">(The Islamic–Byzantine Border in History, Chapter 9: "A Cosmopolitan Frontier State: Relations among the Kurds, Arabs, Byzantines, Armenians, Persians and Turks under the Marwanids of Diyar Bakr (990–1085)", Carole Hillenbrand)</ref> These conflicts arose from the Marwanid State's strategic location on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire. Both sides competed for control of cities and fortresses in [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], Mayyafariqin, Amid, and the areas surrounding Lake Van.<ref name=":1">(The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs)</ref> Relations between the Marwanids and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] witnessed successive phases of military confrontations, truces, and political alliances. The reign of Emperor Basil II was a prominent period, as he combined military campaigns with diplomatic rapprochement with the Marwanid princes.<ref>(Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, The History of Mayyafariqin and Amid; Carole Hillenbrand, The Islamic–Byzantine Border in History)</ref> These conflicts continued until the second half of the 11th century, when the rise of the Seljuks shifted the balance of power in the region<ref>(The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4; Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, The History of Mayyafariqin and Amid)</ref> {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Marwanid-Byzantine wars | place = Eastern Anatolia * Diyar Bakr * Lake Van region * Mayyafariqin * Amid * Arzan * Akhlat | image = Marwanids siljuq war.jpg | result = Marwanid Victory * Byzantine offensive failed * Marwanid Emirate preserved its independence * Byzantine territorial objectives in Diyar Bakr were not achieved * The loss of the Byzantines in the battle of Manzikert | combatant1 = Marwanid dynasty | combatant2 = [[Byzantine Empire]] | date = Date: Late 10th century – early 11th century | commander1 = * Badh ibn Dustak <ref>{{cite book |last=Hillenbrand |first=Carole |chapter=A Cosmopolitan Frontier State: Relations among the Kurds, Arabs, Byzantines, Armenians, Persians and Turks under the Marwanids of Diyar Bakr (990–1085) |title=The Islamic–Byzantine Border in History |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2022 |page=229 |isbn=9781474474603 }}</ref> * Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Marwan * Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id * Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan * Nizam al-Din Nas | commander2 = * [[Basil II]] * Constantine VIII * Romanos III Argyros * Michael IV the Paphlagonian * Constantine IX Monomachos | units1 = Unknown * Marwanids [[kurdish]] Troops | units2 = Unknown * Byzantine Imperial Army * Arab tribes | casualties1 = Unknown | casualties2 = Unknown | caption = Siege of the Marwanids of Edessa }} == Background of the wars == The battles between the two sides were not a series of all-out wars of extermination, but rather took the character of border raids and the protection of castles But this does not deny that there have been major confrontations between the two sides In fact, the conflict has older roots.During the revolt of Bardas Phocas the Younger in the Byzantine Empire, Badh ibn Dustak took advantage of the turbulent political situation to conquer the Mush Plain in Taron, an [[Armenians|Armenian]] principality that had been annexed by the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 966<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-62371-1 |editor-last=Bozarslan |editor-first=Hamit |location=Cambridge ; New York |editor-last2=Gunes |editor-first2=Cengiz |editor-last3=Yadirgi |editor-first3=Veli}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Catherine |title=Basil II and the governance of Empire (976-1025) |url=https://archive.org/details/basiliigovernanc0000holm |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-927968-5 |series=Oxford studies in Byzantium |location=Oxford ; New York}}</ref> Despite Nasr al-Dawla's annexation of Edessa, the Byzantine general George Maniakis recaptured the city in 1031. In 1032, Nasr al-Dawla dispatched an army of 5,000 cavalry under his military commander Bal to retake the city from Arab tribes supported by the Byzantines. The Kurdish commander Bal managed to enter the city, kill the Arab tribal leader, and then wrote to his lord requesting reinforcements, saying, "If you wish to save your sovereignty ove [[Kurdistan]]." Ultimately, the Byzantines recaptured Edessa in 1033. The Battle of Edessa is considered one of the fiercest battles between the Marwanids and the Byzantines.<ref>{{Citation |date=2024-12-30 |editor-last=Akgün |editor-first=Birol |title=Türk Maarif Ansiklopedisi Cilt 4 |volume=1 |url=https://doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-19-9 |access-date=2026-06-27 |publisher=Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, Türkiye Maarif Vakfı |doi=10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-19-9 |doi-broken-date=28 June 2026 |isbn=978-625-6110-16-8 |editor2-last=Şeker |editor2-first=Muzaffer |editor3-last=Bilgili |editor3-first=Ahmet Emre |editor4-last=Özcan |editor4-first=Azmi}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |date=2024-12-30 |editor-last=Akgün |editor-first=Birol |title=Türk Maarif Ansiklopedisi Cilt 2 |volume=1 |doi=10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-17-5 |doi-broken-date=28 June 2026 |url=https://doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-17-5 |access-date=2026-06-28 |isbn=978-625-6110-16-8 |editor2-last=Şeker |editor2-first=Muzaffer |editor3-last=Bilgili |editor3-first=Ahmet Emre |editor4-last=Özcan |editor4-first=Azmi}}</ref> == Peace under Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id == In a period of time Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id The prince, a exploited the Byzantines' ambitions. His relationship with Emperor Basil II was exceptionally cordial. When Basil learned of the assassination of the Georgian ruler David III (King of Tau), who had bequeathed his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire by will, he halted his campaign in Syria, which had been undertaken to secure the allegiance of the Arab princes. He then crossed the Euphrates River, annexed David's kingdom, and received the prince with great honor and respect, concluding a peace treaty with him. The prince used this peace to rebuild the walls of his capital, Mayyafariqin, where an inscription commemorating this event still exists.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Byzantium in the year 1000 |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiuminyear1000045unse |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12097-6 |editor-last=Magdalino |editor-first=Paul |series=The medieval Mediterranean |location=Leiden ; Boston}}</ref> == Renewed hostilities == Clashes between the two sides later Due to many tensions Kurdish forces took part in the [[Battle of Manzikert]] With 10,000 fighters and 4,000 guards :<ref name="ReferenceA">Sıbt İbnü'l - Cevzi, ''Mir'âtü'z-Zaman Fi Tarihi'l - Ayan'da Selçuklular,'' Türk Tarih Kurumu</ref> <ref name="m.bianet.org">{{Web kaynağı |url=https://m.bianet.org/bianet/tarih/189353-malazgirt-te-selcuklu-ordusunda-kurtler-var-miydi |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=6 Ekim 2021 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825190033/https://m.bianet.org/bianet/tarih/189353-malazgirt-te-selcuklu-ordusunda-kurtler-var-miydi |arşivtarihi=25 Ağustos 2021 |ölüurl=hayır }}</ref> == References == <references /> 45nhh3nzbc909uweqdbzxhjd0m2qz97 10966952 10966947 2026-08-18T19:41:57Z ~2026-45489-25 1857592 10966952 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Marwanid-Byzantine wars''' were a series of military confrontations and border conflicts and battles between the Marwanid State, a [[Kurdish]] principality that ruled Diyarbakir between 990 and 1085 CE, and the Byzantine Empire during the late 10th and early 11th centuries.<ref name=":0">(The Islamic–Byzantine Border in History, Chapter 9: "A Cosmopolitan Frontier State: Relations among the Kurds, Arabs, Byzantines, Armenians, Persians and Turks under the Marwanids of Diyar Bakr (990–1085)", Carole Hillenbrand)</ref> These conflicts arose from the Marwanid State's strategic location on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire. Both sides competed for control of cities and fortresses in [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], Mayyafariqin, Amid, and the areas surrounding Lake Van.<ref name=":1">(The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs)</ref> Relations between the Marwanids and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] witnessed successive phases of military confrontations, truces, and political alliances. The reign of Emperor Basil II was a prominent period, as he combined military campaigns with diplomatic rapprochement with the Marwanid princes.<ref>(Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, The History of Mayyafariqin and Amid; Carole Hillenbrand, The Islamic–Byzantine Border in History)</ref> These conflicts continued until the second half of the 11th century, when the rise of the Seljuks shifted the balance of power in the region<ref>(The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4; Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, The History of Mayyafariqin and Amid)</ref> {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Marwanid-Byzantine wars | place = Eastern Anatolia * Amed * Lake Van region * Mayyafariqin (silvan) * Arzan * Akhlat | image = Marwanids siljuq war.jpg | result = Marwanid Victory * Byzantine offensive failed * Marwanid Emirate preserved its independence * Byzantine territorial objectives in Amed were not achieved * The loss of the Byzantines in the battle of Manzikert | combatant1 = Marwanid dynasty | combatant2 = [[Byzantine Empire]] | date = Date: Late 10th century – early 11th century | commander1 = * Badh ibn Dustak <ref>{{cite book |last=Hillenbrand |first=Carole |chapter=A Cosmopolitan Frontier State: Relations among the Kurds, Arabs, Byzantines, Armenians, Persians and Turks under the Marwanids of Diyar Bakr (990–1085) |title=The Islamic–Byzantine Border in History |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2022 |page=229 |isbn=9781474474603 }}</ref> * Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Marwan * Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id * Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan * Nizam al-Din Nas | commander2 = * [[Basil II]] * Constantine VIII * Romanos III Argyros * Michael IV the Paphlagonian * Constantine IX Monomachos | units1 = Unknown * Marwanids [[kurdish]] Troops | units2 = Unknown * Byzantine Imperial Army * Arab tribes | casualties1 = Unknown | casualties2 = Unknown | caption = Siege of the Marwanids of riha }} == Background of the wars == The battles between the two sides were not a series of all-out wars of extermination, but rather took the character of border raids and the protection of castles But this does not deny that there have been major confrontations between the two sides In fact, the conflict has older roots.During the revolt of Bardas Phocas the Younger in the Byzantine Empire, Badh ibn Dustak took advantage of the turbulent political situation to conquer the Mush Plain in Taron, an [[Armenians|Armenian]] principality that had been annexed by the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 966<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-62371-1 |editor-last=Bozarslan |editor-first=Hamit |location=Cambridge ; New York |editor-last2=Gunes |editor-first2=Cengiz |editor-last3=Yadirgi |editor-first3=Veli}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Catherine |title=Basil II and the governance of Empire (976-1025) |url=https://archive.org/details/basiliigovernanc0000holm |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-927968-5 |series=Oxford studies in Byzantium |location=Oxford ; New York}}</ref> Despite Nasr al-Dawla's annexation of Edessa, the Byzantine general George Maniakis recaptured the city in 1031. In 1032, Nasr al-Dawla dispatched an army of 5,000 cavalry under his military commander Bal to retake the city from Arab tribes supported by the Byzantines. The Kurdish commander Bal managed to enter the city, kill the Arab tribal leader, and then wrote to his lord requesting reinforcements, saying, "If you wish to save your sovereignty ove [[Kurdistan]]." Ultimately, the Byzantines recaptured Edessa in 1033. The Battle of Edessa is considered one of the fiercest battles between the Marwanids and the Byzantines.<ref>{{Citation |date=2024-12-30 |editor-last=Akgün |editor-first=Birol |title=Türk Maarif Ansiklopedisi Cilt 4 |volume=1 |url=https://doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-19-9 |access-date=2026-06-27 |publisher=Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, Türkiye Maarif Vakfı |doi=10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-19-9 |doi-broken-date=28 June 2026 |isbn=978-625-6110-16-8 |editor2-last=Şeker |editor2-first=Muzaffer |editor3-last=Bilgili |editor3-first=Ahmet Emre |editor4-last=Özcan |editor4-first=Azmi}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |date=2024-12-30 |editor-last=Akgün |editor-first=Birol |title=Türk Maarif Ansiklopedisi Cilt 2 |volume=1 |doi=10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-17-5 |doi-broken-date=28 June 2026 |url=https://doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-17-5 |access-date=2026-06-28 |isbn=978-625-6110-16-8 |editor2-last=Şeker |editor2-first=Muzaffer |editor3-last=Bilgili |editor3-first=Ahmet Emre |editor4-last=Özcan |editor4-first=Azmi}}</ref> == Peace under Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id == In a period of time Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id The prince, a exploited the Byzantines' ambitions. His relationship with Emperor Basil II was exceptionally cordial. When Basil learned of the assassination of the Georgian ruler David III (King of Tau), who had bequeathed his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire by will, he halted his campaign in Syria, which had been undertaken to secure the allegiance of the Arab princes. He then crossed the Euphrates River, annexed David's kingdom, and received the prince with great honor and respect, concluding a peace treaty with him. The prince used this peace to rebuild the walls of his capital, Mayyafariqin, where an inscription commemorating this event still exists.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Byzantium in the year 1000 |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiuminyear1000045unse |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12097-6 |editor-last=Magdalino |editor-first=Paul |series=The medieval Mediterranean |location=Leiden ; Boston}}</ref> == Renewed hostilities == Clashes between the two sides later Due to many tensions Kurdish forces took part in the [[Battle of Manzikert]] With 10,000 fighters and 4,000 guards :<ref name="ReferenceA">Sıbt İbnü'l - Cevzi, ''Mir'âtü'z-Zaman Fi Tarihi'l - Ayan'da Selçuklular,'' Türk Tarih Kurumu</ref> <ref name="m.bianet.org">{{Web kaynağı |url=https://m.bianet.org/bianet/tarih/189353-malazgirt-te-selcuklu-ordusunda-kurtler-var-miydi |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=6 Ekim 2021 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825190033/https://m.bianet.org/bianet/tarih/189353-malazgirt-te-selcuklu-ordusunda-kurtler-var-miydi |arşivtarihi=25 Ağustos 2021 |ölüurl=hayır }}</ref> == References == <references /> rhoz6dji02yg73whv2rgbed39w6jg04 10966997 10966952 2026-08-18T21:21:04Z Peterdownunder 17988 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45489-25|~2026-45489-25]] ([[User talk:~2026-45489-25|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by InternetArchiveBot. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966997 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Marwanid-Byzantine wars''' were a series of military confrontations and border conflicts and battles between the Marwanid State, a [[Kurdish]] principality that ruled Diyarbakir between 990 and 1085 CE, and the Byzantine Empire during the late 10th and early 11th centuries.<ref name=":0">(The Islamic–Byzantine Border in History, Chapter 9: "A Cosmopolitan Frontier State: Relations among the Kurds, Arabs, Byzantines, Armenians, Persians and Turks under the Marwanids of Diyar Bakr (990–1085)", Carole Hillenbrand)</ref> These conflicts arose from the Marwanid State's strategic location on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire. Both sides competed for control of cities and fortresses in [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], Mayyafariqin, Amid, and the areas surrounding Lake Van.<ref name=":1">(The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs)</ref> Relations between the Marwanids and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] witnessed successive phases of military confrontations, truces, and political alliances. The reign of Emperor Basil II was a prominent period, as he combined military campaigns with diplomatic rapprochement with the Marwanid princes.<ref>(Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, The History of Mayyafariqin and Amid; Carole Hillenbrand, The Islamic–Byzantine Border in History)</ref> These conflicts continued until the second half of the 11th century, when the rise of the Seljuks shifted the balance of power in the region<ref>(The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4; Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, The History of Mayyafariqin and Amid)</ref> {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Marwanid-Byzantine wars | place = Eastern Anatolia * Diyar Bakr * Lake Van region * Mayyafariqin * Amid * Arzan * Akhlat | image = Marwanids siljuq war.jpg | result = Marwanid Victory * Byzantine offensive failed * Marwanid Emirate preserved its independence * Byzantine territorial objectives in Diyar Bakr were not achieved * The loss of the Byzantines in the battle of Manzikert | combatant1 = Marwanid dynasty | combatant2 = [[Byzantine Empire]] | date = Date: Late 10th century – early 11th century | commander1 = * Badh ibn Dustak <ref>{{cite book |last=Hillenbrand |first=Carole |chapter=A Cosmopolitan Frontier State: Relations among the Kurds, Arabs, Byzantines, Armenians, Persians and Turks under the Marwanids of Diyar Bakr (990–1085) |title=The Islamic–Byzantine Border in History |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2022 |page=229 |isbn=9781474474603 }}</ref> * Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Marwan * Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id * Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan * Nizam al-Din Nas | commander2 = * [[Basil II]] * Constantine VIII * Romanos III Argyros * Michael IV the Paphlagonian * Constantine IX Monomachos | units1 = Unknown * Marwanids [[kurdish]] Troops | units2 = Unknown * Byzantine Imperial Army * Arab tribes | casualties1 = Unknown | casualties2 = Unknown | caption = Siege of the Marwanids of Edessa }} == Background of the wars == The battles between the two sides were not a series of all-out wars of extermination, but rather took the character of border raids and the protection of castles But this does not deny that there have been major confrontations between the two sides In fact, the conflict has older roots.During the revolt of Bardas Phocas the Younger in the Byzantine Empire, Badh ibn Dustak took advantage of the turbulent political situation to conquer the Mush Plain in Taron, an [[Armenians|Armenian]] principality that had been annexed by the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 966<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-62371-1 |editor-last=Bozarslan |editor-first=Hamit |location=Cambridge ; New York |editor-last2=Gunes |editor-first2=Cengiz |editor-last3=Yadirgi |editor-first3=Veli}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Catherine |title=Basil II and the governance of Empire (976-1025) |url=https://archive.org/details/basiliigovernanc0000holm |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-927968-5 |series=Oxford studies in Byzantium |location=Oxford ; New York}}</ref> Despite Nasr al-Dawla's annexation of Edessa, the Byzantine general George Maniakis recaptured the city in 1031. In 1032, Nasr al-Dawla dispatched an army of 5,000 cavalry under his military commander Bal to retake the city from Arab tribes supported by the Byzantines. The Kurdish commander Bal managed to enter the city, kill the Arab tribal leader, and then wrote to his lord requesting reinforcements, saying, "If you wish to save your sovereignty over Kurtistan ([[Kurdistan]])." Ultimately, the Byzantines recaptured Edessa in 1033. The Battle of Edessa is considered one of the fiercest battles between the Marwanids and the Byzantines.<ref>{{Citation |date=2024-12-30 |editor-last=Akgün |editor-first=Birol |title=Türk Maarif Ansiklopedisi Cilt 4 |volume=1 |url=https://doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-19-9 |access-date=2026-06-27 |publisher=Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, Türkiye Maarif Vakfı |doi=10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-19-9 |doi-broken-date=28 June 2026 |isbn=978-625-6110-16-8 |editor2-last=Şeker |editor2-first=Muzaffer |editor3-last=Bilgili |editor3-first=Ahmet Emre |editor4-last=Özcan |editor4-first=Azmi}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |date=2024-12-30 |editor-last=Akgün |editor-first=Birol |title=Türk Maarif Ansiklopedisi Cilt 2 |volume=1 |doi=10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-17-5 |doi-broken-date=28 June 2026 |url=https://doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-6110-17-5 |access-date=2026-06-28 |isbn=978-625-6110-16-8 |editor2-last=Şeker |editor2-first=Muzaffer |editor3-last=Bilgili |editor3-first=Ahmet Emre |editor4-last=Özcan |editor4-first=Azmi}}</ref> == Peace under Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id == In a period of time Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id The prince, a exploited the Byzantines' ambitions. His relationship with Emperor Basil II was exceptionally cordial. When Basil learned of the assassination of the Georgian ruler David III (King of Tau), who had bequeathed his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire by will, he halted his campaign in Syria, which had been undertaken to secure the allegiance of the Arab princes. He then crossed the Euphrates River, annexed David's kingdom, and received the prince with great honor and respect, concluding a peace treaty with him. The prince used this peace to rebuild the walls of his capital, Mayyafariqin, where an inscription commemorating this event still exists.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Byzantium in the year 1000 |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiuminyear1000045unse |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12097-6 |editor-last=Magdalino |editor-first=Paul |series=The medieval Mediterranean |location=Leiden ; Boston}}</ref> == Renewed hostilities == Clashes between the two sides later Due to many tensions Kurdish forces took part in the [[Battle of Manzikert]] With 10,000 fighters and 4,000 guards :<ref name="ReferenceA">Sıbt İbnü'l - Cevzi, ''Mir'âtü'z-Zaman Fi Tarihi'l - Ayan'da Selçuklular,'' Türk Tarih Kurumu</ref> <ref name="m.bianet.org">{{Web kaynağı |url=https://m.bianet.org/bianet/tarih/189353-malazgirt-te-selcuklu-ordusunda-kurtler-var-miydi |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=6 Ekim 2021 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825190033/https://m.bianet.org/bianet/tarih/189353-malazgirt-te-selcuklu-ordusunda-kurtler-var-miydi |arşivtarihi=25 Ağustos 2021 |ölüurl=hayır }}</ref> == References == <references /> ox5clgjwx6a2tc7pq04mydh8a8iiucd 3 1277472 10967230 10957979 2026-08-19T05:33:44Z MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is) 1857819 rvv 10967230 wikitext text/x-wiki == Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction == Hi. [[User:Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction|Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction]] ([[User talk:Niglets got bombed and rapéd by Staraction|talk]]) 05:32, 8 August 2026 (UTC) t6e6qw28t5s3qd71fb93q9lw4kx67ou 10967241 10967230 2026-08-19T05:52:34Z M7 974 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)]] ([[User talk:MCE89 (I know what cuwiki is)|talk]]) to last version by 1234qwer1234qwer4 10944920 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 1277711 10966688 10955122 2026-08-18T15:25:04Z BluePixelLOLLL 1700676 10966688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Margaret Rudkin | image = | caption = | other_names = Margaret Fogarty Rudkin | birth_name = Margaret Fogarty | birth_date = {{Birth date|1897|09|14}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], US | death_date = {{death date and age|1967|6|1|1897|9|14}} | death_place = [[New Haven, Connecticut]], US | occupation = Baker, businesswoman | known_for = Founder of [[Pepperidge Farm]], first woman on the board of directors at [[Campbell Soup Company]] | spouse = Henry Albert Rudkin | children = 3 }} '''Margaret Loreta Rudkin''' ({{née|'''Fogarty'''}}; September 14, 1897 – June 1, 1967<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/greatlivesfromhi0005unse_h3v1/ |title=Great Lives From History |publisher=[[Salem Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=089356897X |series=American Women Series |volume=5 |location=Pasadena |pages=1561, 1562 |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref>) was an American businesswoman who started [[Pepperidge Farm]] and was the first woman of the board at the [[Campbell Soup Company]]. == Early life == On September 14, 1897, Rudkin was born as Margaret Loreta Fogarty in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], New York. Rudkin's parents were Joseph J. Fogarty, an Irish clerk, and Margaret Healy. She was the oldest of her four siblings. Rudkin had red hair and green eyes. Rudkin learned cooking from her grandmother, who started her off with cakes and biscuits. The family moved to [[Flushing, Queens]], after her grandmother's death. She studied finance and graduated as a top student from her high school.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Barbara |url=https://archive.org/details/foundersoffamous0000kram/ |title=The founders of famous food companies |publisher=Enslow Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=9780766015371 |location=Berkeley Heights, NJ |pages= |chapter=Margaret Rudkin: An Old-fashioned Idea |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> == Career == At first, she worked as a bank teller in Flushing. In 1919, she got a job at the investment company McClure Jones and Co., where she met her husband, Henry Rudkin, a Wall Street stock broker. They got married in 1923. She quit her job at the beginning of the [[Great Depression]] and moved to a farm in [[Fairfield, Connecticut]], though they had no experience being on a farm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uyehara |first=Mari |date=February 21, 2019 |title=The Remarkable Life of Margaret Rudkin, Founder of Pepperidge Farm |url=https://tastecooking.com/distinctive-life-margaret-rudkin-founder-pepperidge-farm/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=TASTE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mothers of invention: Margaret Rudkin |url=https://custom-powder.com/mothers-of-invention-margaret-rudkin/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Color Powder Systems}}</ref> She would use the skills her grandmother taught her when making bread. Her son's asthma and allergies were to over-[[processed food]] and [[Preservative|preservatives]], so his doctor recommended a diet of fruits, vegetables, and other foods that weren't processed as much. Using her grandmother's recipe, Rudkin decided to make [[whole wheat bread]] – more nutritious than store-bought [[white bread]], which lost vitamins and minerals in processing and was artificially supported. Other ingredients she used were whole milk, butter, honey, and molasses.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=March 21, 1960 |title=Champion of the Old-Fashioned: Business: Margaret Rudkin |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,894834-2,00.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time Inc.}}</ref> Though she had a hard time in her first attempts, she came up with a type of bread that tasted good. She proudly showed the doctor her creation. He wrote a letter supporting it and began to recommend the bread to his other patients. She also visited other doctors, who liked her bread and showed it to their patients.<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine |last=Prince |first=Cathryn J. |date=Winter 2015–2016 |title=Pepperidge Farm: Healthful Bread Builds a Business |url=https://www.ctexplored.org/pepperidge-farm-healthful-bread-builds-a-business/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |magazine=Connecticut Explored}}</ref> Her husband joined the company in 1949 and it became a family business. The couple traveled to Europe in the 1950s, which would inspire a number of products such as [[Milano (cookie)|Milanos]] and [[Goldfish (cracker)|Goldfish]] crackers. Rudkin sold Pepperidge Farm to [[Campbell Soup Company]] in 1961 for $28.2 million in stock, gaining a large profit from her 24-year-old investment and becoming Campbell's first female board member.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last1=Much |first1=Marilyn |date=May 10, 2019 |title=How Margaret Rudkin used a loaf of bread to turn Pepperidge farm into an industry dynamo |url=https://www.investors.com/news/management/leaders-and-success/how-margaret-rudkin-used-a-loaf-of-bread-to-turn-pepperidge-farm-into-an-industry-dynamo/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=[[Investor's Business Daily]]}}</ref> == Personal life == On April 8, 1923, Rudkin married Henry Albert Rudkin. They had three sons. On April 22, 1966, Rudkin's husband died at the age of 80. On June 1, 1967, Rudkin died of breast cancer at Yale-New Haven hospital in New Haven, Connecticut. She was 69.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It7xUhgO9VAC&q=history+of+pepperidge+farm&pg=PA70 | title=Remembering Fairfield: Famous People & Historic Places | publisher=The History Press | year=2007 | author=Papazian, Rita | pages=70| isbn=9781596292390 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/02/archives/mrs-margaret-rudkin-is-dead-founder-of-pepperidge-farm-homebaked.html |title=Mrs. Margaret Rudkin is Dead; Founder of Pepperidge Farm; Home-Baked Business Grew to $50-Million Yearly and National Distribution |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 2, 1967 |access-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref> Rudkin is buried in [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx)|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]], New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margaret Rudkin - Notable |url=https://www.woodlawn.org/home-2/margaret-rudkin-notable/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=[[Woodlawn Cemetery]]}}</ref> Her son Mark became a landscape builder known for working on famous gardens in France, such as the [[Jardins du Nouveau Monde]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=An American Gardener Working in Paris |url=https://www.gardendesign.com/abroad/paris-mark-rudkin.html |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=Garden Design}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{Cite book |last=Rudkin |first=Margaret |title=The Margaret Rudkin Pepperidge Farm Cookbook |publisher=Atheneum |year=1963 |location=New York |oclc=776390427}} ==External links== * [https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/margaret-fogarty-rudkin Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame: Margaret Fogarty Rudkin] {{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Rudkin, Margaret}} [[Category:1897 births]] [[Category:1967 deaths]] [[Category:People from Fairfield, Connecticut]] [[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]] {{stub}} 1kwuypita6d20ipw9eedqtmz99cm86x 10966877 10966688 2026-08-18T17:27:16Z Canadachick 1633172 10966877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Margaret Rudkin | image = | caption = | other_names = Margaret Fogarty Rudkin | birth_name = Margaret Fogarty | birth_date = {{Birth date|1897|09|14}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], US | death_date = {{death date and age|1967|6|1|1897|9|14}} | death_place = [[New Haven, Connecticut]], US | occupation = Baker, businesswoman | known_for = Founder of [[Pepperidge Farm]], first woman on the board of directors at [[Campbell Soup Company]] | spouse = Henry Albert Rudkin | children = 3 }} '''Margaret Loreta Rudkin''' ({{née|'''Fogarty'''}}; September 14, 1897 – June 1, 1967<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/greatlivesfromhi0005unse_h3v1/ |title=Great Lives From History |publisher=[[Salem Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=089356897X |series=American Women Series |volume=5 |location=Pasadena |pages=1561, 1562 |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref>) was an American businesswoman who started [[Pepperidge Farm]] and was the first woman of the board at the [[Campbell Soup Company]]. == Early life == On September 14, 1897, Rudkin was born as Margaret Loreta Fogarty in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], New York. Rudkin's parents were Joseph J. Fogarty, an Irish clerk, and Margaret Healy. She was the oldest of her four siblings. Rudkin had red hair and green eyes. Rudkin learned cooking from her grandmother, who started her off with cakes and biscuits. The family moved to [[Flushing, Queens]], after her grandmother's death. She studied finance and graduated as a top student from her high school.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Barbara |url=https://archive.org/details/foundersoffamous0000kram/ |title=The founders of famous food companies |publisher=Enslow Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=9780766015371 |location=Berkeley Heights, NJ |pages= |chapter=Margaret Rudkin: An Old-fashioned Idea |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> == Career == At first, she worked as a bank teller in Flushing. In 1919, she got a job at the investment company McClure Jones and Co., where she met her husband, Henry Rudkin, a Wall Street stock broker. They got married in 1923. She quit her job at the beginning of the [[Great Depression]] and moved to a farm in [[Fairfield, Connecticut]], though they had no experience being on a farm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uyehara |first=Mari |date=February 21, 2019 |title=The Remarkable Life of Margaret Rudkin, Founder of Pepperidge Farm |url=https://tastecooking.com/distinctive-life-margaret-rudkin-founder-pepperidge-farm/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=TASTE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mothers of invention: Margaret Rudkin |url=https://custom-powder.com/mothers-of-invention-margaret-rudkin/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Color Powder Systems}}</ref> She would use the skills her grandmother taught her when making bread. Her son's asthma and allergies were to over-[[processed food]] and [[Preservative|preservatives]], so his doctor recommended a diet of fruits, vegetables, and other foods that weren't processed as much. Using her grandmother's recipe, Rudkin decided to make [[whole wheat bread]] – more nutritious than store-bought [[white bread]], which lost vitamins and minerals in processing and was artificially supported. Other ingredients she used were whole milk, butter, honey, and molasses.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=March 21, 1960 |title=Champion of the Old-Fashioned: Business: Margaret Rudkin |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,894834-2,00.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time Inc.}}</ref> Though she had a hard time in her first attempts, she came up with a type of bread that tasted good. She proudly showed the doctor her creation. He wrote a letter supporting it and began to recommend the bread to his other patients. She also visited other doctors, who liked her bread and showed it to their patients.<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine |last=Prince |first=Cathryn J. |date=Winter 2015–2016 |title=Pepperidge Farm: Healthful Bread Builds a Business |url=https://www.ctexplored.org/pepperidge-farm-healthful-bread-builds-a-business/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |magazine=Connecticut Explored}}</ref> Her husband joined the company in 1949 and it became a family business. The couple traveled to Europe in the 1950s, which would inspire a number of products such as [[Milano (cookie)|Milanos]] and [[Goldfish (cracker)|Goldfish]] crackers. Rudkin sold Pepperidge Farm to [[Campbell Soup Company]] in 1961 for $28.2 million in stock, gaining a large profit from her 24-year-old investment and becoming Campbell's first female board member.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last1=Much |first1=Marilyn |date=May 10, 2019 |title=How Margaret Rudkin used a loaf of bread to turn Pepperidge farm into an industry dynamo |url=https://www.investors.com/news/management/leaders-and-success/how-margaret-rudkin-used-a-loaf-of-bread-to-turn-pepperidge-farm-into-an-industry-dynamo/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=[[Investor's Business Daily]]}}</ref> == Personal life == On April 8, 1923, Rudkin married Henry Albert Rudkin. They had three sons. On April 22, 1966, Rudkin's husband died at the age of 80. On June 1, 1967, Rudkin died of breast cancer at Yale-New Haven hospital in New Haven, Connecticut. She was 69.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It7xUhgO9VAC&q=history+of+pepperidge+farm&pg=PA70 | title=Remembering Fairfield: Famous People & Historic Places | publisher=The History Press | year=2007 | author=Papazian, Rita | pages=70| isbn=9781596292390 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/02/archives/mrs-margaret-rudkin-is-dead-founder-of-pepperidge-farm-homebaked.html |title=Mrs. Margaret Rudkin is Dead; Founder of Pepperidge Farm; Home-Baked Business Grew to $50-Million Yearly and National Distribution |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 2, 1967 |access-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref> Rudkin is buried in [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx)|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]], New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margaret Rudkin - Notable |url=https://www.woodlawn.org/home-2/margaret-rudkin-notable/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=[[Woodlawn Cemetery]]}}</ref> Her son Mark became a landscape builder known for working on famous gardens in France, such as the [[Jardins du Nouveau Monde]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=An American Gardener Working in Paris |url=https://www.gardendesign.com/abroad/paris-mark-rudkin.html |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=Garden Design}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{Cite book |last=Rudkin |first=Margaret |title=The Margaret Rudkin Pepperidge Farm Cookbook |publisher=Atheneum |year=1963 |location=New York |oclc=776390427}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/margaret-fogarty-rudkin Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame: Margaret Fogarty Rudkin] {{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Rudkin, Margaret}} [[Category:1897 births]] [[Category:1967 deaths]] [[Category:People from Fairfield, Connecticut]] [[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]] {{US-bio-stub}} iyy4fp3ggsp0soxevnug1ss9trzq6gb 2 1278032 10966711 10962540 2026-08-18T15:51:10Z BluePixelLOLLL 1700676 10966711 wikitext text/x-wiki The following articles were created by [[User:BluePixelLOLLL]]: *[[Olalla, Washington]] *[[Rhythm Heaven Groove]] *[[Pepperidge Farm]] *[[Goldfish (cracker)]] *[[Margaret Rudkin]] *[[Consumer Cellular]] *[[Milano (cookie)]] *[[Midland Radio]] *[[Super Mario Party Jamboree]] *[[Toadette]] tmbnd0c5jvq5q0n3ly5sq14zewfdl2l 2 1278266 10967219 10964901 2026-08-19T05:18:34Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 10967219 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello! I'm still learning my way around Simple English Wikipedia. == Articles created == * [[Yurikuma Arashi]] * [[World Dai Star]] * [[BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita]] * [[BanG Dream! Ave Mujica]] * [[BanG Dream! It's MyGO!!!!!]] * [[BanG Dream! Girls Band Party! Pico]] * [[BanG Dream! Girls Band Party!]] * [[List of BanG Dream! episodes]] * [[Magical Sisters LuluttoLilly]] * [[Puella Magi Madoka Magica (film series)]] * [[List of Puella Magi Madoka Magica episodes]] * [[Magia Record]] * [[List of Magia Record episodes]] == Articles I substantially expanded == * [[Higurashi When They Cry]] — As of August 19, 2026, I had contributed approximately 95.7% of the article by byte contribution. * [[Puella Magi Madoka Magica]] — As of August 19, 2026, I had contributed approximately 52.3% of the article by byte contribution. 4r5g9wwg6e87ya7tt2z754dgwollhox 10967292 10967219 2026-08-19T07:01:53Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 10967292 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello! I'm still learning my way around Simple English Wikipedia. == Articles created == * [[Yurikuma Arashi]] * [[World Dai Star]] * [[BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita]] * [[BanG Dream! Ave Mujica]] * [[BanG Dream! It's MyGO!!!!!]] * [[BanG Dream! Girls Band Party! Pico]] * [[BanG Dream! Girls Band Party!]] * [[List of BanG Dream! episodes]] * [[Magical Sisters LuluttoLilly]] * [[Puella Magi Madoka Magica (film series)]] * [[List of Puella Magi Madoka Magica episodes]] * [[Magia Record]] * [[List of Magia Record episodes]] * [[Flip Flappers]] == Articles I substantially expanded == * [[Higurashi When They Cry]] — As of August 19, 2026, I had contributed approximately 95.7% of the article by byte contribution. * [[Puella Magi Madoka Magica]] — As of August 19, 2026, I had contributed approximately 52.3% of the article by byte contribution. gfmu7oowv4kjde50oqteza2dhq7avj2 0 1278306 10966888 10952986 2026-08-18T17:36:03Z Canadachick 1633172 10966888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox legislature |name=Parliament of Burundi |coa_pic=Coat of arms of Burundi.svg |coa_res=150px |house_type=Bicameralism |houses=[[Senate (Burundi)|Senate]]<br>[[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]] |foundation= 1962 <!--{{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}}--> |seats=124 members (111 and 13) |house1=[[Senate (Burundi)|Senate]] |house2=[[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]] |structure1=Burundi Sénat 2025.svg |structure1_res=300px |structure2=Burundi Assemblée nationale 2025.svg |structure2_res=300px |political_groups1={{legend|#CC0001|[[National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy|CNDD–FDD]]: 10 seats}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|[[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]]: 3 seats}} |political_groups2={{legend|#CC0001|[[National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy|CNDD–FDD]]: 108 seats}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|[[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]]: 3 seats}} |voting_system1=[[Electoral college]] |voting_system2=[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with 2% [[electoral threshold]] |first_election1=1 April 1965 |first_election2=[[1965 Burundian parliamentary election|10 May 1965]] |last_election1=23 July 2025 |last_election2=[[2025 Burundian parliamentary election|5 June 2025]] |next_election1=[[2030 Burundian general election|23 July 2030]] |next_election2=[[2030 Burundian general election|5 June 2030]] |meeting_place=[[Bujumbura]]{{cn|date=September 2025}} |website={{URL|www.assemblee.bi}}<br>{{URL|www.senat.bi}} }} The '''Parliament of Burundi''' (Kirundi: '' Abashingamateka'') is the national [[parliament]] of [[Burundi]]. It is made up of two chambers: *The [[Senate (Burundi)|Senate]], called ''Inama nkenguzamateka'' in Kirundi, is made up of 13 members *The [[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]],<ref>"Constitutional and Parliamentary Information, Issues 193-194" Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments., 2007. 4.</ref> called ''Inama nshingamateka'' in Kirundi, is made up of 111 members. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130412210823/http://www.assemblee.bi/ National Assembly] *[http://www.senat.bi/ Senate] {{stub}} [[Category:Burundi]] [[Category:National legislatures|Burundi]] [[Category:Parliaments|Burundi]] oqkym568sx2igiihm2yx2tktsf6h24i 0 1278309 10966850 10952993 2026-08-18T17:15:50Z Canadachick 1633172 10966850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox legislature | name = Senate of Burundi | native_name = {{nativename|rn|Inama nkenguzamateka}}<br>{{nativename|fr|Sénat du Burundi}} | native_name_lang = | transcription_name = | legislature = | coa_pic = Coat of arms of Burundi.svg | coa_res = 150px | coa_alt = | foundation ={{start date and age|1965|04|01|df=y}} | house_type = Upper house | body = Parliament of Burundi | houses = | leader1_type = [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Burundi|President]] | leader1 = [[Gervais Ndirakobuca]] | party1 = [[CNDD-FDD]] | election1 = 5 August 2025 | leader2_type = 1st Vice President | leader2 = [[Générose Ngendanganya]] | party2 = [[CNDD-FDD]] | election2 = 5 August 2025 | leader3_type = 2nd Vice President | leader3 = [[Clotilde Kampimbare]] | party3 = [[CNDD-FDD]] | election3 = 5 August 2025 | members = 13 senators | house1 = | house2 = | structure1 = Burundi Sénat 2025.svg | structure1_res = 300px | structure1_alt = Composition of the Burundi Senate | structure2 = | structure2_res = | structure2_alt = | political_groups1 = {{legend|#CC0001|[[National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy|CNDD–FDD]]: 10 seats}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|[[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]]: 3 seats}} | political_groups2 = | committees1 = | committees2 = | joint_committees = | term_length = 5 years | voting_system1 = [[Electoral college]] | voting_system2 = | first_election1 = {{start date|1965|04|01|df=y}} | last_election1 = 23 July 2025 | last_election2 = | new_session = 23 July 2025 | next_election1=[[2030 Burundi Senate election|July 2030]] | previous_election1 = | previous_election2 = | session_room = | session_res = | session_alt = | meeting_place = [[Gitega]] | website = {{URL|https://www.senat.bi/}} | footnotes = | motto = }} The '''Senate''' (Kirundi: '' Inama nkenguzamateka'') is the [[upper chamber]] of [[Parliament of Burundi|Parliament]] in [[Burundi]]. It is made up of 13 members who serve 5-year terms.<ref>{{cite web |title= Provisional results of the July 23, 2025 senate elections announced|url=https://en.abpinfo.bi/provisional-results-of-the-july-23-2025-senate-elections-announced/ |publisher=ABP Burundi News Agency |date=29 July 2025 |access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Burundi]] [[Category:National upper houses]] blzd5yghwlu0vxbkzqg3053shmt870y 0 1278520 10966645 10963164 2026-08-18T14:45:04Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 10966645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television |name = BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita |image = |caption = |native_name = バンドリ！ ゆめ∞みた |genre = Music, Drama, Comedy |writer = Midori Gotō |director = Tomomi Umetsu |studio = Nichicaline |country = Japan |language = Japanese |num_episodes = 13 |runtime = 24 minutes |first_aired = July 2, 2026 |last_aired = present }} '''BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita''' (バンドリ！ ゆめ∞みた) is a Japanese anime television series that is part of the ''[[BanG Dream!]]'' franchise. It is based on the virtual band Mugendai Mewtype.<ref name="ref1"/> The series was made by Nichicaline and directed by Tomomi Umetsu.<ref name="ref1"/> It first aired in Japan on July 2, 2026, on Tokyo MX and other channels. Outside Japan, the series is streamed by [[Crunchyroll]].<ref name="ref2"/> == Plot == The story follows Arale Nakamachi, a girl who used to do live streams under the name "Erea." After facing online backlash, she stopped performing. Later, she meets other girls who want to form a band, and through this new friendship, she slowly finds the courage to return to the stage.<ref name="ref3"/> == Episodes == {{See also|List of BanG Dream! episodes}} == Cast and characters == * '''Arale Nakamachi''' - The lead vocalist of the band Mugendai Mewtype. She used to stream online under a different name before stepping away from performing. * '''Nonoka Miyanaga''' - The band's guitarist, known for being easygoing and caring toward her bandmates. * '''Ritsu Minetsuki''' - Arale's childhood friend. She was originally a member of the group Fairy Bouquet, and officially joins Mugendai Mewtype as a guitarist.<ref name="ref8"/> * '''Miyako Fuji''' - The band's keyboardist, who is also a manga artist. * '''Yuno Sengoku''' - The band's DJ and manipulator, known for a calm and blunt personality. * '''Viola''' - The main antagonist of the series, and Ritsu's former bandmate in Fairy Bouquet.<ref name="ref8"/> == Media == A manga adaptation titled ''BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Arale∞Arabu-ration'', drawn by Kuunerin, began serialization on the Comic Growl website on July 24, 2026.<ref name="ref4"/> A second manga, ''Magical Physical Kululu'', drawn by Miyako Fuji, began serialization on Shogakukan's Ciao Plus website on July 2, 2026.<ref name="ref4"/> The opening theme song is "Kore wa Bokutachi no Seizon no Arasuji" (Our Survival), performed by Mugendai Mewtype and written by Tomoya Tabuchi of the band Unison Square Garden. The ending theme song is "Uchū no Fushigi."<ref name="ref5"/> == Production == The anime was produced by Nichicaline, a new animation studio brand founded by Sanzigen.<ref name="ref6"/> The anime's music is produced by Phyz.<ref name="ref1"/> The characters were designed by Osamu Nobusawa and Mochipuyo, and the scripts were written by Midori Gotō, Akiko Waba, Yotsuji Haibuchi, and Hitomi Ogawa.<ref name="ref1"/> The series is also licensed in Southeast Asia by Muse Asia.<ref name="ref7"/> == Home media == Blu-ray Volume 1 of the series is scheduled to be released on December 16, 2026.<ref name="ref9"/> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime's 1st Video Unveils Full Staff, Summer Debut |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-01-12/bang-dream-yume-mita-anime-1st-video-unveils-full-staff-summer-debut/.232975 |date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web |title=Crunchyroll to Stream One Piece Heroines, BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita, The Frontier Lord Begins with Zero Subjects, More Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-06-30/crunchyroll-to-stream-one-piece-heroines-bang-dream-yume-mita-the-frontier-lord-begins-with-zero-/.239144 |date=2026-06-30 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{Cite web |title=Character - Arale Nakamachi |website=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Official Website |url=https://anime.bang-dream.com/yumemita/character/arale/ |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref4">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime Gets Manga Adaptation, Mugendai Mewtype Keyboardist Miyako Fuji Launches New Manga |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-07-09/bang-dream-yume-mita-anime-gets-manga-adaptation-mugendai-mewtype-keyboardist-miyako-fuji-launches-/.239357 |date=2026-07-09 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref5">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime's 2nd Promo Video Unveils Opening Song |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-06-21/bang-dream-yume-mita-anime-2nd-promo-video-unveils-opening-song/.238766 |date=2026-06-21 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref6">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream's Mugendai Mewtype Band Gets BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita TV Anime in 2026 (Updated) |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-09-07/bang-dream-mugendai-mewtype-band-gets-bang-dream-yume-mita-tv-anime-in-2026/.228525 |date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref7">{{Cite web |title=Muse Asia Licenses BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-06-18/muse-asia-licenses-bang-dream-yume-mita-anime/.238644 |date=2026-06-18 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref8">{{Cite web |title=Episode 6 - Bad Girl |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/bad-girl/episode-6/.227506 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref9">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Episode 8 Live Performance Released, Blu-ray Volume 1 Artwork Revealed |website=anibu.jp |url=https://news.anibu.jp/20260807-350475.html |date=2026-08-07 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Anime television series]] [[Category:Japanese television series]] [[Category:Japanese-language television programs]] nvtfh2wiy5q6q1xp9l1g0z7u6gv8nbg 10966651 10966645 2026-08-18T14:52:08Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 10966651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television |name = BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita |image = |caption = |native_name = バンドリ！ ゆめ∞みた |genre = Music, Drama, Comedy |writer = Midori Gotō |director = Tomomi Umetsu |studio = Nichicaline |country = Japan |language = Japanese |num_episodes = 13 |runtime = 24 minutes |first_aired = July 2, 2026 |last_aired = present }} '''BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita''' (バンドリ！ ゆめ∞みた) is a Japanese anime television series that is part of the ''[[BanG Dream!]]'' franchise. It is based on the virtual band Mugendai Mewtype.<ref name="ref1"/> The series was made by Nichicaline and directed by Tomomi Umetsu.<ref name="ref1"/> It first aired in Japan on July 2, 2026, on Tokyo MX and other channels. Outside Japan, the series is streamed by [[Crunchyroll]].<ref name="ref2"/> == Plot == The story follows Arale Nakamachi, a girl who used to do live streams under the name "Erea." After facing online backlash, she stopped performing. Later, she meets other girls who want to form a band, and through this new friendship, she slowly finds the courage to return to the stage.<ref name="ref3"/> == Episodes == {{See also|List of BanG Dream! episodes}} == Cast and characters == * '''Arale Nakamachi''' - The lead vocalist of the band Mugendai Mewtype. She used to stream online under a different name before stepping away from performing. * '''Nonoka Miyanaga''' - The band's guitarist, known for being easygoing and caring toward her bandmates. * '''Ritsu Minetsuki''' - Arale's childhood friend. She was originally a member of the group Fairy Bouquet, and officially joins Mugendai Mewtype as a guitarist.<ref name="ref8"/> * '''Miyako Fuji''' - The band's keyboardist, who is also a manga artist. * '''Yuno Sengoku''' - The band's DJ and manipulator, known for a calm and blunt personality. * '''Viola''' - The main antagonist of the series, and Ritsu's former bandmate in Fairy Bouquet.<ref name="ref8"/> == Media == A manga adaptation titled ''BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Arale∞Arabu-ration'', drawn by Kuunerin, began serialization on the Comic Growl website on July 24, 2026.<ref name="ref4"/> A second manga, ''Magical Physical Kululu'', drawn by Miyako Fuji, began serialization on Shogakukan's Ciao Plus website on July 2, 2026.<ref name="ref4"/> The opening theme song is "Kore wa Bokutachi no Seizon no Arasuji" (Our Survival), performed by Mugendai Mewtype and written by Tomoya Tabuchi of the band Unison Square Garden. The ending theme song is "Uchū no Fushigi."<ref name="ref5"/> == Production == The anime was produced by Nichicaline, a new animation studio brand founded by Sanzigen.<ref name="ref6"/> The anime's music is produced by Phyz.<ref name="ref1"/> The characters were designed by Osamu Nobusawa and Mochipuyo, and the scripts were written by Midori Gotō, Akiko Waba, Yotsuji Haibuchi, and Hitomi Ogawa.<ref name="ref1"/> The series is also licensed in Southeast Asia by Muse Asia.<ref name="ref7"/> == Home media == Blu-ray Volume 1 of the series is scheduled to be released on December 16, 2026.<ref name="ref9"/> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime's 1st Video Unveils Full Staff, Summer Debut |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-01-12/bang-dream-yume-mita-anime-1st-video-unveils-full-staff-summer-debut/.232975 |date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web |title=Crunchyroll to Stream One Piece Heroines, BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita, The Frontier Lord Begins with Zero Subjects, More Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-06-30/crunchyroll-to-stream-one-piece-heroines-bang-dream-yume-mita-the-frontier-lord-begins-with-zero-/.239144 |date=2026-06-30 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{Cite web |title=Character - Arale Nakamachi |website=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Official Website |url=https://anime.bang-dream.com/yumemita/character/arale/ |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref4">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime Gets Manga Adaptation, Mugendai Mewtype Keyboardist Miyako Fuji Launches New Manga |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-07-09/bang-dream-yume-mita-anime-gets-manga-adaptation-mugendai-mewtype-keyboardist-miyako-fuji-launches-/.239357 |date=2026-07-09 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref5">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime's 2nd Promo Video Unveils Opening Song |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-06-21/bang-dream-yume-mita-anime-2nd-promo-video-unveils-opening-song/.238766 |date=2026-06-21 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref6">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream's Mugendai Mewtype Band Gets BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita TV Anime in 2026 (Updated) |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-09-07/bang-dream-mugendai-mewtype-band-gets-bang-dream-yume-mita-tv-anime-in-2026/.228525 |date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref7">{{Cite web |title=Muse Asia Licenses BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-06-18/muse-asia-licenses-bang-dream-yume-mita-anime/.238644 |date=2026-06-18 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref8">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! YUME∞MITA Episode 6 Takes the Story in Another Direction |website=Anime Corner |url=https://animecorner.me/bang-dream-yumemita-episode-6-takes-the-story-in-another-direction/ |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref9">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Episode 8 Live Performance Released, Blu-ray Volume 1 Artwork Revealed |website=anibu.jp |url=https://news.anibu.jp/20260807-350475.html |date=2026-08-07 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Anime television series]] [[Category:Japanese television series]] [[Category:Japanese-language television programs]] 385kjhn2ed2arzbadu7qvs0xco0lvj3 10966701 10966651 2026-08-18T15:44:01Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 10966701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television |name = BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita |image = |caption = |native_name = バンドリ！ ゆめ∞みた |genre = Music, Drama, Comedy |writer = Midori Gotō |director = Tomomi Umetsu |studio = Nichicaline |country = Japan |language = Japanese |num_episodes = 13 |runtime = 24 minutes |first_aired = July 2, 2026 |last_aired = present }} '''BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita''' (バンドリ！ ゆめ∞みた) is a Japanese anime television series that is part of the ''[[BanG Dream!]]'' franchise. It is based on the virtual band Mugendai Mewtype.<ref name="ref1"/> The series was made by Nichicaline and directed by Tomomi Umetsu.<ref name="ref1"/> It first aired in Japan on July 2, 2026, on Tokyo MX and other channels. Outside Japan, the series is streamed by [[Crunchyroll]].<ref name="ref2"/> == Plot == The story follows Arale Nakamachi, a girl who used to do live streams under the name "Erea." After facing online backlash, she stopped performing. Later, she meets other girls who want to form a band, and through this new friendship, she slowly finds the courage to return to the stage.<ref name="ref3"/> == Episodes == {{See also|List of BanG Dream! episodes}} == Cast and characters == * '''Arale Nakamachi''' - The lead vocalist of the band Mugendai Mewtype. She used to stream online under a different name before stepping away from performing.<ref name="ref3"/> * '''Nonoka Miyanaga''' - The band's guitarist, known for being easygoing and caring toward her bandmates. * '''Ritsu Minetsuki''' - Arale's childhood friend. She was originally a member of the group Fairy Bouquet, and officially joins Mugendai Mewtype as a guitarist.<ref name="ref8"/> * '''Miyako Fuji''' - The band's keyboardist, who is also a manga artist. * '''Yuno Sengoku''' - The band's DJ and manipulator, known for a calm and blunt personality. * '''Viola''' - The main antagonist of the series, and Ritsu's former bandmate in Fairy Bouquet.<ref name="ref8"/> == Media == A manga adaptation titled ''BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Arale∞Arabu-ration'', drawn by Kuunerin, began serialization on the Comic Growl website on July 24, 2026.<ref name="ref4"/> A second manga, ''Magical Physical Kululu'', drawn by Miyako Fuji, began serialization on Shogakukan's Ciao Plus website on July 2, 2026.<ref name="ref4"/> The opening theme song is "Kore wa Bokutachi no Seizon no Arasuji" (Our Survival), performed by Mugendai Mewtype and written by Tomoya Tabuchi of the band Unison Square Garden. The ending theme song is "Uchū no Fushigi."<ref name="ref5"/> == Production == The anime was produced by Nichicaline, a new animation studio brand founded by Sanzigen.<ref name="ref6"/> The anime's music is produced by Phyz.<ref name="ref1"/> The characters were designed by Osamu Nobusawa and Mochipuyo, and the scripts were written by Midori Gotō, Akiko Waba, Yotsuji Haibuchi, and Hitomi Ogawa.<ref name="ref1"/> The series is also licensed in Southeast Asia by Muse Asia.<ref name="ref7"/> == Home media == Blu-ray Volume 1 of the series is scheduled to be released on December 16, 2026.<ref name="ref9"/> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime's 1st Video Unveils Full Staff, Summer Debut |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-01-12/bang-dream-yume-mita-anime-1st-video-unveils-full-staff-summer-debut/.232975 |date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web |title=Crunchyroll to Stream One Piece Heroines, BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita, The Frontier Lord Begins with Zero Subjects, More Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-06-30/crunchyroll-to-stream-one-piece-heroines-bang-dream-yume-mita-the-frontier-lord-begins-with-zero-/.239144 |date=2026-06-30 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{Cite web |title=Character - Arale Nakamachi |website=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Official Website |url=https://anime.bang-dream.com/yumemita/character/arale/ |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref4">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime Gets Manga Adaptation, Mugendai Mewtype Keyboardist Miyako Fuji Launches New Manga |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-07-09/bang-dream-yume-mita-anime-gets-manga-adaptation-mugendai-mewtype-keyboardist-miyako-fuji-launches-/.239357 |date=2026-07-09 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref5">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime's 2nd Promo Video Unveils Opening Song |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-06-21/bang-dream-yume-mita-anime-2nd-promo-video-unveils-opening-song/.238766 |date=2026-06-21 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref6">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream's Mugendai Mewtype Band Gets BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita TV Anime in 2026 (Updated) |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-09-07/bang-dream-mugendai-mewtype-band-gets-bang-dream-yume-mita-tv-anime-in-2026/.228525 |date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref7">{{Cite web |title=Muse Asia Licenses BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2026-06-18/muse-asia-licenses-bang-dream-yume-mita-anime/.238644 |date=2026-06-18 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref8">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! YUME∞MITA Episode 6 Takes the Story in Another Direction |website=Anime Corner |url=https://animecorner.me/bang-dream-yumemita-episode-6-takes-the-story-in-another-direction/ |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> <ref name="ref9">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Yume∞Mita Episode 8 Live Performance Released, Blu-ray Volume 1 Artwork Revealed |website=anibu.jp |url=https://news.anibu.jp/20260807-350475.html |date=2026-08-07 |access-date=2026-08-18 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Anime television series]] [[Category:Japanese television series]] [[Category:Japanese-language television programs]] 0i7ueagbbkrmhvlptjt55cbw0nlxngc 0 1278634 10967327 10963165 2026-08-19T07:53:28Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 Added the logo from Wikimedia Commons. 10967327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television |name = BanG Dream! Ave Mujica |image = Logo of Ave Mujica anime.jpg |caption = |native_name = バンドリ！ アヴェムジカ |genre = Music, Drama, Psychological Thriller |writer = Yuniko Ayana |director = Kōdai Kakimoto |studio = Sanzigen |country = Japan |language = Japanese |num_episodes = 13 |runtime = 24 minutes |first_aired = January 2, 2025 |last_aired = March 27, 2025 }} '''BanG Dream! Ave Mujica''' (バンドリ！ アヴェムジカ), also called ''Ave Mujica - The Die is Cast -'', is a Japanese anime television series. It is part of the ''[[BanG Dream!]]'' franchise and continues the story of ''[[BanG Dream! It's MyGO!!!!!]]''.<ref name="ref1"/> The anime was made by the studio Sanzigen and directed by Kōdai Kakimoto, who also directed ''It's MyGO!!!!!''. The scripts were written by Yuniko Ayana.<ref name="ref2"/> The series aired in Japan from January 2 to March 27, 2025. It is streamed outside Asia by [[Crunchyroll]] under the title ''Ave Mujica - The Die is Cast -'', and in Southeast Asia by Muse Asia.<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/> == Plot == The story is about a band called Ave Mujica, formed by Sakiko Togawa after her old band, CRYCHIC, broke apart. Sakiko brings together girls who each carry their own personal troubles, and leads the band while hiding behind a strict, masked persona. Although Ave Mujica becomes a commercial success, cracks begin to form as each member's private struggles and secrets slowly come to light.<ref name="ref4"/> == Episodes == {{See also|List of BanG Dream! episodes}} == Cast and characters == * '''Sakiko Togawa''' - The band's keyboardist and leader, who hides her painful past behind her stage persona, Oblivionis. * '''Mutsumi Wakaba''' - The band's rhythm guitarist and a quiet childhood friend of Sakiko, known on stage as Mortis. * '''Umiri Yahata''' - The band's bassist, a professional session musician who goes by Timoris and tries to stay emotionally distant from the group. * '''Uika Misumi''' - The band's lead guitarist and vocalist, known as Doloris, who deeply admires Sakiko. * '''Nyamu Yūtenji''' - The band's drummer and an online video creator, known as Amoris, who wants the band to become famous. == Production == Director Kōdai Kakimoto has said that ''It's MyGO!!!!!'' and ''Ave Mujica'' were planned together from the start as opposite halves of the same story: ''It's MyGO!!!!!'' shows its characters expressing raw emotion in simple live houses, while ''Ave Mujica'' hides its characters' feelings behind masks in more theatrical, operatic performances.<ref name="ref5"/> To separate Ave Mujica from the franchise's earlier gothic band Roselia, the staff took inspiration from circuses and theatrical stage plays, giving the series a horror-like atmosphere.<ref name="ref5"/> Kakimoto also said that Mutsumi Wakaba was the most difficult character to write, since her story introduces a psychological plot involving a second personality.<ref name="ref5"/> == Media == A manga adaptation illustrated by Pinfu Hiroyama, titled ''BanG Dream! Ave Mujica -manuscriptus-'', began serialization in the magazine ''Comic Growl'' in January 2025.<ref name="ref1"/> An anime film that continues the story, titled ''BanG Dream! Ave Mujica prima aurora'', was announced in 2025.<ref name="ref6"/> A sequel television series continuing both ''Ave Mujica'' and ''It's MyGO!!!!!'' was announced in March 2025 and is set to premiere in January 2027 on Nippon TV and its affiliated stations.<ref name="ref7"/> == Reception == The series received generally positive reviews from critics. A reviewer for Anime News Network praised the series' detailed writing and called it a strong and "earned continuation" of ''It's MyGO!!!!!''.<ref name="ref8"/> Other reviewers praised the show's animation and music, though some also pointed out issues with the quality of the English subtitles on Crunchyroll.<ref name="ref8"/> The series was also voted the most popular anime of the Winter 2025 season by readers of the Japanese website Dengeki Online.<ref name="ref1"/> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! It's MyGo!!!!! Anime Gets Sequel About Ave Mujica |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-09-14/bang-dream-its-mygo-anime-gets-sequel-about-ave-mujica/.202380 |date=2023-09-14 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Ave Mujica Anime to Stream on Crunchyroll With Title Ave Mujica - The Die is Cast - |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-12-02/bang-dream-ave-mujica-anime-to-stream-on-crunchyroll-with-title-ave-mujica-the-die-is-cast/.218503 |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{Cite web |title=Muse Asia Licenses BanG Dream! Ave Mujica Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-12-16/muse-asia-licenses-bang-dream-ave-mujica-anime/.219120 |date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref4">{{Cite web |title=Ave Mujica - The Die is Cast - Now Streaming on Crunchyroll |website=PR Newswire |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ave-mujica---the-die-is-cast---now-streaming-on-crunchyroll-302341105.html |date=2025-01-02 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref5">{{Cite web |title=Interview: Director Kodai Kakimoto on Ave Mujica and Its Unique Direction |website=Anime Corner |url=https://animecorner.me/interview-director-kodai-kakimoto-on-ave-mujica-and-its-unique-direction/ |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref6">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Ave Mujica Anime Gets New Film; New Mini-Anime's Details Revealed |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-08-15/bang-dream-ave-mujica-anime-gets-new-film-new-mini-anime-details-revealed/.227675 |date=2025-08-15 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref7">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Ave Mujica Anime Gets Sequel Series |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-03-27/bang-dream-ave-mujica-anime-gets-sequel-series/.222953 |date=2025-03-27 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref8">{{Cite web |title=Ave Mujica - The Die is Cast - (Preview Guide) |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/preview-guide/2025/winter/ave-mujica-the-die-is-cast/.219041 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Anime television series]] [[Category:Japanese television series]] [[Category:Japanese-language television programs]] 4zv58yi8ibgjbwfyr82r0qcl7th2slm 3 1278733 10966530 10957765 2026-08-18T12:05:03Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Caution: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966530 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello, '''Vinitborde''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Aurafish|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Special:Wantedpages|list of wanted pages]]. You can [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|change any pages you want!]] Any changes you make can be seen right away. You can ask questions at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. At the end of your messages on talk pages, please sign your name by using four [[tilde]]s <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki>; this will show your username and the date. If you need help just <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]'''</span> and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question and someone will reply to you shortly. Good luck and happy changing! <!-- Template:Welcome --> [[User:Aurafish|Aurafish]] ([[User talk:Aurafish|talk]]) 08:58, 9 August 2026 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of T krishna goud== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:T krishna goud]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/T krishna goud]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Aurafish|Aurafish]] ([[User talk:Aurafish|talk]]) 09:02, 9 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to test, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> ''Do not continue to create articles on non-notable individuals. '' [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 18 August 2026 (UTC) 7589xf4gpw9zwkvrnviz5ywbk509q2r 10966540 10966530 2026-08-18T12:32:09Z Vinitborde 1851794 /* August 2026 */ Reply 10966540 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello, '''Vinitborde''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Aurafish|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Special:Wantedpages|list of wanted pages]]. You can [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|change any pages you want!]] Any changes you make can be seen right away. You can ask questions at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. At the end of your messages on talk pages, please sign your name by using four [[tilde]]s <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki>; this will show your username and the date. If you need help just <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]'''</span> and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question and someone will reply to you shortly. Good luck and happy changing! <!-- Template:Welcome --> [[User:Aurafish|Aurafish]] ([[User talk:Aurafish|talk]]) 08:58, 9 August 2026 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of T krishna goud== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:T krishna goud]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/T krishna goud]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Aurafish|Aurafish]] ([[User talk:Aurafish|talk]]) 09:02, 9 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to test, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> ''Do not continue to create articles on non-notable individuals. '' [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 18 August 2026 (UTC) :Hi, thanks for letting me know. I understand the concern. I’ll check the notability rules and make sure the article meets Simple English Wikipedia’s guidelines. I’ll also use the sandbox for testing and make sure the sources are independent and reliable before creating another article. :Thanks for pointing it out. [[User:Vinitborde|Vinitborde]] ([[User talk:Vinitborde#top|talk]]) 12:32, 18 August 2026 (UTC) fp78ptmxv3klid9tlvbe5frnau0krw5 10966551 10966540 2026-08-18T13:01:51Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* August 2026 */ Reply 10966551 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello, '''Vinitborde''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Aurafish|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Special:Wantedpages|list of wanted pages]]. You can [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|change any pages you want!]] Any changes you make can be seen right away. You can ask questions at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. At the end of your messages on talk pages, please sign your name by using four [[tilde]]s <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki>; this will show your username and the date. If you need help just <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]'''</span> and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question and someone will reply to you shortly. Good luck and happy changing! <!-- Template:Welcome --> [[User:Aurafish|Aurafish]] ([[User talk:Aurafish|talk]]) 08:58, 9 August 2026 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of T krishna goud== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:T krishna goud]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/T krishna goud]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Aurafish|Aurafish]] ([[User talk:Aurafish|talk]]) 09:02, 9 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make bad pages. Doing so is against our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]]. If you would like to test, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create2 --> ''Do not continue to create articles on non-notable individuals. '' [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 18 August 2026 (UTC) :Hi, thanks for letting me know. I understand the concern. I’ll check the notability rules and make sure the article meets Simple English Wikipedia’s guidelines. I’ll also use the sandbox for testing and make sure the sources are independent and reliable before creating another article. :Thanks for pointing it out. [[User:Vinitborde|Vinitborde]] ([[User talk:Vinitborde#top|talk]]) 12:32, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ::Do not create an article on this person again. You are blocked on another wiki for the same concerns. If you do it again, you will be blocked here, too. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:01, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ph7vn2ocvkzb7618qjw9070j2ikxfaa 0 1278758 10967322 10963166 2026-08-19T07:50:34Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 Added the logo from Wikimedia Commons. 10967322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television |name = BanG Dream! It's MyGO!!!!! |image = BanG Dream! It's MyGO!!!!! Logo.svg |caption = |native_name = バンドリ！ It's MyGO!!!!! |genre = Music, Drama, Slice of life |writer = Yuniko Ayana |director = Kōdai Kakimoto |studio = Sanzigen |country = Japan |language = Japanese |num_episodes = 13 |runtime = 24 minutes |first_aired = June 29, 2023 |last_aired = September 14, 2023 }} '''BanG Dream! It's MyGO!!!!!''' (バンドリ！ It's MyGO!!!!!) is a Japanese anime television series. It is part of the ''[[BanG Dream!]]'' multimedia franchise and centers on a new girls' band called MyGO!!!!!.<ref name="ref1"/> The anime was made by the studio Sanzigen and directed by Kōdai Kakimoto, who has directed several other ''BanG Dream!'' anime. The scripts were written by Yuniko Ayana.<ref name="ref1"/> The series aired in Japan from June 29 to September 14, 2023, and is streamed worldwide by [[Crunchyroll]], and in Southeast Asia by Muse Asia.<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/> == Plot == Anon Chihaya transfers to Haneoka Girls' Academy partway through the school year and decides to form her own band to fit in. She recruits a quiet classmate named Tomori Takamatsu, not realizing that Tomori was part of an earlier band called CRYCHIC that broke up painfully. As more former CRYCHIC members become involved, the new band, MyGO!!!!!, must deal with old wounds, mixed motives, and difficult feelings as they try to come together as a group.<ref name="ref4"/> == Episodes == {{See also|List of BanG Dream! episodes}} == Cast and characters == * '''Tomori Takamatsu''' - A quiet first-year student who struggles to make friends but cares deeply for those close to her. She was the vocalist of an earlier band, CRYCHIC, and joining a new band gives her a chance to move past its painful breakup. * '''Anon Chihaya''' - An outgoing first-year student who starts a band to fit in at her new school, despite overstating her own guitar skills. She becomes the band's rhythm guitarist. * '''Rāna Kaname''' - An eccentric, highly skilled guitarist from another school who often shows up unannounced. She joins as lead guitarist but mostly does things her own way. * '''Soyo Nagasaki''' - A gentle-seeming student who was CRYCHIC's bassist. Behind her calm exterior, she secretly hopes to bring her old band back together. * '''Taki Shiina''' - A blunt, solitary student who was CRYCHIC's drummer. She is fiercely protective of Tomori. == Media == Two compilation films based on the series were released in 2024. The first, ''Haru no Hidamari, Mayoi Neko'' (A Sunny Spot in Spring, A Stray Cat), opened on September 27, 2024, and added new scenes about Rāna Kaname. The second, ''Utau, Bokura ni Nareru Uta'' (Sing, the Song That Can Define Us), opened on November 8, 2024, and included a new concert sequence.<ref name="ref5"/> A sequel series centered on a different band, titled [[BanG Dream! Ave Mujica]], was announced after the finale and premiered in January 2025.<ref name="ref6"/> == Reception == The series received strong reviews from critics, who praised its writing and its more serious, realistic take on the ''BanG Dream!'' franchise. A review for Anime News Network called it an ambitious and largely successful experiment for the franchise.<ref name="ref7"/> The series was chosen as Anime of the Year by the jury of the 2023 r/anime Awards, also winning the Best Drama category.<ref name="ref8"/> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! Project Gets New TV Anime for MyGo!!!!! Band This Summer |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-04-09/bang-dream-project-gets-new-tv-anime-for-mygo-band-this-summer/.196933 |date=2023-04-09 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web |title=Crunchyroll Streams BanG Dream! It's MyGo!!!!! Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-06-30/crunchyroll-streams-bang-dream-its-mygo-anime/.199793 |date=2023-06-30 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{Cite web |title=Muse Asia Licenses BanG Dream! It's MyGo!!!!! Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-06-26/muse-asia-licenses-bang-dream-its-mygo-anime/.199625 |date=2023-06-26 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref4">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! It's MyGo!!!!! Anime Premieres With 3 Episodes on June 29 |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-05-24/bang-dream-its-mygo-anime-premieres-with-3-episodes-on-june-29/.198395 |date=2023-05-24 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref5">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! It's MyGo!!!!! TV Anime Gets 2 Compilation Films in 2024 |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-01-06/bang-dream-its-mygo-tv-anime-gets-2-compilation-films-in-2024/.206204 |date=2024-01-06 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref6">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! It's MyGo!!!!! Anime Gets Sequel About Ave Mujica |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-09-14/bang-dream-its-mygo-anime-gets-sequel-about-ave-mujica/.202380 |date=2023-09-14 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref7">{{Cite web |title=BanG Dream! It's MyGo!!!!! (Episodes 1-13 Streaming Review) |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/bang-dream-its-mygo/episodes-1-13/.202430 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> <ref name="ref8">{{Cite web |title=Reddit Anime Awards 2023 Jury Picks BanG Dream! It's MyGo!!!!! as Anime of the Year |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2024-03-03/reddit-anime-awards-2023-jury-picks-bang-dream-its-mygo-as-anime-of-the-year/.208235 |date=2024-03-03 |access-date=2026-08-08 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Anime television series]] [[Category:Japanese television series]] [[Category:Japanese-language television programs]] 36tqo0xc3daban7v962e4h9rh7oxueg 4 1278884 10966594 10958946 2026-08-18T13:35:46Z Ternera 1467751 Closing RfD as delete; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church]] 10966594 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="boilerplate" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); background-color: var(--background-color-option-purple, #f0ecf6); padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-option-purple, #8d7ebd);"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ---- {{Deleted|1=[[WP:SOFTDELETE]] [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 13:35, 18 August 2026 (UTC)}} <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Hauho Church === :{{lc|Hauho Church}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hauho Church}} open RfD subpage]</span> Ferien ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Does not appear to pass [[:w:en:WP:NBUILDING]]. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:03, 10 August 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''21:03, 17 August 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> 2qlnjimzwcwdbdcrqx5hrpnnwczwk6j 4 1278886 10966592 10958951 2026-08-18T13:34:52Z Ternera 1467751 Closing RfD as delete; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church]] 10966592 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="boilerplate" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); background-color: var(--background-color-option-purple, #f0ecf6); padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-option-purple, #8d7ebd);"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ---- {{Deleted|1=[[WP:SOFTDELETE]] [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 13:34, 18 August 2026 (UTC)}} <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Korpo Church === :{{lc|Korpo Church}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Korpo Church}} open RfD subpage]</span> Ferien ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Does not appear to pass [[:w:en:WP:NBUILDING]]. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:04, 10 August 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''21:04, 17 August 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> q18thxxbxv0wjm3gez8hxhoizf0rusi 0 1278892 10967398 10959182 2026-08-19T10:23:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10967398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Roundabout | cover = | alt = | caption = Cover of the Dutch release of the single | type = single | artist = [[Yes (band)|Yes]] | album = [[Fragile (Yes album)|Fragile]] | B-side = [[Long Distance Runaround]] | released = 4 January 1972 (US)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weareclassicrockers.com/article/january-1972-yes-releases-roundabout-america|title=Roundabout|access-date=2026-08-11|archive-date=2023-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719073957/https://www.weareclassicrockers.com/article/january-1972-yes-releases-roundabout-america|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Welch | first1 = Chris | author-link1 = Chris Welch | title = Close to the Edge: The Story of Yes | edition = 2 | publisher = [[Omnibus Press]] | year = 2003 | pages = 293 | isbn = 0-7119-9509-5}}</ref> | recorded = August–September 1971<ref name=classictracks>{{cite web|url= https://www.mixonline.com/recording/ct-yes-goodpeople-roundabout|title=Classic Tracks: Yes|date=6 January 2018 }}</ref> | studio = [[Advision Studios|Advision]], Fitzrovia, London | venue = | genre = [[Progressive rock]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin Holm-Hudson|title=Progressive Rock Reconsidered|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQCPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|date=18 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-71022-4|page=30}}</ref><ref name="Goldmine 2024">{{cite web|first= Martin|last= Popoff|title= The Top 20 unlikely Progressive Rock hits, ranked|website= [[Goldmine (magazine)|Goldmine]]| date= January 5, 2024|url= https://www.goldminemag.com/music-history/top-20-unlikely-progressive-rock-hits-ranked|accessdate= January 7, 2024}}</ref> | length = *8:29 (album version) *{{duration|3:27}} (single version) | label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] | writer = {{hlist|[[Jon Anderson]]|[[Steve Howe (musician)|Steve Howe]]}} | producer = {{hlist|Yes|[[Eddy Offord]]}} | prev_title = [[I've Seen All Good People|Your Move]] | prev_year = 1971 | next_title = [[America (Paul Simon song)|America]] | next_year = 1972 }} "'''Roundabout'''" is a 1972 song by English progressive band [[Yes (band)|Yes]] and was taken from their fourth studio album ''[[Fragile (Yes album)|Fragile]]''. It went to number 13 in the United States and number 9 in Canada. The song is mainly known for being featured as the outro song in [[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure]], Part 1. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Yes (band)}} {{music-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roundabout (Song)}} [[Category:1972 songs]] [[Category:Progressive rock songs]] [[Category:Yes (band) songs]] 8tgwc0l1uvm0etd6nyfkzf892nxcodo 4 1278898 10966588 10959091 2026-08-18T13:34:23Z Ternera 1467751 Closing RfD as delete; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church]] 10966588 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="boilerplate" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122); background-color: var(--background-color-option-purple, #f0ecf6); padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-option-purple, #8d7ebd);"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ---- {{Deleted|1=[[WP:SOFTDELETE]] [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 13:34, 18 August 2026 (UTC)}} <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church === :{{lc|Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saint Kosmos Greek Orthodox Church}} open RfD subpage]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' No sources provide to show that this is a notable church. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:43, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''00:43, 18 August 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> 4g1ludb4bahcq3lur816c2avyd98q6f 0 1279230 10966823 10961787 2026-08-18T17:03:50Z Canadachick 1633172 10966823 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:External_female_genitalia.jpg|alt=|thumb|An image that shows the [[Vagina#Vaginal opening and hymen|introitus]] (the opening of the vagina) in relation to its surrounding structures, when the [[labia]] are displaced by the person's own fingers. Individual structures include: 1. Clitoral hood 2. Clitoral glans (clitoris)  3. Urethra 4. Vaginal opening  5. Labia majora   6. Labia minora  7. Anus. Even here, many organs are still hidden, which is the reason speculum exams are done.]] [[File:Chair_for_gynaecological_examination.jpg|thumb|Chair for gynaecological examinations. Next to the chair a [[sonography]] device and screen.]] A '''pelvic examination''' (sometimes called a '''speculum exam''') is an examination of the female [[Pelvis|pelvic]] organs. These organs are used for [[Reproduction|reprodution]]. Pelvic examinations are common in [[gynecology]]. They are done to examine the state of the female pelvic and urinary tract. They are done to find the symtoms of abnormal bleeding, urinary incontinence and othr problems. Most comonly: * People look at the [[vulva]] * The use [[palpation]] to look at the [[Ovary|ovaries]] [[uterus]], ansd strutures next to these two * They use a specially device called [[speculum]] to examine internal organs such as the [[vagina]]. A speculum may allow to spread the vagina, and look at the tissues it is composed of. {{Med-stub}} [[Category:Women's health]] 1m7xi3y02nuju78ry5a66syr4zpjz00 0 1279268 10967316 10963313 2026-08-19T07:39:57Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 10967316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox animanga/Header | name = Magia Record | image = Magia_Record_Puella_Magi_Madoka_Magica_Side_Story_logo.svg | caption = | ja_kanji = マギアレコード | ja_romaji = Magia Rekōdo | genre = Magical girl, Mystery, Psychological thriller | creator = Magica Quartet ([[Akiyuki Shinbo]], [[Shaft (company)|Shaft]], [[Gen Urobuchi]], [[Ume Aoki]]) }} {{Infobox animanga/Game | developer = f4samurai | publisher = [[Aniplex]] | genre = [[Role-playing game]] | platforms = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] | released = August 22, 2017 (Japan); June 25, 2019 (North America) }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = manga | author = Fujino Fuji | publisher = [[Houbunsha]] | publisher_en = [[Yen Press]] | magazine = [[Manga Time Kirara Forward]] | first = August 24, 2018 | volumes = 10 }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | director = Doroinu ([[Gekidan Inu Curry]]) | writer = Doroinu | music = Takumi Ozawa | studio = Shaft | licensee = [[Aniplex of America]] | first = January 4, 2020 | last = April 3, 2022 | episodes = 25 | episode_list = List of Magia Record episodes }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer}} {{nihongo|'''''Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story'''''|マギアレコード 魔法少女まどか☆マギカ外伝|Magia Rekōdo: Mahō Shōjo Madoka Magika Gaiden|lead=yes}} was a Japanese mobile role-playing game made by the studio f4samurai and published by [[Aniplex]]. It is a spin-off of the anime series ''[[Puella Magi Madoka Magica]]''.<ref name="ref1"/> The game opened in Japan on August 22, 2017, and a North American version followed in June 2019. Both versions have since shut down: the North American release ended in 2020, and the original Japanese game ended service on July 31, 2024, being replaced by a newer game called ''[[Magia Exedra]]''.<ref name="ref2"/> The story follows a new character, Iroha Tamaki, who travels to Kamihama City while searching for her missing younger sister. There, she meets other magical girls and uncovers secrets connected to the original ''Madoka Magica'' story.<ref name="ref1"/> The game was later expanded into other media, including a manga, a stage play, and a three-season anime television series. == Gameplay == ''Magia Record'' was a turn-based role-playing game. Players built a team of magical girls and sent them into battle against witches and other monsters using a system of attack cards. Completing story chapters earned the player rewards and new characters, which could then be used to progress further into the game's story.<ref name="ref3"/> == Plot == Like the original series, ''Magia Record'' follows magical girls who make contracts with a creature named [[Kyubey]] in exchange for a wish, then must fight witches to survive. Iroha Tamaki cannot remember the wish she made, only that it was somehow connected to her sister Ui, who seems to have vanished from everyone's memory. Her search leads her to Kamihama City, where local magical girls whisper about a rumor that following it can free them from their duties.<ref name="ref4"/> As Iroha investigates, she forms a group with several other magical girls and uncovers a secret organization called the Magius, who are planning a large-scale scheme involving the witch Walpurgisnacht. Over the course of the story, Iroha and her allies confront the truth behind the Magius's plans, and Iroha is eventually able to bring her sister back.<ref name="ref4"/> A second story arc continues after these events, introducing a new phenomenon and a rival group of magical girls from outside the city.<ref name="ref4"/> == Development and release == ''Magia Record'' was announced in September 2016 at an event celebrating [[Shaft (company)|Shaft]]'s 40th anniversary.<ref name="ref5"/> Original series character designer [[Ume Aoki]] returned to design the game's new characters, including protagonist Iroha Tamaki, while Shaft handled the animated opening and character transformation scenes.<ref name="ref5"/> The game was delayed twice from its original planned release in May 2017 before it finally launched that August.<ref name="ref6"/> The English-language version, published by [[Aniplex of America]], launched in North America in June 2019 but was announced to be shutting down in August 2020, drawing criticism from players over the handling of in-game purchases.<ref name="ref7"/> Regional versions were also released in Taiwan and mainland China, both of which have since ended service. == Other media == A manga adaptation illustrated by Fujino Fuji has been running in ''[[Manga Time Kirara Forward]]'' magazine since August 2018, with an English translation published by [[Yen Press]].<ref name="ref8"/> A stage play adaptation, performed by members of the idol group [[Hiragana Keyakizaka46]], ran in Japan in the autumn of 2018.<ref name="ref9"/> An anime television adaptation produced by Shaft aired in three parts between January 2020 and April 2022. The first season ran for 13 episodes, followed by an 8-episode second season titled ''The Eve of Awakening'' in 2021, and a 4-episode final season, ''Dawn of a Shallow Dream'', in April 2022.<ref name="ref10"/> The series was directed by Doroinu of [[Gekidan Inu Curry]], with music by Takumi Ozawa, and was licensed for release outside Japan by [[Aniplex of America]].<ref name="ref10"/> == Episodes == {{See also|List of Magia Record episodes}} == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">{{cite web|title=Madoka Magica Franchise Gets Magia Record Smartphone Game|website=Anime News Network|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-09-30/madoka-magica-franchise-gets-magia-record-smartphone-game/.107089|date=2016-09-30|access-date=2026-08-14}}</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{cite web|title=Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story Game Ends Service in July|website=Anime News Network|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-05-31/magia-record-puella-magi-madoka-magica-side-story-game-ends-service-in-july/.211403|date=2024-05-31|access-date=2026-08-14}}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{cite web|title=Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story|website=Anime News Network|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/magia-record-puella-magi-madoka-magica-side-story/episodes-1-3/.155533|date=2020-01-20|access-date=2026-08-14}}</ref> <ref name="ref4">{{cite web|title=Magical Girls Collide in Magia Record Mobile Game Collab with Nanoha|website=Anime News Network|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-06-10/magical-girls-collide-in-magia-record-mobile-game-collab-with-nanoha/.147687|date=2019-06-10|access-date=2026-08-14}}</ref> <ref name="ref5">{{cite book|title=Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica TV Anime Official Guidebook Volume 1|publisher=Houbunsha|year=2020|isbn=978-4832272019}}</ref> <ref name="ref6">{{cite web|title=Madoka Magica Magia Record Smartphone Game Launches on August 22|website=Anime News Network|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2017-07-29/madoka-magica-magia-record-smartphone-game-launches-on-august-22/.119491|date=2017-07-29|access-date=2026-08-14}}</ref> <ref name="ref7">{{cite web|title=Magia Record English Version Will Shutdown on September 29, 2020|website=Siliconera|url=https://www.siliconera.com/magia-record-english-version-will-shutdown-on-september-29-2020/|date=2020-08-28|access-date=2026-08-14}}</ref> <ref name="ref8">{{cite web|title=Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story Game Gets Manga|website=Anime News Network|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-07-24/magia-record-puella-magi-madoka-magica-side-story-game-gets-manga/.134626|date=2018-07-24|access-date=2026-08-14}}</ref> <ref name="ref9">{{cite web|title=Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story Game Gets Franchise's 1st Stage Play|website=Anime News Network|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-07-10/magia-record-puella-magi-madoka-magica-side-story-game-gets-franchise-1st-stage-play/.134085|date=2018-07-10|access-date=2026-08-14}}</ref> <ref name="ref10">{{cite web|title=Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story Anime's 1st Promo Reveals January Delay, More Cast & Staff, Song Artists|website=Anime News Network|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-08/magia-record-puella-magi-madoka-magica-side-story-anime-1st-promo-reveals-january-delay-more-cast-and-staff-song-artists/.150862|date=2018-09-08|access-date=2026-08-14}}</ref> </references> [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Anime television series]] [[Category:Japanese television series]] [[Category:Video games]] [[Category:Mobile games]] [[Category:Japanese-language television programs]] s0va7bvdoswu6kvkcdtm3y9fjx9ydzy 0 1279273 10966811 10965439 2026-08-18T16:59:03Z Canadachick 1633172 10966811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = town | name = Tarrawingee | state = vic | image = TarrawingeeHall.JPG | caption = Public hall | image_alt = | use_lga_map = yes | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|36|23|24|S|146|26|59|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_label_position = | map_alt = | pop = 484 | pop_year = {{CensusAU|2011}} | pop_footnotes = <ref name="abs">{{Census 2011 AUS | id = SSC21309| name = Tarrawingee (State Suburb) | accessdate = 3 December 2014 | quick = on}}</ref> | poprank = | density = | density_footnotes = | established = | established_footnotes = | abolished = | gazetted = | postcode = 3678 | elevation = | elevation_footnotes = | area = | area_footnotes = | timezone = | utc = | timezone-dst = | utc-dst = | dist1 = 261 | dir1 = NE | location1 = Melbourne | dist2 = 12 | dir2 = E | location2 = Wangaratta | dist3 = 10.2 | dir3 = W | location3 = [[Everton, Victoria|Everton]] | lga = Rural City of Wangaratta | region = | county = | stategov = [[Electoral district of Ovens Valley|Ovens Valley]] | fedgov = [[Division of Indi|Indi]] | url = | maxtemp = | maxtemp_footnotes = | mintemp = | mintemp_footnotes = | rainfall = | rainfall_footnotes = | near-n = | near-ne = | near-e = | near-se = | near-s = | near-sw = | near-w = | near-nw = | near = | footnotes = }} '''Tarrawingee''' is a small town in northeastern [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. It is part of the [[Rural City of Wangaratta]] local government area. The town is about 261 kilometers (162 miles) northeast of [[Melbourne]], the [[Capital city|state capital]]. It is also 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) east of [[Wangaratta, Victoria|Wangaratta]] and 10.2 kilometers (6.3 miles) west of [[Everton, Victoria|Everton]]. According to the 2011 census, Tarrawingee and the nearby area had a population of 484 people.<ref name="abs"/> It is on the [[Ovens Highway]], and close to the [[Ovens River]]. The name ''Tarrawingee'' is thought to be an [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous Australian]] word for [[emu]]. The name was first used for a sheep farm started in 1837.<ref name="vp">{{Cite web|last=Monash University|date=2015|title=Tarrawingee|url=https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/tarrawingee|access-date=14 August 2026|website=Victorian Places}}</ref> When the farm was offered for sale in 1851, it was described as being {{cvt|60000|acre}}, having {{cvt|20|mi}} of river frontage, and came with 16,000 sheep.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4775686 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |volume=II |issue=676 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=18 January 1851 |accessdate=14 August 2026 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The town was established in April 1855 when 41 small blocks of land for houses were offered for sale.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4807054 |title=DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=2481 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 April 1855 |accessdate=14 August 2026 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> ==Sport== The town has sports teams called the Tarrawingee Bulldogs. They play [[Australian rules football|Australian Rules football]] and [[netball]] in the Ovens & King Football and Netball League. ===Motor racing=== From 1957 to 1965, there was a motor racing track in Tarrawingee used by the North Eastern Car Club.<ref name="Walker">{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Terry|title=Fast Tracks - Australia's Motor Racing Circuits: 1904-1995|date=1995|publisher=Turton & Armstrong|location=Wahroonga, NSW|isbn=0908031556|page=158}}</ref> The track was next to the football oval, which had a grandstand for spectators.<ref name="Galpin">{{cite web|last1=Galpin|first1=Darren|title=Tarrawingee|url=http://www.silhouet.com/motorsport/tracks/tarrawin.html|website=GEL Motorsport Information Page|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref> The last race meeting was on April 4, 1965, where several lap records were broken even though the track was starting to break apart.<ref name="Walker" /> A race was planned for November 1965, but in July that year, the North Eastern Car Club announced the track would close. This was likely because it was too expensive to fix the track and meet new safety rules set by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport.<ref name="Walker" /> ==References== {{commons category}} {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Towns in Victoria (Australia)]] {{geo-stub}} mht7g7ynkuce27f9totaqayiyreotsa 0 1279304 10966574 10965713 2026-08-18T13:29:41Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Hilya literature */ simplify 10966574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg|thumb|A ḥilya by [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), who made the standard layout for this type of [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] panel]] The word '''''ḥilya''''' or '''''hilye''''' is used for two kinds of description of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The word comes from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] words for "ornament". In the art of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a ''hilya'' is form of graphic art that lays out words about Muhammad in a pattern. In literature, a ''hilya'' is a type of Ottoman-Arabic text describing Muhammad. Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] believed that owning and reading a hilya protected them from trouble in this world and the next. They often carried these descriptions, written in [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illuminated]], as [[amulet]]s.<ref name="Bakker2009">{{cite book |title= The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |last= Bakker |first= Freek L.|year= 2009 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16861-9 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA209 }}</ref><ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> In 17th-century Ottoman [[Turkey]], ḥilān developed into an art form with a standard layout. They were often framed and used as a wall decoration. Early ḥilān only described Muhammad. Later ḥilān described other people from Islamic history and [[wali]]s (saints). == Origins == [[File:Hilye-i Saadet.jpg|thumb|Hilya in [[nastaliq|nastaʿlīq script]] by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], 1822, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] ''Hilye'', both as a kind of text and as an art form, come from ''shama'il'', the study of how Muhammad looked and behaved. These contained [[Hadith|hadiths]] describing Muhammad's spirit and his physical body. The best-known and accepted of these hadith are attributed to his son-in-law and cousin [[Ali]].<ref name="Brockopp2010">{{cite book |title= The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |last= Brockopp |first= Jonathan E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-71372-6 |page= 130 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC&pg=PA130 }}</ref> The sources of ḥilān have been the six main hadith books along with other hadith sources. Their authors include [[Aisha]], [[ibn Abbas]], [[Abu Hurayra]], and Hasan ibn Ali. While ''shama'il'' lists the physical and spiritual aspects of Muhammad in detail, ḥilān describe these in a literary style.<ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal | journal= Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi | author= Erdoğan, M. | title= Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi | volume= 11 | pages= 317–357 | year= 2007 | url= http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-16 | archive-date= 2021-11-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Hilya literature== Although many ḥilān exist in Turkish literature, Persian literature does not have many examples. For this reason, the ḥilya is considered one of Turkey's national literary styles.<ref name="Erdogan"/> The ''Hilye-i Şerif'' by [[Mehmet Hakani]] (d. 1606–07) is considered the finest example of the style.<ref name=Gruber132>{{cite book |title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections |last= Gruber |first= Christiane J. |year= 2010 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1 |pages=131–133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132}} </ref><ref>Hilye-i Şerif, [https://archive.org/details/hilyeihakani00hakauoft Digitised copy] of the 1898 edition at [[archive.org]]</ref> The first ḥilya written in prose form was the ''Hilye-i Celile ve Şemail-i 'Aliye'' by [[Hoca Sadeddin Efendi]].<ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal | journal= Journal of Turkish Studies | author= Yazar, S. | title= Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) | volume= 2 | pages= 1026–1044 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | language= tr | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | archive-date= 2014-04-13 }}</ref> The ḥilya tradition started with descriptions of Muhammad. Later ḥilān were about the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first four Caliphs (leaders)]], [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's companions]], his grandchildren [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and [[Wali|walis]] (saints) such as [[Rumi]].<ref name="Yazar"/> Another important ḥilya writer is [[Neşâtî]], whose 184-verse poem describes the physical appearance of [[Prophets in Islam|14 prophets]] and [[Adam]].<ref name="Erkal1999">{{cite journal | journal= Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi | issue= 12 | pages= 111–131 | year= 1999 | title= Türk Edebiyatında Hilye ve Cevri'nin "Hilye-i Çâr Yâr-ı Güzin"i | author= Erkal, A. | url= http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/viewFile/1784/1783 | language= tr }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ḥilān can be written as prose or poems (often in the [[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]] form). Two other kinds of Turkish Islamic literature, a ''mevlid'' (story of Muhammad's life) or a ''Mirʿajname'' (stories of [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad's visit to heaven]]) can include ḥilān.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal | title= Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine | author= İspirli, S.A. | year= 2010 | journal= Turkısh Studies | issue= 2 | pages= 21–36 | url= http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | archive-date= 2015-01-28 | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Art form== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|thumb|right|A ḥilya from 1712 meant to be folded and carried (the crease lines can be seen). The two crescents above and below the large circle in the middle contain the description of Muhammad. The central circle describes the protective powers of the ḥilya. The protective hand of [[Fatimah]] is also drawn on the lower crescent, as another sign against evil. The circle and the edges of the sheet are bordered with [[Koran]]ic verses.]] While authors developed ''hilye'' as a style of writing, calligraphers and illuminators made it into a decorative art form. These did not picture what Muhammad looked like, but described him so that readers could imagine him.<ref name="Peters2010" /> It became common in 17th century Ottoman Turkey to carry around Muhammad's description for protection.<ref name="baycol">{{cite journal| title= Hilye-i Şerifler ve Medeniyetimizdeki Yeri | author= Bayçöl, H.| year= 2007 | journal= Yağmur | issue= 37| url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> Because of the belief that a house with a ḥilya will not see poverty, trouble, fear, or the devil,<ref name="Erdogan"/> these texts were displayed prominently in homes. The term 'ḥilya' was used for the art form for presenting these texts.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> Thus the ḥilya, as a vehicle for Muhammad's presence after his death, was seen as a [[talisman]], protecting a house, a child, a traveller, or a person in difficulty.<ref name=Gruber132 /> The hilya is also intended to help people see Muhammad as a link between the sacred and human worlds. It is seen as an opportunity to send him a blessing and to establish a connection with him.<ref name=Gruber132 /><ref name=Zakariya>{{cite journal|title=The Hilye of the Prophet Muhammad |last=Zakariya |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Zakariya |date=2003–2004 |journal=Seasons |publisher=Zaytuna Institute |pages=13–22 |url=http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202234841/http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Safi2009"/> The pocket ḥilān were written on a piece of paper, small enough to fit in a breast pocket after being folded in three. The folding lines were reinforced with cloth or leather. Other pocket ḥilān were made of wood.<ref name="derman"/> ''Hilyes'' for display on a wall were made on paper mounted on wooden panels. In the 19th century, thick paper sheets were used instead.<ref name="derman"/> The top part of ḥilān that were laid on wooded panels were carved and cut out in the form of a crown. The crown part's decorations could have small paintings of [[Medina]],[[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb]], or the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Hilye-i Şerife| author= Faruk Taşkale| url= http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| access-date= 2012-01-20| language= tr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143901/http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| archive-date= 2012-04-25| url-status= dead}}</ref> Ottomans commissioned scribes to write ḥilān in fine calligraphy and had them decorated by illuminators. These panels were often framed and used as wall decorations in houses, [[mosque]]s and shrines. They play a similar role to images of [[Jesus]] in Christian homes and places of worship.<ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book |title= Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters |last=Safi |first= Omid |author-link= Omid Safi |year= 2009 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-123134-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi |url-access= registration }}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="Peters2010">{{cite book |title= Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |last= Peters |first= F. E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974746-7 |pages= 160–161 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160 }}</ref> They represented Muhammad's presence without the "graven image" unacceptable to most Muslims.<ref name="Ernst2004" /> Although not common, some ḥilān are [[triptych]]s with foldable side panels, like [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] icons.<ref>Another example of a triptych-like ḥilya is at: {{cite web|publisher=Museum With No Borders| title= Triptych with 'hilya-i-sherif' (noble description)|author=Paola Torre | access-date=2012-01-27|url=https://hilyah.id}}</ref> The first recorded Hilye-i Sherif panel is generally believed to come from the scribe [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698).<ref name="derman" /> He was one of the earliest known to make the panels, although another famous scribe, [[Ahmed Karahisarî]], may have created one about a century before.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abdulkadiroğlu, A.| title=İlk Hilye Hattatı Ahmed Karahisari mi? (Is Ahmed Karahisaru the first hilye calligrapher?) | journal=Milli Kültür | issue=82 | pages= 48–52| year= 1991 | language = tr }} cited by {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |author=Yazar, S. |title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) |volume=2 |pages=1026–1044 |year=2007 |url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |language=tr |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> Hafız Osman experimented with pocket ḥilān in his youth; one of these dates from 1668. It is {{convert|22x14|cm|in}} and its text is in very small ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' script. It has a description of Mohammad in Arabic, and below that a Turkish translation, creating a triangular block of text.<ref name="derman">{{cite journal| title= Hat Sanatında Hilye-i Şerif | author= Derman, M.U.| year= 2000 | journal= Diyanet: İlmî Dergi | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> The texts at the centre of ḥilān praise the beauty of Muhammad's physical appearance and character.<ref name="Safi2009" />{{rp|273–274}} ===Standard layout=== [[File:Hilye-i Saadet by Mustafa Rakim.jpg|thumb|Hilye copied by [[Mustafa Râkim]] in 1791. [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] The standard layout for Ottoman ḥilya panels was made by [[Hâfiz Osman]].<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|title=Hilye-i Şerif |author=Velioğlu, A.K. |work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |access-date=2012-01-18 |url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |archive-date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> It contains the following elements:<ref name=Gruber132/> *The ''baş makam'' ("head station"), a top panel with the [[basmala]] or a blessing<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book |title= Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul |last= Derman |first= M. Uğur |year= 1998 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art |isbn= 978-0-87099-873-7 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> *The ''göbek'' ("belly"), a round shape with the first part of the main text in [[Naskh (script)|naskh script]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> It often has the description of Muhammad by [[Ali]] (according to [[Tirmidhi]]), with small variations.<ref name="Schick">{{cite journal| author= Shick, I.C. | year= 2008 | title=The Iconicity of Islamic Calligraphy in Turkey | journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics | volume= 53-54 | issue=53/54 | pages= 211–224 | doi= 10.1086/RESvn1ms25608818 | jstor= 25608818 | s2cid= 192229397 }}</ref> *The ''hilâl'' ("[[crescent]]"), an optional section with no text, often decorated with gold. This crescent encircles the ''göbek'', with its thick middle part at the bottom. Together, the ''göbek'' and ''hilal'' evoke the image of the sun and the moon.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''köşeler'' ("corners"), usually four rounded compartments surrounding the ''göbek.'' These usually name the four Rashid caliphs of [[Sunni Islam]], or in some cases other titles of Muhammad, names of his companions, or some of the [[names of God in Islam|names of God]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''ayet'' or ''kuşak'' ("belt") below the ''göbek'' and crescent with a verse from the [[Quran]]. Usually this is {{cite quran|21|107|b=n|style=ref}} ("And We [God] did not send you [Muhammad] except to be a mercy to the universe"). Sometimes {{cite quran|68|4|b=n|style=ref}} ("Truly, you [Muhammad] are tremendous") or {{cite quran|48|28–29|b=n|style=ref}} ("And God sees that Muhammad is the messenger of God") is put here instead.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''etek'' ("skirt") containing the end of the text begun in the ''göbek'', a short prayer, and the signature of the artist. If the main text fits completely in the ''göbek'', there may be no ''etek''.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> *The ''koltuklar'' ("empty spaces"), two decorated side panels on either side of the ''etek.'' They usually lack text, although sometimes Muhammad's companions are mentioned.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''iç'' and ''dış pervaz'' ("inner and outer frame"), an ornamental border.<ref name=Osborn>{{cite book |title= The type of calligraphy: Writing, print, and technologies of the Arabic alphabet |last= Osborn |first= J. R. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-549-51769-6 | pages=236–239 |publisher= University of California, San Diego |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtQeZt7ybjwC&pg=PA238 }}</ref> The rest of the space is taken up with decorative Ottoman illumination. There is often with a border in a contrasting design to the background of the text sections. The "verse" and "corners" normally use a larger ''[[thuluth]]'' script, while the "head" section with the ''bismallah'' is written in ''[[muhaqqaq]]''.<ref name=Ali8> {{cite journal| author = Ali, Wijdan | author-link=Wijdan Ali | year = 2001| title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art| volume = IV| pages = 1–24| journal = EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) | url = http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/downloads/ejos_4_7.pdf}}</ref> Unlike the literary kind of ḥilya, the text on calligraphic ḥilān is usually prose.<ref name="baycol"/> The Turkish names for central parts of the ḥilya are, from top to bottom, ''başmakam'' (head station), ''göbek'' (belly), ''kuşak'' (belt) and ''etek'' (skirt). This naming shows that the ḥilya represents a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book| author=Gruber, Christiane J. | title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections | year= 2010 | publisher= Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132 }}</ref> This standard way of laying out a hilya comes from the late 17th century. Some examples from the 19th century and two made by Hafiz Osman can be seen below. <gallery class="center"> Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 5.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 7.jpg|Hilye by Mehmed Tahir Efendi (d. 1848) Hilye-i serif 4.jpg|Hilye (1848) by Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi (d. 1876). Hilye Niyazi Efendi 1853.JPG|Hilye (c. 1853) by Niyazi Efendi (d. 1882) </gallery> Not all ḥilān fit this pattern. Artists have made new versions.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> <gallery class="center"> Signed Abdülkadir Şükri Efendi - Hilye-i Şerif (written portrait of the Prophet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Hilye (19th century). Around Muhammad's name, "''Inna Allah ala kull shay qadir''," ("God has power over all things.") appears five times. File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilye combined with blocks of text in the form of famous Relics of Muhammad. 19th century, Ottoman Turkey. File:Hilye-i Saadet by Esmâ Ibret.jpg|Hilye by [[Esmâ Ibret Hanim]] Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, circa 1725 (SHM 15501).jpg|Hilye in free form (18th century). Rose Hilye.jpg|Hilye in the shape of a pink rose (18th century). </gallery> ==Popularity of the graphic form== [[File:Hilye with side panels 1718.jpg|thumb|left|A ḥilya from 1718, like a Christian [[triptych]]. At the top of the middle panel is a crown carving. The side panes list the [[Names of God in Islam|99 names of Allah]].]] There are several reasons why graphic ḥilān are popular.<ref name="Erdogan"/><ref name="Yazar"/> In most Islamic culture it is not allowed to draw the face of Muhammad. Hilān respecting this rule by describing him in words. Many authors have described the affection of Muslims for Muhammad, which leads them to read about his physical and moral beauty.<ref name="Erdogan" /><ref name="Yazar" /> Hakani has said in his poem that a house with a ḥilya will be protected from trouble. Another motivation would have been the hadith given by Hakani in the Hilye-i Şerif. This promises great rewards to people who read and memorize Muhammad's ḥilya. It says they will see Muhammad in their dreams and will be protected from disasters. In the "sebeb-i te'lîf" ve "hâtime" section, the writer says why they wrote the ḥilya. Other ḥilya writers express, at the end of the ḥilya, their desire to be liked by Muhammad, the other prophets, or the four caliphs. One ḥilya writer, Hakim, wrote that he wishes that people will remember Muhammad as they look at his ḥilya.<ref name="Erdogan" /> ===Non-Ottoman forms=== As an art form, ḥilya has mostly been restricted to the Ottoman Empire. A small number of ḥilya panels come from [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | title=حِليهنويسى | publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica | access-date=2012-01-20 | url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004312/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | archive-date=2014-05-24 }}</ref> and follow a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] version of the form. These ḥilān have a Persian translation below the Arabic text and list the names of the [[Twelve Imams]]. In the 19th century, some Iranian ḥilān added pictures of Muhammad and Ali to the traditional format.<ref>See [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilye_Iran_19th_c_with_image.JPG this image] for an example.</ref><ref name="oleg">{{cite journal| title= The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad| author=Grabar, O | journal= Écriture, Calligraphie et Peinture | year=2003 | pages=19–38 }}</ref> Modern makers of ḥilān include [[Rasheed Butt]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Mohamed Zakariya]] from the United States.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |title= Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |last=Ernst |first= Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |year= 2004|publisher= UNC Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages= 76–78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77 }}</ref> ===Traditions=== In Turkey, it is traditional to give a ḥilya panel as a marriage gift. However, this tradition is disappearing.<ref name="derman"/> Covering the panels with sheer curtains was part of the religious folklore in Istanbul households.<ref name="derman"/> Since Osman's time, every Turkish calligrapher has to make at least one ḥilya, using the three scripts: ''muhaqqaq'', ''thuluth'' and ''naskh''.<ref name=Ali8/> It is traditional for calligraphers to get their diploma (''icazetname'') after making a ḥilya panel as their final assignment.<ref name="derman"/> The art of ḥilya flourishes in Turkey. Modern artists still create ḥilān in both classical and new forms. Modern ḥilān maintain the same essence even while they include abstract or figurative art.<ref>{{cite web| title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma | publisher= Piu Culture | url= http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/ | access-date= 2012-02-23 }}</ref> ==References== {{Commons category|Hilyes}} {{Reflist}} {{Depictions of Muhammad}} [[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Calligraphy]] rj2i7lcodbobmu62igrfxwd9xp9d7mt 10966581 10966574 2026-08-18T13:31:42Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Standard layout */ simplify 10966581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg|thumb|A ḥilya by [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), who made the standard layout for this type of [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] panel]] The word '''''ḥilya''''' or '''''hilye''''' is used for two kinds of description of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The word comes from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] words for "ornament". In the art of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a ''hilya'' is form of graphic art that lays out words about Muhammad in a pattern. In literature, a ''hilya'' is a type of Ottoman-Arabic text describing Muhammad. Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] believed that owning and reading a hilya protected them from trouble in this world and the next. They often carried these descriptions, written in [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illuminated]], as [[amulet]]s.<ref name="Bakker2009">{{cite book |title= The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |last= Bakker |first= Freek L.|year= 2009 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16861-9 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA209 }}</ref><ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> In 17th-century Ottoman [[Turkey]], ḥilān developed into an art form with a standard layout. They were often framed and used as a wall decoration. Early ḥilān only described Muhammad. Later ḥilān described other people from Islamic history and [[wali]]s (saints). == Origins == [[File:Hilye-i Saadet.jpg|thumb|Hilya in [[nastaliq|nastaʿlīq script]] by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], 1822, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] ''Hilye'', both as a kind of text and as an art form, come from ''shama'il'', the study of how Muhammad looked and behaved. These contained [[Hadith|hadiths]] describing Muhammad's spirit and his physical body. The best-known and accepted of these hadith are attributed to his son-in-law and cousin [[Ali]].<ref name="Brockopp2010">{{cite book |title= The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |last= Brockopp |first= Jonathan E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-71372-6 |page= 130 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC&pg=PA130 }}</ref> The sources of ḥilān have been the six main hadith books along with other hadith sources. Their authors include [[Aisha]], [[ibn Abbas]], [[Abu Hurayra]], and Hasan ibn Ali. While ''shama'il'' lists the physical and spiritual aspects of Muhammad in detail, ḥilān describe these in a literary style.<ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal | journal= Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi | author= Erdoğan, M. | title= Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi | volume= 11 | pages= 317–357 | year= 2007 | url= http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-16 | archive-date= 2021-11-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Hilya literature== Although many ḥilān exist in Turkish literature, Persian literature does not have many examples. For this reason, the ḥilya is considered one of Turkey's national literary styles.<ref name="Erdogan"/> The ''Hilye-i Şerif'' by [[Mehmet Hakani]] (d. 1606–07) is considered the finest example of the style.<ref name=Gruber132>{{cite book |title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections |last= Gruber |first= Christiane J. |year= 2010 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1 |pages=131–133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132}} </ref><ref>Hilye-i Şerif, [https://archive.org/details/hilyeihakani00hakauoft Digitised copy] of the 1898 edition at [[archive.org]]</ref> The first ḥilya written in prose form was the ''Hilye-i Celile ve Şemail-i 'Aliye'' by [[Hoca Sadeddin Efendi]].<ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal | journal= Journal of Turkish Studies | author= Yazar, S. | title= Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) | volume= 2 | pages= 1026–1044 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | language= tr | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | archive-date= 2014-04-13 }}</ref> The ḥilya tradition started with descriptions of Muhammad. Later ḥilān were about the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first four Caliphs (leaders)]], [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's companions]], his grandchildren [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and [[Wali|walis]] (saints) such as [[Rumi]].<ref name="Yazar"/> Another important ḥilya writer is [[Neşâtî]], whose 184-verse poem describes the physical appearance of [[Prophets in Islam|14 prophets]] and [[Adam]].<ref name="Erkal1999">{{cite journal | journal= Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi | issue= 12 | pages= 111–131 | year= 1999 | title= Türk Edebiyatında Hilye ve Cevri'nin "Hilye-i Çâr Yâr-ı Güzin"i | author= Erkal, A. | url= http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/viewFile/1784/1783 | language= tr }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ḥilān can be written as prose or poems (often in the [[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]] form). Two other kinds of Turkish Islamic literature, a ''mevlid'' (story of Muhammad's life) or a ''Mirʿajname'' (stories of [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad's visit to heaven]]) can include ḥilān.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal | title= Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine | author= İspirli, S.A. | year= 2010 | journal= Turkısh Studies | issue= 2 | pages= 21–36 | url= http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | archive-date= 2015-01-28 | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Art form== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|thumb|right|A ḥilya from 1712 meant to be folded and carried (the crease lines can be seen). The two crescents above and below the large circle in the middle contain the description of Muhammad. The central circle describes the protective powers of the ḥilya. The protective hand of [[Fatimah]] is also drawn on the lower crescent, as another sign against evil. The circle and the edges of the sheet are bordered with [[Koran]]ic verses.]] While authors developed ''hilye'' as a style of writing, calligraphers and illuminators made it into a decorative art form. These did not picture what Muhammad looked like, but described him so that readers could imagine him.<ref name="Peters2010" /> It became common in 17th century Ottoman Turkey to carry around Muhammad's description for protection.<ref name="baycol">{{cite journal| title= Hilye-i Şerifler ve Medeniyetimizdeki Yeri | author= Bayçöl, H.| year= 2007 | journal= Yağmur | issue= 37| url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> Because of the belief that a house with a ḥilya will not see poverty, trouble, fear, or the devil,<ref name="Erdogan"/> these texts were displayed prominently in homes. The term 'ḥilya' was used for the art form for presenting these texts.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> Thus the ḥilya, as a vehicle for Muhammad's presence after his death, was seen as a [[talisman]], protecting a house, a child, a traveller, or a person in difficulty.<ref name=Gruber132 /> The hilya is also intended to help people see Muhammad as a link between the sacred and human worlds. It is seen as an opportunity to send him a blessing and to establish a connection with him.<ref name=Gruber132 /><ref name=Zakariya>{{cite journal|title=The Hilye of the Prophet Muhammad |last=Zakariya |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Zakariya |date=2003–2004 |journal=Seasons |publisher=Zaytuna Institute |pages=13–22 |url=http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202234841/http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Safi2009"/> The pocket ḥilān were written on a piece of paper, small enough to fit in a breast pocket after being folded in three. The folding lines were reinforced with cloth or leather. Other pocket ḥilān were made of wood.<ref name="derman"/> ''Hilyes'' for display on a wall were made on paper mounted on wooden panels. In the 19th century, thick paper sheets were used instead.<ref name="derman"/> The top part of ḥilān that were laid on wooded panels were carved and cut out in the form of a crown. The crown part's decorations could have small paintings of [[Medina]],[[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb]], or the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Hilye-i Şerife| author= Faruk Taşkale| url= http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| access-date= 2012-01-20| language= tr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143901/http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| archive-date= 2012-04-25| url-status= dead}}</ref> Ottomans commissioned scribes to write ḥilān in fine calligraphy and had them decorated by illuminators. These panels were often framed and used as wall decorations in houses, [[mosque]]s and shrines. They play a similar role to images of [[Jesus]] in Christian homes and places of worship.<ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book |title= Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters |last=Safi |first= Omid |author-link= Omid Safi |year= 2009 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-123134-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi |url-access= registration }}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="Peters2010">{{cite book |title= Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |last= Peters |first= F. E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974746-7 |pages= 160–161 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160 }}</ref> They represented Muhammad's presence without the "graven image" unacceptable to most Muslims.<ref name="Ernst2004" /> Although not common, some ḥilān are [[triptych]]s with foldable side panels, like [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] icons.<ref>Another example of a triptych-like ḥilya is at: {{cite web|publisher=Museum With No Borders| title= Triptych with 'hilya-i-sherif' (noble description)|author=Paola Torre | access-date=2012-01-27|url=https://hilyah.id}}</ref> The first recorded Hilye-i Sherif panel is generally believed to come from the scribe [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698).<ref name="derman" /> He was one of the earliest known to make the panels, although another famous scribe, [[Ahmed Karahisarî]], may have created one about a century before.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abdulkadiroğlu, A.| title=İlk Hilye Hattatı Ahmed Karahisari mi? (Is Ahmed Karahisaru the first hilye calligrapher?) | journal=Milli Kültür | issue=82 | pages= 48–52| year= 1991 | language = tr }} cited by {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |author=Yazar, S. |title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) |volume=2 |pages=1026–1044 |year=2007 |url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |language=tr |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> Hafız Osman experimented with pocket ḥilān in his youth; one of these dates from 1668. It is {{convert|22x14|cm|in}} and its text is in very small ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' script. It has a description of Mohammad in Arabic, and below that a Turkish translation, creating a triangular block of text.<ref name="derman">{{cite journal| title= Hat Sanatında Hilye-i Şerif | author= Derman, M.U.| year= 2000 | journal= Diyanet: İlmî Dergi | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> The texts at the centre of ḥilān praise the beauty of Muhammad's physical appearance and character.<ref name="Safi2009" />{{rp|273–274}} ===Standard layout=== [[File:Hilye-i Saadet by Mustafa Rakim.jpg|thumb|Hilye copied by [[Mustafa Râkim]] in 1791. [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] The standard layout for Ottoman ḥilya panels was made by [[Hâfiz Osman]].<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|title=Hilye-i Şerif |author=Velioğlu, A.K. |work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |access-date=2012-01-18 |url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |archive-date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> It contains the following elements:<ref name=Gruber132/> *The ''baş makam'' ("head station"), a top panel with the [[basmala]] or a blessing<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book |title= Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul |last= Derman |first= M. Uğur |year= 1998 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art |isbn= 978-0-87099-873-7 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> *The ''göbek'' ("belly"), a round shape with the first part of the main text in [[Naskh (script)|naskh script]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> It often has the description of Muhammad by [[Ali]] (according to [[Tirmidhi]]), with small variations.<ref name="Schick">{{cite journal| author= Shick, I.C. | year= 2008 | title=The Iconicity of Islamic Calligraphy in Turkey | journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics | volume= 53-54 | issue=53/54 | pages= 211–224 | doi= 10.1086/RESvn1ms25608818 | jstor= 25608818 | s2cid= 192229397 }}</ref> *The ''hilâl'' ("[[crescent]]"), an optional section with no text, often decorated with gold. This crescent encircles the ''göbek'', with its thick middle part at the bottom. Together, the ''göbek'' and ''hilal'' evoke the image of the sun and the moon.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''köşeler'' ("corners"), usually four rounded spaces surrounding the ''göbek.'' These usually name the four Rashid caliphs of [[Sunni Islam]], or sometimes other titles of Muhammad, names of his companions, or some of the [[names of God in Islam|names of God]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''ayet'' or ''kuşak'' ("belt") below the ''göbek'' and crescent with a verse from the [[Quran]]. Usually this is {{cite quran|21|107|b=n|style=ref}} ("And We [God] did not send you [Muhammad] except to be a mercy to the universe"). Sometimes {{cite quran|68|4|b=n|style=ref}} ("Truly, you [Muhammad] are tremendous") or {{cite quran|48|28–29|b=n|style=ref}} ("And God sees that Muhammad is the messenger of God") is put here instead.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''etek'' ("skirt") containing the end of the text begun in the ''göbek'', a short prayer, and the signature of the artist. If the main text fits completely in the ''göbek'', there may be no ''etek''.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> *The ''koltuklar'' ("empty spaces"), two decorated side panels on either side of the ''etek.'' They usually lack text, although sometimes Muhammad's companions are mentioned.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''iç'' and ''dış pervaz'' ("inner and outer frame"), an ornamental border.<ref name=Osborn>{{cite book |title= The type of calligraphy: Writing, print, and technologies of the Arabic alphabet |last= Osborn |first= J. R. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-549-51769-6 | pages=236–239 |publisher= University of California, San Diego |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtQeZt7ybjwC&pg=PA238 }}</ref> The rest of the space is taken up with decorative Ottoman illumination. There is often with a border in a contrasting design to the background of the text sections. The "verse" and "corners" normally use a larger ''[[thuluth]]'' script, while the "head" section with the ''bismallah'' is written in ''[[muhaqqaq]]''.<ref name=Ali8> {{cite journal| author = Ali, Wijdan | author-link=Wijdan Ali | year = 2001| title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art| volume = IV| pages = 1–24| journal = EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) | url = http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/downloads/ejos_4_7.pdf}}</ref> Unlike the literary kind of ḥilya, the text on calligraphic ḥilān is usually prose.<ref name="baycol"/> The Turkish names for central parts of the ḥilya are, from top to bottom, ''başmakam'' (head station), ''göbek'' (belly), ''kuşak'' (belt) and ''etek'' (skirt). This naming shows that the ḥilya represents a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book| author=Gruber, Christiane J. | title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections | year= 2010 | publisher= Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132 }}</ref> This standard way of laying out a hilya comes from the late 17th century. Some examples from the 19th century and two made by Hafiz Osman can be seen below. <gallery class="center"> Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 5.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 7.jpg|Hilye by Mehmed Tahir Efendi (d. 1848) Hilye-i serif 4.jpg|Hilye (1848) by Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi (d. 1876). Hilye Niyazi Efendi 1853.JPG|Hilye (c. 1853) by Niyazi Efendi (d. 1882) </gallery> Not all ḥilān fit this pattern. Artists have made new versions.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> <gallery class="center"> Signed Abdülkadir Şükri Efendi - Hilye-i Şerif (written portrait of the Prophet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Hilye (19th century). Around Muhammad's name, "''Inna Allah ala kull shay qadir''," ("God has power over all things.") appears five times. File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilye combined with blocks of text in the form of famous Relics of Muhammad. 19th century, Ottoman Turkey. File:Hilye-i Saadet by Esmâ Ibret.jpg|Hilye by [[Esmâ Ibret Hanim]] Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, circa 1725 (SHM 15501).jpg|Hilye in free form (18th century). Rose Hilye.jpg|Hilye in the shape of a pink rose (18th century). </gallery> ==Popularity of the graphic form== [[File:Hilye with side panels 1718.jpg|thumb|left|A ḥilya from 1718, like a Christian [[triptych]]. At the top of the middle panel is a crown carving. The side panes list the [[Names of God in Islam|99 names of Allah]].]] There are several reasons why graphic ḥilān are popular.<ref name="Erdogan"/><ref name="Yazar"/> In most Islamic culture it is not allowed to draw the face of Muhammad. Hilān respecting this rule by describing him in words. Many authors have described the affection of Muslims for Muhammad, which leads them to read about his physical and moral beauty.<ref name="Erdogan" /><ref name="Yazar" /> Hakani has said in his poem that a house with a ḥilya will be protected from trouble. Another motivation would have been the hadith given by Hakani in the Hilye-i Şerif. This promises great rewards to people who read and memorize Muhammad's ḥilya. It says they will see Muhammad in their dreams and will be protected from disasters. In the "sebeb-i te'lîf" ve "hâtime" section, the writer says why they wrote the ḥilya. Other ḥilya writers express, at the end of the ḥilya, their desire to be liked by Muhammad, the other prophets, or the four caliphs. One ḥilya writer, Hakim, wrote that he wishes that people will remember Muhammad as they look at his ḥilya.<ref name="Erdogan" /> ===Non-Ottoman forms=== As an art form, ḥilya has mostly been restricted to the Ottoman Empire. A small number of ḥilya panels come from [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | title=حِليهنويسى | publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica | access-date=2012-01-20 | url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004312/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | archive-date=2014-05-24 }}</ref> and follow a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] version of the form. These ḥilān have a Persian translation below the Arabic text and list the names of the [[Twelve Imams]]. In the 19th century, some Iranian ḥilān added pictures of Muhammad and Ali to the traditional format.<ref>See [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilye_Iran_19th_c_with_image.JPG this image] for an example.</ref><ref name="oleg">{{cite journal| title= The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad| author=Grabar, O | journal= Écriture, Calligraphie et Peinture | year=2003 | pages=19–38 }}</ref> Modern makers of ḥilān include [[Rasheed Butt]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Mohamed Zakariya]] from the United States.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |title= Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |last=Ernst |first= Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |year= 2004|publisher= UNC Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages= 76–78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77 }}</ref> ===Traditions=== In Turkey, it is traditional to give a ḥilya panel as a marriage gift. However, this tradition is disappearing.<ref name="derman"/> Covering the panels with sheer curtains was part of the religious folklore in Istanbul households.<ref name="derman"/> Since Osman's time, every Turkish calligrapher has to make at least one ḥilya, using the three scripts: ''muhaqqaq'', ''thuluth'' and ''naskh''.<ref name=Ali8/> It is traditional for calligraphers to get their diploma (''icazetname'') after making a ḥilya panel as their final assignment.<ref name="derman"/> The art of ḥilya flourishes in Turkey. Modern artists still create ḥilān in both classical and new forms. Modern ḥilān maintain the same essence even while they include abstract or figurative art.<ref>{{cite web| title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma | publisher= Piu Culture | url= http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/ | access-date= 2012-02-23 }}</ref> ==References== {{Commons category|Hilyes}} {{Reflist}} {{Depictions of Muhammad}} [[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Calligraphy]] 8yntaa0xx0pofvzaatbtw5h6yh1wnxw 10966586 10966581 2026-08-18T13:33:05Z MartinPoulter 95036 simplify caption 10966586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg|thumb|A ḥilya by [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), who made the standard layout for this type of [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] panel]] The word '''''ḥilya''''' or '''''hilye''''' is used for two kinds of description of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The word comes from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] words for "ornament". In the art of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a ''hilya'' is form of graphic art that lays out words about Muhammad in a pattern. In literature, a ''hilya'' is a type of Ottoman-Arabic text describing Muhammad. Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] believed that owning and reading a hilya protected them from trouble in this world and the next. They often carried these descriptions, written in [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illuminated]], as [[amulet]]s.<ref name="Bakker2009">{{cite book |title= The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |last= Bakker |first= Freek L.|year= 2009 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16861-9 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA209 }}</ref><ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> In 17th-century Ottoman [[Turkey]], ḥilān developed into an art form with a standard layout. They were often framed and used as a wall decoration. Early ḥilān only described Muhammad. Later ḥilān described other people from Islamic history and [[wali]]s (saints). == Origins == [[File:Hilye-i Saadet.jpg|thumb|Hilya in [[nastaliq|nastaʿlīq script]] by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], 1822, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] ''Hilye'', both as a kind of text and as an art form, come from ''shama'il'', the study of how Muhammad looked and behaved. These contained [[Hadith|hadiths]] describing Muhammad's spirit and his physical body. The best-known and accepted of these hadith are attributed to his son-in-law and cousin [[Ali]].<ref name="Brockopp2010">{{cite book |title= The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |last= Brockopp |first= Jonathan E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-71372-6 |page= 130 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC&pg=PA130 }}</ref> The sources of ḥilān have been the six main hadith books along with other hadith sources. Their authors include [[Aisha]], [[ibn Abbas]], [[Abu Hurayra]], and Hasan ibn Ali. While ''shama'il'' lists the physical and spiritual aspects of Muhammad in detail, ḥilān describe these in a literary style.<ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal | journal= Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi | author= Erdoğan, M. | title= Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi | volume= 11 | pages= 317–357 | year= 2007 | url= http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-16 | archive-date= 2021-11-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Hilya literature== Although many ḥilān exist in Turkish literature, Persian literature does not have many examples. For this reason, the ḥilya is considered one of Turkey's national literary styles.<ref name="Erdogan"/> The ''Hilye-i Şerif'' by [[Mehmet Hakani]] (d. 1606–07) is considered the finest example of the style.<ref name=Gruber132>{{cite book |title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections |last= Gruber |first= Christiane J. |year= 2010 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1 |pages=131–133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132}} </ref><ref>Hilye-i Şerif, [https://archive.org/details/hilyeihakani00hakauoft Digitised copy] of the 1898 edition at [[archive.org]]</ref> The first ḥilya written in prose form was the ''Hilye-i Celile ve Şemail-i 'Aliye'' by [[Hoca Sadeddin Efendi]].<ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal | journal= Journal of Turkish Studies | author= Yazar, S. | title= Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) | volume= 2 | pages= 1026–1044 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | language= tr | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | archive-date= 2014-04-13 }}</ref> The ḥilya tradition started with descriptions of Muhammad. Later ḥilān were about the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first four Caliphs (leaders)]], [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's companions]], his grandchildren [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and [[Wali|walis]] (saints) such as [[Rumi]].<ref name="Yazar"/> Another important ḥilya writer is [[Neşâtî]], whose 184-verse poem describes the physical appearance of [[Prophets in Islam|14 prophets]] and [[Adam]].<ref name="Erkal1999">{{cite journal | journal= Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi | issue= 12 | pages= 111–131 | year= 1999 | title= Türk Edebiyatında Hilye ve Cevri'nin "Hilye-i Çâr Yâr-ı Güzin"i | author= Erkal, A. | url= http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/viewFile/1784/1783 | language= tr }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ḥilān can be written as prose or poems (often in the [[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]] form). Two other kinds of Turkish Islamic literature, a ''mevlid'' (story of Muhammad's life) or a ''Mirʿajname'' (stories of [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad's visit to heaven]]) can include ḥilān.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal | title= Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine | author= İspirli, S.A. | year= 2010 | journal= Turkısh Studies | issue= 2 | pages= 21–36 | url= http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | archive-date= 2015-01-28 | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Art form== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|thumb|right|A ḥilya from 1712 meant to be folded and carried (the crease lines can be seen). The two crescents above and below the large circle in the middle contain the description of Muhammad. The central circle describes the protective powers of the ḥilya. The protective hand of [[Fatimah]] appears on the lower crescent, as another sign against evil. [[Koran]]ic verses surround the edges.]] While authors developed ''hilye'' as a style of writing, calligraphers and illuminators made it into a decorative art form. These did not picture what Muhammad looked like, but described him so that readers could imagine him.<ref name="Peters2010" /> It became common in 17th century Ottoman Turkey to carry around Muhammad's description for protection.<ref name="baycol">{{cite journal| title= Hilye-i Şerifler ve Medeniyetimizdeki Yeri | author= Bayçöl, H.| year= 2007 | journal= Yağmur | issue= 37| url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> Because of the belief that a house with a ḥilya will not see poverty, trouble, fear, or the devil,<ref name="Erdogan"/> these texts were displayed prominently in homes. The term 'ḥilya' was used for the art form for presenting these texts.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> Thus the ḥilya, as a vehicle for Muhammad's presence after his death, was seen as a [[talisman]], protecting a house, a child, a traveller, or a person in difficulty.<ref name=Gruber132 /> The hilya is also intended to help people see Muhammad as a link between the sacred and human worlds. It is seen as an opportunity to send him a blessing and to establish a connection with him.<ref name=Gruber132 /><ref name=Zakariya>{{cite journal|title=The Hilye of the Prophet Muhammad |last=Zakariya |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Zakariya |date=2003–2004 |journal=Seasons |publisher=Zaytuna Institute |pages=13–22 |url=http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202234841/http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Safi2009"/> The pocket ḥilān were written on a piece of paper, small enough to fit in a breast pocket after being folded in three. The folding lines were reinforced with cloth or leather. Other pocket ḥilān were made of wood.<ref name="derman"/> ''Hilyes'' for display on a wall were made on paper mounted on wooden panels. In the 19th century, thick paper sheets were used instead.<ref name="derman"/> The top part of ḥilān that were laid on wooded panels were carved and cut out in the form of a crown. The crown part's decorations could have small paintings of [[Medina]],[[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb]], or the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Hilye-i Şerife| author= Faruk Taşkale| url= http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| access-date= 2012-01-20| language= tr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143901/http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| archive-date= 2012-04-25| url-status= dead}}</ref> Ottomans commissioned scribes to write ḥilān in fine calligraphy and had them decorated by illuminators. These panels were often framed and used as wall decorations in houses, [[mosque]]s and shrines. They play a similar role to images of [[Jesus]] in Christian homes and places of worship.<ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book |title= Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters |last=Safi |first= Omid |author-link= Omid Safi |year= 2009 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-123134-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi |url-access= registration }}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="Peters2010">{{cite book |title= Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |last= Peters |first= F. E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974746-7 |pages= 160–161 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160 }}</ref> They represented Muhammad's presence without the "graven image" unacceptable to most Muslims.<ref name="Ernst2004" /> Although not common, some ḥilān are [[triptych]]s with foldable side panels, like [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] icons.<ref>Another example of a triptych-like ḥilya is at: {{cite web|publisher=Museum With No Borders| title= Triptych with 'hilya-i-sherif' (noble description)|author=Paola Torre | access-date=2012-01-27|url=https://hilyah.id}}</ref> The first recorded Hilye-i Sherif panel is generally believed to come from the scribe [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698).<ref name="derman" /> He was one of the earliest known to make the panels, although another famous scribe, [[Ahmed Karahisarî]], may have created one about a century before.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abdulkadiroğlu, A.| title=İlk Hilye Hattatı Ahmed Karahisari mi? (Is Ahmed Karahisaru the first hilye calligrapher?) | journal=Milli Kültür | issue=82 | pages= 48–52| year= 1991 | language = tr }} cited by {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |author=Yazar, S. |title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) |volume=2 |pages=1026–1044 |year=2007 |url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |language=tr |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> Hafız Osman experimented with pocket ḥilān in his youth; one of these dates from 1668. It is {{convert|22x14|cm|in}} and its text is in very small ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' script. It has a description of Mohammad in Arabic, and below that a Turkish translation, creating a triangular block of text.<ref name="derman">{{cite journal| title= Hat Sanatında Hilye-i Şerif | author= Derman, M.U.| year= 2000 | journal= Diyanet: İlmî Dergi | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> The texts at the centre of ḥilān praise the beauty of Muhammad's physical appearance and character.<ref name="Safi2009" />{{rp|273–274}} ===Standard layout=== [[File:Hilye-i Saadet by Mustafa Rakim.jpg|thumb|Hilye copied by [[Mustafa Râkim]] in 1791. [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] The standard layout for Ottoman ḥilya panels was made by [[Hâfiz Osman]].<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|title=Hilye-i Şerif |author=Velioğlu, A.K. |work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |access-date=2012-01-18 |url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |archive-date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> It contains the following elements:<ref name=Gruber132/> *The ''baş makam'' ("head station"), a top panel with the [[basmala]] or a blessing<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book |title= Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul |last= Derman |first= M. Uğur |year= 1998 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art |isbn= 978-0-87099-873-7 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> *The ''göbek'' ("belly"), a round shape with the first part of the main text in [[Naskh (script)|naskh script]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> It often has the description of Muhammad by [[Ali]] (according to [[Tirmidhi]]), with small variations.<ref name="Schick">{{cite journal| author= Shick, I.C. | year= 2008 | title=The Iconicity of Islamic Calligraphy in Turkey | journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics | volume= 53-54 | issue=53/54 | pages= 211–224 | doi= 10.1086/RESvn1ms25608818 | jstor= 25608818 | s2cid= 192229397 }}</ref> *The ''hilâl'' ("[[crescent]]"), an optional section with no text, often decorated with gold. This crescent encircles the ''göbek'', with its thick middle part at the bottom. Together, the ''göbek'' and ''hilal'' evoke the image of the sun and the moon.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''köşeler'' ("corners"), usually four rounded spaces surrounding the ''göbek.'' These usually name the four Rashid caliphs of [[Sunni Islam]], or sometimes other titles of Muhammad, names of his companions, or some of the [[names of God in Islam|names of God]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''ayet'' or ''kuşak'' ("belt") below the ''göbek'' and crescent with a verse from the [[Quran]]. Usually this is {{cite quran|21|107|b=n|style=ref}} ("And We [God] did not send you [Muhammad] except to be a mercy to the universe"). Sometimes {{cite quran|68|4|b=n|style=ref}} ("Truly, you [Muhammad] are tremendous") or {{cite quran|48|28–29|b=n|style=ref}} ("And God sees that Muhammad is the messenger of God") is put here instead.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''etek'' ("skirt") containing the end of the text begun in the ''göbek'', a short prayer, and the signature of the artist. If the main text fits completely in the ''göbek'', there may be no ''etek''.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> *The ''koltuklar'' ("empty spaces"), two decorated side panels on either side of the ''etek.'' They usually lack text, although sometimes Muhammad's companions are mentioned.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''iç'' and ''dış pervaz'' ("inner and outer frame"), an ornamental border.<ref name=Osborn>{{cite book |title= The type of calligraphy: Writing, print, and technologies of the Arabic alphabet |last= Osborn |first= J. R. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-549-51769-6 | pages=236–239 |publisher= University of California, San Diego |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtQeZt7ybjwC&pg=PA238 }}</ref> The rest of the space is taken up with decorative Ottoman illumination. There is often with a border in a contrasting design to the background of the text sections. The "verse" and "corners" normally use a larger ''[[thuluth]]'' script, while the "head" section with the ''bismallah'' is written in ''[[muhaqqaq]]''.<ref name=Ali8> {{cite journal| author = Ali, Wijdan | author-link=Wijdan Ali | year = 2001| title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art| volume = IV| pages = 1–24| journal = EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) | url = http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/downloads/ejos_4_7.pdf}}</ref> Unlike the literary kind of ḥilya, the text on calligraphic ḥilān is usually prose.<ref name="baycol"/> The Turkish names for central parts of the ḥilya are, from top to bottom, ''başmakam'' (head station), ''göbek'' (belly), ''kuşak'' (belt) and ''etek'' (skirt). This naming shows that the ḥilya represents a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book| author=Gruber, Christiane J. | title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections | year= 2010 | publisher= Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132 }}</ref> This standard way of laying out a hilya comes from the late 17th century. Some examples from the 19th century and two made by Hafiz Osman can be seen below. <gallery class="center"> Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 5.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 7.jpg|Hilye by Mehmed Tahir Efendi (d. 1848) Hilye-i serif 4.jpg|Hilye (1848) by Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi (d. 1876). Hilye Niyazi Efendi 1853.JPG|Hilye (c. 1853) by Niyazi Efendi (d. 1882) </gallery> Not all ḥilān fit this pattern. Artists have made new versions.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> <gallery class="center"> Signed Abdülkadir Şükri Efendi - Hilye-i Şerif (written portrait of the Prophet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Hilye (19th century). Around Muhammad's name, "''Inna Allah ala kull shay qadir''," ("God has power over all things.") appears five times. File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilye combined with blocks of text in the form of famous Relics of Muhammad. 19th century, Ottoman Turkey. File:Hilye-i Saadet by Esmâ Ibret.jpg|Hilye by [[Esmâ Ibret Hanim]] Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, circa 1725 (SHM 15501).jpg|Hilye in free form (18th century). Rose Hilye.jpg|Hilye in the shape of a pink rose (18th century). </gallery> ==Popularity of the graphic form== [[File:Hilye with side panels 1718.jpg|thumb|left|A ḥilya from 1718, like a Christian [[triptych]]. At the top of the middle panel is a crown carving. The side panes list the [[Names of God in Islam|99 names of Allah]].]] There are several reasons why graphic ḥilān are popular.<ref name="Erdogan"/><ref name="Yazar"/> In most Islamic culture it is not allowed to draw the face of Muhammad. Hilān respecting this rule by describing him in words. Many authors have described the affection of Muslims for Muhammad, which leads them to read about his physical and moral beauty.<ref name="Erdogan" /><ref name="Yazar" /> Hakani has said in his poem that a house with a ḥilya will be protected from trouble. Another motivation would have been the hadith given by Hakani in the Hilye-i Şerif. This promises great rewards to people who read and memorize Muhammad's ḥilya. It says they will see Muhammad in their dreams and will be protected from disasters. In the "sebeb-i te'lîf" ve "hâtime" section, the writer says why they wrote the ḥilya. Other ḥilya writers express, at the end of the ḥilya, their desire to be liked by Muhammad, the other prophets, or the four caliphs. One ḥilya writer, Hakim, wrote that he wishes that people will remember Muhammad as they look at his ḥilya.<ref name="Erdogan" /> ===Non-Ottoman forms=== As an art form, ḥilya has mostly been restricted to the Ottoman Empire. A small number of ḥilya panels come from [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | title=حِليهنويسى | publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica | access-date=2012-01-20 | url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004312/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | archive-date=2014-05-24 }}</ref> and follow a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] version of the form. These ḥilān have a Persian translation below the Arabic text and list the names of the [[Twelve Imams]]. In the 19th century, some Iranian ḥilān added pictures of Muhammad and Ali to the traditional format.<ref>See [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilye_Iran_19th_c_with_image.JPG this image] for an example.</ref><ref name="oleg">{{cite journal| title= The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad| author=Grabar, O | journal= Écriture, Calligraphie et Peinture | year=2003 | pages=19–38 }}</ref> Modern makers of ḥilān include [[Rasheed Butt]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Mohamed Zakariya]] from the United States.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |title= Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |last=Ernst |first= Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |year= 2004|publisher= UNC Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages= 76–78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77 }}</ref> ===Traditions=== In Turkey, it is traditional to give a ḥilya panel as a marriage gift. However, this tradition is disappearing.<ref name="derman"/> Covering the panels with sheer curtains was part of the religious folklore in Istanbul households.<ref name="derman"/> Since Osman's time, every Turkish calligrapher has to make at least one ḥilya, using the three scripts: ''muhaqqaq'', ''thuluth'' and ''naskh''.<ref name=Ali8/> It is traditional for calligraphers to get their diploma (''icazetname'') after making a ḥilya panel as their final assignment.<ref name="derman"/> The art of ḥilya flourishes in Turkey. Modern artists still create ḥilān in both classical and new forms. Modern ḥilān maintain the same essence even while they include abstract or figurative art.<ref>{{cite web| title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma | publisher= Piu Culture | url= http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/ | access-date= 2012-02-23 }}</ref> ==References== {{Commons category|Hilyes}} {{Reflist}} {{Depictions of Muhammad}} [[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Calligraphy]] k6v5cbu9xbn3u5ykebtqtm5yjv2qw5h 10966599 10966586 2026-08-18T13:41:11Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Origins */ explain this term 10966599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg|thumb|A ḥilya by [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), who made the standard layout for this type of [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] panel]] The word '''''ḥilya''''' or '''''hilye''''' is used for two kinds of description of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The word comes from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] words for "ornament". In the art of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a ''hilya'' is form of graphic art that lays out words about Muhammad in a pattern. In literature, a ''hilya'' is a type of Ottoman-Arabic text describing Muhammad. Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] believed that owning and reading a hilya protected them from trouble in this world and the next. They often carried these descriptions, written in [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illuminated]], as [[amulet]]s.<ref name="Bakker2009">{{cite book |title= The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |last= Bakker |first= Freek L.|year= 2009 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16861-9 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA209 }}</ref><ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> In 17th-century Ottoman [[Turkey]], ḥilān developed into an art form with a standard layout. They were often framed and used as a wall decoration. Early ḥilān only described Muhammad. Later ḥilān described other people from Islamic history and [[wali]]s (saints). == Origins == [[File:Hilye-i Saadet.jpg|thumb|Hilya in [[nastaliq|nastaʿlīq script]] by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], 1822, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] ''Hilye'', both as a kind of text and as an art form, come from ''shama'il'', the study of how Muhammad looked and behaved. These contained [[Hadith|hadiths]] (writing of early Muslims) describing Muhammad's spirit and his physical body. The best-known and accepted of these hadith are attributed to his son-in-law and cousin [[Ali]].<ref name="Brockopp2010">{{cite book |title= The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |last= Brockopp |first= Jonathan E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-71372-6 |page= 130 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC&pg=PA130 }}</ref> The sources of ḥilān have been the six main hadith books along with other hadith sources. Their authors include [[Aisha]], [[ibn Abbas]], [[Abu Hurayra]], and Hasan ibn Ali. While ''shama'il'' lists the physical and spiritual aspects of Muhammad in detail, ḥilān describe these in a literary style.<ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal | journal= Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi | author= Erdoğan, M. | title= Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi | volume= 11 | pages= 317–357 | year= 2007 | url= http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-16 | archive-date= 2021-11-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Hilya literature== Although many ḥilān exist in Turkish literature, Persian literature does not have many examples. For this reason, the ḥilya is considered one of Turkey's national literary styles.<ref name="Erdogan"/> The ''Hilye-i Şerif'' by [[Mehmet Hakani]] (d. 1606–07) is considered the finest example of the style.<ref name=Gruber132>{{cite book |title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections |last= Gruber |first= Christiane J. |year= 2010 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1 |pages=131–133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132}} </ref><ref>Hilye-i Şerif, [https://archive.org/details/hilyeihakani00hakauoft Digitised copy] of the 1898 edition at [[archive.org]]</ref> The first ḥilya written in prose form was the ''Hilye-i Celile ve Şemail-i 'Aliye'' by [[Hoca Sadeddin Efendi]].<ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal | journal= Journal of Turkish Studies | author= Yazar, S. | title= Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) | volume= 2 | pages= 1026–1044 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | language= tr | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | archive-date= 2014-04-13 }}</ref> The ḥilya tradition started with descriptions of Muhammad. Later ḥilān were about the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first four Caliphs (leaders)]], [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's companions]], his grandchildren [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and [[Wali|walis]] (saints) such as [[Rumi]].<ref name="Yazar"/> Another important ḥilya writer is [[Neşâtî]], whose 184-verse poem describes the physical appearance of [[Prophets in Islam|14 prophets]] and [[Adam]].<ref name="Erkal1999">{{cite journal | journal= Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi | issue= 12 | pages= 111–131 | year= 1999 | title= Türk Edebiyatında Hilye ve Cevri'nin "Hilye-i Çâr Yâr-ı Güzin"i | author= Erkal, A. | url= http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/viewFile/1784/1783 | language= tr }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ḥilān can be written as prose or poems (often in the [[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]] form). Two other kinds of Turkish Islamic literature, a ''mevlid'' (story of Muhammad's life) or a ''Mirʿajname'' (stories of [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad's visit to heaven]]) can include ḥilān.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal | title= Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine | author= İspirli, S.A. | year= 2010 | journal= Turkısh Studies | issue= 2 | pages= 21–36 | url= http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | archive-date= 2015-01-28 | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Art form== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|thumb|right|A ḥilya from 1712 meant to be folded and carried (the crease lines can be seen). The two crescents above and below the large circle in the middle contain the description of Muhammad. The central circle describes the protective powers of the ḥilya. The protective hand of [[Fatimah]] appears on the lower crescent, as another sign against evil. [[Koran]]ic verses surround the edges.]] While authors developed ''hilye'' as a style of writing, calligraphers and illuminators made it into a decorative art form. These did not picture what Muhammad looked like, but described him so that readers could imagine him.<ref name="Peters2010" /> It became common in 17th century Ottoman Turkey to carry around Muhammad's description for protection.<ref name="baycol">{{cite journal| title= Hilye-i Şerifler ve Medeniyetimizdeki Yeri | author= Bayçöl, H.| year= 2007 | journal= Yağmur | issue= 37| url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> Because of the belief that a house with a ḥilya will not see poverty, trouble, fear, or the devil,<ref name="Erdogan"/> these texts were displayed prominently in homes. The term 'ḥilya' was used for the art form for presenting these texts.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> Thus the ḥilya, as a vehicle for Muhammad's presence after his death, was seen as a [[talisman]], protecting a house, a child, a traveller, or a person in difficulty.<ref name=Gruber132 /> The hilya is also intended to help people see Muhammad as a link between the sacred and human worlds. It is seen as an opportunity to send him a blessing and to establish a connection with him.<ref name=Gruber132 /><ref name=Zakariya>{{cite journal|title=The Hilye of the Prophet Muhammad |last=Zakariya |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Zakariya |date=2003–2004 |journal=Seasons |publisher=Zaytuna Institute |pages=13–22 |url=http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202234841/http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Safi2009"/> The pocket ḥilān were written on a piece of paper, small enough to fit in a breast pocket after being folded in three. The folding lines were reinforced with cloth or leather. Other pocket ḥilān were made of wood.<ref name="derman"/> ''Hilyes'' for display on a wall were made on paper mounted on wooden panels. In the 19th century, thick paper sheets were used instead.<ref name="derman"/> The top part of ḥilān that were laid on wooded panels were carved and cut out in the form of a crown. The crown part's decorations could have small paintings of [[Medina]],[[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb]], or the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Hilye-i Şerife| author= Faruk Taşkale| url= http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| access-date= 2012-01-20| language= tr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143901/http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| archive-date= 2012-04-25| url-status= dead}}</ref> Ottomans commissioned scribes to write ḥilān in fine calligraphy and had them decorated by illuminators. These panels were often framed and used as wall decorations in houses, [[mosque]]s and shrines. They play a similar role to images of [[Jesus]] in Christian homes and places of worship.<ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book |title= Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters |last=Safi |first= Omid |author-link= Omid Safi |year= 2009 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-123134-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi |url-access= registration }}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="Peters2010">{{cite book |title= Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |last= Peters |first= F. E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974746-7 |pages= 160–161 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160 }}</ref> They represented Muhammad's presence without the "graven image" unacceptable to most Muslims.<ref name="Ernst2004" /> Although not common, some ḥilān are [[triptych]]s with foldable side panels, like [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] icons.<ref>Another example of a triptych-like ḥilya is at: {{cite web|publisher=Museum With No Borders| title= Triptych with 'hilya-i-sherif' (noble description)|author=Paola Torre | access-date=2012-01-27|url=https://hilyah.id}}</ref> The first recorded Hilye-i Sherif panel is generally believed to come from the scribe [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698).<ref name="derman" /> He was one of the earliest known to make the panels, although another famous scribe, [[Ahmed Karahisarî]], may have created one about a century before.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abdulkadiroğlu, A.| title=İlk Hilye Hattatı Ahmed Karahisari mi? (Is Ahmed Karahisaru the first hilye calligrapher?) | journal=Milli Kültür | issue=82 | pages= 48–52| year= 1991 | language = tr }} cited by {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |author=Yazar, S. |title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) |volume=2 |pages=1026–1044 |year=2007 |url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |language=tr |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> Hafız Osman experimented with pocket ḥilān in his youth; one of these dates from 1668. It is {{convert|22x14|cm|in}} and its text is in very small ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' script. It has a description of Mohammad in Arabic, and below that a Turkish translation, creating a triangular block of text.<ref name="derman">{{cite journal| title= Hat Sanatında Hilye-i Şerif | author= Derman, M.U.| year= 2000 | journal= Diyanet: İlmî Dergi | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> The texts at the centre of ḥilān praise the beauty of Muhammad's physical appearance and character.<ref name="Safi2009" />{{rp|273–274}} ===Standard layout=== [[File:Hilye-i Saadet by Mustafa Rakim.jpg|thumb|Hilye copied by [[Mustafa Râkim]] in 1791. [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] The standard layout for Ottoman ḥilya panels was made by [[Hâfiz Osman]].<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|title=Hilye-i Şerif |author=Velioğlu, A.K. |work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |access-date=2012-01-18 |url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |archive-date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> It contains the following elements:<ref name=Gruber132/> *The ''baş makam'' ("head station"), a top panel with the [[basmala]] or a blessing<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book |title= Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul |last= Derman |first= M. Uğur |year= 1998 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art |isbn= 978-0-87099-873-7 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> *The ''göbek'' ("belly"), a round shape with the first part of the main text in [[Naskh (script)|naskh script]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> It often has the description of Muhammad by [[Ali]] (according to [[Tirmidhi]]), with small variations.<ref name="Schick">{{cite journal| author= Shick, I.C. | year= 2008 | title=The Iconicity of Islamic Calligraphy in Turkey | journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics | volume= 53-54 | issue=53/54 | pages= 211–224 | doi= 10.1086/RESvn1ms25608818 | jstor= 25608818 | s2cid= 192229397 }}</ref> *The ''hilâl'' ("[[crescent]]"), an optional section with no text, often decorated with gold. This crescent encircles the ''göbek'', with its thick middle part at the bottom. Together, the ''göbek'' and ''hilal'' evoke the image of the sun and the moon.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''köşeler'' ("corners"), usually four rounded spaces surrounding the ''göbek.'' These usually name the four Rashid caliphs of [[Sunni Islam]], or sometimes other titles of Muhammad, names of his companions, or some of the [[names of God in Islam|names of God]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''ayet'' or ''kuşak'' ("belt") below the ''göbek'' and crescent with a verse from the [[Quran]]. Usually this is {{cite quran|21|107|b=n|style=ref}} ("And We [God] did not send you [Muhammad] except to be a mercy to the universe"). Sometimes {{cite quran|68|4|b=n|style=ref}} ("Truly, you [Muhammad] are tremendous") or {{cite quran|48|28–29|b=n|style=ref}} ("And God sees that Muhammad is the messenger of God") is put here instead.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''etek'' ("skirt") containing the end of the text begun in the ''göbek'', a short prayer, and the signature of the artist. If the main text fits completely in the ''göbek'', there may be no ''etek''.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> *The ''koltuklar'' ("empty spaces"), two decorated side panels on either side of the ''etek.'' They usually lack text, although sometimes Muhammad's companions are mentioned.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''iç'' and ''dış pervaz'' ("inner and outer frame"), an ornamental border.<ref name=Osborn>{{cite book |title= The type of calligraphy: Writing, print, and technologies of the Arabic alphabet |last= Osborn |first= J. R. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-549-51769-6 | pages=236–239 |publisher= University of California, San Diego |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtQeZt7ybjwC&pg=PA238 }}</ref> The rest of the space is taken up with decorative Ottoman illumination. There is often with a border in a contrasting design to the background of the text sections. The "verse" and "corners" normally use a larger ''[[thuluth]]'' script, while the "head" section with the ''bismallah'' is written in ''[[muhaqqaq]]''.<ref name=Ali8> {{cite journal| author = Ali, Wijdan | author-link=Wijdan Ali | year = 2001| title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art| volume = IV| pages = 1–24| journal = EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) | url = http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/downloads/ejos_4_7.pdf}}</ref> Unlike the literary kind of ḥilya, the text on calligraphic ḥilān is usually prose.<ref name="baycol"/> The Turkish names for central parts of the ḥilya are, from top to bottom, ''başmakam'' (head station), ''göbek'' (belly), ''kuşak'' (belt) and ''etek'' (skirt). This naming shows that the ḥilya represents a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book| author=Gruber, Christiane J. | title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections | year= 2010 | publisher= Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132 }}</ref> This standard way of laying out a hilya comes from the late 17th century. Some examples from the 19th century and two made by Hafiz Osman can be seen below. <gallery class="center"> Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 5.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 7.jpg|Hilye by Mehmed Tahir Efendi (d. 1848) Hilye-i serif 4.jpg|Hilye (1848) by Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi (d. 1876). Hilye Niyazi Efendi 1853.JPG|Hilye (c. 1853) by Niyazi Efendi (d. 1882) </gallery> Not all ḥilān fit this pattern. Artists have made new versions.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> <gallery class="center"> Signed Abdülkadir Şükri Efendi - Hilye-i Şerif (written portrait of the Prophet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Hilye (19th century). Around Muhammad's name, "''Inna Allah ala kull shay qadir''," ("God has power over all things.") appears five times. File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilye combined with blocks of text in the form of famous Relics of Muhammad. 19th century, Ottoman Turkey. File:Hilye-i Saadet by Esmâ Ibret.jpg|Hilye by [[Esmâ Ibret Hanim]] Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, circa 1725 (SHM 15501).jpg|Hilye in free form (18th century). Rose Hilye.jpg|Hilye in the shape of a pink rose (18th century). </gallery> ==Popularity of the graphic form== [[File:Hilye with side panels 1718.jpg|thumb|left|A ḥilya from 1718, like a Christian [[triptych]]. At the top of the middle panel is a crown carving. The side panes list the [[Names of God in Islam|99 names of Allah]].]] There are several reasons why graphic ḥilān are popular.<ref name="Erdogan"/><ref name="Yazar"/> In most Islamic culture it is not allowed to draw the face of Muhammad. Hilān respecting this rule by describing him in words. Many authors have described the affection of Muslims for Muhammad, which leads them to read about his physical and moral beauty.<ref name="Erdogan" /><ref name="Yazar" /> Hakani has said in his poem that a house with a ḥilya will be protected from trouble. Another motivation would have been the hadith given by Hakani in the Hilye-i Şerif. This promises great rewards to people who read and memorize Muhammad's ḥilya. It says they will see Muhammad in their dreams and will be protected from disasters. In the "sebeb-i te'lîf" ve "hâtime" section, the writer says why they wrote the ḥilya. Other ḥilya writers express, at the end of the ḥilya, their desire to be liked by Muhammad, the other prophets, or the four caliphs. One ḥilya writer, Hakim, wrote that he wishes that people will remember Muhammad as they look at his ḥilya.<ref name="Erdogan" /> ===Non-Ottoman forms=== As an art form, ḥilya has mostly been restricted to the Ottoman Empire. A small number of ḥilya panels come from [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | title=حِليهنويسى | publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica | access-date=2012-01-20 | url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004312/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | archive-date=2014-05-24 }}</ref> and follow a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] version of the form. These ḥilān have a Persian translation below the Arabic text and list the names of the [[Twelve Imams]]. In the 19th century, some Iranian ḥilān added pictures of Muhammad and Ali to the traditional format.<ref>See [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilye_Iran_19th_c_with_image.JPG this image] for an example.</ref><ref name="oleg">{{cite journal| title= The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad| author=Grabar, O | journal= Écriture, Calligraphie et Peinture | year=2003 | pages=19–38 }}</ref> Modern makers of ḥilān include [[Rasheed Butt]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Mohamed Zakariya]] from the United States.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |title= Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |last=Ernst |first= Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |year= 2004|publisher= UNC Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages= 76–78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77 }}</ref> ===Traditions=== In Turkey, it is traditional to give a ḥilya panel as a marriage gift. However, this tradition is disappearing.<ref name="derman"/> Covering the panels with sheer curtains was part of the religious folklore in Istanbul households.<ref name="derman"/> Since Osman's time, every Turkish calligrapher has to make at least one ḥilya, using the three scripts: ''muhaqqaq'', ''thuluth'' and ''naskh''.<ref name=Ali8/> It is traditional for calligraphers to get their diploma (''icazetname'') after making a ḥilya panel as their final assignment.<ref name="derman"/> The art of ḥilya flourishes in Turkey. Modern artists still create ḥilān in both classical and new forms. Modern ḥilān maintain the same essence even while they include abstract or figurative art.<ref>{{cite web| title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma | publisher= Piu Culture | url= http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/ | access-date= 2012-02-23 }}</ref> ==References== {{Commons category|Hilyes}} {{Reflist}} {{Depictions of Muhammad}} [[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Calligraphy]] e9r3iboxx5az70uysnchyc3sbf5pfgp 10966613 10966599 2026-08-18T13:57:51Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Standard layout */ simplify 10966613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg|thumb|A ḥilya by [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), who made the standard layout for this type of [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] panel]] The word '''''ḥilya''''' or '''''hilye''''' is used for two kinds of description of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The word comes from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] words for "ornament". In the art of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a ''hilya'' is form of graphic art that lays out words about Muhammad in a pattern. In literature, a ''hilya'' is a type of Ottoman-Arabic text describing Muhammad. Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] believed that owning and reading a hilya protected them from trouble in this world and the next. They often carried these descriptions, written in [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illuminated]], as [[amulet]]s.<ref name="Bakker2009">{{cite book |title= The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |last= Bakker |first= Freek L.|year= 2009 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16861-9 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA209 }}</ref><ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> In 17th-century Ottoman [[Turkey]], ḥilān developed into an art form with a standard layout. They were often framed and used as a wall decoration. Early ḥilān only described Muhammad. Later ḥilān described other people from Islamic history and [[wali]]s (saints). == Origins == [[File:Hilye-i Saadet.jpg|thumb|Hilya in [[nastaliq|nastaʿlīq script]] by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], 1822, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] ''Hilye'', both as a kind of text and as an art form, come from ''shama'il'', the study of how Muhammad looked and behaved. These contained [[Hadith|hadiths]] (writing of early Muslims) describing Muhammad's spirit and his physical body. The best-known and accepted of these hadith are attributed to his son-in-law and cousin [[Ali]].<ref name="Brockopp2010">{{cite book |title= The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |last= Brockopp |first= Jonathan E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-71372-6 |page= 130 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC&pg=PA130 }}</ref> The sources of ḥilān have been the six main hadith books along with other hadith sources. Their authors include [[Aisha]], [[ibn Abbas]], [[Abu Hurayra]], and Hasan ibn Ali. While ''shama'il'' lists the physical and spiritual aspects of Muhammad in detail, ḥilān describe these in a literary style.<ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal | journal= Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi | author= Erdoğan, M. | title= Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi | volume= 11 | pages= 317–357 | year= 2007 | url= http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-16 | archive-date= 2021-11-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Hilya literature== Although many ḥilān exist in Turkish literature, Persian literature does not have many examples. For this reason, the ḥilya is considered one of Turkey's national literary styles.<ref name="Erdogan"/> The ''Hilye-i Şerif'' by [[Mehmet Hakani]] (d. 1606–07) is considered the finest example of the style.<ref name=Gruber132>{{cite book |title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections |last= Gruber |first= Christiane J. |year= 2010 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1 |pages=131–133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132}} </ref><ref>Hilye-i Şerif, [https://archive.org/details/hilyeihakani00hakauoft Digitised copy] of the 1898 edition at [[archive.org]]</ref> The first ḥilya written in prose form was the ''Hilye-i Celile ve Şemail-i 'Aliye'' by [[Hoca Sadeddin Efendi]].<ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal | journal= Journal of Turkish Studies | author= Yazar, S. | title= Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) | volume= 2 | pages= 1026–1044 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | language= tr | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | archive-date= 2014-04-13 }}</ref> The ḥilya tradition started with descriptions of Muhammad. Later ḥilān were about the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first four Caliphs (leaders)]], [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's companions]], his grandchildren [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and [[Wali|walis]] (saints) such as [[Rumi]].<ref name="Yazar"/> Another important ḥilya writer is [[Neşâtî]], whose 184-verse poem describes the physical appearance of [[Prophets in Islam|14 prophets]] and [[Adam]].<ref name="Erkal1999">{{cite journal | journal= Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi | issue= 12 | pages= 111–131 | year= 1999 | title= Türk Edebiyatında Hilye ve Cevri'nin "Hilye-i Çâr Yâr-ı Güzin"i | author= Erkal, A. | url= http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/viewFile/1784/1783 | language= tr }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ḥilān can be written as prose or poems (often in the [[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]] form). Two other kinds of Turkish Islamic literature, a ''mevlid'' (story of Muhammad's life) or a ''Mirʿajname'' (stories of [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad's visit to heaven]]) can include ḥilān.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal | title= Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine | author= İspirli, S.A. | year= 2010 | journal= Turkısh Studies | issue= 2 | pages= 21–36 | url= http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | archive-date= 2015-01-28 | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Art form== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|thumb|right|A ḥilya from 1712 meant to be folded and carried (the crease lines can be seen). The two crescents above and below the large circle in the middle contain the description of Muhammad. The central circle describes the protective powers of the ḥilya. The protective hand of [[Fatimah]] appears on the lower crescent, as another sign against evil. [[Koran]]ic verses surround the edges.]] While authors developed ''hilye'' as a style of writing, calligraphers and illuminators made it into a decorative art form. These did not picture what Muhammad looked like, but described him so that readers could imagine him.<ref name="Peters2010" /> It became common in 17th century Ottoman Turkey to carry around Muhammad's description for protection.<ref name="baycol">{{cite journal| title= Hilye-i Şerifler ve Medeniyetimizdeki Yeri | author= Bayçöl, H.| year= 2007 | journal= Yağmur | issue= 37| url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> Because of the belief that a house with a ḥilya will not see poverty, trouble, fear, or the devil,<ref name="Erdogan"/> these texts were displayed prominently in homes. The term 'ḥilya' was used for the art form for presenting these texts.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> Thus the ḥilya, as a vehicle for Muhammad's presence after his death, was seen as a [[talisman]], protecting a house, a child, a traveller, or a person in difficulty.<ref name=Gruber132 /> The hilya is also intended to help people see Muhammad as a link between the sacred and human worlds. It is seen as an opportunity to send him a blessing and to establish a connection with him.<ref name=Gruber132 /><ref name=Zakariya>{{cite journal|title=The Hilye of the Prophet Muhammad |last=Zakariya |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Zakariya |date=2003–2004 |journal=Seasons |publisher=Zaytuna Institute |pages=13–22 |url=http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202234841/http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Safi2009"/> The pocket ḥilān were written on a piece of paper, small enough to fit in a breast pocket after being folded in three. The folding lines were reinforced with cloth or leather. Other pocket ḥilān were made of wood.<ref name="derman"/> ''Hilyes'' for display on a wall were made on paper mounted on wooden panels. In the 19th century, thick paper sheets were used instead.<ref name="derman"/> The top part of ḥilān that were laid on wooded panels were carved and cut out in the form of a crown. The crown part's decorations could have small paintings of [[Medina]],[[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb]], or the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Hilye-i Şerife| author= Faruk Taşkale| url= http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| access-date= 2012-01-20| language= tr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143901/http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| archive-date= 2012-04-25| url-status= dead}}</ref> Ottomans commissioned scribes to write ḥilān in fine calligraphy and had them decorated by illuminators. These panels were often framed and used as wall decorations in houses, [[mosque]]s and shrines. They play a similar role to images of [[Jesus]] in Christian homes and places of worship.<ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book |title= Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters |last=Safi |first= Omid |author-link= Omid Safi |year= 2009 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-123134-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi |url-access= registration }}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="Peters2010">{{cite book |title= Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |last= Peters |first= F. E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974746-7 |pages= 160–161 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160 }}</ref> They represented Muhammad's presence without the "graven image" unacceptable to most Muslims.<ref name="Ernst2004" /> Although not common, some ḥilān are [[triptych]]s with foldable side panels, like [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] icons.<ref>Another example of a triptych-like ḥilya is at: {{cite web|publisher=Museum With No Borders| title= Triptych with 'hilya-i-sherif' (noble description)|author=Paola Torre | access-date=2012-01-27|url=https://hilyah.id}}</ref> The first recorded Hilye-i Sherif panel is generally believed to come from the scribe [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698).<ref name="derman" /> He was one of the earliest known to make the panels, although another famous scribe, [[Ahmed Karahisarî]], may have created one about a century before.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abdulkadiroğlu, A.| title=İlk Hilye Hattatı Ahmed Karahisari mi? (Is Ahmed Karahisaru the first hilye calligrapher?) | journal=Milli Kültür | issue=82 | pages= 48–52| year= 1991 | language = tr }} cited by {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |author=Yazar, S. |title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) |volume=2 |pages=1026–1044 |year=2007 |url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |language=tr |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> Hafız Osman experimented with pocket ḥilān in his youth; one of these dates from 1668. It is {{convert|22x14|cm|in}} and its text is in very small ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' script. It has a description of Mohammad in Arabic, and below that a Turkish translation, creating a triangular block of text.<ref name="derman">{{cite journal| title= Hat Sanatında Hilye-i Şerif | author= Derman, M.U.| year= 2000 | journal= Diyanet: İlmî Dergi | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> The texts at the centre of ḥilān praise the beauty of Muhammad's physical appearance and character.<ref name="Safi2009" />{{rp|273–274}} ===Standard layout=== [[File:Hilye-i Saadet by Mustafa Rakim.jpg|thumb|Hilye copied by [[Mustafa Râkim]] in 1791. [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] The standard layout for Ottoman ḥilya panels was made by [[Hâfiz Osman]].<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|title=Hilye-i Şerif |author=Velioğlu, A.K. |work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |access-date=2012-01-18 |url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |archive-date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> It contains the following elements:<ref name=Gruber132/> *The ''baş makam'' ("head station"), a top panel with the [[basmala]] or a blessing<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book |title= Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul |last= Derman |first= M. Uğur |year= 1998 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art |isbn= 978-0-87099-873-7 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> *The ''göbek'' ("belly"), a round shape with the first part of the main text in [[Naskh (script)|naskh script]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> It often has the description of Muhammad by [[Ali]] (according to [[Tirmidhi]]), with small variations.<ref name="Schick">{{cite journal| author= Shick, I.C. | year= 2008 | title=The Iconicity of Islamic Calligraphy in Turkey | journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics | volume= 53-54 | issue=53/54 | pages= 211–224 | doi= 10.1086/RESvn1ms25608818 | jstor= 25608818 | s2cid= 192229397 }}</ref> *The ''hilâl'' ("[[crescent]]"), an optional section with no text, often decorated with gold. This crescent encircles the ''göbek'', with its thick middle part at the bottom. Together, the ''göbek'' and ''hilal'' evoke the image of the sun and the moon.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''köşeler'' ("corners"), usually four rounded spaces surrounding the ''göbek.'' These usually name the four Rashid caliphs of [[Sunni Islam]], or sometimes other titles of Muhammad, names of his companions, or some of the [[names of God in Islam|names of God]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''ayet'' or ''kuşak'' ("belt") below the ''göbek'' and crescent with a verse from the [[Quran]]. Usually this is {{cite quran|21|107|b=n|style=ref}} ("And We [God] did not send you [Muhammad] except to be a mercy to the universe"). Sometimes {{cite quran|68|4|b=n|style=ref}} ("Truly, you [Muhammad] are tremendous") or {{cite quran|48|28–29|b=n|style=ref}} ("And God sees that Muhammad is the messenger of God") is put here instead.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''etek'' ("skirt") containing the end of the text begun in the ''göbek'', a short prayer, and the signature of the artist. If the main text fits completely in the ''göbek'', there may be no ''etek''.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> *The ''koltuklar'' ("empty spaces"), two decorated side panels on either side of the ''etek.'' They usually lack text, although sometimes Muhammad's companions are mentioned.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''iç'' and ''dış pervaz'' ("inner and outer frame"), an ornamental border.<ref name=Osborn>{{cite book |title= The type of calligraphy: Writing, print, and technologies of the Arabic alphabet |last= Osborn |first= J. R. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-549-51769-6 | pages=236–239 |publisher= University of California, San Diego |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtQeZt7ybjwC&pg=PA238 }}</ref> The rest of the space is taken up with decorative Ottoman illumination. There is often with a border in a contrasting design to the background of the text sections. The "verse" and "corners" normally use a larger ''[[thuluth]]'' script, while the "head" section with the ''bismallah'' is written in ''[[muhaqqaq]]''.<ref name=Ali8> {{cite journal| author = Ali, Wijdan | author-link=Wijdan Ali | year = 2001| title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art| volume = IV| pages = 1–24| journal = EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) | url = http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/downloads/ejos_4_7.pdf}}</ref> Unlike the literary kind of ḥilya, the text on calligraphic ḥilān is usually prose.<ref name="baycol"/> The Turkish names for central parts of the ḥilya are, from top to bottom, ''başmakam'' (head station), ''göbek'' (belly), ''kuşak'' (belt) and ''etek'' (skirt). This naming shows that the ḥilya represents a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book| author=Gruber, Christiane J. | title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections | year= 2010 | publisher= Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132 }}</ref> This standard way of laying out a hilya comes from the late 17th century. Some examples from the 19th century and two made by Hafiz Osman can be seen below. <gallery class="center"> Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 5.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 7.jpg|Hilye by Mehmed Tahir Efendi (d. 1848) Hilye-i serif 4.jpg|Hilye (1848) by Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi (d. 1876). Hilye Niyazi Efendi 1853.JPG|Hilye (c. 1853) by Niyazi Efendi (d. 1882) </gallery> Not all ḥilān fit this pattern. Artists have made new versions.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> <gallery class="center"> Signed Abdülkadir Şükri Efendi - Hilye-i Şerif (written portrait of the Prophet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Hilye (19th century). Around Muhammad's name, "''Inna Allah ala kull shay qadir''," ("God has power over all things.") appears five times. File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilye with blocks of text in the form of famous Relics of Muhammad. 19th century, Ottoman Turkey. File:Hilye-i Saadet by Esmâ Ibret.jpg|Hilye by [[Esmâ Ibret Hanim]] Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, circa 1725 (SHM 15501).jpg|Hilye in free form (18th century). Rose Hilye.jpg|Hilye in the shape of a pink rose (18th century). </gallery> ==Popularity of the graphic form== [[File:Hilye with side panels 1718.jpg|thumb|left|A ḥilya from 1718, like a Christian [[triptych]]. At the top of the middle panel is a crown carving. The side panes list the [[Names of God in Islam|99 names of Allah]].]] There are several reasons why graphic ḥilān are popular.<ref name="Erdogan"/><ref name="Yazar"/> In most Islamic culture it is not allowed to draw the face of Muhammad. Hilān respecting this rule by describing him in words. Many authors have described the affection of Muslims for Muhammad, which leads them to read about his physical and moral beauty.<ref name="Erdogan" /><ref name="Yazar" /> Hakani has said in his poem that a house with a ḥilya will be protected from trouble. Another motivation would have been the hadith given by Hakani in the Hilye-i Şerif. This promises great rewards to people who read and memorize Muhammad's ḥilya. It says they will see Muhammad in their dreams and will be protected from disasters. In the "sebeb-i te'lîf" ve "hâtime" section, the writer says why they wrote the ḥilya. Other ḥilya writers express, at the end of the ḥilya, their desire to be liked by Muhammad, the other prophets, or the four caliphs. One ḥilya writer, Hakim, wrote that he wishes that people will remember Muhammad as they look at his ḥilya.<ref name="Erdogan" /> ===Non-Ottoman forms=== As an art form, ḥilya has mostly been restricted to the Ottoman Empire. A small number of ḥilya panels come from [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | title=حِليهنويسى | publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica | access-date=2012-01-20 | url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004312/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | archive-date=2014-05-24 }}</ref> and follow a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] version of the form. These ḥilān have a Persian translation below the Arabic text and list the names of the [[Twelve Imams]]. In the 19th century, some Iranian ḥilān added pictures of Muhammad and Ali to the traditional format.<ref>See [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilye_Iran_19th_c_with_image.JPG this image] for an example.</ref><ref name="oleg">{{cite journal| title= The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad| author=Grabar, O | journal= Écriture, Calligraphie et Peinture | year=2003 | pages=19–38 }}</ref> Modern makers of ḥilān include [[Rasheed Butt]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Mohamed Zakariya]] from the United States.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |title= Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |last=Ernst |first= Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |year= 2004|publisher= UNC Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages= 76–78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77 }}</ref> ===Traditions=== In Turkey, it is traditional to give a ḥilya panel as a marriage gift. However, this tradition is disappearing.<ref name="derman"/> Covering the panels with sheer curtains was part of the religious folklore in Istanbul households.<ref name="derman"/> Since Osman's time, every Turkish calligrapher has to make at least one ḥilya, using the three scripts: ''muhaqqaq'', ''thuluth'' and ''naskh''.<ref name=Ali8/> It is traditional for calligraphers to get their diploma (''icazetname'') after making a ḥilya panel as their final assignment.<ref name="derman"/> The art of ḥilya flourishes in Turkey. Modern artists still create ḥilān in both classical and new forms. Modern ḥilān maintain the same essence even while they include abstract or figurative art.<ref>{{cite web| title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma | publisher= Piu Culture | url= http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/ | access-date= 2012-02-23 }}</ref> ==References== {{Commons category|Hilyes}} {{Reflist}} {{Depictions of Muhammad}} [[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Calligraphy]] qe02o3mf3ac1up5a1w1zzv0mvs65egs 10966643 10966613 2026-08-18T14:42:05Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Art form */ sp 10966643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg|thumb|A ḥilya by [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), who made the standard layout for this type of [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] panel]] The word '''''ḥilya''''' or '''''hilye''''' is used for two kinds of description of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The word comes from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] words for "ornament". In the art of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a ''hilya'' is form of graphic art that lays out words about Muhammad in a pattern. In literature, a ''hilya'' is a type of Ottoman-Arabic text describing Muhammad. Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] believed that owning and reading a hilya protected them from trouble in this world and the next. They often carried these descriptions, written in [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illuminated]], as [[amulet]]s.<ref name="Bakker2009">{{cite book |title= The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |last= Bakker |first= Freek L.|year= 2009 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16861-9 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA209 }}</ref><ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> In 17th-century Ottoman [[Turkey]], ḥilān developed into an art form with a standard layout. They were often framed and used as a wall decoration. Early ḥilān only described Muhammad. Later ḥilān described other people from Islamic history and [[wali]]s (saints). == Origins == [[File:Hilye-i Saadet.jpg|thumb|Hilya in [[nastaliq|nastaʿlīq script]] by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], 1822, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] ''Hilye'', both as a kind of text and as an art form, come from ''shama'il'', the study of how Muhammad looked and behaved. These contained [[Hadith|hadiths]] (writing of early Muslims) describing Muhammad's spirit and his physical body. The best-known and accepted of these hadith are attributed to his son-in-law and cousin [[Ali]].<ref name="Brockopp2010">{{cite book |title= The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |last= Brockopp |first= Jonathan E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-71372-6 |page= 130 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC&pg=PA130 }}</ref> The sources of ḥilān have been the six main hadith books along with other hadith sources. Their authors include [[Aisha]], [[ibn Abbas]], [[Abu Hurayra]], and Hasan ibn Ali. While ''shama'il'' lists the physical and spiritual aspects of Muhammad in detail, ḥilān describe these in a literary style.<ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal | journal= Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi | author= Erdoğan, M. | title= Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi | volume= 11 | pages= 317–357 | year= 2007 | url= http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-16 | archive-date= 2021-11-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Hilya literature== Although many ḥilān exist in Turkish literature, Persian literature does not have many examples. For this reason, the ḥilya is considered one of Turkey's national literary styles.<ref name="Erdogan"/> The ''Hilye-i Şerif'' by [[Mehmet Hakani]] (d. 1606–07) is considered the finest example of the style.<ref name=Gruber132>{{cite book |title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections |last= Gruber |first= Christiane J. |year= 2010 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1 |pages=131–133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132}} </ref><ref>Hilye-i Şerif, [https://archive.org/details/hilyeihakani00hakauoft Digitised copy] of the 1898 edition at [[archive.org]]</ref> The first ḥilya written in prose form was the ''Hilye-i Celile ve Şemail-i 'Aliye'' by [[Hoca Sadeddin Efendi]].<ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal | journal= Journal of Turkish Studies | author= Yazar, S. | title= Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) | volume= 2 | pages= 1026–1044 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | language= tr | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | archive-date= 2014-04-13 }}</ref> The ḥilya tradition started with descriptions of Muhammad. Later ḥilān were about the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first four Caliphs (leaders)]], [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's companions]], his grandchildren [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and [[Wali|walis]] (saints) such as [[Rumi]].<ref name="Yazar"/> Another important ḥilya writer is [[Neşâtî]], whose 184-verse poem describes the physical appearance of [[Prophets in Islam|14 prophets]] and [[Adam]].<ref name="Erkal1999">{{cite journal | journal= Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi | issue= 12 | pages= 111–131 | year= 1999 | title= Türk Edebiyatında Hilye ve Cevri'nin "Hilye-i Çâr Yâr-ı Güzin"i | author= Erkal, A. | url= http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/viewFile/1784/1783 | language= tr }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ḥilān can be written as prose or poems (often in the [[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]] form). Two other kinds of Turkish Islamic literature, a ''mevlid'' (story of Muhammad's life) or a ''Mirʿajname'' (stories of [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad's visit to heaven]]) can include ḥilān.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal | title= Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine | author= İspirli, S.A. | year= 2010 | journal= Turkısh Studies | issue= 2 | pages= 21–36 | url= http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | archive-date= 2015-01-28 | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Art form== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|thumb|right|A ḥilya from 1712 meant to be folded and carried (the crease lines can be seen). The two crescents above and below the large circle in the middle contain the description of Muhammad. The central circle describes the protective powers of the ḥilya. The protective hand of [[Fatimah]] appears on the lower crescent, as another sign against evil. [[Koran]]ic verses surround the edges.]] While authors developed ''hilye'' as a style of writing, calligraphers and illuminators made it into a decorative art form. These did not picture what Muhammad looked like, but described him so that readers could imagine him.<ref name="Peters2010" /> It became common in 17th century Ottoman Turkey to carry around Muhammad's description for protection.<ref name="baycol">{{cite journal| title= Hilye-i Şerifler ve Medeniyetimizdeki Yeri | author= Bayçöl, H.| year= 2007 | journal= Yağmur | issue= 37| url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> Because of the belief that a house with a ḥilya will not see poverty, trouble, fear, or the devil,<ref name="Erdogan"/> these texts were displayed prominently in homes. The term 'ḥilya' was used for the art form for presenting these texts.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> Thus the ḥilya, as a vehicle for Muhammad's presence after his death, was seen as a [[talisman]], protecting a house, a child, a traveller, or a person in difficulty.<ref name=Gruber132 /> The hilya is also intended to help people see Muhammad as a link between the sacred and human worlds. It is seen as an opportunity to send him a blessing and to establish a connection with him.<ref name=Gruber132 /><ref name=Zakariya>{{cite journal|title=The Hilye of the Prophet Muhammad |last=Zakariya |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Zakariya |date=2003–2004 |journal=Seasons |publisher=Zaytuna Institute |pages=13–22 |url=http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202234841/http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Safi2009"/> The pocket ḥilān were written on a piece of paper, small enough to fit in a breast pocket after being folded in three. The folding lines were reinforced with cloth or leather. Other pocket ḥilān were made of wood.<ref name="derman"/> ''Hilyes'' for display on a wall were made on paper mounted on wooden panels. In the 19th century, thick paper sheets were used instead.<ref name="derman"/> The top part of ḥilān that were laid on wooded panels were carved and cut out in the form of a crown. The crown part's decorations could have small paintings of [[Medina]], [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb]], or the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Hilye-i Şerife| author= Faruk Taşkale| url= http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| access-date= 2012-01-20| language= tr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143901/http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| archive-date= 2012-04-25| url-status= dead}}</ref> Ottomans commissioned scribes to write ḥilān in fine calligraphy and had them decorated by illuminators. These panels were often framed and used as wall decorations in houses, [[mosque]]s and shrines. They play a similar role to images of [[Jesus]] in Christian homes and places of worship.<ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book |title= Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters |last=Safi |first= Omid |author-link= Omid Safi |year= 2009 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-123134-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi |url-access= registration }}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="Peters2010">{{cite book |title= Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |last= Peters |first= F. E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974746-7 |pages= 160–161 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160 }}</ref> They represented Muhammad's presence without the "graven image" unacceptable to most Muslims.<ref name="Ernst2004" /> Although not common, some ḥilān are [[triptych]]s with foldable side panels, like [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] icons.<ref>Another example of a triptych-like ḥilya is at: {{cite web|publisher=Museum With No Borders| title= Triptych with 'hilya-i-sherif' (noble description)|author=Paola Torre | access-date=2012-01-27|url=https://hilyah.id}}</ref> The first recorded Hilye-i Sherif panel is generally believed to come from the scribe [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698).<ref name="derman" /> He was one of the earliest known to make the panels, although another famous scribe, [[Ahmed Karahisarî]], may have created one about a century before.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abdulkadiroğlu, A.| title=İlk Hilye Hattatı Ahmed Karahisari mi? (Is Ahmed Karahisaru the first hilye calligrapher?) | journal=Milli Kültür | issue=82 | pages= 48–52| year= 1991 | language = tr }} cited by {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |author=Yazar, S. |title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) |volume=2 |pages=1026–1044 |year=2007 |url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |language=tr |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> Hafız Osman experimented with pocket ḥilān in his youth; one of these dates from 1668. It is {{convert|22x14|cm|in}} and its text is in very small ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' script. It has a description of Mohammad in Arabic, and below that a Turkish translation, creating a triangular block of text.<ref name="derman">{{cite journal| title= Hat Sanatında Hilye-i Şerif | author= Derman, M.U.| year= 2000 | journal= Diyanet: İlmî Dergi | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> The texts at the centre of ḥilān praise the beauty of Muhammad's physical appearance and character.<ref name="Safi2009" />{{rp|273–274}} ===Standard layout=== [[File:Hilye-i Saadet by Mustafa Rakim.jpg|thumb|Hilye copied by [[Mustafa Râkim]] in 1791. [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] The standard layout for Ottoman ḥilya panels was made by [[Hâfiz Osman]].<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|title=Hilye-i Şerif |author=Velioğlu, A.K. |work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |access-date=2012-01-18 |url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |archive-date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> It contains the following elements:<ref name=Gruber132/> *The ''baş makam'' ("head station"), a top panel with the [[basmala]] or a blessing<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book |title= Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul |last= Derman |first= M. Uğur |year= 1998 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art |isbn= 978-0-87099-873-7 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> *The ''göbek'' ("belly"), a round shape with the first part of the main text in [[Naskh (script)|naskh script]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> It often has the description of Muhammad by [[Ali]] (according to [[Tirmidhi]]), with small variations.<ref name="Schick">{{cite journal| author= Shick, I.C. | year= 2008 | title=The Iconicity of Islamic Calligraphy in Turkey | journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics | volume= 53-54 | issue=53/54 | pages= 211–224 | doi= 10.1086/RESvn1ms25608818 | jstor= 25608818 | s2cid= 192229397 }}</ref> *The ''hilâl'' ("[[crescent]]"), an optional section with no text, often decorated with gold. This crescent encircles the ''göbek'', with its thick middle part at the bottom. Together, the ''göbek'' and ''hilal'' evoke the image of the sun and the moon.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''köşeler'' ("corners"), usually four rounded spaces surrounding the ''göbek.'' These usually name the four Rashid caliphs of [[Sunni Islam]], or sometimes other titles of Muhammad, names of his companions, or some of the [[names of God in Islam|names of God]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''ayet'' or ''kuşak'' ("belt") below the ''göbek'' and crescent with a verse from the [[Quran]]. Usually this is {{cite quran|21|107|b=n|style=ref}} ("And We [God] did not send you [Muhammad] except to be a mercy to the universe"). Sometimes {{cite quran|68|4|b=n|style=ref}} ("Truly, you [Muhammad] are tremendous") or {{cite quran|48|28–29|b=n|style=ref}} ("And God sees that Muhammad is the messenger of God") is put here instead.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''etek'' ("skirt") containing the end of the text begun in the ''göbek'', a short prayer, and the signature of the artist. If the main text fits completely in the ''göbek'', there may be no ''etek''.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> *The ''koltuklar'' ("empty spaces"), two decorated side panels on either side of the ''etek.'' They usually lack text, although sometimes Muhammad's companions are mentioned.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''iç'' and ''dış pervaz'' ("inner and outer frame"), an ornamental border.<ref name=Osborn>{{cite book |title= The type of calligraphy: Writing, print, and technologies of the Arabic alphabet |last= Osborn |first= J. R. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-549-51769-6 | pages=236–239 |publisher= University of California, San Diego |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtQeZt7ybjwC&pg=PA238 }}</ref> The rest of the space is taken up with decorative Ottoman illumination. There is often with a border in a contrasting design to the background of the text sections. The "verse" and "corners" normally use a larger ''[[thuluth]]'' script, while the "head" section with the ''bismallah'' is written in ''[[muhaqqaq]]''.<ref name=Ali8> {{cite journal| author = Ali, Wijdan | author-link=Wijdan Ali | year = 2001| title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art| volume = IV| pages = 1–24| journal = EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) | url = http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/downloads/ejos_4_7.pdf}}</ref> Unlike the literary kind of ḥilya, the text on calligraphic ḥilān is usually prose.<ref name="baycol"/> The Turkish names for central parts of the ḥilya are, from top to bottom, ''başmakam'' (head station), ''göbek'' (belly), ''kuşak'' (belt) and ''etek'' (skirt). This naming shows that the ḥilya represents a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book| author=Gruber, Christiane J. | title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections | year= 2010 | publisher= Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132 }}</ref> This standard way of laying out a hilya comes from the late 17th century. Some examples from the 19th century and two made by Hafiz Osman can be seen below. <gallery class="center"> Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 5.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 7.jpg|Hilye by Mehmed Tahir Efendi (d. 1848) Hilye-i serif 4.jpg|Hilye (1848) by Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi (d. 1876). Hilye Niyazi Efendi 1853.JPG|Hilye (c. 1853) by Niyazi Efendi (d. 1882) </gallery> Not all ḥilān fit this pattern. Artists have made new versions.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> <gallery class="center"> Signed Abdülkadir Şükri Efendi - Hilye-i Şerif (written portrait of the Prophet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Hilye (19th century). Around Muhammad's name, "''Inna Allah ala kull shay qadir''," ("God has power over all things.") appears five times. File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilye with blocks of text in the form of famous Relics of Muhammad. 19th century, Ottoman Turkey. File:Hilye-i Saadet by Esmâ Ibret.jpg|Hilye by [[Esmâ Ibret Hanim]] Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, circa 1725 (SHM 15501).jpg|Hilye in free form (18th century). Rose Hilye.jpg|Hilye in the shape of a pink rose (18th century). </gallery> ==Popularity of the graphic form== [[File:Hilye with side panels 1718.jpg|thumb|left|A ḥilya from 1718, like a Christian [[triptych]]. At the top of the middle panel is a crown carving. The side panes list the [[Names of God in Islam|99 names of Allah]].]] There are several reasons why graphic ḥilān are popular.<ref name="Erdogan"/><ref name="Yazar"/> In most Islamic culture it is not allowed to draw the face of Muhammad. Hilān respecting this rule by describing him in words. Many authors have described the affection of Muslims for Muhammad, which leads them to read about his physical and moral beauty.<ref name="Erdogan" /><ref name="Yazar" /> Hakani has said in his poem that a house with a ḥilya will be protected from trouble. Another motivation would have been the hadith given by Hakani in the Hilye-i Şerif. This promises great rewards to people who read and memorize Muhammad's ḥilya. It says they will see Muhammad in their dreams and will be protected from disasters. In the "sebeb-i te'lîf" ve "hâtime" section, the writer says why they wrote the ḥilya. Other ḥilya writers express, at the end of the ḥilya, their desire to be liked by Muhammad, the other prophets, or the four caliphs. One ḥilya writer, Hakim, wrote that he wishes that people will remember Muhammad as they look at his ḥilya.<ref name="Erdogan" /> ===Non-Ottoman forms=== As an art form, ḥilya has mostly been restricted to the Ottoman Empire. A small number of ḥilya panels come from [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | title=حِليهنويسى | publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica | access-date=2012-01-20 | url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004312/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | archive-date=2014-05-24 }}</ref> and follow a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] version of the form. These ḥilān have a Persian translation below the Arabic text and list the names of the [[Twelve Imams]]. In the 19th century, some Iranian ḥilān added pictures of Muhammad and Ali to the traditional format.<ref>See [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilye_Iran_19th_c_with_image.JPG this image] for an example.</ref><ref name="oleg">{{cite journal| title= The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad| author=Grabar, O | journal= Écriture, Calligraphie et Peinture | year=2003 | pages=19–38 }}</ref> Modern makers of ḥilān include [[Rasheed Butt]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Mohamed Zakariya]] from the United States.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |title= Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |last=Ernst |first= Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |year= 2004|publisher= UNC Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages= 76–78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77 }}</ref> ===Traditions=== In Turkey, it is traditional to give a ḥilya panel as a marriage gift. However, this tradition is disappearing.<ref name="derman"/> Covering the panels with sheer curtains was part of the religious folklore in Istanbul households.<ref name="derman"/> Since Osman's time, every Turkish calligrapher has to make at least one ḥilya, using the three scripts: ''muhaqqaq'', ''thuluth'' and ''naskh''.<ref name=Ali8/> It is traditional for calligraphers to get their diploma (''icazetname'') after making a ḥilya panel as their final assignment.<ref name="derman"/> The art of ḥilya flourishes in Turkey. Modern artists still create ḥilān in both classical and new forms. Modern ḥilān maintain the same essence even while they include abstract or figurative art.<ref>{{cite web| title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma | publisher= Piu Culture | url= http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/ | access-date= 2012-02-23 }}</ref> ==References== {{Commons category|Hilyes}} {{Reflist}} {{Depictions of Muhammad}} [[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Calligraphy]] j8c6av83m9p3327nx8jecp1tdnr5ptw 10966654 10966643 2026-08-18T14:53:25Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* References */ Get Commons link out of References section 10966654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg|thumb|A ḥilya by [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), who made the standard layout for this type of [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] panel]] The word '''''ḥilya''''' or '''''hilye''''' is used for two kinds of description of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The word comes from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] words for "ornament". In the art of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a ''hilya'' is form of graphic art that lays out words about Muhammad in a pattern. In literature, a ''hilya'' is a type of Ottoman-Arabic text describing Muhammad. Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] believed that owning and reading a hilya protected them from trouble in this world and the next. They often carried these descriptions, written in [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illuminated]], as [[amulet]]s.<ref name="Bakker2009">{{cite book |title= The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |last= Bakker |first= Freek L.|year= 2009 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16861-9 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA209 }}</ref><ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> In 17th-century Ottoman [[Turkey]], ḥilān developed into an art form with a standard layout. They were often framed and used as a wall decoration. Early ḥilān only described Muhammad. Later ḥilān described other people from Islamic history and [[wali]]s (saints). == Origins == [[File:Hilye-i Saadet.jpg|thumb|Hilya in [[nastaliq|nastaʿlīq script]] by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], 1822, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] ''Hilye'', both as a kind of text and as an art form, come from ''shama'il'', the study of how Muhammad looked and behaved. These contained [[Hadith|hadiths]] (writing of early Muslims) describing Muhammad's spirit and his physical body. The best-known and accepted of these hadith are attributed to his son-in-law and cousin [[Ali]].<ref name="Brockopp2010">{{cite book |title= The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |last= Brockopp |first= Jonathan E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-71372-6 |page= 130 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC&pg=PA130 }}</ref> The sources of ḥilān have been the six main hadith books along with other hadith sources. Their authors include [[Aisha]], [[ibn Abbas]], [[Abu Hurayra]], and Hasan ibn Ali. While ''shama'il'' lists the physical and spiritual aspects of Muhammad in detail, ḥilān describe these in a literary style.<ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal | journal= Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi | author= Erdoğan, M. | title= Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi | volume= 11 | pages= 317–357 | year= 2007 | url= http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-16 | archive-date= 2021-11-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Hilya literature== Although many ḥilān exist in Turkish literature, Persian literature does not have many examples. For this reason, the ḥilya is considered one of Turkey's national literary styles.<ref name="Erdogan"/> The ''Hilye-i Şerif'' by [[Mehmet Hakani]] (d. 1606–07) is considered the finest example of the style.<ref name=Gruber132>{{cite book |title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections |last= Gruber |first= Christiane J. |year= 2010 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1 |pages=131–133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132}} </ref><ref>Hilye-i Şerif, [https://archive.org/details/hilyeihakani00hakauoft Digitised copy] of the 1898 edition at [[archive.org]]</ref> The first ḥilya written in prose form was the ''Hilye-i Celile ve Şemail-i 'Aliye'' by [[Hoca Sadeddin Efendi]].<ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal | journal= Journal of Turkish Studies | author= Yazar, S. | title= Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) | volume= 2 | pages= 1026–1044 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | language= tr | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | archive-date= 2014-04-13 }}</ref> The ḥilya tradition started with descriptions of Muhammad. Later ḥilān were about the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first four Caliphs (leaders)]], [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's companions]], his grandchildren [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and [[Wali|walis]] (saints) such as [[Rumi]].<ref name="Yazar"/> Another important ḥilya writer is [[Neşâtî]], whose 184-verse poem describes the physical appearance of [[Prophets in Islam|14 prophets]] and [[Adam]].<ref name="Erkal1999">{{cite journal | journal= Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi | issue= 12 | pages= 111–131 | year= 1999 | title= Türk Edebiyatında Hilye ve Cevri'nin "Hilye-i Çâr Yâr-ı Güzin"i | author= Erkal, A. | url= http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/viewFile/1784/1783 | language= tr }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ḥilān can be written as prose or poems (often in the [[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]] form). Two other kinds of Turkish Islamic literature, a ''mevlid'' (story of Muhammad's life) or a ''Mirʿajname'' (stories of [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad's visit to heaven]]) can include ḥilān.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal | title= Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine | author= İspirli, S.A. | year= 2010 | journal= Turkısh Studies | issue= 2 | pages= 21–36 | url= http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | archive-date= 2015-01-28 | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Art form== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|thumb|right|A ḥilya from 1712 meant to be folded and carried (the crease lines can be seen). The two crescents above and below the large circle in the middle contain the description of Muhammad. The central circle describes the protective powers of the ḥilya. The protective hand of [[Fatimah]] appears on the lower crescent, as another sign against evil. [[Koran]]ic verses surround the edges.]] While authors developed ''hilye'' as a style of writing, calligraphers and illuminators made it into a decorative art form. These did not picture what Muhammad looked like, but described him so that readers could imagine him.<ref name="Peters2010" /> It became common in 17th century Ottoman Turkey to carry around Muhammad's description for protection.<ref name="baycol">{{cite journal| title= Hilye-i Şerifler ve Medeniyetimizdeki Yeri | author= Bayçöl, H.| year= 2007 | journal= Yağmur | issue= 37| url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> Because of the belief that a house with a ḥilya will not see poverty, trouble, fear, or the devil,<ref name="Erdogan"/> these texts were displayed prominently in homes. The term 'ḥilya' was used for the art form for presenting these texts.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> Thus the ḥilya, as a vehicle for Muhammad's presence after his death, was seen as a [[talisman]], protecting a house, a child, a traveller, or a person in difficulty.<ref name=Gruber132 /> The hilya is also intended to help people see Muhammad as a link between the sacred and human worlds. It is seen as an opportunity to send him a blessing and to establish a connection with him.<ref name=Gruber132 /><ref name=Zakariya>{{cite journal|title=The Hilye of the Prophet Muhammad |last=Zakariya |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Zakariya |date=2003–2004 |journal=Seasons |publisher=Zaytuna Institute |pages=13–22 |url=http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202234841/http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Safi2009"/> The pocket ḥilān were written on a piece of paper, small enough to fit in a breast pocket after being folded in three. The folding lines were reinforced with cloth or leather. Other pocket ḥilān were made of wood.<ref name="derman"/> ''Hilyes'' for display on a wall were made on paper mounted on wooden panels. In the 19th century, thick paper sheets were used instead.<ref name="derman"/> The top part of ḥilān that were laid on wooded panels were carved and cut out in the form of a crown. The crown part's decorations could have small paintings of [[Medina]], [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb]], or the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Hilye-i Şerife| author= Faruk Taşkale| url= http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| access-date= 2012-01-20| language= tr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143901/http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| archive-date= 2012-04-25| url-status= dead}}</ref> Ottomans commissioned scribes to write ḥilān in fine calligraphy and had them decorated by illuminators. These panels were often framed and used as wall decorations in houses, [[mosque]]s and shrines. They play a similar role to images of [[Jesus]] in Christian homes and places of worship.<ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book |title= Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters |last=Safi |first= Omid |author-link= Omid Safi |year= 2009 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-123134-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi |url-access= registration }}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="Peters2010">{{cite book |title= Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |last= Peters |first= F. E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974746-7 |pages= 160–161 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160 }}</ref> They represented Muhammad's presence without the "graven image" unacceptable to most Muslims.<ref name="Ernst2004" /> Although not common, some ḥilān are [[triptych]]s with foldable side panels, like [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] icons.<ref>Another example of a triptych-like ḥilya is at: {{cite web|publisher=Museum With No Borders| title= Triptych with 'hilya-i-sherif' (noble description)|author=Paola Torre | access-date=2012-01-27|url=https://hilyah.id}}</ref> The first recorded Hilye-i Sherif panel is generally believed to come from the scribe [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698).<ref name="derman" /> He was one of the earliest known to make the panels, although another famous scribe, [[Ahmed Karahisarî]], may have created one about a century before.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abdulkadiroğlu, A.| title=İlk Hilye Hattatı Ahmed Karahisari mi? (Is Ahmed Karahisaru the first hilye calligrapher?) | journal=Milli Kültür | issue=82 | pages= 48–52| year= 1991 | language = tr }} cited by {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |author=Yazar, S. |title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) |volume=2 |pages=1026–1044 |year=2007 |url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |language=tr |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> Hafız Osman experimented with pocket ḥilān in his youth; one of these dates from 1668. It is {{convert|22x14|cm|in}} and its text is in very small ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' script. It has a description of Mohammad in Arabic, and below that a Turkish translation, creating a triangular block of text.<ref name="derman">{{cite journal| title= Hat Sanatında Hilye-i Şerif | author= Derman, M.U.| year= 2000 | journal= Diyanet: İlmî Dergi | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> The texts at the centre of ḥilān praise the beauty of Muhammad's physical appearance and character.<ref name="Safi2009" />{{rp|273–274}} ===Standard layout=== [[File:Hilye-i Saadet by Mustafa Rakim.jpg|thumb|Hilye copied by [[Mustafa Râkim]] in 1791. [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] The standard layout for Ottoman ḥilya panels was made by [[Hâfiz Osman]].<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|title=Hilye-i Şerif |author=Velioğlu, A.K. |work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |access-date=2012-01-18 |url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |archive-date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> It contains the following elements:<ref name=Gruber132/> *The ''baş makam'' ("head station"), a top panel with the [[basmala]] or a blessing<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book |title= Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul |last= Derman |first= M. Uğur |year= 1998 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art |isbn= 978-0-87099-873-7 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> *The ''göbek'' ("belly"), a round shape with the first part of the main text in [[Naskh (script)|naskh script]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> It often has the description of Muhammad by [[Ali]] (according to [[Tirmidhi]]), with small variations.<ref name="Schick">{{cite journal| author= Shick, I.C. | year= 2008 | title=The Iconicity of Islamic Calligraphy in Turkey | journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics | volume= 53-54 | issue=53/54 | pages= 211–224 | doi= 10.1086/RESvn1ms25608818 | jstor= 25608818 | s2cid= 192229397 }}</ref> *The ''hilâl'' ("[[crescent]]"), an optional section with no text, often decorated with gold. This crescent encircles the ''göbek'', with its thick middle part at the bottom. Together, the ''göbek'' and ''hilal'' evoke the image of the sun and the moon.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''köşeler'' ("corners"), usually four rounded spaces surrounding the ''göbek.'' These usually name the four Rashid caliphs of [[Sunni Islam]], or sometimes other titles of Muhammad, names of his companions, or some of the [[names of God in Islam|names of God]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''ayet'' or ''kuşak'' ("belt") below the ''göbek'' and crescent with a verse from the [[Quran]]. Usually this is {{cite quran|21|107|b=n|style=ref}} ("And We [God] did not send you [Muhammad] except to be a mercy to the universe"). Sometimes {{cite quran|68|4|b=n|style=ref}} ("Truly, you [Muhammad] are tremendous") or {{cite quran|48|28–29|b=n|style=ref}} ("And God sees that Muhammad is the messenger of God") is put here instead.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''etek'' ("skirt") containing the end of the text begun in the ''göbek'', a short prayer, and the signature of the artist. If the main text fits completely in the ''göbek'', there may be no ''etek''.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> *The ''koltuklar'' ("empty spaces"), two decorated side panels on either side of the ''etek.'' They usually lack text, although sometimes Muhammad's companions are mentioned.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''iç'' and ''dış pervaz'' ("inner and outer frame"), an ornamental border.<ref name=Osborn>{{cite book |title= The type of calligraphy: Writing, print, and technologies of the Arabic alphabet |last= Osborn |first= J. R. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-549-51769-6 | pages=236–239 |publisher= University of California, San Diego |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtQeZt7ybjwC&pg=PA238 }}</ref> The rest of the space is taken up with decorative Ottoman illumination. There is often with a border in a contrasting design to the background of the text sections. The "verse" and "corners" normally use a larger ''[[thuluth]]'' script, while the "head" section with the ''bismallah'' is written in ''[[muhaqqaq]]''.<ref name=Ali8> {{cite journal| author = Ali, Wijdan | author-link=Wijdan Ali | year = 2001| title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art| volume = IV| pages = 1–24| journal = EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) | url = http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/downloads/ejos_4_7.pdf}}</ref> Unlike the literary kind of ḥilya, the text on calligraphic ḥilān is usually prose.<ref name="baycol"/> The Turkish names for central parts of the ḥilya are, from top to bottom, ''başmakam'' (head station), ''göbek'' (belly), ''kuşak'' (belt) and ''etek'' (skirt). This naming shows that the ḥilya represents a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book| author=Gruber, Christiane J. | title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections | year= 2010 | publisher= Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132 }}</ref> This standard way of laying out a hilya comes from the late 17th century. Some examples from the 19th century and two made by Hafiz Osman can be seen below. <gallery class="center"> Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 5.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 7.jpg|Hilye by Mehmed Tahir Efendi (d. 1848) Hilye-i serif 4.jpg|Hilye (1848) by Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi (d. 1876). Hilye Niyazi Efendi 1853.JPG|Hilye (c. 1853) by Niyazi Efendi (d. 1882) </gallery> Not all ḥilān fit this pattern. Artists have made new versions.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> <gallery class="center"> Signed Abdülkadir Şükri Efendi - Hilye-i Şerif (written portrait of the Prophet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Hilye (19th century). Around Muhammad's name, "''Inna Allah ala kull shay qadir''," ("God has power over all things.") appears five times. File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilye with blocks of text in the form of famous Relics of Muhammad. 19th century, Ottoman Turkey. File:Hilye-i Saadet by Esmâ Ibret.jpg|Hilye by [[Esmâ Ibret Hanim]] Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, circa 1725 (SHM 15501).jpg|Hilye in free form (18th century). Rose Hilye.jpg|Hilye in the shape of a pink rose (18th century). </gallery> ==Popularity of the graphic form== [[File:Hilye with side panels 1718.jpg|thumb|left|A ḥilya from 1718, like a Christian [[triptych]]. At the top of the middle panel is a crown carving. The side panes list the [[Names of God in Islam|99 names of Allah]].]] There are several reasons why graphic ḥilān are popular.<ref name="Erdogan"/><ref name="Yazar"/> In most Islamic culture it is not allowed to draw the face of Muhammad. Hilān respecting this rule by describing him in words. Many authors have described the affection of Muslims for Muhammad, which leads them to read about his physical and moral beauty.<ref name="Erdogan" /><ref name="Yazar" /> Hakani has said in his poem that a house with a ḥilya will be protected from trouble. Another motivation would have been the hadith given by Hakani in the Hilye-i Şerif. This promises great rewards to people who read and memorize Muhammad's ḥilya. It says they will see Muhammad in their dreams and will be protected from disasters. In the "sebeb-i te'lîf" ve "hâtime" section, the writer says why they wrote the ḥilya. Other ḥilya writers express, at the end of the ḥilya, their desire to be liked by Muhammad, the other prophets, or the four caliphs. One ḥilya writer, Hakim, wrote that he wishes that people will remember Muhammad as they look at his ḥilya.<ref name="Erdogan" /> ===Non-Ottoman forms=== As an art form, ḥilya has mostly been restricted to the Ottoman Empire. A small number of ḥilya panels come from [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | title=حِليهنويسى | publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica | access-date=2012-01-20 | url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004312/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | archive-date=2014-05-24 }}</ref> and follow a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] version of the form. These ḥilān have a Persian translation below the Arabic text and list the names of the [[Twelve Imams]]. In the 19th century, some Iranian ḥilān added pictures of Muhammad and Ali to the traditional format.<ref>See [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilye_Iran_19th_c_with_image.JPG this image] for an example.</ref><ref name="oleg">{{cite journal| title= The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad| author=Grabar, O | journal= Écriture, Calligraphie et Peinture | year=2003 | pages=19–38 }}</ref> Modern makers of ḥilān include [[Rasheed Butt]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Mohamed Zakariya]] from the United States.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |title= Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |last=Ernst |first= Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |year= 2004|publisher= UNC Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages= 76–78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77 }}</ref> ===Traditions=== In Turkey, it is traditional to give a ḥilya panel as a marriage gift. However, this tradition is disappearing.<ref name="derman"/> Covering the panels with sheer curtains was part of the religious folklore in Istanbul households.<ref name="derman"/> Since Osman's time, every Turkish calligrapher has to make at least one ḥilya, using the three scripts: ''muhaqqaq'', ''thuluth'' and ''naskh''.<ref name=Ali8/> It is traditional for calligraphers to get their diploma (''icazetname'') after making a ḥilya panel as their final assignment.<ref name="derman"/> The art of ḥilya flourishes in Turkey. Modern artists still create ḥilān in both classical and new forms. Modern ḥilān maintain the same essence even while they include abstract or figurative art.<ref>{{cite web| title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma | publisher= Piu Culture | url= http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/ | access-date= 2012-02-23 }}</ref> ==See also== {{Commons category|Hilyes}} * [[Graphic design]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Depictions of Muhammad}} [[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Calligraphy]] 0cku6zamt6toxxsm4uk25x5dmetjjpv 10966671 10966654 2026-08-18T15:03:17Z MartinPoulter 95036 simplify 10966671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg|thumb|A ḥilya by [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), who made the standard layout for this type of [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] panel]] The word '''''ḥilya''''' or '''''hilye''''' is used for two kinds of description of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The word comes from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] words for "ornament". In the art of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a ''hilya'' is form of graphic art that lays out words about Muhammad in a pattern. In literature, a ''hilya'' is a type of Ottoman-Arabic text describing Muhammad. Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] believed that owning and reading a hilya protected them from trouble in this world and the next. They often carried these descriptions, written in [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illuminated]], as [[amulet]]s.<ref name="Bakker2009">{{cite book |title= The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |last= Bakker |first= Freek L.|year= 2009 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16861-9 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA209 }}</ref><ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> In 17th-century Ottoman [[Turkey]], ḥilān developed into an art form with a standard layout. They were often framed and used as a wall decoration. Early ḥilān only described Muhammad. Later ḥilān described other people from Islamic history and [[wali]]s (saints). == Origins == [[File:Hilye-i Saadet.jpg|thumb|Hilya in [[nastaliq|nastaʿlīq script]] by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], 1822, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] ''Hilye'', both as a kind of text and as an art form, come from ''shama'il'', the study of how Muhammad looked and behaved. These contained [[Hadith|hadiths]] (writing of early Muslims) describing Muhammad's spirit and his physical body. The best-known and accepted of these hadith are attributed to his son-in-law and cousin [[Ali]].<ref name="Brockopp2010">{{cite book |title= The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |last= Brockopp |first= Jonathan E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-71372-6 |page= 130 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC&pg=PA130 }}</ref> The sources of ḥilān have been the six main hadith books along with other hadith sources. Their authors include [[Aisha]], [[ibn Abbas]], [[Abu Hurayra]], and Hasan ibn Ali. While ''shama'il'' lists the physical and spiritual aspects of Muhammad in detail, ḥilān describe these in a literary style.<ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal | journal= Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi | author= Erdoğan, M. | title= Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi | volume= 11 | pages= 317–357 | year= 2007 | url= http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-16 | archive-date= 2021-11-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Hilya literature== Although many ḥilān exist in Turkish literature, Persian literature does not have many examples. For this reason, the ḥilya is considered one of Turkey's national literary styles.<ref name="Erdogan"/> The ''Hilye-i Şerif'' by [[Mehmet Hakani]] (d. 1606–07) is considered the finest example of the style.<ref name=Gruber132>{{cite book |title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections |last= Gruber |first= Christiane J. |year= 2010 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1 |pages=131–133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132}} </ref><ref>Hilye-i Şerif, [https://archive.org/details/hilyeihakani00hakauoft Digitised copy] of the 1898 edition at [[archive.org]]</ref> The first ḥilya written in prose form was the ''Hilye-i Celile ve Şemail-i 'Aliye'' by [[Hoca Sadeddin Efendi]].<ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal | journal= Journal of Turkish Studies | author= Yazar, S. | title= Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) | volume= 2 | pages= 1026–1044 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | language= tr | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | archive-date= 2014-04-13 }}</ref> The ḥilya tradition started with descriptions of Muhammad. Later ḥilān were about the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first four Caliphs (leaders)]], [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's companions]], his grandchildren [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and [[Wali|walis]] (saints) such as [[Rumi]].<ref name="Yazar"/> Another important ḥilya writer is [[Neşâtî]], whose 184-verse poem describes the physical appearance of [[Prophets in Islam|14 prophets]] and [[Adam]].<ref name="Erkal1999">{{cite journal | journal= Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi | issue= 12 | pages= 111–131 | year= 1999 | title= Türk Edebiyatında Hilye ve Cevri'nin "Hilye-i Çâr Yâr-ı Güzin"i | author= Erkal, A. | url= http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/viewFile/1784/1783 | language= tr }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ḥilān can be written as prose or poems (often in the [[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]] form). Two other kinds of Turkish Islamic literature, a ''mevlid'' (story of Muhammad's life) or a ''Mirʿajname'' (stories of [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad's visit to heaven]]) can include ḥilān.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal | title= Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine | author= İspirli, S.A. | year= 2010 | journal= Turkısh Studies | issue= 2 | pages= 21–36 | url= http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | archive-date= 2015-01-28 | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Art form== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|thumb|right|A ḥilya from 1712 that was folded and carried (the crease lines can be seen). The two crescents above and below the large circle in the middle contain the description of Muhammad. The central circle describes the protective powers of the ḥilya. The protective hand of [[Fatimah]] appears on the lower crescent, as another sign against evil. [[Koran]]ic verses surround the edges.]] While authors developed ''hilye'' as a style of writing, calligraphers and illuminators made it into a decorative art form. These did not picture what Muhammad looked like, but described him so that readers could imagine him.<ref name="Peters2010" /> It became common in 17th century Ottoman Turkey to carry around Muhammad's description for protection.<ref name="baycol">{{cite journal| title= Hilye-i Şerifler ve Medeniyetimizdeki Yeri | author= Bayçöl, H.| year= 2007 | journal= Yağmur | issue= 37| url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> Because of the belief that a house with a ḥilya will not see poverty, trouble, fear, or the devil,<ref name="Erdogan"/> these texts were displayed prominently in homes. The term 'ḥilya' was used for the art form for presenting these texts.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> Thus the ḥilya, as a vehicle for Muhammad's presence after his death, was seen as a [[talisman]], protecting a house, a child, a traveller, or a person in difficulty.<ref name=Gruber132 /> The hilya is also intended to help people see Muhammad as a link between the sacred and human worlds. It is seen as an opportunity to send him a blessing and to establish a connection with him.<ref name=Gruber132 /><ref name=Zakariya>{{cite journal|title=The Hilye of the Prophet Muhammad |last=Zakariya |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Zakariya |date=2003–2004 |journal=Seasons |publisher=Zaytuna Institute |pages=13–22 |url=http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202234841/http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Safi2009"/> The pocket ḥilān were written on a piece of paper, small enough to fit in a breast pocket after being folded in three. The folding lines were reinforced with cloth or leather. Other pocket ḥilān were made of wood.<ref name="derman"/> ''Hilyes'' for display on a wall were made on paper mounted on wooden panels. In the 19th century, thick paper sheets were used instead.<ref name="derman"/> The top part of ḥilān that were laid on wooded panels were carved and cut out in the form of a crown. The crown part's decorations could have small paintings of [[Medina]], [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb]], or the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Hilye-i Şerife| author= Faruk Taşkale| url= http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| access-date= 2012-01-20| language= tr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143901/http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| archive-date= 2012-04-25| url-status= dead}}</ref> Ottomans commissioned scribes to write ḥilān in fine calligraphy and had them decorated by illuminators. These panels were often framed and used as wall decorations in houses, [[mosque]]s and shrines. They play a similar role to images of [[Jesus]] in Christian homes and places of worship.<ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book |title= Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters |last=Safi |first= Omid |author-link= Omid Safi |year= 2009 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-123134-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi |url-access= registration }}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="Peters2010">{{cite book |title= Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |last= Peters |first= F. E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974746-7 |pages= 160–161 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160 }}</ref> They represented Muhammad's presence without the "graven image" unacceptable to most Muslims.<ref name="Ernst2004" /> Although not common, some ḥilān are [[triptych]]s with foldable side panels, like [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] icons.<ref>Another example of a triptych-like ḥilya is at: {{cite web|publisher=Museum With No Borders| title= Triptych with 'hilya-i-sherif' (noble description)|author=Paola Torre | access-date=2012-01-27|url=https://hilyah.id}}</ref> The first recorded Hilye-i Sherif panel is generally believed to come from the scribe [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698).<ref name="derman" /> He was one of the earliest known to make the panels, although another famous scribe, [[Ahmed Karahisarî]], may have created one about a century before.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abdulkadiroğlu, A.| title=İlk Hilye Hattatı Ahmed Karahisari mi? (Is Ahmed Karahisaru the first hilye calligrapher?) | journal=Milli Kültür | issue=82 | pages= 48–52| year= 1991 | language = tr }} cited by {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |author=Yazar, S. |title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) |volume=2 |pages=1026–1044 |year=2007 |url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |language=tr |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> Hafız Osman experimented with pocket ḥilān in his youth; one of these dates from 1668. It is {{convert|22x14|cm|in}} and its text is in very small ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' script. It has a description of Mohammad in Arabic, and below that a Turkish translation, creating a triangular block of text.<ref name="derman">{{cite journal| title= Hat Sanatında Hilye-i Şerif | author= Derman, M.U.| year= 2000 | journal= Diyanet: İlmî Dergi | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> The texts at the centre of ḥilān praise the beauty of Muhammad's physical appearance and character.<ref name="Safi2009" />{{rp|273–274}} ===Standard layout=== [[File:Hilye-i Saadet by Mustafa Rakim.jpg|thumb|Hilye copied by [[Mustafa Râkim]] in 1791. [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] The standard layout for Ottoman ḥilya panels was made by [[Hâfiz Osman]].<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|title=Hilye-i Şerif |author=Velioğlu, A.K. |work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |access-date=2012-01-18 |url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |archive-date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> It contains the following elements:<ref name=Gruber132/> *The ''baş makam'' ("head station"), a top panel with the [[basmala]] or a blessing<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book |title= Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul |last= Derman |first= M. Uğur |year= 1998 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art |isbn= 978-0-87099-873-7 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> *The ''göbek'' ("belly"), a round shape with the first part of the main text in [[Naskh (script)|naskh script]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> It often has the description of Muhammad by [[Ali]] (according to [[Tirmidhi]]), with small variations.<ref name="Schick">{{cite journal| author= Shick, I.C. | year= 2008 | title=The Iconicity of Islamic Calligraphy in Turkey | journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics | volume= 53-54 | issue=53/54 | pages= 211–224 | doi= 10.1086/RESvn1ms25608818 | jstor= 25608818 | s2cid= 192229397 }}</ref> *The ''hilâl'' ("[[crescent]]"), an optional section with no text, often decorated with gold. This crescent encircles the ''göbek'', with its thick middle part at the bottom. Together, the ''göbek'' and ''hilal'' evoke the image of the sun and the moon.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''köşeler'' ("corners"), usually four rounded spaces surrounding the ''göbek.'' These usually name the four Rashid caliphs of [[Sunni Islam]], or sometimes other titles of Muhammad, names of his companions, or some of the [[names of God in Islam|names of God]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''ayet'' or ''kuşak'' ("belt") below the ''göbek'' and crescent with a verse from the [[Quran]]. Usually this is {{cite quran|21|107|b=n|style=ref}} ("And We [God] did not send you [Muhammad] except to be a mercy to the universe"). Sometimes {{cite quran|68|4|b=n|style=ref}} ("Truly, you [Muhammad] are tremendous") or {{cite quran|48|28–29|b=n|style=ref}} ("And God sees that Muhammad is the messenger of God") is put here instead.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''etek'' ("skirt") containing the end of the text begun in the ''göbek'', a short prayer, and the signature of the artist. If the main text fits completely in the ''göbek'', there may be no ''etek''.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> *The ''koltuklar'' ("empty spaces"), two decorated side panels on either side of the ''etek.'' They usually lack text, although sometimes Muhammad's companions are mentioned.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''iç'' and ''dış pervaz'' ("inner and outer frame"), an ornamental border.<ref name=Osborn>{{cite book |title= The type of calligraphy: Writing, print, and technologies of the Arabic alphabet |last= Osborn |first= J. R. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-549-51769-6 | pages=236–239 |publisher= University of California, San Diego |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtQeZt7ybjwC&pg=PA238 }}</ref> The rest of the space is taken up with decorative Ottoman illumination. There is often with a border in a contrasting design to the background of the text sections. The "verse" and "corners" normally use a larger ''[[thuluth]]'' script, while the "head" section with the ''bismallah'' is written in ''[[muhaqqaq]]''.<ref name=Ali8> {{cite journal| author = Ali, Wijdan | author-link=Wijdan Ali | year = 2001| title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art| volume = IV| pages = 1–24| journal = EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) | url = http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/downloads/ejos_4_7.pdf}}</ref> Unlike the literary kind of ḥilya, the text on calligraphic ḥilān is usually prose.<ref name="baycol"/> The Turkish names for central parts of the ḥilya are, from top to bottom, ''başmakam'' (head station), ''göbek'' (belly), ''kuşak'' (belt) and ''etek'' (skirt). This naming shows that the ḥilya represents a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book| author=Gruber, Christiane J. | title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections | year= 2010 | publisher= Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132 }}</ref> This standard way of laying out a hilya comes from the late 17th century. Some examples from the 19th century and two made by Hafiz Osman can be seen below. <gallery class="center"> Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 5.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 7.jpg|Hilye by Mehmed Tahir Efendi (d. 1848) Hilye-i serif 4.jpg|Hilye (1848) by Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi (d. 1876). Hilye Niyazi Efendi 1853.JPG|Hilye (c. 1853) by Niyazi Efendi (d. 1882) </gallery> Not all ḥilān fit this pattern. Artists have made new versions.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> <gallery class="center"> Signed Abdülkadir Şükri Efendi - Hilye-i Şerif (written portrait of the Prophet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Hilye (19th century). Around Muhammad's name, "''Inna Allah ala kull shay qadir''," ("God has power over all things.") appears five times. File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilye with blocks of text in the form of famous Relics of Muhammad. 19th century, Ottoman Turkey. File:Hilye-i Saadet by Esmâ Ibret.jpg|Hilye by [[Esmâ Ibret Hanim]] Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, circa 1725 (SHM 15501).jpg|Hilye in free form (18th century). Rose Hilye.jpg|Hilye in the shape of a pink rose (18th century). </gallery> ==Popularity of the graphic form== [[File:Hilye with side panels 1718.jpg|thumb|left|A ḥilya from 1718, like a Christian [[triptych]]. At the top of the middle panel is a crown carving. The side panes list the [[Names of God in Islam|99 names of Allah]].]] There are several reasons why graphic ḥilān are popular.<ref name="Erdogan"/><ref name="Yazar"/> In most Islamic culture it is not allowed to draw the face of Muhammad. Hilān respecting this rule by describing him in words. Many authors have described the affection of Muslims for Muhammad, which leads them to read about his physical and moral beauty.<ref name="Erdogan" /><ref name="Yazar" /> Hakani has said in his poem that a house with a ḥilya will be protected from trouble. Another motivation would have been the hadith given by Hakani in the Hilye-i Şerif. This promises great rewards to people who read and memorize Muhammad's ḥilya. It says they will see Muhammad in their dreams and will be protected from disasters. In the "sebeb-i te'lîf" ve "hâtime" section, the writer says why they wrote the ḥilya. Other ḥilya writers express, at the end of the ḥilya, their desire to be liked by Muhammad, the other prophets, or the four caliphs. One ḥilya writer, Hakim, wrote that he wishes that people will remember Muhammad as they look at his ḥilya.<ref name="Erdogan" /> ===Non-Ottoman forms=== As an art form, ḥilya has mostly been restricted to the Ottoman Empire. A small number of ḥilya panels come from [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | title=حِليهنويسى | publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica | access-date=2012-01-20 | url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004312/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | archive-date=2014-05-24 }}</ref> and follow a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] version of the form. These ḥilān have a Persian translation below the Arabic text and list the names of the [[Twelve Imams]]. In the 19th century, some Iranian ḥilān added pictures of Muhammad and Ali to the traditional format.<ref>See [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilye_Iran_19th_c_with_image.JPG this image] for an example.</ref><ref name="oleg">{{cite journal| title= The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad| author=Grabar, O | journal= Écriture, Calligraphie et Peinture | year=2003 | pages=19–38 }}</ref> Modern makers of ḥilān include [[Rasheed Butt]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Mohamed Zakariya]] from the United States.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |title= Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |last=Ernst |first= Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |year= 2004|publisher= UNC Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages= 76–78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77 }}</ref> ===Traditions=== In Turkey, it is traditional to give a ḥilya panel as a marriage gift. However, this tradition is disappearing.<ref name="derman"/> Covering the panels with sheer curtains was part of the religious folklore in Istanbul households.<ref name="derman"/> Since Osman's time, every Turkish calligrapher has to make at least one ḥilya, using the three scripts: ''muhaqqaq'', ''thuluth'' and ''naskh''.<ref name=Ali8/> It is traditional for calligraphers to get their diploma (''icazetname'') after making a ḥilya panel as their final assignment.<ref name="derman"/> The art of ḥilya flourishes in Turkey. Modern artists still create ḥilān in both classical and new forms. Modern ḥilān maintain the same essence even while they include abstract or figurative art.<ref>{{cite web| title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma | publisher= Piu Culture | url= http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/ | access-date= 2012-02-23 }}</ref> ==See also== {{Commons category|Hilyes}} * [[Graphic design]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Depictions of Muhammad}} [[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Calligraphy]] qt9qwdpa57uyjdxrr1u8xgbmvaw9uyw 10966680 10966671 2026-08-18T15:18:06Z MartinPoulter 95036 /* Standard layout */ trying to get this to read better 10966680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg|thumb|A ḥilya by [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), who made the standard layout for this type of [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] panel]] The word '''''ḥilya''''' or '''''hilye''''' is used for two kinds of description of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The word comes from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] words for "ornament". In the art of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a ''hilya'' is form of graphic art that lays out words about Muhammad in a pattern. In literature, a ''hilya'' is a type of Ottoman-Arabic text describing Muhammad. Muslims in the [[Ottoman Empire]] believed that owning and reading a hilya protected them from trouble in this world and the next. They often carried these descriptions, written in [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] and [[Ottoman illumination|illuminated]], as [[amulet]]s.<ref name="Bakker2009">{{cite book |title= The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |last= Bakker |first= Freek L.|year= 2009 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16861-9 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA209 }}</ref><ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> In 17th-century Ottoman [[Turkey]], ḥilān developed into an art form with a standard layout. They were often framed and used as a wall decoration. Early ḥilān only described Muhammad. Later ḥilān described other people from Islamic history and [[wali]]s (saints). == Origins == [[File:Hilye-i Saadet.jpg|thumb|Hilya in [[nastaliq|nastaʿlīq script]] by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], 1822, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] ''Hilye'', both as a kind of text and as an art form, come from ''shama'il'', the study of how Muhammad looked and behaved. These contained [[Hadith|hadiths]] (writing of early Muslims) describing Muhammad's spirit and his physical body. The best-known and accepted of these hadith are attributed to his son-in-law and cousin [[Ali]].<ref name="Brockopp2010">{{cite book |title= The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |last= Brockopp |first= Jonathan E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-71372-6 |page= 130 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC&pg=PA130 }}</ref> The sources of ḥilān have been the six main hadith books along with other hadith sources. Their authors include [[Aisha]], [[ibn Abbas]], [[Abu Hurayra]], and Hasan ibn Ali. While ''shama'il'' lists the physical and spiritual aspects of Muhammad in detail, ḥilān describe these in a literary style.<ref name="Erdogan">{{cite journal | journal= Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi | author= Erdoğan, M. | title= Hâkim Mehmed Efendi'nin Manzum Hilyesi | volume= 11 | pages= 317–357 | year= 2007 | url= http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-16 | archive-date= 2021-11-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127022803/http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1514.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Hilya literature== Although many ḥilān exist in Turkish literature, Persian literature does not have many examples. For this reason, the ḥilya is considered one of Turkey's national literary styles.<ref name="Erdogan"/> The ''Hilye-i Şerif'' by [[Mehmet Hakani]] (d. 1606–07) is considered the finest example of the style.<ref name=Gruber132>{{cite book |title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections |last= Gruber |first= Christiane J. |year= 2010 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1 |pages=131–133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132}} </ref><ref>Hilye-i Şerif, [https://archive.org/details/hilyeihakani00hakauoft Digitised copy] of the 1898 edition at [[archive.org]]</ref> The first ḥilya written in prose form was the ''Hilye-i Celile ve Şemail-i 'Aliye'' by [[Hoca Sadeddin Efendi]].<ref name="Yazar">{{cite journal | journal= Journal of Turkish Studies | author= Yazar, S. | title= Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) | volume= 2 | pages= 1026–1044 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | language= tr | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf | archive-date= 2014-04-13 }}</ref> The ḥilya tradition started with descriptions of Muhammad. Later ḥilān were about the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first four Caliphs (leaders)]], [[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's companions]], his grandchildren [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and [[Wali|walis]] (saints) such as [[Rumi]].<ref name="Yazar"/> Another important ḥilya writer is [[Neşâtî]], whose 184-verse poem describes the physical appearance of [[Prophets in Islam|14 prophets]] and [[Adam]].<ref name="Erkal1999">{{cite journal | journal= Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi | issue= 12 | pages= 111–131 | year= 1999 | title= Türk Edebiyatında Hilye ve Cevri'nin "Hilye-i Çâr Yâr-ı Güzin"i | author= Erkal, A. | url= http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/viewFile/1784/1783 | language= tr }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ḥilān can be written as prose or poems (often in the [[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]] form). Two other kinds of Turkish Islamic literature, a ''mevlid'' (story of Muhammad's life) or a ''Mirʿajname'' (stories of [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad's visit to heaven]]) can include ḥilān.<ref name="ispirli">{{cite journal | title= Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker'in Hilye-i Fahr-ı Âlem İsimli Eseri Üzerine | author= İspirli, S.A. | year= 2010 | journal= Turkısh Studies | issue= 2 | pages= 21–36 | url= http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | language= tr | access-date= 2012-01-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112837/http://dokuman.tsadergisi.org/dergiler_pdf/2010/2010-Agustos/7.pdf | archive-date= 2015-01-28 | url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Art form== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0759.jpg|thumb|right|A ḥilya from 1712 that was folded and carried (the crease lines can be seen). The two crescents above and below the large circle in the middle contain the description of Muhammad. The central circle describes the protective powers of the ḥilya. The protective hand of [[Fatimah]] appears on the lower crescent, as another sign against evil. [[Koran]]ic verses surround the edges.]] While authors developed ''hilye'' as a style of writing, calligraphers and illuminators made it into a decorative art form. These did not picture what Muhammad looked like, but described him so that readers could imagine him.<ref name="Peters2010" /> It became common in 17th century Ottoman Turkey to carry around Muhammad's description for protection.<ref name="baycol">{{cite journal| title= Hilye-i Şerifler ve Medeniyetimizdeki Yeri | author= Bayçöl, H.| year= 2007 | journal= Yağmur | issue= 37| url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> Because of the belief that a house with a ḥilya will not see poverty, trouble, fear, or the devil,<ref name="Erdogan"/> these texts were displayed prominently in homes. The term 'ḥilya' was used for the art form for presenting these texts.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> Thus the ḥilya, as a vehicle for Muhammad's presence after his death, was seen as a [[talisman]], protecting a house, a child, a traveller, or a person in difficulty.<ref name=Gruber132 /> The hilya is also intended to help people see Muhammad as a link between the sacred and human worlds. It is seen as an opportunity to send him a blessing and to establish a connection with him.<ref name=Gruber132 /><ref name=Zakariya>{{cite journal|title=The Hilye of the Prophet Muhammad |last=Zakariya |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Zakariya |date=2003–2004 |journal=Seasons |publisher=Zaytuna Institute |pages=13–22 |url=http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202234841/http://zakariya.net/resources/hilye.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Safi2009"/> The pocket ḥilān were written on a piece of paper, small enough to fit in a breast pocket after being folded in three. The folding lines were reinforced with cloth or leather. Other pocket ḥilān were made of wood.<ref name="derman"/> ''Hilyes'' for display on a wall were made on paper mounted on wooden panels. In the 19th century, thick paper sheets were used instead.<ref name="derman"/> The top part of ḥilān that were laid on wooded panels were carved and cut out in the form of a crown. The crown part's decorations could have small paintings of [[Medina]], [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb]], or the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Hilye-i Şerife| author= Faruk Taşkale| url= http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| access-date= 2012-01-20| language= tr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143901/http://www.faruktaskale.com/hilye-i-serife-the-charactrestics-of-the-prophet-muhammed| archive-date= 2012-04-25| url-status= dead}}</ref> Ottomans commissioned scribes to write ḥilān in fine calligraphy and had them decorated by illuminators. These panels were often framed and used as wall decorations in houses, [[mosque]]s and shrines. They play a similar role to images of [[Jesus]] in Christian homes and places of worship.<ref name="Safi2009">{{cite book |title= Memories of Muhammad: why the Prophet matters |last=Safi |first= Omid |author-link= Omid Safi |year= 2009 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-123134-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/memoriesofmuhamm00safi |url-access= registration }}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="Peters2010">{{cite book |title= Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |last= Peters |first= F. E. |year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-974746-7 |pages= 160–161 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160 }}</ref> They represented Muhammad's presence without the "graven image" unacceptable to most Muslims.<ref name="Ernst2004" /> Although not common, some ḥilān are [[triptych]]s with foldable side panels, like [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] icons.<ref>Another example of a triptych-like ḥilya is at: {{cite web|publisher=Museum With No Borders| title= Triptych with 'hilya-i-sherif' (noble description)|author=Paola Torre | access-date=2012-01-27|url=https://hilyah.id}}</ref> The first recorded Hilye-i Sherif panel is generally believed to come from the scribe [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698).<ref name="derman" /> He was one of the earliest known to make the panels, although another famous scribe, [[Ahmed Karahisarî]], may have created one about a century before.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abdulkadiroğlu, A.| title=İlk Hilye Hattatı Ahmed Karahisari mi? (Is Ahmed Karahisaru the first hilye calligrapher?) | journal=Milli Kültür | issue=82 | pages= 48–52| year= 1991 | language = tr }} cited by {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |author=Yazar, S. |title=Seyyid Şerîfî Mehmed Efendi ve Hilyesi (Seyyid Sherîfî Efendi and His Hilye) |volume=2 |pages=1026–1044 |year=2007 |url=http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |language=tr |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170136/http://www.egirdir.net/SeyyidMehmed.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> Hafız Osman experimented with pocket ḥilān in his youth; one of these dates from 1668. It is {{convert|22x14|cm|in}} and its text is in very small ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' script. It has a description of Mohammad in Arabic, and below that a Turkish translation, creating a triangular block of text.<ref name="derman">{{cite journal| title= Hat Sanatında Hilye-i Şerif | author= Derman, M.U.| year= 2000 | journal= Diyanet: İlmî Dergi | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71303374/Hat-Sanat%C4%B1nda-Hilye-i-%C5%9Eerif-U%C4%9Fur-DERMAN | language = tr }}</ref> The texts at the centre of ḥilān praise the beauty of Muhammad's physical appearance and character.<ref name="Safi2009" />{{rp|273–274}} ===Standard layout=== [[File:Hilye-i Saadet by Mustafa Rakim.jpg|thumb|Hilye copied by [[Mustafa Râkim]] in 1791. [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]] The standard layout for Ottoman ḥilya panels was made by [[Hâfiz Osman]].<ref name="velioglu">{{cite web|title=Hilye-i Şerif |author=Velioğlu, A.K. |work=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |access-date=2012-01-18 |url=http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110205152/http://www.klasikturksanatlarivakfi.com/indexalt.php?sayfa=fotograf&fotokateid=40 |archive-date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> It contains the following elements:<ref name=Gruber132/> *The ''baş makam'' ("head station"), a top panel with the [[basmala]] or a blessing<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998">{{cite book |title= Letters in gold: Ottoman calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı collection, Istanbul |last= Derman |first= M. Uğur |year= 1998 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art |isbn= 978-0-87099-873-7 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mPTqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> *The ''göbek'' ("belly"), a round shape with the first part of the main text in [[Naskh (script)|naskh script]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> It often has the description of Muhammad by [[Ali]] (according to [[Tirmidhi]]), with small variations.<ref name="Schick">{{cite journal| author= Shick, I.C. | year= 2008 | title=The Iconicity of Islamic Calligraphy in Turkey | journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics | volume= 53-54 | issue=53/54 | pages= 211–224 | doi= 10.1086/RESvn1ms25608818 | jstor= 25608818 | s2cid= 192229397 }}</ref> *The ''hilâl'' ("[[crescent]]"), an optional section with no text, often decorated with gold. This crescent encircles the ''göbek'', with its thick middle part at the bottom. Together, the ''göbek'' and ''hilal'' evoke the image of the sun and the moon.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''köşeler'' ("corners"), usually four rounded spaces surrounding the ''göbek.'' These usually name the four Rashid caliphs of [[Sunni Islam]], or sometimes other titles of Muhammad, names of his companions, or some of the [[names of God in Islam|names of God]].<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''ayet'' or ''kuşak'' ("belt") below the ''göbek'' and crescent with a verse from the [[Quran]]. Usually this is {{cite quran|21|107|b=n|style=ref}} ("And We [God] did not send you [Muhammad] except to be a mercy to the universe"). Sometimes {{cite quran|68|4|b=n|style=ref}} ("Truly, you [Muhammad] are tremendous") or {{cite quran|48|28–29|b=n|style=ref}} ("And God sees that Muhammad is the messenger of God") is put here instead.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''etek'' ("skirt") containing the end of the text begun in the ''göbek'', a short prayer, and the signature of the artist. If the main text fits completely in the ''göbek'', there may be no ''etek''.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> *The ''koltuklar'' ("empty spaces"), two decorated side panels on either side of the ''etek.'' They usually lack text, although sometimes Muhammad's companions are mentioned.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/><ref name=Osborn/> *The ''iç'' and ''dış pervaz'' ("inner and outer frame"), an ornamental border.<ref name=Osborn>{{cite book |title= The type of calligraphy: Writing, print, and technologies of the Arabic alphabet |last= Osborn |first= J. R. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-549-51769-6 | pages=236–239 |publisher= University of California, San Diego |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtQeZt7ybjwC&pg=PA238 }}</ref> The rest of the space is taken up with decorative Ottoman illumination. There is often with a border in a contrasting design to the background of the text sections. The "verse" and "corners" normally use a larger ''[[thuluth]]'' script, while the "head" section with the ''bismallah'' is written in ''[[muhaqqaq]]''.<ref name=Ali8> {{cite journal| author = Ali, Wijdan | author-link=Wijdan Ali | year = 2001| title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art| volume = IV| pages = 1–24| journal = EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) | url = http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/downloads/ejos_4_7.pdf}}</ref> Unlike the literary kind of ḥilya, the text on calligraphic ḥilān is usually prose.<ref name="baycol"/> The Turkish names for central parts of the ḥilya are, from top to bottom, ''başmakam'' (head station), ''göbek'' (belly), ''kuşak'' (belt) and ''etek'' (skirt). This naming shows that the ḥilya represents a human body.<ref name="Gruber">{{cite book| author=Gruber, Christiane J. | title= The Islamic manuscript tradition: ten centuries of book arts in Indiana University collections | year= 2010 | publisher= Indiana University Press | isbn= 978-0-253-35377-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lIY0oAd6Y40C&pg=PA132 }}</ref> This standard way of laying out a hilya comes from the late 17th century. Some examples from the 19th century and two made by Hafiz Osman can be seen below. <gallery class="center"> Hilye by Hafiz Osman from Sadberk Hanim Museum.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 5.jpg|Hilye by Hafiz Osman Efendi (1642–1698) Hilye-i serif 7.jpg|Hilye by Mehmed Tahir Efendi (d. 1848) Hilye-i serif 4.jpg|Hilye (1848) by Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi (d. 1876). Hilye Niyazi Efendi 1853.JPG|Hilye (c. 1853) by Niyazi Efendi (d. 1882) </gallery> Not all ḥilān fit this pattern. Later artists have made new versions.<ref name="DermanN.Y.)1998"/> <gallery class="center"> Signed Abdülkadir Şükri Efendi - Hilye-i Şerif (written portrait of the Prophet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Hilye (19th century). Around Muhammad's name, "''Inna Allah ala kull shay qadir''," ("God has power over all things.") appears five times. File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage cal-0441.jpg|Hilye with blocks of text in the form of famous Relics of Muhammad. 19th century, Ottoman Turkey. File:Hilye-i Saadet by Esmâ Ibret.jpg|Hilye by [[Esmâ Ibret Hanim]] Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, circa 1725 (SHM 15501).jpg|Hilye in free form (18th century). Rose Hilye.jpg|Hilye in the shape of a pink rose (18th century). </gallery> ==Popularity of the graphic form== [[File:Hilye with side panels 1718.jpg|thumb|left|A ḥilya from 1718, like a Christian [[triptych]]. At the top of the middle panel is a crown carving. The side panes list the [[Names of God in Islam|99 names of Allah]].]] There are several reasons why graphic ḥilān are popular.<ref name="Erdogan"/><ref name="Yazar"/> In most Islamic culture it is not allowed to draw the face of Muhammad. Hilān respecting this rule by describing him in words. Many authors have described the affection of Muslims for Muhammad, which leads them to read about his physical and moral beauty.<ref name="Erdogan" /><ref name="Yazar" /> Hakani has said in his poem that a house with a ḥilya will be protected from trouble. Another motivation would have been the hadith given by Hakani in the Hilye-i Şerif. This promises great rewards to people who read and memorize Muhammad's ḥilya. It says they will see Muhammad in their dreams and will be protected from disasters. In the "sebeb-i te'lîf" ve "hâtime" section, the writer says why they wrote the ḥilya. Other ḥilya writers express, at the end of the ḥilya, their desire to be liked by Muhammad, the other prophets, or the four caliphs. One ḥilya writer, Hakim, wrote that he wishes that people will remember Muhammad as they look at his ḥilya.<ref name="Erdogan" /> ===Non-Ottoman forms=== As an art form, ḥilya has mostly been restricted to the Ottoman Empire. A small number of ḥilya panels come from [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | title=حِليهنويسى | publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica | access-date=2012-01-20 | url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004312/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=6490 | archive-date=2014-05-24 }}</ref> and follow a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] version of the form. These ḥilān have a Persian translation below the Arabic text and list the names of the [[Twelve Imams]]. In the 19th century, some Iranian ḥilān added pictures of Muhammad and Ali to the traditional format.<ref>See [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilye_Iran_19th_c_with_image.JPG this image] for an example.</ref><ref name="oleg">{{cite journal| title= The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad| author=Grabar, O | journal= Écriture, Calligraphie et Peinture | year=2003 | pages=19–38 }}</ref> Modern makers of ḥilān include [[Rasheed Butt]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Mohamed Zakariya]] from the United States.<ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |title= Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |last=Ernst |first= Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |year= 2004|publisher= UNC Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages= 76–78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA77 }}</ref> ===Traditions=== In Turkey, it is traditional to give a ḥilya panel as a marriage gift. However, this tradition is disappearing.<ref name="derman"/> Covering the panels with sheer curtains was part of the religious folklore in Istanbul households.<ref name="derman"/> Since Osman's time, every Turkish calligrapher has to make at least one ḥilya, using the three scripts: ''muhaqqaq'', ''thuluth'' and ''naskh''.<ref name=Ali8/> It is traditional for calligraphers to get their diploma (''icazetname'') after making a ḥilya panel as their final assignment.<ref name="derman"/> The art of ḥilya flourishes in Turkey. Modern artists still create ḥilān in both classical and new forms. Modern ḥilān maintain the same essence even while they include abstract or figurative art.<ref>{{cite web| title=Conoscere la Turchia a Roma | publisher= Piu Culture | url= http://www.piuculture.it/2011/10/conoscere-la-turchia-a-roma/ | access-date= 2012-02-23 }}</ref> ==See also== {{Commons category|Hilyes}} * [[Graphic design]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Depictions of Muhammad}} [[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Calligraphy]] bkt1ga52twham1kec25xlttt88i3ud6 0 1279335 10966824 10962774 2026-08-18T17:04:36Z Canadachick 1633172 10966824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox solar eclipse|2026Aug12|image=Éclipse du 12 août 2026 – Leòn, Espagne (1).jpg|caption=Total eclipse at 18:29:32 UTC as seen from [[León, Spain|León]], Spain | previous = [[Solar eclipse of February 17, 2026|February 17, 2026]] | next = [[Solar eclipse of February 6, 2027|February 6, 2027]] }} A total [[solar eclipse]] happened on Wednesday, 12 August 2026.<ref name="August 12, 2026">{{cite web |title=August 12, 2026 Total Solar Eclipse |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2026-august-12 |publisher=timeanddate |access-date=13 August 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826075731/https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2026-august-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> A solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes between the [[Earth]] and the [[Sun]], and totally or partly covers the view of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse happens when the Moon's [[diameter|apparent diameter]] is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight.<ref>{{cite web |last=Espenak |first=Fred |title=Moon at Perigee and Apogee: 2001 to 2100 |url=https://astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html |website=AstroPixels |access-date=12 August 2026 |archive-date=20 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720160713/http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The total eclipse passed over northernmost Siberia, the Arctic, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, northern Spain, a small part of northeastern Portugal, the Mediterranean Sea and the [[Balearic Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Jamie Carter |date=25 August 2024 |title=Where can I see the total solar eclipse on Aug. 12, 2026? |url=https://www.space.com/where-to-see-total-solar-eclipse-2026-maps |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918113725/https://www.space.com/where-to-see-total-solar-eclipse-2026-maps |url-status=live}}</ref> The points of greatest duration and greatest eclipse were just {{cvt|45|km}} off the western coast of Iceland by around 65°30'&nbsp;N and 25°25'&nbsp;W, where the totality lasted 2 minutes and 18.2 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpath/SEpath2001/SE2026Aug12Tpath.html |title=Path of the Total Solar Eclipse of 2026 Aug 12 |website=nasa.gov |access-date=12 August 2026 |archive-date=10 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810164745/https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpath/SEpath2001/SE2026Aug12Tpath.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A partial eclipse covered more than 90% of the Sun in Ireland, Great Britain, Portugal, France, Italy, the [[Balkans]] and North Africa and to a lesser part in most of Europe, West Africa and northern North America. The total eclipse passed over northern Spain from the Atlantic coast to the Mediterranean coast as well as the Balearic Islands. ==References== {{reflist}} {{sci-stub}} [[Category:August 2026 events]] [[Category:Solar eclipses]] 169rr0wkmecngblxnf75yuhs2la9giz 0 1279413 10966550 10963986 2026-08-18T12:59:04Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10966550 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Pallanganmiddang''', also called '''Waveroo''' or '''Waywurru''', were an [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous Australian people]] from northeastern [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], [[Australia]].{{sfn|Blake|Reid|2002|pp=177–210}} Recent studies suggest that [[Norman Tindale]]’s mention of a [[Djilamatang]] tribe and language might actually refer mostly to the Pallanganmiddang or [[Dhudhuroa]] people. ==Name== Many tribe and language names in this area end with parts like -''matong'', -''middang'', -''mirttong'', -''mathang'', or -''mittung''. This ending might mean "[[speech]]" or "tongue."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dhudhuroa Language of Northeastern Victoria: A Description Based on Historical Sources {{!}} I-Portal: Indigenous Studies Portal |url=https://iportal.usask.ca/record/40749 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=iportal.usask.ca |page=179}}</ref>) For Pallanganmiddang, it seems to be part of their group name.{{sfn|Clark|2009|p=210}} ==History of contact== The earliest possible mention of the Pallanganmiddang might be in the 1840s papers of [[George Augustus Robinson]], who was the Victorian [[Protector of Aborigines]]. He referred to a group called ''Pal-ler a miiter''. ==Language== {{Main|Pallanganmiddang language}} Pallanganmiddang is one of two [[language]]s in the Upper Murray Group, the other being Dhudhuroa.{{sfn|Dixon|2004|p=xxxv}} It was probably spoken by people living northwest of the Dhudhuroa. The two languages share only about 10.7% of their [[vocabulary]].{{sfn|Blake|Reid|2002|p=183}} A list of 46 words called "Pallanganmiddah" was given by Thomas Mitchell from [[Tangambalanga]] in 1878.{{sfn|Mitchell|1878|p=67}}{{sfn|Blake|Reid|1999|p=15}} [[Alfred William Howitt|A. W.Howitt]] said their language was very different from nearby languages, and modern research agrees it was not closely related to other local languages.{{sfn|Koch|Hercus|Kelly|2018|p=158}} ==Country== In 1878, [[Robert Brough Smyth|Robert Smyth]]’s map showed the Pallanganmiddang group southeast of [[Wodonga, Victoria|Wodonga,]] near [[Tangambalanga]], the northern [[Kiewa River]], [[Tallangatta]], and the [[Mitta Mitta River]]. Howitt{{sfn|Howitt|1904|p=827}} mentioned a group called ''Balaung Karar ''southwest of Wodonga, which some think refers to the same people.{{sfn|Blake|Reid|1999|p=16}} ==Society== The Pallanganmiddang partly used the [[Kulin nation|Kulin]] [[patrimoiety]] system, which divides people into two groups: eaglehawk (''Puntyil'') and crow (''Waang/waa'').{{efn|Also written more in older sources '' Bunjil-Waang''- {{harv|Koch|Hercus|Kelly|2018|pp=154ff.}}}}{{sfn|Koch|Hercus|Kelly|2018|p=158}} This system passes group membership through the father, which was common in Central Victorian Aboriginal culture but different from most of Southeast Australia.{{sfn|Koch|Hercus|Kelly|2018|p=154}} [[Diane Barwick]] found at least two clans that used Kulin names for their groups instead of Pallanganmiddang terms, suggesting they married with nearby Kulin groups. Two known clans are: * Yowung-illam-balluk in the [[Mount Buffalo]] area, part of the eaglehawk group{{harv|Clark|2009|p=210}} * Warrarak-balluk near [[Wangaratta, Victoria|Wangaratta]], part of the crow group{{sfn|Barwick|1984|p=118}}{{sfn|Koch|Hercus|Kelly|2018|pp=155–156}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ===References=== {{Reflist|20em}} ==Sources== {{refbegin|35em}} *{{cite web | title = Austlang: S44: Dhudhuroa | publisher = Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies | url = https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/s44 | access-date = 18 March 2019 | ref = {{harvid|Austlang}} }} *{{Cite journal | title = Mapping the past: an atlas of Victorian clans 1835-1904 | last = Barwick | first = Diane E. | author-link = Diane Barwick | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 1984 | volume = 8 | pages = 100–131 | url = http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p71671/pdf/book.pdf?referer=1080 }} *{{cite journal | title = The Dhudhuroa language of northeastern Victoria: a description based on historical sources | last1 = Blake | first1 = Barry | last2 = Reid | first2 = Julie | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2002 | volume = 26 | issue = Annual 2002 | pages = 177–210 | url = http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p73361/pdf/ch0844.pdf }} *{{Cite journal | title = Pallanganmiddang: a language of the Upper Murray | last1 = Blake | first1 = Barry J. | last2 = Reid | first2 = Julie | author1-link = Barry Blake | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 1999 | volume = 23 | pages = 15–31 | url = http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p72831/pdf/article0217.pdf }} *{{Cite journal | title = Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang languages and social groups in north-east Victoria– a reconstruction | last = Clark | first = Ian D. | author-link = Ian D. Clark (historian) | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2009 | volume = 33 | pages = 201–229 | jstor = 24046829 }} *{{Cite journal | title = Aboriginal language areas in Northeast Victoria: 'Mogullumbidj' reconsidered | last = Clark | first = Ian D. | author-link = Ian D. Clark (historian) | journal = Victorian Historical Journal | date = November 2010 | volume = 81 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–192 }} *{{Cite journal | title = Aboriginal languages in North-east Victoria – the status of "Waveru" reconsidered | last = Clark | first = Ian D. | author-link = Ian D. Clark (historian) | journal = Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues | year = 2011 | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 2–22 }} *{{Cite book | title = Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development | last = Dixon | first = Robert M. W. | year = 2004 | author-link = Robert M. W. Dixon | orig-year = First published 2002 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | volume = 1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR35 | isbn = 978-0-521-47378-1 }} *{{Cite book | title = The native tribes of south-east Australia | last = Howitt | first = Alfred William | year = 1904 | author-link = Alfred William Howitt | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | url = https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{Cite book | chapter = Moiety Names in South-Eastern Australia: Distribution and Reconstructed History | last1 = Koch | first1 = Harold | last2 = Hercus | first2 = Luise | last3 = Kelly | first3 = Piers | author2-link = Luise Hercus | year = 2018 | title = Skin, Kin and Clan: The Dynamics of Social Categories in Indigenous Australia | editor1-last = McConvell | editor1-first = Patrick | editor2-last = Kelly | editor2-first = Piers | editor3-last = Lacrampe | editor3-first = Sébastien | publisher = [[ANU Press|Australian National University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pmZZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 | pages = 139–177 | isbn = 978-1-760-46164-5 }} *{{Cite book | chapter = List of Words: English-Native. Pallanganmiddah Tribe | last = Mitchell | first = Thomas | year = 1878 | title = The Aborigines of Victoria: with notes relating to the habits of the natives of other parts of Australia and Tasmania | editor-last = Smyth | editor-first = Robert Brough | editor-link = Robert Brough Smyth | publisher = J. Ferres, gov't printer | location = Melbourne | volume = 2 | page = 67 | url = https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/digitised_collections/collectors_of_words/smyth/m0048920_a.pdf }} *{{Cite book | chapter = Duduroa (VIC) | last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | year = 1974 | author-link = Norman Tindale | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = [[ANU Press|Australian National University Press]] | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/duduroa.htm | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 | archive-date = 2 July 2017 | access-date = 28 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702100050/http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/duduroa.htm | url-status = dead }} {{refend}} [[Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia]] r07w3fv0rzvpxwsgt1b2m7n7z6v9pmi 0 1279426 10966693 10964047 2026-08-18T15:37:11Z Werner100359 106408 /* International */ 10966693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |name = Said Nišić |image = Said Nišić (cropped).jpg |fullname = Said Nišić |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2008|5|5|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |height = |position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] |currentclub = [[FC Liefering|Liefering]] |clubnumber = 9 |youthyears1 = -2021 |youthclubs1 = [[FK Sarajevo]] |youthyears2 = 2021-2022 |youthclubs2 = [[SV Wals-Grünau]] |youthyears3 = 2022-2025 |youthclubs3 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] |years1 = 2025– |clubs1 = [[FC Liefering|Liefering]] |caps1 = 4|goals1 = 0 |nationalyears1 = 2022 |nationalteam1 = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-15 football team|Bosnia and Herzegovina U15]] |nationalcaps1 = 5 |nationalgoals1 = 4 |nationalyears2 = 2024 |nationalteam2 = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-16 football team|Bosnia and Herzegovina U16]] |nationalcaps2 = 3 |nationalgoals2 = 2 |nationalyears3 = 2025- |nationalteam3 = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-19 football team|Bosnia and Herzegovina U19]] |nationalcaps3 = 6 |nationalgoals3 = 6 |club-update = 15 August 2026 |nationalteam-update =15 August 2026 }} '''Said Nišić''' (born 5 May 2008 in [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]) is a Bosnian footballer. He plays as forward for the Austrian [[2. Liga|2nd league]] team [[FC Liefering]]. ==Career == Nišić began his career at FK Sarajevo. In October 2021, he moved to Austria to join the youth setup at SV Wals-Grünau. 2022 he went on to FC Red Bull Salzburg. There he progressed through all the academy age groups starting from the 2022/23 season. In April 2025 he was part of the squad for FC Lieferingb for the first time. He made his professional debut in the 2. Liga in May 2026, coming on as a substitute for [[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure]] in the 75th minute during the Matchday 28 match against [[Kapfenberg SV|Kapfenberg]] <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/28._Runde,_Saison_2025/26,_Kapfenberger_SV_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Saalzburg Wiki] </ref>in the 2025/26 season. ==International == Nišić first played for a Bosnian youth national team in September 2022. In November 2025, at the age of 17, he made his debut for the Bosnian U-19 team. {{Commonscat|Said Nišić}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Nišić, Said }} [[Category:2008 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Sarajevo]] [[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] 1311k03kvwnfa4khcz3h2hhg6l6oxa6 0 1279430 10967211 10964101 2026-08-19T05:06:50Z Werner100359 106408 10967211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |name = Yuri Leles |image = |fullname = Yuri Silva Leles de Souza |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2007|4|17|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Poços de Caldas]], [[Brazil]] |height = |position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] |currentclub = [[FC Liefering|Liefering]] |clubnumber = 37 |youthyears1 = -2024 |youthclubs1 = [[Red Bull Bragantino]] |years1 = 2024– |clubs1 = [[Red Bull Bragantino]] |caps1 = 0|goals1 = 0 |years2 = 2026– |clubs2 = [[FC Liefering]] (loan)|caps2 = 1|goals2 = 1 |nationalyears1 = |nationalteam1 = |club-update = 16 August 2026 |nationalteam-update =16 August 2026 }} '''Yuri Silva Leles de Souza''' (* 17 April 2007 in Poços de Caldas) is a Brazilian football player. He plays as [[Forward|forward]] for the Austrian [[2. Liga|2nd league]] club [[FC Liefering]]. ==Career == Leles began his career at [[Red Bull Bragantino]]. He made his professional debut for Bragantino in March 2024 in the São Paulo State Championship. In the 2025 season, he was also included in the professional squad for the first time in Série A. He did not make an appearance. In April 2026, he made his Copa Sudamericana debut against Club Blooming. In July 2026, Leles moved to Austria on loan to join second-division club FC Liefering. <ref>[https://www.fc-liefering.at/de/aktuelles/news/leihe-yuri-silva-leles-de-souza FC Liefering] </ref> He made his debut for Liefering in the first round of the [[2026-27 FC Liefering season|2026-27 season]] versus [[Kapfenberg SV|Kapfenberger SV]]. He came in for [[Filip Aleksic]] in minute 60. In minute 71 he scored his first goal for Liefering. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2026/27,_Kapfenberger_SV_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Leles, Yuri}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:Brazilian footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] iwc53e2ogp9stj6du64k9edtnj82tpw 0 1279434 10966634 10966070 2026-08-18T14:27:28Z Baangla 1688167 /* */ Makes better sense 10966634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kumari''' (In [[Nepali]]: कुमारी, “young girl”, or “unmarried”), also called '''The Living Goddess''' is an old [[Custom|tradition]] in [[Nepal]]. It is where a young girl from the [[Newar]] community of Nepal is [[Party|celebrated]] as the goddess, [[Taleju Bhawani]], a form of the [[Goddess]] [[Durga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-living-goddess-hindu-tradition-0cd93fa79e3446ffdf995210f44b8f99|title=Nepal chooses a 2-year-old girl as new living goddess worshipped by both Hindus and Buddhists|date=October 1, 2025|website=AP News|last=Gurubacharya|first=Binaj|access-date=August 16, 2026}}</ref>  This tradition is celebrated by both [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] people.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Newar society|last=Toffin|first=Gérard|publisher=Social Science Baha, Himal Books|isbn=9789993343868|pages=241-242|language=English}}</ref> In the area, there are several Kumaris.{{Infobox deity|name=Kumari|image=Trishna Shakya kumari.jpg|caption=Former Royal Kumari, Trishna Shakya|affiliation=Manifestation of [[Taleju Bhawani]], an avatar of [[Durga]]|gender=Female|region=[[Kathmandu Valley]]|ethnic_group=[[Newar]]}} ==Etymology== The word “Kumari” comes from [[Sanskrit]], whose meaning is “virgin” or “young unmarried girl.” In the Newar [[language]], the word is also written as '''kumhaḥ'''. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mulashree-mahavihar-wa-viharaya-kumari-pratha-by-sujanvilas-vajracharya/page/n65/mode/1up|title=Mulashree Mahavihar Wa Viharaya Kumari Pratha by Sujanvilas Vajracharya|last=Vajracharya|first=Sujanvilas|publisher=Siddhivara Printing Press|year=2019|language=Newari}}</ref> ==History== [[Worship|Worshipping]] young girls as the manifestation of the goddess has been a tradition for a long time. It was first written down in 1280. The tradition may have been done as early as the [[Lichhavi Period]] (400 - 750 CE). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Kumari Puja Sankshipta Vidhi|last=Kashinath|first=Tamot|publisher=Shubha Safukuthi Prakashan|page=1|language=Newari|orig-year=2007}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} <!--- Categories ---> 7v5ggbt8f4t8b4m9xwc435ov8p8fvac 3 1279479 10967351 10965674 2026-08-19T08:44:16Z LightandDark2000 356354 /* ONESTRIKE warning */ No edits or any problematic activity for 6 months. That's the Standard Offer. 10967351 wikitext text/x-wiki == ONESTRIKE warning == Simple English Wikipedia is not a place for you to take up your grievances with other people to circumvent your block on other wikis. If you’re continuing to focus on those conversations and not on building an encyclopedia, you will be blocked as you are on those other projects. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:11, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :Btw where is the warning sign image? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 21:22, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :I DONT CARE [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 21:29, 16 August 2026 (UTC) ::Ok, well based on your inappropriate responses here and elsewhere, you have been blocked here indefinitely. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:32, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :::When I can get an unblock request? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 21:36, 16 August 2026 (UTC) ::::What do you mean get one? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:03, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :::::like when I can request for an unblock? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 15:13, 17 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::You can request at any time. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:09, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::After 6 months with NO edits or any disruptive activity of any kind. If you really want to edit again, I'd strongly consider taking the Standard Offer and taking some time off to reflect. '''''[[w:User:LightandDark2000|<span style="color:#C69214">Light</span><span style="color:#410064">and</span><span style="color:blue">Dark2000</span>]]''''' 🌀 ([[User talk:LightandDark2000#top|talk]]) 08:44, 19 August 2026 (UTC) d19os21auhdci7djnrqd0c8ay2t3c1e 10967354 10967351 2026-08-19T08:45:34Z LightandDark2000 356354 /* ONESTRIKE warning */ Plus another warning. 10967354 wikitext text/x-wiki == ONESTRIKE warning == Simple English Wikipedia is not a place for you to take up your grievances with other people to circumvent your block on other wikis. If you’re continuing to focus on those conversations and not on building an encyclopedia, you will be blocked as you are on those other projects. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:11, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :Btw where is the warning sign image? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 21:22, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :I DONT CARE [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 21:29, 16 August 2026 (UTC) ::Ok, well based on your inappropriate responses here and elsewhere, you have been blocked here indefinitely. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:32, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :::When I can get an unblock request? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 21:36, 16 August 2026 (UTC) ::::What do you mean get one? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:03, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :::::like when I can request for an unblock? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 15:13, 17 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::You can request at any time. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:09, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::After 6 months with NO edits or any disruptive activity of any kind. If you really want to edit again, I'd strongly consider taking the Standard Offer and taking some time off to reflect. I must also add that if you continue to cause problems on other wikis, a global lock / global ban will be coming, and the likelihood of successfully appealing that is far, far lower. '''''[[w:User:LightandDark2000|<span style="color:#C69214">Light</span><span style="color:#410064">and</span><span style="color:blue">Dark2000</span>]]''''' 🌀 ([[User talk:LightandDark2000#top|talk]]) 08:44, 19 August 2026 (UTC) dxpycy38t7o67sp2ysw3tot1efbf7qb 0 1279542 10967212 10966330 2026-08-19T05:07:21Z Werner100359 106408 10967212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Nico Masching | image = FC Liefering gegen FC Hertha Wels (2026-08-07 Österreich ,Zweite Liga, Runde Zwei ) 37.jpg | fullname =Nico Masching | birth_date = {{birth date|2008|10|08|df=y}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender ]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 45 | youthyears1 = 2014-2016 | youthclubs1 = [[USK Obertrum]] | youthyears2= 2016-2017 | youthclubs2 = [[SV Seekirchen]] | youthyears3= 2017- | youthclubs3 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2025- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1 = 5 | goals1 = 1 | nationalyears1 = 2026- | nationalteam1 = [[Austrian national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps1 = 5 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | pcupdate = 17 August 2026 }} '''Nico Masching''' (born October 2, 2008) is an [[Austria]]n footballer. He plays as [[Defender (association football)|Defender ]] for [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Masching began his career at USK Obertrum. 2016 he moved to [[SV Seekirchen]]. In January 2017, he joined the youth setup at FC Red Bull Salzburg. He progressed through all the academy age groups starting from the 2022/23 season. In November 2025, he was named in the squad of FC Liefering. He finally made his 2. Liga debut in February 2026. He was substituted for [[Valentin Sulzbacher]] in the 46th minute of a match against [[First Vienna FC]] <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/19._Runde,_Saison_2025/26,_FC_Liefering_gegen_First_Vienna_FC FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> on Matchday 19 of the 2025/26 season. ==International == Masching made his debut for the Austrian U-19 team against Portugal in February 2026. In total, he played five games and scored one goal. <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/NT-Profile/Spieler/1556123?Nico-Masching ÖFB Players profile]</ref> {{Commonscat|Nico Masching}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Masching, Nico}} [[Category:2008 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:Austrian football defenders]] 4vsgqohx2hftfubv9dsvrevo4g2fvpp 0 1279580 10966556 10966197 2026-08-18T13:05:48Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|For the same concerns that the English Wikipedia draft was declined: likely AI-generated, and the sources do not establish her notability. They are not looking like reliable sources or don't provide significant coverage.}} {{Infobox person | name = Alisha Moopen | education = [[University of Michigan]]<br />[[Harvard University]] | occupation = Businesswoman | known_for = Managing Director and Group CEO of Aster DM Healthcare | children = 3 | father = {{ill|Azad Moopen|lt=|en|Azad Moopen|WD=}} | awards = Young Global Leader, [[World Economic Forum]] (2018)<br />Healthcare Leader of the Year, Gulf Business Awards (2023) }} '''Alisha Moopen''' is a [[health care]] [[Businessperson|business leader]] based in [[Dubai]]. She is the Managing Director and Group [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of {{ill|Aster DM Healthcare|lt=|en|Aster DM Healthcare|WD=}}, one of the largest health care companies in the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf region]].<ref name="arabianbusiness">{{cite news|title=Meet Alisha Moopen, the UAE's rising healthcare CEO looking to make a difference|work=Arabian Business|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/business/healthcare/meet-alisha-moopen-the-uaes-rising-healthcare-ceo-looking-to-make-a-difference|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> [[World Economic Forum]] has named her a {{ill|Young Global Leaders|lt=Young Global Leader|en|Young Global Leaders|WD=}}. She has appeared on the Most Powerful Women lists of [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune India'']].<ref name="fortune2022">{{cite web|year=2022|title=Most Powerful Women 2022|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/rankings/most-powerful-women/2022|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Fortune India}}</ref><ref name="fortuneprofile">{{cite web|title=Alisha Moopen|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/alisha-moopen|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Fortune India}}</ref> In 2025, she was listed among the region's Top Healthcare Leaders<ref name="forbeshealth2">{{Cite web|last=Mughal|first=Waqar|title=Alisha Moopen|url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/lists/top-healthcare-leaders-2025-founders-shareholders/alisha-moopen/|access-date=2026-08-18|website=Forbes Lists|language=en-US}}</ref> and 100 Most Powerful Businesswomen by ''[[Forbes]] Middle East''.<ref name="forbeswomen">{{Cite web|last=Mughal|first=Waqar|title=Alisha Moopen|url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/lists/100-most-powerful-businesswomen-2025/alisha-moopen/|access-date=2026-08-17|website=Forbes Lists|language=en-US}}</ref> == Early life and education == Moopen is the eldest daughter of {{ill|Azad Moopen|lt=|en|Azad Moopen|WD=}} and Naseera Azad.<ref name="entrepreneur2">{{cite web|title=Alisha Moopen|url=https://mena.entrepreneur.com/author/alisha-moopen|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Entrepreneur Middle East}}</ref><ref name="entrepreneur50">{{cite web|title=50 Visionary Women: Alisha Moopen, Managing Director|url=https://mena.entrepreneur.com/leadership/50-visionary-women-alisha-moopen-managing-director/488301|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Entrepreneur Middle East}}</ref> Her father is an Indian [[Physician|doctor]] and businessman. In 1987, he started Aster DM Healthcare in Dubai, where Alisha was raised. Moopen studied [[finance]] and [[accounting]] at the [[University of Michigan]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="entrepreneur2" /> She then became a Chartered [[Accounting|Accountant]] with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS).<ref name="gulfbusiness100">{{cite web|year=2025|title=Alisha Moopen – Top 100 Indians 2025|url=https://gulfbusiness.com/en/2025/lists/top-100-indians-2025/alisha-moopen/|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Gulf Business}}</ref> Later she studied public policy and [[healthcare]] management at [[Harvard University]].<ref name="gulfnews">{{cite news|last=Dhal|first=Sharmila|date=26 October 2022|title=A day in the life of Aster's Alisha Moopen as she gets candid on her foray into healthcare|work=Gulf News|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/a-day-in-the-life-of-asters-alisha-moopen-as-she-gets-candid-on-her-foray-into-healthcare-1.91516457|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> She also received a certificate in Global Leadership from Harvard.<ref name="entrepreneur2" /> == Career == Moopen started her career at [[Ernst & Young]], a large [[Consultant|consulting]] company, in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="arabwomen2018">{{cite web|year=2018|title=Alisha Moopen – 2018 Arab Women|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/391059-2018-arab-women39alisha-moopen|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Arabian Business}}</ref> After that, she took a senior finance job at Medcare Hospital in Dubai. This [[hospital]] is run by Aster DM Healthcare. In 2013, Moopen joined Aster DM Healthcare as a Director.<ref name="forbeswomen" /><ref name="gulfnews" /> From 2019 to 2023, she was the Deputy Managing Director. In 2023, a group of investors led by Fajr Capital bought 65% of the company's business in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Gulf countries]]. In November 2023, Moopen became Managing Director and Group CEO of Aster DM Healthcare FZC, the part of the company that works in the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] countries.<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news|date=27 September 2024|title=Saudi Arabia: Aster eyes $250 million health care deals for expansion|work=[[Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-27/saudi-arabia-aster-eyes-250-million-health-care-deals-for-expansion|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> Moopen founded the Dubai Healthcare Business Group and is its [[Chairperson|vice-chair]]. She was also the head of the Dubai chapter of the {{ill|Young Presidents' Organization|lt=|en|Young Presidents' Organization|WD=}} (YPO). She was the first woman to hold this position.<ref name="entrepreneur2" /><ref name="gulfnews" /> In 2021, she joined the board of the Thought Leadership and Innovation Foundation, a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organization]] in the United States.<ref name="arabianbusiness50">{{cite web|title=Revealed: Arabian Business 50 Inspiring Women Business Leaders|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/listing/revealed-arabian-business-50-inspiring-women-business-leaders|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Arabian Business}}</ref><ref name="tli">{{cite web|title=People|url=https://www.thoughtfoundation.org/people|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Thought Leadership & Innovation Foundation}}</ref> In 2023, she joined the board of directors of the Sharjah Research, Technology and Innovation Park.<ref name="forbeswomen" /> Moopen writes about leadership, healthcare and gender diversity. Her articles have appeared in ''[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]'',<ref name="entrepreneur2" /> CNBC Arabia,<ref name="cnbcarabia">{{cite news|date=25 December 2025|title=توقعات قطاع الرعاية الصحية في عام 2026|language=ar|work=CNBC Arabia|url=https://www.cnbcarabia.com/146911/2025/25/12/|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> Gulf Business,<ref name="gulfbusiness2">{{cite news|date=2023|title=Power Letters 2023: Alisha Moopen, deputy managing director, Aster DM Healthcare|work=Gulf Business|url=https://gulfbusiness.com/en/2023/uae/power-letters-2023-alisha-moopen-deputy-managing-director-aster-dm-healthcare/|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> ''[[Khaleej Times]]''<ref name="khaleejtimes">{{cite news|last=Moopen|first=Alisha|title=Gender diversity good for business: Why companies must address bias, create inclusive policies|work=Khaleej Times|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/opinion/gender-diversity-good-for-business-why-companies-must-address-bias-create-inclusive-policies|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> and [[CNN]] Business Arabic.<ref name="cnnbusiness2">{{cite news|title=الاستثمار في المرأة مفتاح النمو الجماعي للبلدان والعالم|language=ar|work=CNN Business Arabic|url=https://cnnbusinessarabic.com/economic-opinion-analysis/51130/|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> == Awards == * In 2018, the [[World Economic Forum]] named Moopen a {{ill|Young Global Leaders|lt=Young Global Leader|en|Young Global Leaders|WD=}}<ref name="forbeswomen" /> * In 2019, ''Arabian Business'' included her in its 30 Most Influential Women in the [[Arab world|Arab World]] list.<ref name="arabwomen2019">{{cite web|year=2019|title=Alisha Moopen – 2019 Most Influential Women in the Middle East|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/414400-ceo-2019-most-influential-women-me-2alisha-moopen|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Arabian Business}}</ref> The same magazine listed her among its 50 Inspiring Female Business Leaders in 2022<ref name="arabianbusiness50" /> and its Top 30 Healthcare Visionaries in 2024.<ref name="visionaries2024">{{cite web|year=2024|title=Revealed: The top 30 healthcare visionaries of 2024|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/powerlists/revealed-the-top-30-healthcare-visionaries-of-2024|access-date=18 August 2026|website=Arabian Business}}</ref> * In 2020, ''CEO Middle East'' magazine named her one of the Most Influential Women in the Arab World. * In 2021, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' listed her in its 40 Under Forty: India Inc's Top Young Leaders<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-05-11|title=Revealed: Arabian Business’ 50 Inspiring Female Business Leaders|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/listing/revealed-arabian-business-50-inspiring-women-business-leaders|access-date=2026-08-17|website=Arabian Business|language=en-US}}</ref> and named her one of its Most Promising Women Leaders.<ref name="femina">{{cite news|title=Femina Fab 40: Alisha Moopen changes India's approach towards healthcare|work=Femina|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/femina-fab-40-alisha-moopen-changes-indias-approach-towards-healthcare-206535.html|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> * In 2022, ''Business Today'' put her on its Most Powerful Women in Business list.<ref name="businesstoday">{{cite news|date=6 March 2023|title=MPW 2022: When Alisha Moopen realised that healthcare was her true calling|work=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/corporate/story/mpw-2022-when-alisha-moopen-realised-that-healthcare-was-her-true-calling-372418-2023-03-06|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]]'' included her in its Most Powerful Women in Business lists in 2022,<ref name="fortune2022" /> 2025 and 2026.<ref name="fortuneprofile" /> * In 2023, she won the Healthcare Leader of the Year award at the Gulf Business Awards.<ref name="gbawards">{{cite news|year=2023|title=Revealed: Winners at the Gulf Business Awards 2023|work=Gulf Business|url=https://gulfbusiness.com/revealed-winners-at-the-gulf-business-awards-2023/|access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> * In 2025, ''[[Forbes]] Middle East'' listed her among its Top Healthcare Leaders<ref name="forbeshealth2" /> and its 100 Most Powerful Businesswomen.<ref name="forbeswomen" /> ''[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur Middle East]]'' included her in its 50 Visionary Women list,<ref name="entrepreneur50" /> and ''Gulf Business'' named her among its Top 100 Indians.<ref name="gulfbusiness100" /> == Related pages == * [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]] * [[Forbes|Forbes Middle East]] * [[World Economic Forum]] * [[Persian Gulf|Gulf region]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:University of Michigan alumni]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Indian businesspeople]] [[Category:Accountants]] 1r50fdaa9w6jq874vrda4fiblluf3lh 0 1279601 10967203 10966350 2026-08-19T04:57:37Z Werner100359 106408 10967203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Emil Ganser | image = Emil Ganser (cropped).jpg | fullname = Emil Ganser | birth_date = {{birth date|2008|03|05|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]] | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender ]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 27 | youthyears1 = 2015-2017 | youthclubs1 = [[UFC Leopoldskron-Moos]] | youthyears2= 2017-2021 | youthclubs2 = [[SAK 1914]] | youthyears3= 2011- 2026 | youthclubs3 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2026- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1 = 1 | goals1 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria national under-16 football team|Austria U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2024 -2025 | nationalteam2 = [[Austria national under-17 football team|Austria U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 3 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2026 - | nationalteam3 = [[Austria national under-18 football team|Austria U18]] | nationalcaps3 = 1 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2026 - | nationalteam4 = [[Austria national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps4 = 1 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | pcupdate = 17 August 2026 }} '''Emil Ganser''' (born March 5, 2008, in [[Salzburg]]) is an Austrian footballer. He plays as [[Defender (association football)|Defender ]] for [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Ganser began his career at UFC Leopoldskron-Moos. He moved to Salzburger AK 1914 for the 2017/18 season. In October 2021, he joined the youth setup at [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. He moved through all age groups of the academy starting in the 2022/23 season. For the 2026/27 season, he was promoted to the squad of the second-tier team [[FC Liefering]]. <ref>[https://www.fc-liefering.at/de/aktuelles/news/vorbereitung-fcl-sommer-26 FC Liefering] </ref> He made his 2. Liga debut in July 2026. He substituted [[Jakob Pokorny]] in the 65th minute during the season's opening match against [[Kapfenberg SV|Kapfenberger SV]]. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1.%20Runde,%20Saison%202026/27,%20Kapfenberger%20SV%20gegen%20FC%20Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==International == Ganser played for an Austrian national youth team for the first time in March 2024 (U16 versus North Macedonia). He made his debut for the U-17 squad in September 2024, qualifying with them for the 2025 World Cup. Ganser played in one match during the tournament, in which Austria finished as runners-up. He made his debut for the U-19 team in March 2026. <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/NT-Profile/Spieler/1467184?Emil-Ganser ÖFB Players profile] </ref> {{Commonscat|Emil Ganser}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ganser, Emil}} [[Category:2008 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:Austrian football defenders]] 43lh8xozsryde9d0ojcfge894oxhw6i 0 1279603 10966959 10966364 2026-08-18T19:51:13Z Werner100359 106408 10966959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Filip Aleksić | image = FC Liefering gegen FC Hertha Wels (2026-08-07 Österreich ,Zweite Liga, Runde Zwei ) 43.jpg | fullname = Filip Aleksić | birth_date = {{birth date|2009|06|10|df=y}} | birth_place = | height = 187 cm | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Midfielder]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 20 | youthyears1= 2014- 2026 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2026- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1 = 6 | goals1 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria national under-15 football team|Austria U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2024 -2025 | nationalteam2 = [[Austria national under-16 football team|Austria U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 10 | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalyears3 = 2025 - | nationalteam3 = [[Austria national under-17 football team|Austria U18]] | nationalcaps3 = 13 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | pcupdate = 18 August 2026 }} '''Filip Aleksić''' ( born June 10, 2009) is an Austrian footballer. He plays as [[Midfielder]] for [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Aleksić began his career at [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. Starting in the 2023/24 season, he progressed through all the age groups at the Salzburg academy. He made his debut for FC Liefering in February 2026. He came as a substitute for [[Ilia Ivanschitz]] in the 82nd minute of a match against [[First Vienna FC]] on Matchday 19. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/19._Runde,_Saison_2025/26,_FC_Liefering_gegen_First_Vienna_FC FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==International == Aleksić played for an Austrian youth national team for the first time in March 2024 versus Slovakia U15. He made his debut for the U-17 team against Switzerland in September 2025. He participated in the World Cup with the U-17 squad in 2025. Austria finished the tournament as runners-up. Aleksić made seven appearances. <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/NT-Profile/Spieler/1464895?Filip-Aleksic ÖFB players profile] </ref> {{Commonscat|Filip Aleksic}} {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Aleksić, Filip}} [[Category:2009 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Austrian football midfielders]] hsxb43npr2s7f1tuk48hx8ga7qr5c30 0 1279607 10966970 10966408 2026-08-18T20:08:05Z Delusion23 177123 merge? 10966970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|National Foundation Day}} National Foundation Day ([[Japanese language|Japanese]] for: '''Kenkoku Kinen No Hi''' | 建国記念の日) is a public holiday of Japan that is celebrated on the 11th day of February every year. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2026-02-10|title=National Foundation Day (Japan’s National Holidays)|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/guide-to-japan/gu051011/|access-date=2026-08-18|website=Nippon}}</ref> From its official declaration as a national holiday by the [[Cabinet]] Order in 1966, National [[Foundation]] Day of Japan has been celebrated since its beginning in 1967. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www8.cao.go.jp/chosei/shukujitsu/gaiyou.html|title=国民の祝日」について|access-date=2026-08-18|publisher=Cabinet Office (Japan)}}</ref> In Kigensetsu, the celebration was first recorded in 1873 to honor the founding of the country. Its origins trace back to 660 BCE, when the legendary  [[Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu]] of Kashihara-gū was [[Enthronement|enthroned]] (put as king or queen) as the first emperor of Japan. <ref name=":0" /> It is based on the [[Chronicle]] (historical dates that are recorded) of [[Nihon Shoki]], written in the [[Kojiki]]. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-11|title=今日は「建国記念の日」|url=https://www.tajima.or.jp/news/170127/|archive-url=|access-date=2026-08-18|website=Tajima Express}}</ref> The holiday is marked with various events that are held across the country to celebrate the foundation of the country. In Nara’s Kashihara Jingū, the statue of emperor Jinmu is situated. <ref name=":0" /> {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = National Foundation Day | type = National | native_name = 建国記念の日 | english_name = Kenkoku Kinen no Hi | image = File:National-Foundation-Day-of-Japan-Mikoshi-Feb-11-2016.png | imagesize = 220px | alt = | caption = | observedby = [[Japan]] | date = February 11 | scheduling = Same calendar date each year | significance = Accession of [[Emperor Jimmu]], the legendary first emperor of Japan | celebrations = Parades, raising the national flag, and expressing patriotism}} ==References== {{Reflist}} dfss2pzqzdkkphvsini68h8p4whcmtx 3 1279632 10966533 2026-08-18T12:10:29Z Icodense 484975 Only warning: Vandalism. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966533 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''only warning''' you will get for the bad changes you made. If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-vandalism4im --> [[User:Icodense|Icodense]] ([[User talk:Icodense|talk]]) 12:10, 18 August 2026 (UTC) o6p9xq0z2398v1q8sllnc6vi244a128 3 1279633 10966535 2026-08-18T12:12:44Z Icodense 484975 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Talk:74 (number)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966535 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Talk:74 (number)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Talk:74 (number)]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Talk:74 (number)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Icodense|Icodense]] ([[User talk:Icodense|talk]]) 12:12, 18 August 2026 (UTC) sylsuic9cmvb08ezo62cyt56t5inwy7 3 1279634 10966537 2026-08-18T12:16:02Z Icodense 484975 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Ahir]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966537 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Ahir== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Ahir]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Ahir}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a7|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Icodense|Icodense]] ([[User talk:Icodense|talk]]) 12:16, 18 August 2026 (UTC) 9oqjowku39j6xe5tmp45ve944r50scf 0 1279636 10966549 2026-08-18T12:57:49Z ~2026-45404-78 1857408 Created redirect article. 10966549 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Boris III of Bulgaria]] e3n6t59cqnoqbclajvsjxhkk8cz3zxg 3 1279638 10966554 2026-08-18T13:05:48Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Alisha Moopen]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966554 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Alisha Moopen== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Alisha Moopen]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:05, 18 August 2026 (UTC) jmbxp0c5uc8ud9cpln9b9kdezy6kvqg 10966558 10966554 2026-08-18T13:06:35Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notice: Possible conflict of interest. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966558 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Alisha Moopen== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Alisha Moopen]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:05, 18 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, &#126;2026-45195-79. We welcome your changes to Wikipedia, but if you are closely associated with some of the people, places or things that [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45195-79|you have written about]] on Wikipedia, you may need to read our advice on [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest]]. All users need to follow Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] rules for content. People with a close connection to a subject often have a strong opinion about it. This may cause them to change the article in ways that make it either too flattering or too critical. They will most often not be aware they are doing it. Everybody is allowed to write about whatever subjects they want to, but they need to be very careful about making sure their changes are supported by [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] and writing with as little [[bias]] as possible. If you are very close to a subject you are writing about, here are some ways you can reduce the risk of problems: *'''Avoid changing or creating''' pages related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with. If you do decide to write about these things, be very careful with how you do it. *'''Be careful about deletion discussions'''. Everyone is welcome to give information about [[independent sources]] in [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|deletion discussions]]. However, try not to give an opinion about whether an article should be deleted. *'''Avoid linking''' to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see [[Wikipedia:Spam]]). *'''Be very careful''' so that you do not accidentally break Wikipedia's rules. Please make yourself familiar with Wikipedia's rules and guidelines on content &mdash; especially those about [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|giving sources]], and [[Wikipedia:Autobiography|autobiographies]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-coi --> ''If you are editing on behalf of a client, you must disclose that.'' [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:06, 18 August 2026 (UTC) dthcpl9fhjck536tuf2yz0erenebrfg 4 1279639 10966555 2026-08-18T13:05:48Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Alisha Moopen]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966555 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Alisha Moopen === :{{lc|Alisha Moopen}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alisha Moopen}} open RfD subpage]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' For the same concerns that the English Wikipedia draft was declined: likely AI-generated, and the sources do not establish her notability. They are not looking like reliable sources or don't provide significant coverage. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:05, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:05, 25 August 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> clntq4feeexgw4jwuqeygkzi7p8fp14 3 1279640 10966569 2026-08-18T13:23:56Z NDG 1452189 sending warning (warning 1) 10966569 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Slot machine]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 13:23, 18 August 2026 (UTC) dyrgxjuoe2krikky5k0gzshzqlvupxz 10966572 10966569 2026-08-18T13:27:09Z Der-Wir-Ing 404478 sending warning (warning 2) 10966572 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Slot machine]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 13:23, 18 August 2026 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia{{#if:Poker|, as you did to [[:Poker]]}}. While [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|objective prose]] about products or services ''is'' acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|a place for advertising or promotion]]. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:Uw-advert2 --> [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 13:27, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ip6u0zw16cu6630yn9y3pguy6o2a3hd 3 1279641 10966626 2026-08-18T14:04:49Z NDG 1452189 sending warning (warning 1) 10966626 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|left]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Sexual intercourse]]", seemed to be [[WP:SPAM|advertising another website]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|Wikipedia is not]] a place to [[advertising|advertise]]. You are, however, [[m:When should I link externally|encouraged to add information instead of links]] to the encyclopedia. If you think the links you recently added should be added to an article, please discuss this on an article's talk page. See the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thanks.<!-- Template:Uw-spam1 --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 14:04, 18 August 2026 (UTC) i1hqubrwnq2m9tbol16bpqzxc88z867 0 1279642 10966632 2026-08-18T14:26:42Z ~2026-42257-59 1846764 Created page with "[[File:Fiat Freemont in Palinuro.jpg|thumb|Fiat Freemont ]] The '''Fiat Freemont''' is an [[SUV]] produced by [[Fiat]] from [[2011]] to [[2015]]. == Context == [[File:Fiat Freemont trequearti posteriore.jpg|thumb|Rear view]] [[File:Freemont1.jpg|thumb|Interior]] The Freemont is derived from the [[Dodge Journey]], of which the [[Stellantis|PSA Group]] is part. It is equipped with 7 [[Seat|seats]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=Fiat Freemont in 60 secondi|date=20..." 10966632 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fiat Freemont in Palinuro.jpg|thumb|Fiat Freemont ]] The '''Fiat Freemont''' is an [[SUV]] produced by [[Fiat]] from [[2011]] to [[2015]]. == Context == [[File:Fiat Freemont trequearti posteriore.jpg|thumb|Rear view]] [[File:Freemont1.jpg|thumb|Interior]] The Freemont is derived from the [[Dodge Journey]], of which the [[Stellantis|PSA Group]] is part. It is equipped with 7 [[Seat|seats]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=Fiat Freemont in 60 secondi|date=2012-04-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Io6j19qA-4c|access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref>. Standout engine options include: '''Petrol''' * 3.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] 280 [[Horsepower|CV]] (206 [[Watt|kW]]) 342 [[Newton (unit)|Nm]] 206 [[Kilometres per hour|km/h]] '''Diesel''' * 2.0 [[V4 Engine|V4]] 170 [[Horsepower|CV]] (125 [[Watt|kW]]) 350 [[Newton (unit)|Nm]] 184 [[Kilometres per hour|km/h]] * 2.0 [[V4 engine|V4]] 140 [[Horsepower|CV]] (103 [[Watt|kW]]) 350 [[Newton (unit)|Nm]] 180 [[Kilometres per hour|km/h]] The Freemont is 489 [[Millimetre|mm]] [[Length|long]], 188 [[Millimetre|mm]] [[Width|wide]], and 175 [[Millimetre|mm]] [[Height|high]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listino Fiat Freemont prezzo - scheda tecnica - consumi - foto - alVolante.it|url=https://www.alvolante.it/fuori-listino/fiat-freemont-serie-1-2011-2016|access-date=2026-08-18|website=www.alvolante.it|language=it-IT}}</ref>. {| class="wikitable" |+Logo ![[File:Fiat Freemont logo.jpg|thumb|Logo Fiat Freemont]] |} == External links == qro1s5ywtv798uvtkr2gz83spwj3vod 0 1279643 10966638 2026-08-18T14:34:05Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House]] to [[Jimmy Carter House]] 10966638 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jimmy Carter House]] l38w35blvv36rrcvwzbx1sqh26h0tn1 0 1279644 10966664 2026-08-18T14:58:57Z Werner100359 106408 Created page with "{{Infobox football biography | name = Jonas Winklhofer | image = | fullname = | birth_date = {{birth date|2007|11|27|df=y}} | birth_place = | height = 193 cm | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 34 | youthyears1= 2013-2025 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2025- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1..." 10966664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Jonas Winklhofer | image = | fullname = | birth_date = {{birth date|2007|11|27|df=y}} | birth_place = | height = 193 cm | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 34 | youthyears1= 2013-2025 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2025- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1 =1 | goals1 = 0 }} '''Jonas Winklhofer''' (born 27 November 2007) is a German footballer. He plays as [[Goalkeeper]] for [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Winklhofer began his career at [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. Starting in the 2021/22 season, he moved through all the age groups at the Salzburg academy. For the 2025/26 season, he was promoted to the squad of the second-division team FC Liefering. He did not make any appearances during his first season. On 31 July 2026, he finally made his debut in the 2. Liga. He started the match against [[Kapfenberg SV|Kapfenberger SV]] on the opening day of the [[2026-27 FC Liefering season|2026/27 season]]. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2026/27,_Kapfenberger_SV_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Winklhofer, Jonas }} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:German footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[ Category:Association football goalkeepers]] 34orpz27fih2y541ezv7shsf1vec5pm 10966682 10966664 2026-08-18T15:20:51Z BluePixelLOLLL 1700676 /* Career */ 10966682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Jonas Winklhofer | image = | fullname = | birth_date = {{birth date|2007|11|27|df=y}} | birth_place = | height = 193 cm | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 34 | youthyears1= 2013-2025 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2025- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1 =1 | goals1 = 0 }} '''Jonas Winklhofer''' (born 27 November 2007) is a German footballer. He plays as [[Goalkeeper]] for [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Winklhofer began his career at [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. Starting in the 2021/22 season, he moved through all the age groups at the Salzburg academy. For the 2025/26 season, he was promoted to the squad of the second-division team FC Liefering. He did not make any appearances during his first season. On 31 July 2026, he finally made his debut in the 2. Liga. He started the match against [[Kapfenberg SV|Kapfenberger SV]] on the opening day of the [[2026-27 FC Liefering season|2026/27 season]].<ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2026/27,_Kapfenberger_SV_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref> ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Winklhofer, Jonas }} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:German footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[ Category:Association football goalkeepers]] f5u13cdgithql645697zc09xx2j8fic 10967210 10966682 2026-08-19T05:06:13Z Werner100359 106408 10967210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Jonas Winklhofer | image = | fullname = | birth_date = {{birth date|2007|11|27|df=y}} | birth_place = | height = 193 cm | death_date = | death_place = | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 34 | youthyears1= 2013-2025 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | years1 = 2025- | years2 = | years3 = | clubs1 = [[FC Liefering]] | clubs2 = | clubs3 = | caps1 =1 | goals1 = 0 }} '''Jonas Winklhofer''' (born 27 November 2007) is a German footballer. He plays as [[Goalkeeper]] for [[FC Liefering]] in the [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Winklhofer began his career at [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. Starting in the 2021/22 season, he moved through all the age groups at the Salzburg academy. For the 2025/26 season, he was promoted to the squad of the second-division team FC Liefering. He did not make any appearances during his first season. On 31 July 2026, he finally made his debut in the 2. Liga. He started the match against [[Kapfenberg SV|Kapfenberger SV]] on the opening day of the [[2026-27 FC Liefering season|2026/27 season]].<ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2026/27,_Kapfenberger_SV_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref> {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Winklhofer, Jonas }} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:German footballers]] [[Category:FC Liefering players]] [[ Category:Association football goalkeepers]] 28pvh8ti3y9vyew2kk71fmleavyf8gh 10 1279646 10966691 2026-08-18T15:34:36Z Werner100359 106408 Created page with "{{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ožegović|Ožegović]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=Josh O’Dwye..." 10966691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ožegović|Ožegović]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said Nišić|Nišić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=11|name=[[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure|Adejenughure]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=13|name=[[Jakob Pokorny|Pokorny]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=15|name=[Alexander Murillo|Murillo]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=17|name=[[Raphael Kosakiewic|Kosakiewic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=18|name=[[Mayker Palacios|Palacios]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=20|name=[[Filip Aleksić|Aleksić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=22|name=[[Miha Matjašec|Matjašec]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=23|name=[[Christoph Schaider|Schaider]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=25|name=[[Riquelme (footballer, born January 2006)|Riquelme ]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=26|name=[[Benedict Scharner|Scharner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=27|name=[[Emil Ganser|Ganser]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=28|name=[[Lassina Traore|Traore]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=30|name=[[Teo Hupfauf|Hupfauf]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=31|name=[[Nikola Sarcevic|Sarcevic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijašević|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} <noinclude> {{Check completeness of transclusions}} [[Category:Football navigational boxes]] </noinclude> r6o8mgzl1b39cko7qmahcjg481udi6g 10966954 10966691 2026-08-18T19:49:05Z Werner100359 106408 10966954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ožegović|Ožegović]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said 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player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijašević|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} <noinclude> {{Check completeness of transclusions}} [[Category:Football navigational boxes]] </noinclude> czyblyzjdsl4rgfurzqh2qri2l4017h 10967223 10966954 2026-08-19T05:25:40Z Werner100359 106408 10967223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin 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{{football squad2 player|no=26|name=[[Benedict Scharner|Scharner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=27|name=[[Emil Ganser|Ganser]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=28|name=[[Lassina Traore|Traore]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=30|name=[[Teo Hupfauf|Hupfauf]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=31|name=[[Nikola Sarcevic|Sarcevic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijašević|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} <noinclude> {{Check completeness of transclusions}} [[Category:Football navigational boxes]] </noinclude> 4rjmxykzfnixh44el8gtz1ox438pllp 10967224 10967223 2026-08-19T05:27:13Z Werner100359 106408 10967224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ozegovic|Ožegović]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said Nišić|Nišić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=11|name=[[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure|Adejenughure]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=13|name=[[Jakob Pokorny|Pokorny]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=15|name=[[Alexander Murillo|Murillo]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=17|name=[[Raphael Kosakiewic|Kosakiewic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=18|name=[[Mayker Palacios|Palacios]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=20|name=[[Filip Aleksić|Aleksić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=22|name=[[Miha Matjašec|Matjašec]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=23|name=[[Christoph Schaider|Schaider]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=25|name=[[Riquelme (footballer, born January 2006)|Riquelme ]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=26|name=[[Benedict Scharner|Scharner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=27|name=[[Emil Ganser|Ganser]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=28|name=[[Lassina Traoré (footballer, born 2007)|Traore]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=30|name=[[Teo Hupfauf|Hupfauf]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=31|name=[[Nikola Sarcevic|Sarcevic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijasevic|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} <noinclude> {{Check completeness of transclusions}} [[Category:Football navigational boxes]] </noinclude> hqk78d6m46zuwd6k31tev0uvtmuzt6a 10967262 10967224 2026-08-19T06:29:42Z Werner100359 106408 10967262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ozegovic|Ožegović]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said Nišić|Nišić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=11|name=[[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure|Adejenughure]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=13|name=[[Jakob Pokorny|Pokorny]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=15|name=[[Alexander Murillo|Murillo]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=17|name=[[Raphael Kosakiewic|Kosakiewic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=18|name=[[Mayker Palacios|Palacios]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=20|name=[[Filip Aleksić|Aleksić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=22|name=[[Miha Matjašec|Matjašec]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=23|name=[[Christoph Schaider|Schaider]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=24|name=[[Jakob Zangerl|Zangerl]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=25|name=[[Riquelme (footballer, born January 2006)|Riquelme ]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=26|name=[[Benedict Scharner|Scharner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=27|name=[[Emil Ganser|Ganser]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=28|name=[[Lassina Traoré (footballer, born 2007)|Traore]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=30|name=[[Teo Hupfauf|Hupfauf]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=31|name=[[Nikola Sarcevic|Sarcevic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijasevic|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} <noinclude> {{Check completeness of transclusions}} [[Category:Football navigational boxes]] </noinclude> nj6trwpk05zrjoa71xgk2fuwxdxnvx2 10967265 10967262 2026-08-19T06:32:22Z Werner100359 106408 10967265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{football squad | name = FC Liefering squad 2026/27 | teamname =FC Liefering | bgcolor = red | textcolor = black | bordercolor = black | list = {{football squad2 player|no=1|name=[[Benjamin Ozegovic|Ožegović]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=2|name=[[Rafael Feldinger|Feldinger]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=6|name=[[Dovas Grudzinskas|Grudzinskas]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=7|name=[[Yerwin Sulbarán|Sulbarán]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=8|name=[[Josh O’Dwyer|O’Dwyer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=9|name=[[Said Nišić|Nišić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=11|name=[[Oghenetejiri Adejenughure|Adejenughure]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=13|name=[[Jakob Pokorny|Pokorny]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=15|name=[[Alexander Murillo|Murillo]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=16|name=[[Ilia Ivanschitz|Ivanschitz]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=17|name=[[Raphael Kosakiewic|Kosakiewic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=18|name=[[Mayker Palacios|Palacios]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=20|name=[[Filip Aleksić|Aleksić]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=22|name=[[Miha Matjašec|Matjašec]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=23|name=[[Christoph Schaider|Schaider]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=24|name=[[Jakob Zangerl|Zangerl]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=25|name=[[Riquelme (footballer, born January 2006)|Riquelme ]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=26|name=[[Benedict Scharner|Scharner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=27|name=[[Emil Ganser|Ganser]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=28|name=[[Lassina Traoré (footballer, born 2007)|Traore]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=30|name=[[Teo Hupfauf|Hupfauf]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=31|name=[[Nikola Sarcevic|Sarcevic]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=32|name=[[Alexander Hillebrand|Hillebrand]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=34|name=[[Jonas Winklhofer|Winklhofer]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=37|name=[[Yuri Leles|Leles]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=40|name=[[Filip Matijasevic|Matijašević]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=42|name=[[Jakob Werner|Werner]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=44|name=[[Ifeanyichukwu Onwuzulike|Onwuzulike]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=45|name=[[Nico Masching|Masching]]}} {{football squad2 player|no=47|name=[[Julian Hussauf|Hussauf]]}} {{football squad manager|name=[[Danny Galm|Galm]]}} }} <noinclude> {{Check completeness of transclusions}} [[Category:Football navigational boxes]] </noinclude> gyzc0vsglxggctd4kv51a77p7c5hkhi 0 1279647 10966710 2026-08-18T15:49:54Z BluePixelLOLLL 1700676 This article or parts of it were created based, in whole or in part, on oldid=1368267679 of the [[en:Toadette]] English Wikipedia article. The complete history of the article can be found there. 10966710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox character | name = Toadette | series = [[Mario (franchise)|Mario]] | image = | image_upright = 0.75 | caption = Promotional art by Shigehisa Nakaue (2018) | alt = refer to caption | voice = [[Jen Taylor]] (2003–2005){{Efn|''[[Mario Kart: Double Dash!!]]'', ''[[Mario Party 6]]'', ''[[Yakuman DS]]'', ''[[Mario Superstar Baseball]]'' and ''[[Mario Party 7]]''}}<ref name="Voices">{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Super-Mario-Bros/Toadette/|title=Toadette Voices|website=Behind the Voice Actors|access-date=March 31, 2026|archive-date=June 22, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622085010/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Super-Mario-Bros/Toadette/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Taylor1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1042765/the-super-mario-bros-trailer-suggests-keegan-michael-key-understands-the-appeal-of-toad/|title=The Super Mario Bros. Trailer Suggests Keegan-Michael Key Understands The Appeal Of Toad|last=Colangelo|first=BJ|date=October 6, 2022|website=[[SlashFilm]]|access-date=March 31, 2026|archive-date=January 27, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127085157/https://www.slashfilm.com/1042765/the-super-mario-bros-trailer-suggests-keegan-michael-key-understands-the-appeal-of-toad/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Taylor2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegamer.com/video-game-voice-actors-multiple-iconic-characters/|title=The Best Voice Actors With Many Iconic Game Characters|last=Conlin|first=Dan|date=June 5, 2024|website=[[TheGamer]]|access-date=March 31, 2026|archive-date=June 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606021731/https://www.thegamer.com/video-game-voice-actors-multiple-iconic-characters/|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Samantha Kelly (2007–2024)<ref name="Voices" /><ref name="Kelly1">{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhBvxZ1TacI|title=Voice of Princess Peach! Interview with Samantha Kelly|publisher=Mike Odyssey|via=[[YouTube]]|interviewer-last=Perez|interviewer-first=Mike|people=Samantha Kelly|date=September 3, 2021|access-date=March 31, 2026}}</ref><br>[[Laura Stahl]] (2025–present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/video-games/Mario-Kart-World/Toadette/|title=Toadette Voice – Mario Kart World|website=Behind the Voice Actors|access-date=March 30, 2026|archive-date=April 14, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260414060546/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/video-games/Mario-Kart-World/Toadette/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otakuusamagazine.com/here-are-the-new-voices-for-princess-peach-toad-toadette-and-more/|title=Here Are the New Voices for Princess Peach, Toad, Toadette and More|last=Davidson|first=Danica|date=July 24, 2025|website=[[Otaku USA Magazine]]|access-date=July 22, 2026}}</ref>}}'''Toadette''', known in Japanese as {{nihongo|'''Kinopiko'''|キノピコ|lead=yes}}, is a character in the [[Mario (franchise)|''Mario'' franchise]], first appearing in ''[[Mario Kart: Double Dash]]'' as [[Toad (Mario)|Toad]]'s racing partner. Originally appearing as a side character playable in many spin-off games, Toadette has since gone on to appear as a main playable character in many ''Mario'' games such as ''[[New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe]]'', ''[[Super Mario Maker 2]]'' and ''[[Super Mario Bros. Wonder]]'', as well as serving as one of the two protagonists in ''[[Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker]]''. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Video game characters]] [[Category:Toads]] {{video-game-stub}} 02mqbmuiqmfhc969f4a6l7dwh40jmpe 0 1279648 10966719 2026-08-18T15:57:47Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 Created page with "{{Infobox officeholder | name = Christopher Phelan | office = 33rd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start = August 7, 2026 | term_end = | succeeding = | predecessor = [[Stephen Miran]] | successor = | office1 = Vice Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president1 = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start1 = July 6,..." 10966719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Christopher Phelan | office = 33rd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start = August 7, 2026 | term_end = | succeeding = | predecessor = [[Stephen Miran]] | successor = | office1 = Vice Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president1 = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start1 = July 6, 2026 | term_end1 = August 7, 2026 | predecessor1 = [[Pierre Yared]] | successor1 = TBD | birth_name = Christopher James Phelan | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963|2}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = | education = [[Duke University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) }} '''Christopher James Phelan''' (born February 1963) is an American economist, academic, and politician who has been the 33rd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] since 2026. He was a professor in the Department of Economics at the [[University of Minnesota]]. He was department chair from 2012 to 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=Christopher Phelan Nominated to be Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://cla.umn.edu/economics/news-events/news/christopher-phelan-nominated-be-chairman-council-economic-advisers |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=College of Liberal Arts |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=Trump picks a University of Minnesota professor to lead his economic council |url=https://apnews.com/article/christopher-phelan-chair-council-economic-advisers-trump-1625cd648fb75a8e2817219e365b724a |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Phelan also worked at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]].<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{Cite news |title=Trump picks University of Minnesota professor to lead his economic council |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/trump-university-of-minnesota-professor-economic-council/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260520235015/https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/trump-university-of-minnesota-professor-economic-council/ |archive-date=2026-05-20 |access-date=2026-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a research associate at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] (NBER), and elected fellow of the [[Econometric Society]] and the [[Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory|Society of the Advancement of Economic Theory]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Christopher Phelan |url=https://www.nber.org/people/christopher_phelan |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=NBER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Fellows |url=http://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/fellows/current |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=www.econometricsociety.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Theory Fellows – SAET |url=https://saet.uiowa.edu/economic-theory-fellows/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Early life== Phelan was born in February 1963.<ref>{{Cite document |title=Christopher James Phelan in the U.S., Index to Public Records, 1994-2019 |publisher=Index to Public Records}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Nomination Hearing {{!}} United States Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs |url=https://www.banking.senate.gov/hearings/06/18/2026/nomination-hearing |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=www.banking.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> He received a [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor of arts]] in economics and computer science from [[Duke University]]. He earned a [[Master of Arts|master of arts]] in economics and a [[Ph.D.]] in economics from the [[University of Chicago]].<ref name="cbsnews.com"/><ref name=":0" /> ==CEA Chair== On April 21, 2026, Phelan was nominated by President [[Donald Trump]] to be the next Chairman of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] (CEA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nominations & Appointments |date=2026-04-21 |title=Nominations Sent to the Senate |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/04/nominations-sent-to-the-senate-633f/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> His nomination was sent to the [[United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs|U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs]]. His confirmation hearing was held on June 25, 2026, and voted to advance his nomination on July 23, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rego |first=Max |date=2026-07-23 |title=Senate panel vote on Trump nominees derailed after Warren raises background check concerns |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5986013-warren-questions-fbi-background-checks/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)]]}}</ref> Phelan was Vice Chairman of the Council from July 2026 until he was confirmed by [[United States Senate|the United States Senate]] for chairmanship on August 7, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lukpat |first=Alyssa |last2=Grossman |first2=Matt |date=2026-07-01 |title=Council of Economic Advisers Acting Chair to Step Down |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/council-of-economic-advisers-acting-chair-to-step-down-8cb5ae38 |access-date=2026-07-25 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-07-15 |title=Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Maya |date=2026-08-07 |title=Phelan Confirmed to Lead Trump’s Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-07/phelan-confirmed-to-lead-trump-s-council-of-economic-advisers |access-date=2026-08-14 |work=[[Bloomberg]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phelan, Christopher}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:American economists]] [[Category:Living people]] {{CEA Chairs}} {{Second Trump cabinet}} {{US-bio-stub}} c9ad2ihjqv52osjenzuimb8xdt5zcpb 10966720 10966719 2026-08-18T15:58:28Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 +[[Category:Politicians from Minneapolis]]; +[[Category:American academics]]; +[[Category:Researchers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Christopher Phelan | office = 33rd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start = August 7, 2026 | term_end = | succeeding = | predecessor = [[Stephen Miran]] | successor = | office1 = Vice Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president1 = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start1 = July 6, 2026 | term_end1 = August 7, 2026 | predecessor1 = [[Pierre Yared]] | successor1 = TBD | birth_name = Christopher James Phelan | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963|2}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = | education = [[Duke University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) }} '''Christopher James Phelan''' (born February 1963) is an American economist, academic, and politician who has been the 33rd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] since 2026. He was a professor in the Department of Economics at the [[University of Minnesota]]. He was department chair from 2012 to 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=Christopher Phelan Nominated to be Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://cla.umn.edu/economics/news-events/news/christopher-phelan-nominated-be-chairman-council-economic-advisers |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=College of Liberal Arts |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=Trump picks a University of Minnesota professor to lead his economic council |url=https://apnews.com/article/christopher-phelan-chair-council-economic-advisers-trump-1625cd648fb75a8e2817219e365b724a |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Phelan also worked at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]].<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{Cite news |title=Trump picks University of Minnesota professor to lead his economic council |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/trump-university-of-minnesota-professor-economic-council/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260520235015/https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/trump-university-of-minnesota-professor-economic-council/ |archive-date=2026-05-20 |access-date=2026-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a research associate at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] (NBER), and elected fellow of the [[Econometric Society]] and the [[Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory|Society of the Advancement of Economic Theory]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Christopher Phelan |url=https://www.nber.org/people/christopher_phelan |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=NBER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Fellows |url=http://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/fellows/current |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=www.econometricsociety.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Theory Fellows – SAET |url=https://saet.uiowa.edu/economic-theory-fellows/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Early life== Phelan was born in February 1963.<ref>{{Cite document |title=Christopher James Phelan in the U.S., Index to Public Records, 1994-2019 |publisher=Index to Public Records}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Nomination Hearing {{!}} United States Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs |url=https://www.banking.senate.gov/hearings/06/18/2026/nomination-hearing |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=www.banking.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> He received a [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor of arts]] in economics and computer science from [[Duke University]]. He earned a [[Master of Arts|master of arts]] in economics and a [[Ph.D.]] in economics from the [[University of Chicago]].<ref name="cbsnews.com"/><ref name=":0" /> ==CEA Chair== On April 21, 2026, Phelan was nominated by President [[Donald Trump]] to be the next Chairman of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] (CEA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nominations & Appointments |date=2026-04-21 |title=Nominations Sent to the Senate |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/04/nominations-sent-to-the-senate-633f/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> His nomination was sent to the [[United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs|U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs]]. His confirmation hearing was held on June 25, 2026, and voted to advance his nomination on July 23, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rego |first=Max |date=2026-07-23 |title=Senate panel vote on Trump nominees derailed after Warren raises background check concerns |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5986013-warren-questions-fbi-background-checks/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)]]}}</ref> Phelan was Vice Chairman of the Council from July 2026 until he was confirmed by [[United States Senate|the United States Senate]] for chairmanship on August 7, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lukpat |first=Alyssa |last2=Grossman |first2=Matt |date=2026-07-01 |title=Council of Economic Advisers Acting Chair to Step Down |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/council-of-economic-advisers-acting-chair-to-step-down-8cb5ae38 |access-date=2026-07-25 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-07-15 |title=Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Maya |date=2026-08-07 |title=Phelan Confirmed to Lead Trump’s Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-07/phelan-confirmed-to-lead-trump-s-council-of-economic-advisers |access-date=2026-08-14 |work=[[Bloomberg]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phelan, Christopher}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:American economists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Minneapolis]] [[Category:American academics]] [[Category:Researchers]] {{CEA Chairs}} {{Second Trump cabinet}} {{US-bio-stub}} 4ckud6ea01xf5ra9zn4nmt5vkig91se 10966721 10966720 2026-08-18T15:58:58Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:United States Council of Economic Advisers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Christopher Phelan | office = 33rd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start = August 7, 2026 | term_end = | succeeding = | predecessor = [[Stephen Miran]] | successor = | office1 = Vice Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president1 = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start1 = July 6, 2026 | term_end1 = August 7, 2026 | predecessor1 = [[Pierre Yared]] | successor1 = TBD | birth_name = Christopher James Phelan | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963|2}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = | education = [[Duke University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) }} '''Christopher James Phelan''' (born February 1963) is an American economist, academic, and politician who has been the 33rd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] since 2026. He was a professor in the Department of Economics at the [[University of Minnesota]]. He was department chair from 2012 to 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=Christopher Phelan Nominated to be Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://cla.umn.edu/economics/news-events/news/christopher-phelan-nominated-be-chairman-council-economic-advisers |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=College of Liberal Arts |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=Trump picks a University of Minnesota professor to lead his economic council |url=https://apnews.com/article/christopher-phelan-chair-council-economic-advisers-trump-1625cd648fb75a8e2817219e365b724a |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Phelan also worked at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]].<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{Cite news |title=Trump picks University of Minnesota professor to lead his economic council |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/trump-university-of-minnesota-professor-economic-council/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260520235015/https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/trump-university-of-minnesota-professor-economic-council/ |archive-date=2026-05-20 |access-date=2026-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a research associate at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] (NBER), and elected fellow of the [[Econometric Society]] and the [[Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory|Society of the Advancement of Economic Theory]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Christopher Phelan |url=https://www.nber.org/people/christopher_phelan |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=NBER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Fellows |url=http://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/fellows/current |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=www.econometricsociety.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Theory Fellows – SAET |url=https://saet.uiowa.edu/economic-theory-fellows/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Early life== Phelan was born in February 1963.<ref>{{Cite document |title=Christopher James Phelan in the U.S., Index to Public Records, 1994-2019 |publisher=Index to Public Records}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Nomination Hearing {{!}} United States Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs |url=https://www.banking.senate.gov/hearings/06/18/2026/nomination-hearing |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=www.banking.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> He received a [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor of arts]] in economics and computer science from [[Duke University]]. He earned a [[Master of Arts|master of arts]] in economics and a [[Ph.D.]] in economics from the [[University of Chicago]].<ref name="cbsnews.com"/><ref name=":0" /> ==CEA Chair== On April 21, 2026, Phelan was nominated by President [[Donald Trump]] to be the next Chairman of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] (CEA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nominations & Appointments |date=2026-04-21 |title=Nominations Sent to the Senate |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/04/nominations-sent-to-the-senate-633f/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> His nomination was sent to the [[United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs|U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs]]. His confirmation hearing was held on June 25, 2026, and voted to advance his nomination on July 23, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rego |first=Max |date=2026-07-23 |title=Senate panel vote on Trump nominees derailed after Warren raises background check concerns |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5986013-warren-questions-fbi-background-checks/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)]]}}</ref> Phelan was Vice Chairman of the Council from July 2026 until he was confirmed by [[United States Senate|the United States Senate]] for chairmanship on August 7, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lukpat |first=Alyssa |last2=Grossman |first2=Matt |date=2026-07-01 |title=Council of Economic Advisers Acting Chair to Step Down |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/council-of-economic-advisers-acting-chair-to-step-down-8cb5ae38 |access-date=2026-07-25 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-07-15 |title=Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Maya |date=2026-08-07 |title=Phelan Confirmed to Lead Trump’s Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-07/phelan-confirmed-to-lead-trump-s-council-of-economic-advisers |access-date=2026-08-14 |work=[[Bloomberg]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phelan, Christopher}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:American economists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Minneapolis]] [[Category:American academics]] [[Category:Researchers]] [[Category:United States Council of Economic Advisers]] {{CEA Chairs}} {{Second Trump cabinet}} {{US-bio-stub}} o9xcxg5bxq4z0fmdl00ldo5d8z9g9xv 10966722 10966721 2026-08-18T15:59:20Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10966722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Christopher Phelan | office = 33rd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start = August 7, 2026 | term_end = | succeeding = | predecessor = [[Stephen Miran]] | successor = | office1 = Vice Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] | president1 = [[Donald Trump]] | term_start1 = July 6, 2026 | term_end1 = August 7, 2026 | predecessor1 = [[Pierre Yared]] | successor1 = TBD | birth_name = Christopher James Phelan | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963|2}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = | education = [[Duke University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) }} '''Christopher James Phelan''' (born February 1963) is an American economist, academic, and politician who has been the 33rd Chair of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] since 2026. He was a professor in the Department of Economics at the [[University of Minnesota]]. He was department chair from 2012 to 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=Christopher Phelan Nominated to be Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://cla.umn.edu/economics/news-events/news/christopher-phelan-nominated-be-chairman-council-economic-advisers |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=College of Liberal Arts |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=Trump picks a University of Minnesota professor to lead his economic council |url=https://apnews.com/article/christopher-phelan-chair-council-economic-advisers-trump-1625cd648fb75a8e2817219e365b724a |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> ==Early life== Phelan was born in February 1963.<ref>{{Cite document |title=Christopher James Phelan in the U.S., Index to Public Records, 1994-2019 |publisher=Index to Public Records}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Nomination Hearing {{!}} United States Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs |url=https://www.banking.senate.gov/hearings/06/18/2026/nomination-hearing |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=www.banking.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> He received a [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor of arts]] in economics and computer science from [[Duke University]]. He earned a [[Master of Arts|master of arts]] in economics and a [[Ph.D.]] in economics from the [[University of Chicago]].<ref name="cbsnews.com"/><ref name=":0" /> ==Economics career== Phelan worked at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]].<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{Cite news |title=Trump picks University of Minnesota professor to lead his economic council |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/trump-university-of-minnesota-professor-economic-council/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260520235015/https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/trump-university-of-minnesota-professor-economic-council/ |archive-date=2026-05-20 |access-date=2026-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a research associate at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] (NBER), and elected fellow of the [[Econometric Society]] and the [[Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory|Society of the Advancement of Economic Theory]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Christopher Phelan |url=https://www.nber.org/people/christopher_phelan |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=NBER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Fellows |url=http://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/fellows/current |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=www.econometricsociety.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Theory Fellows – SAET |url=https://saet.uiowa.edu/economic-theory-fellows/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> ===CEA Chair=== On April 21, 2026, Phelan was nominated by President [[Donald Trump]] to be the next Chairman of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] (CEA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nominations & Appointments |date=2026-04-21 |title=Nominations Sent to the Senate |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/04/nominations-sent-to-the-senate-633f/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> His nomination was sent to the [[United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs|U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs]]. His confirmation hearing was held on June 25, 2026, and voted to advance his nomination on July 23, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rego |first=Max |date=2026-07-23 |title=Senate panel vote on Trump nominees derailed after Warren raises background check concerns |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5986013-warren-questions-fbi-background-checks/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)]]}}</ref> Phelan was Vice Chairman of the Council from July 2026 until he was confirmed by [[United States Senate|the United States Senate]] for chairmanship on August 7, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lukpat |first=Alyssa |last2=Grossman |first2=Matt |date=2026-07-01 |title=Council of Economic Advisers Acting Chair to Step Down |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/council-of-economic-advisers-acting-chair-to-step-down-8cb5ae38 |access-date=2026-07-25 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-07-15 |title=Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Maya |date=2026-08-07 |title=Phelan Confirmed to Lead Trump’s Council of Economic Advisers |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-07/phelan-confirmed-to-lead-trump-s-council-of-economic-advisers |access-date=2026-08-14 |work=[[Bloomberg]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phelan, Christopher}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:American economists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Minneapolis]] [[Category:American academics]] [[Category:Researchers]] [[Category:United States Council of Economic Advisers]] {{CEA Chairs}} {{Second Trump cabinet}} {{US-bio-stub}} qloprgrtt2dls0hokt89tlwvc0hm089 0 1279649 10966733 2026-08-18T16:04:26Z BluePixelLOLLL 1700676 Redirecting for now. 10966733 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Cheerios]] o497zwphjeermlazx47v3lo7tugpni6 0 1279650 10966736 2026-08-18T16:06:51Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 Created page with "{{Infobox UK place | official_name = Ashmore | local_name = | country = England | crown_dependency = | region = South West England | static_image_name = Ashmore, Dorset, 2015 (a).JPG | static_image_caption = Ashmore village pond | area_footnotes = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = | population = 176 | population_ref = (2021 census) | population_density = | os_grid_reference = ST912178 | map_type = | coordinates = {{coord|50.9598|-2.1..." 10966736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place | official_name = Ashmore | local_name = | country = England | crown_dependency = | region = South West England | static_image_name = Ashmore, Dorset, 2015 (a).JPG | static_image_caption = Ashmore village pond | area_footnotes = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = | population = 176 | population_ref = (2021 census) | population_density = | os_grid_reference = ST912178 | map_type = | coordinates = {{coord|50.9598|-2.12536|display=inline,title}} | post_town = Salisbury | postcode_area = SP | postcode_district = SP5 | dial_code = 01725 | constituency_westminster = [[North Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|North Dorset]] | civil_parish = Ashmore | london_distance = {{cvt|116|mi|km|0}} | unitary_england= [[Dorset (district)|Dorset]] | lieutenancy_england= [[Dorset]] | website = | hide_services = }} '''Ashmore''' is a village and [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Dorset]], England. It is {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=off}} southwest of [[Salisbury]]. In the 2021 census the parish had a population of 176. The village is the highest in the county. It is on a circular pond, or "mere", which gave the village its original name of "Ash-mere".<ref name=NDDC>North Dorset District Council,''North Dorset Official District Guide'', Home Publishing Co. Ltd., c.1983. p30</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{geo-stub}} oc56htjp975ah5qzn42ave4zpjs7qa3 10966738 10966736 2026-08-18T16:07:10Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:Villages in Dorset]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10966738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place | official_name = Ashmore | local_name = | country = England | crown_dependency = | region = South West England | static_image_name = Ashmore, Dorset, 2015 (a).JPG | static_image_caption = Ashmore village pond | area_footnotes = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = | population = 176 | population_ref = (2021 census) | population_density = | os_grid_reference = ST912178 | map_type = | coordinates = {{coord|50.9598|-2.12536|display=inline,title}} | post_town = Salisbury | postcode_area = SP | postcode_district = SP5 | dial_code = 01725 | constituency_westminster = [[North Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|North Dorset]] | civil_parish = Ashmore | london_distance = {{cvt|116|mi|km|0}} | unitary_england= [[Dorset (district)|Dorset]] | lieutenancy_england= [[Dorset]] | website = | hide_services = }} '''Ashmore''' is a village and [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Dorset]], England. It is {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=off}} southwest of [[Salisbury]]. In the 2021 census the parish had a population of 176. The village is the highest in the county. It is on a circular pond, or "mere", which gave the village its original name of "Ash-mere".<ref name=NDDC>North Dorset District Council,''North Dorset Official District Guide'', Home Publishing Co. Ltd., c.1983. p30</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Villages in Dorset]] 3h1b3yuvlw27aufx5r8igas4tv5ex35 3 1279651 10966772 2026-08-18T16:44:33Z Icodense 484975 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[898]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966772 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:898]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Icodense|Icodense]] ([[User talk:Icodense|talk]]) 16:44, 18 August 2026 (UTC) phblr2s3duudscs30v0nt9x9a31stzd 3 1279653 10966813 2026-08-18T16:59:19Z NDG 1452189 sending warning (warning 1) 10966813 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Talk:Free Fire (video game)]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 16:59, 18 August 2026 (UTC) hiyx1yjrzhrjxa42ds919k1fcxbuwn0 3 1279654 10966815 2026-08-18T16:59:44Z NDG 1452189 Caution: Vandalism. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966815 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 16:59, 18 August 2026 (UTC) iivia9dlbkiqmmje1lea3hzhviztlae 10966818 10966815 2026-08-18T17:01:15Z ~2026-45318-79 1857524 /* August 2026 */ Reply 10966818 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 16:59, 18 August 2026 (UTC) :DH120IV77O [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45318-79|&#126;2026-45318-79]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45318-79|talk]]) 17:01, 18 August 2026 (UTC) r6qt60vbdqib0usw69yhs92bktydiwo 0 1279655 10966820 2026-08-18T17:02:28Z Canadachick 1633172 Redirected page to [[Cramp]] 10966820 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Cramp]] 4ol3qcptz1qra0aw5gyv03jqf7xm69r 4 1279656 10966832 2026-08-18T17:09:25Z Canadachick 1633172 created 10966832 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === James Smicksberry === :{{lc|James Smicksberry}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/James Smicksberry|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/James Smicksberry}} open RfD subpage]</span> Canadachick ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' I couldn't find any information about this person online. The article may be a complete fabrication. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 17:09, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''17:09, 25 August 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 4rxszzr5p3olfu7hz5i8wp6ujn0gq2m 4 1279658 10966855 2026-08-18T17:17:21Z Fr33kman 15149 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Iulia and Delia Zanoschi]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966855 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Iulia and Delia Zanoschi === :{{lc|Iulia and Delia Zanoschi}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Iulia and Delia Zanoschi|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Iulia and Delia Zanoschi}} open RfD subpage]</span> Fr33kman ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Fails GNG & NCLIMBER. Is also UPE '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:17, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''17:17, 25 August 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 0a5aezs6ym5nfck5wr26n8k6cdbfz0r 14 1279659 10966864 2026-08-18T17:19:50Z Canadachick 1633172 Created page with "{{Commons category|Scotland in the 2010s}} {{Decade in country category|Scotland|the United Kingdom|Europe}}" 10966864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Scotland in the 2010s}} {{Decade in country category|Scotland|the United Kingdom|Europe}} i507n48giyivbxuef3y6yz60w264ygd 14 1279660 10966868 2026-08-18T17:22:37Z Canadachick 1633172 Created page with "{{Commons category|Scotland in the 2020s}} {{Decade in country category|Scotland|the United Kingdom|Europe}}" 10966868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Scotland in the 2020s}} {{Decade in country category|Scotland|the United Kingdom|Europe}} q5ap67x8wyy590uxl3t55mxfw5mupej 3 1279661 10966906 2026-08-18T18:13:18Z NDG 1452189 sending warning (warning 1) 10966906 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Talk:Yoonchae Jeung]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 18:13, 18 August 2026 (UTC) hjgqg1ivgjf6065c4tt864awjved5bs 0 1279662 10966910 2026-08-18T18:21:07Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)]] to [[Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist]]: Per enwiki 10966910 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist]] jba494ooqndy1tr3rwu34egqm9jss4l 3 1279663 10966920 2026-08-18T18:44:01Z StrawberrySnail 1674404 /* August 2026 */ new section 10966920 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == {{uw-vandalism}} [[User:StrawberrySnail|StrawberrySnail]] ([[User talk:StrawberrySnail|talk]]) 18:44, 18 August 2026 (UTC) jov7xasuahetcin675iph0m5jhc7oan 3 1279664 10966968 2026-08-18T20:00:10Z Der-Wir-Ing 404478 sending warning (warning 1) 10966968 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. I noticed that you made a change to an article, [[:Kemi Badenoch]], but you did not provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. It has been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you want to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so! If you need help with referencing, please see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Der-Wir-Ing|my talk page]]. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-unsourced1 --> [[User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]] ([[User talk:Der-Wir-Ing|talk]]) 20:00, 18 August 2026 (UTC) pd8egvaainkfca1f2ttwa4qeateufgk 0 1279666 10966987 2026-08-18T21:04:59Z ~2026-45363-05 1857635 Created article. 10966987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Dnieper–Carpathian offensive | place = [[Ukraine]], [[Poland]], and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] | partof = The [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of [[World War II]] | image = April1944.jpg | caption = Map of the Dnieper–Carpathian offensive | date = 24 December 1943 — 6 May 1944 | result = [[Soviet]] and [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile|Czechoslovak]] victory | combatant1 = {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}<br>{{flagcountry|Czechoslovak government-in-exile}} | combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}<br>{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}<br>{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} | commander1 = {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]] | commander2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]]<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Ion Antonescu]]<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} [[Miklós Horthy]] }} The '''Dnieper–Carpathian offensive''', was an offensive by the [[Red Army]] and units loyal to the [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile]] against armies of the [[Axis powers]] in [[Ukraine]], [[Poland]], and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] during the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of the [[European theatre of World War II]] from 24 December 1943 to 6 May 1944. The offensive saw [[Soviets]] retake most of western part of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] and territories of the former [[Second Polish Republic]]. The Soviets also reached areas of Ukraine and [[Moldova]] that was occupied by Romania (led by [[Ion Antonescu]]), and even entered mainland Romania. The offensive also saw the Red Army enter the Romanian occupied city of [[Odesa]]. At the end of the offensive, the Soviets and Czechoslovaks were close to the border with the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] and the Soviet leadership was preparing for [[Operation Bagration|another offensive]] against [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in [[World War II in Poland|Poland]] the [[Baltics]]. {{Multistub}} n14v8zdjd1a76uy05i0nxdrap0x3zxn 3 1279668 10966994 2026-08-18T21:17:35Z Peterdownunder 17988 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Joel Glazer]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966994 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Joel Glazer]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Peterdownunder|Peterdownunder]] ([[User talk:Peterdownunder|talk]]) 21:17, 18 August 2026 (UTC) 3jlmk9c977zewjam4b3d38mzh4513ba 3 1279669 10966998 2026-08-18T21:21:11Z Peterdownunder 17988 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Marwanid-Byzantine wars]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10966998 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Marwanid-Byzantine wars]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Peterdownunder|Peterdownunder]] ([[User talk:Peterdownunder|talk]]) 21:21, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ex1upwfcs2r1q01vy8qrqni6y2do2ij 0 1279670 10966999 2026-08-18T21:22:10Z ~2026-45363-05 1857635 Created article. 10966999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = German invasion of Hungary (1944) | place = [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] | partof = [[World War II]] | date = March 1944 | map_label = [[Nazi Germany|German]] victory | combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} | combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} | result = [[Nazi Germany|German]] victory }} The '''German invasion of Hungary''', was the moment of Hungarian History in March 1944 when [[Wehrmacht|German forces]] invaded Hungary and occupied [[Budapest]]. This happened because [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] leader [[Adolf Hitler]] learned that [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungarian]] regent [[Miklós Horthy]] was secretly negotiating with the [[Western Allies]] to leave the [[European theatre of World War II]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaiser|first=Zigi|date=2022-09-16|title=Hungary’s History from World War Two to Dictatorship|url=https://www.glimpsefromtheglobe.com/topics/politics-and-governance/hungarys-history-from-world-war-two-to-dictatorship/|access-date=2026-08-18|website=Glimpse from the Globe|language=en}}</ref>. German troops quickly marched into Budapest and formed a government loyal to Germany. {{Multistub}} b1l8ywxuegeboiepjhzt9ud1lkhatrm 0 1279671 10967001 2026-08-18T21:24:22Z Othersideoftheroad 1826242 Created page with " {{Infobox album | name = Curse of a Fallen Soul | type = 7” | artist = [[Dropkick Murphys]] | cover = | alt = | released = September 1998 | recorded = 1998 | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Celtic punk]], [[punk rock]], [[oi!]] | length = 42:51 | label = [[Hellcat Records|Hellcat]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jenkins |first1=Mark |title=Punk at Warped Speed |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=21 July 1999 |page=C5}}</r..." 10967001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Curse of a Fallen Soul | type = 7” | artist = [[Dropkick Murphys]] | cover = | alt = | released = September 1998 | recorded = 1998 | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Celtic punk]], [[punk rock]], [[oi!]] | length = 42:51 | label = [[Hellcat Records|Hellcat]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jenkins |first1=Mark |title=Punk at Warped Speed |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=21 July 1999 |page=C5}}</ref> | producer = [[Lars Frederiksen]] | prev_title = [[Curse of a Fallen Soul]] | prev_year = 1998 | next_title = [[The Gang’s All Here (album)]] | next_year = 1999 }} Curse of a Fallen Soul is a 7” released by Dropkick Murphys. It is the first release to have singer Al Barr. ==Track Listing== A Side #Curse of a Fallen Soul ([[Ken Casey]], [[Rick Barton]]) #Going Strong B Side #The Legend of Finn MacCumhail #On the Attack #You’re a Rebel (Iron Cross) 11lcf8opgxhz3019o6y6f6341km5t3t 10967002 10967001 2026-08-18T21:25:27Z Othersideoftheroad 1826242 10967002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Curse of a Fallen Soul | type = 7” | artist = [[Dropkick Murphys]] | cover = | alt = | released = September 1998 | recorded = 1998 | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Celtic punk]], [[punk rock]], [[oi!]] | length = 42:51 | label = [[Hellcat Records|Hellcat]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jenkins |first1=Mark |title=Punk at Warped Speed |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=21 July 1999 |page=C5}}</ref> | producer = [[Lars Frederiksen]] | prev_title = [[The Early Years (album)|The Early Years]] | prev_year = 1998 | next_title = [[The Gang’s All Here (album)|The Gang’s All Here]] | next_year = 1999 }} Curse of a Fallen Soul is a 7” released by Dropkick Murphys. It is the first release to have singer Al Barr. ==Track Listing== A Side #Curse of a Fallen Soul ([[Ken Casey]], [[Rick Barton]]) #Going Strong B Side #The Legend of Finn MacCumhail #On the Attack #You’re a Rebel (Iron Cross) fqfvmyz6zmmhzxwg2dcl749m4nikgkk 10967004 10967002 2026-08-18T21:26:22Z Othersideoftheroad 1826242 10967004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Curse of a Fallen Soul | type = 7” | artist = [[Dropkick Murphys]] | cover = | alt = | released = September 1998 | recorded = 1998 | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Celtic punk]], [[punk rock]], [[oi!]] | length = 42:51 | label = [[Hellcat Records|Hellcat]] | producer = [[Lars Frederiksen]] | prev_title = [[The Early Years (album)|The Early Years]] | prev_year = 1998 | next_title = [[The Gang’s All Here (album)|The Gang’s All Here]] | next_year = 1999 }} Curse of a Fallen Soul is a 7” released by Dropkick Murphys. It is the first release to have singer Al Barr. ==Track Listing== A Side #Curse of a Fallen Soul ([[Ken Casey]], [[Rick Barton]]) #Going Strong B Side #The Legend of Finn MacCumhail #On the Attack #You’re a Rebel (Iron Cross) h5ukpg20pmdab5t40mm9r0l63ic5n0o 10967341 10967004 2026-08-19T08:23:15Z ~2026-45346-11 1857873 10967341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Curse of a Fallen Soul | type = 7” | artist = [[Dropkick Murphys]] | cover = | alt = | released = September 1998 | recorded = 1998 | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Celtic punk]], [[punk rock]], [[oi!]] | length = 42:51 | label = [[Hellcat Records|Hellcat]] | producer = [[Lars Frederiksen]] | prev_title = [[The Early Years (album)|The Early Years]] | prev_year = 1998 | next_title = [[The Gang's All Here (album)|The Gang’s All Here]] | next_year = 1999 }} Curse of a Fallen Soul is a 7” released by Dropkick Murphys. It is the first release to have singer Al Barr. ==Track Listing== A Side #Curse of a Fallen Soul ([[Ken Casey]], [[Rick Barton]]) #Going Strong B Side #The Legend of Finn MacCumhail #On the Attack #You’re a Rebel (Iron Cross) cb6q4itrax34x0d6p6ujjdnv0u902eg 0 1279673 10967006 2026-08-18T21:31:32Z Othersideoftheroad 1826242 Created page with "{{Infobox musical artist | name = Agnostic Front | image = Agnostic Front Metal Frenzy 2024 20.jpg | alt = | landscape = yes | caption = Agnostic Front at Metal Frenzy 2024 | origin = [[New York City]], U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| *[[Hardcore punk]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/2008/04/agnostic-front-madball-shred-hardcore-family-reunion/|author=Sean Yeaton|title=Agnostic Front, Madball Shred Har..." 10967006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Agnostic Front | image = Agnostic Front Metal Frenzy 2024 20.jpg | alt = | landscape = yes | caption = Agnostic Front at Metal Frenzy 2024 | origin = [[New York City]], U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| *[[Hardcore punk]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/2008/04/agnostic-front-madball-shred-hardcore-family-reunion/|author=Sean Yeaton|title=Agnostic Front, Madball Shred Hardcore Family Reunion|work=Spin|date=April 7, 2008}}</ref> *[[crossover thrash]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/the-10-best-crossover-thrash-bands-5398807 | title=The 10 Best Crossover Thrash Bands | date=February 23, 2015 | access-date=November 30, 2015 | author=DiStefano, Alex | work=L.A. Weekly }}</ref>}} | years_active = {{flatlist| *1980–1992 *1997–present }} | label = {{flatlist| *Last Warning *[[Rat Cage Records|Rat Cage]] *[[Combat Records|Combat]] *[[Epitaph Records|Epitaph]] *[[Hellcat Records|Hellcat]] *[[Nuclear Blast Records|Nuclear Blast]] *[[I Scream Records|I&nbsp;Scream]] *[[Reigning Phoenix Music|Reigning Phoenix]] }} | current_members = * [[Vinnie Stigma]] * [[Roger Miret]] * Mike Gallo * Craig Silverman * [[Danny Lamagna]] | past_members = <!--Do not change order of members, as they are listed in order of joining the band, as requested by Wikipedia guidelines. See page entitled "Template:Musical Artist" for details.--> *Rob Krekus *John Watson *Diego *Jon Sanchez *Raymond "Raybeez" Barbieri *Adam Mucci *Dave Jones *Rob Kabula *[[Todd Youth]] *Alex Kinon *Carl Demola *Gordon Ancis *Joe "Fish" Montanaro *Louie Beato *Alan Peters *Steve Martin *Will Shepler *[[Craig Setari]] *Matt Henderson *Jimmy Colletti *Steve Gallo *Joseph James *Pokey Mo |website={{URL|https://www.agnosticfront.com/|agnosticfront.com}} | module = {{Infobox | child = yes | header1 = | headerstyle = background:#b0c4de | data2 = [[File:Agnostic-Front-Logo.png|200px]] }} }} Agnostic Front is an American hardcore rock band from New York formed in 1980. They are known for being friends with the [[Dropkick Murphys]] ==Band members== '''Current members''' *[[Vinnie Stigma]] – guitar, backing vocals {{small|(1982–1986, 1987–1993, 1996–present)}} *[[Roger Miret]] – lead vocals {{small|(1983–1986, 1986, 1987–1993, 1996–present)}} *Mike Gallo – bass, backing vocals {{small|(2000–present)}} *Craig Silverman – guitar, backing vocals {{small|(2014–present)}} *[[Danny Lamagna]] – drums {{small|(2022–present)}} '''Former members''' {{columns-list| *John Watson – lead vocals {{small|(1982)}} *Diego Casalins – bass {{small|(1982)}} *Robby Crypt Crash – drums {{small|(1982)}} *Ray "Raybeez" Barbieri – drums {{small|(1982–1983; died 1997)}} *Adam "Moochie" Mucci – bass {{small|(1982–1983)}} *Keith Burkhardt – lead vocals {{small|(1982)}} *Jimmy "The Russian" Kontra – lead vocals {{small|(1982–1983)}} *[[Todd Youth]] – bass, backing vocals {{small|(1983–1984; died 2018)}} *Dave Jones – drums {{small|(1983–1984)}} *Rob Kabula – bass, backing vocals {{small|(1984–1986, 1996–2000)}} *Petey Hines – drums {{small|(1984–1985)}} *Jimmy "The Kid" Colletti – drums, backing vocals {{small|(1985, 1996–2004)}} *Alex Kinon – guitar {{small|(1985–1986)}} *Louie Beato – drums {{small|(1985–1986)}} *Carl Demola – lead vocals {{small|(1986)}} *Joe "Fish" Montanaro – drums {{small|(1986)}} *Gordon Ancis – guitar {{small|(1986)}} *Johnny Sanchez – guitar {{small|(1986)}} *Will Shepler – drums, backing vocals {{small|(1987–1993, 2002)}} *Steve Martin – guitar {{small|(1987–1990)}} *Alan Peters – bass {{small|(1987; died 2020)}} *[[Craig Setari|Craig "Skully" Setari]] – bass, backing vocals {{small|(1987–1993)}} *Matt "Wildcard" Henderson – guitar, backing vocals {{small|(1990–1993, 2004)}} *Steve Gallo – drums, backing vocals {{small|(2003, 2004–2009)}} *Lenny Di Sclafani – guitar {{small|(2004–2006)}} *Joseph James – guitar, backing vocals {{small|(2006–2014)}} *Jimmy "Pokey" Mo – drums {{small|(2009–2020)}} }} ===Timeline=== ==Timeline== {{#tag:timeline| ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:18 PlotArea = left:100 bottom:110 top:10 right:30 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1982 till:{{#time:m/d/Y}} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:3 ScaleMajor = increment:3 start:1982 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1982 Colors = id:lvocals value:red legend:Lead_vocals id:guitar value:green legend:Guitar id:bass value:blue legend:Bass id:drums value:orange legend:Drums id:bvocals value:pink legend:Backing_vocals id:studio value:black legend:Studio_album id:live value:gray(0.63) legend:Live_recording id:bars value:gray(0.95) BackgroundColors = bars:bars BarData = bar:John text:John Watson bar:Keith text:Keith Burkhardt bar:JimmyK text:Jimmy Kontra bar:Roger text:Roger Miret bar:Carl text:Carl Demola bar:Vinnie text:Vinnie Stigma bar:Alex text:Alex Kinon bar:Gordon text:Gordon Ancis bar:Johnny text:Johnny Sanchez bar:SteveM text:Steve Martin bar:Matt text:Matt Henderson bar:Lenny text:Lenny Di Sclafani bar:Joseph text:Joseph James bar:Craig2 text:Craig Silverman bar:Diego text:Diego Casalins bar:Adam text:Adam Mucci bar:Todd text:Todd Youth bar:Rob text:Rob Kabula bar:Alan text:Alan Peters bar:Craig1 text:Craig Setari bar:Mike text:Mike Gallo bar:Robby text:Robby Crypt Crash bar:Ray text:Ray Barbieri bar:Dave text:Dave Jones bar:Petey text:Petey Hines bar:JimmyC text:Jimmy Colletti bar:Louie text:Louie Beato bar:Joe text:Joe Montanaro bar:Will text:Will Shepler bar:SteveG text:Steve Gallo bar:Pokey text:Pokey Mo bar:Danny text:Danny Lamagna LineData = layer:back color:live at:08/21/1988 at:01/19/1991 at:12/20/1992 at:06/27/2001 at:11/07/2004 color:studio at:09/15/1984 at:05/15/1986 at:11/05/1987 at:01/28/1992 at:06/30/1998 at:09/07/1999 at:09/25/2001 at:11/22/2004 at:11/06/2007 at:03/22/2011 at:04/07/2015 at:11/08/2019 at:11/07/2025 PlotData = width:11 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(11,-4) color:lvocals bar:John from:start till:09/30/1982 bar:Keith from:10/01/1982 till:10/31/1982 bar:John from:11/01/1982 till:11/30/1982 bar:JimmyK from:12/01/1982 till:03/31/1983 bar:Roger from:04/01/1983 till:01/14/1986 bar:Carl from:01/15/1986 till:04/14/1986 bar:Roger from:04/15/1986 till:12/14/1986 bar:Roger from:06/15/1987 till:02/14/1993 bar:Roger from:10/15/1996 till:end color:guitar bar:Vinnie from:start till:08/14/1986 bar:Alex from:06/15/1985 till:05/14/1986 bar:Gordon from:05/15/1986 till:12/14/1986 bar:Johnny from:08/15/1986 till:12/14/1986 bar:Vinnie from:06/15/1987 till:02/14/1993 bar:SteveM from:06/15/1987 till:09/14/1990 bar:Matt from:09/15/1990 till:02/14/1993 bar:Vinnie from:10/15/1996 till:end bar:Lenny from:03/15/2004 till:06/14/2006 bar:Joseph from:06/15/2006 till:05/20/2014 bar:Craig2 from:05/20/2014 till:end color:bass bar:Diego from:start till:03/31/1982 bar:Adam from:04/01/1982 till:07/14/1983 bar:Todd from:07/15/1983 till:01/14/1984 bar:Rob from:01/15/1984 till:12/14/1986 bar:Alan from:06/15/1987 till:10/14/1987 bar:Craig1 from:10/15/1987 till:02/14/1993 bar:Rob from:10/15/1996 till:06/14/2000 bar:Mike from:06/15/2000 till:end color:drums bar:Robby from:start till:02/28/1982 bar:Ray from:03/01/1982 till:09/14/1983 bar:Dave from:09/15/1983 till:09/14/1984 bar:Petey from:09/15/1984 till:02/14/1985 bar:JimmyC from:02/15/1985 till:08/14/1985 bar:Louie from:08/15/1985 till:05/14/1986 bar:Joe from:05/15/1986 till:12/14/1986 bar:Will from:06/15/1987 till:02/14/1993 bar:JimmyC from:10/15/1996 till:03/14/2004 bar:SteveG from:03/15/2004 till:03/17/2009 bar:Pokey from:03/17/2009 till:06/14/2020 bar:Danny from:03/15/2022 till:end color:bvocals width:3 bar:Vinnie from:start till:08/14/1986 bar:Diego from:start till:03/31/1982 bar:Todd from:07/15/1983 till:01/14/1984 bar:Rob from:01/15/1984 till:12/14/1986 bar:JimmyC from:02/15/1985 till:08/14/1985 bar:Vinnie from:06/15/1987 till:02/14/1993 bar:Alan from:06/15/1987 till:10/14/1987 bar:Will from:06/15/1987 till:02/14/1993 bar:Craig1 from:10/15/1987 till:02/14/1993 bar:Matt from:09/15/1990 till:02/14/1993 bar:Vinnie from:10/15/1996 till:end bar:Rob from:10/15/1996 till:06/14/2000 bar:JimmyC from:10/15/1996 till:03/14/2004 bar:Mike from:06/15/2000 till:end bar:SteveG from:03/15/2004 till:03/17/2009 bar:Joseph from:06/15/2006 till:05/20/2014 bar:Craig2 from:05/20/2014 till:end }} ==Discography== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Studio albums=== * ''[[Victim in Pain]]'' (1984) [[Rat Cage Records]] * ''[[Cause for Alarm (album)|Cause for Alarm]]'' (1986) [[Relativity Records|Relativity]]/[[Combat Records]] * ''[[Liberty and Justice For...]]'' (1987) Relativity/Combat Records * ''[[One Voice (Agnostic Front album)|One Voice]]'' (1992) Relativity/[[Roadrunner Records]] * ''[[Something's Gotta Give (album)|Something's Gotta Give]]'' (1998) [[Epitaph Records]] * ''[[Riot, Riot, Upstart]]'' (1999) Epitaph Records * ''[[Dead Yuppies]]'' (2001) Epitaph Records * ''[[Another Voice]]'' (2004) [[Nuclear Blast Records]] * ''[[Warriors (Agnostic Front album)|Warriors]]'' (2007) Nuclear Blast Records * ''My Life My Way'' (2011) Nuclear Blast Records * ''[[The American Dream Died]]'' (2015) Nuclear Blast Records * ''[[Get Loud!]]'' (2019) Nuclear Blast Records * ''[[Echoes in Eternity]]'' (2025) [[Reigning Phoenix Music]] ===Live albums=== * ''[[Live at CBGB (Agnostic Front album)|Live at CBGB]]'' (1989) Relativity Records * ''[[Last Warning (album)|Last Warning]]'' (1993) Relativity/Roadrunner Records * ''Working Class Heroes'' (2002) I Scream Records split with Discipline * ''Live at CBGB – 25 Years of Blood, Honor and Truth '' (2006) Nuclear Blast Records ===Compilations=== * ''To Be Continued: The Best of Agnostic Front'' (1992) Relativity * ''Raw Unleashed'' (1995) Grand Theft Audio * ''Respect Your Roots Worldwide'' (2012) Strength Records ===EPs=== * ''[[United Blood]]'' (1983) Last Warning Records * ''Puro des Madre (en español)'' EP (1998) [[Hellcat Records]] * ''[[Unity (Dropkick Murphys and Agnostic Front EP)|Unity]]'' (1999) split with [[Dropkick Murphys]] * ''For My Family'' EP (2007) Nuclear Blast Records * ''That's Life'' 7" (2011) [[Bridge 9 Records]] {{col-2}} ===Music videos=== * "Growing Concern" (1986) * "Anthem" [Live] (1989) * "Gotta Go" (1998) * "Riot, Riot, Upstart" (1999) * "So Pure to Me" (2004) * "Peace" (2005) * "All Is Not Forgotten" (2005) * "All Is Not Forgotten" [Live] (2006) * "Addiction" (2007) * "For My Family" (2007) * "Dead to Me" [Live] (2007) * "That's Life" (2011) * "A Mi Manera" (2011) * "My Life My Way" (2011) * "Us Against the World" (2012) * "Blitzkrieg Bop" (2013) * "Police Violence" (2015) * "The American Dream Died" (2015) * "A Wise Man" (2015) * "Never Walk Alone" (2015) * "Old New York" (2015) * "Spray Painted Walls" (2019) * "I Remember" (2019) * "Conquer and Divide" (2019) * "Urban Decay" (2020) * "Way of War" (2025) * "Matter of Life & Death" (2025) ===DVD/VHS=== * ''Live at CBGB'' 2006 * ''CBGB: Punk from the Bowery'' (Compilation) * ''LIVE in N.Y.C. '91'' (split with [[Sick of It All]] & [[Gorilla Biscuits]]) {{col-end}} ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * ''[[Maximum Rocknroll]]'' No. 328 (Sept/Oct 2010), interview by Bruce Roehrs spbvtsuqq2ag0gpfbcc9ibbv1gcg4ae 3 1279674 10967008 2026-08-18T21:35:12Z NX3710 1629609 Created page with "{{subst:uw-vandalism1|Above mean sea level}} ~~~~" 10967008 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Above mean sea level]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:NX3710|NX3710]] ([[User talk:NX3710|talk]]) 21:35, 18 August 2026 (UTC) 3hnvzuogl0oeenax1hy7cwhy19dnqw4 4 1279677 10967033 2026-08-18T22:03:42Z Garsh2 1475106 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Diamonds records inc]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967033 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Diamonds records inc === :{{lc|Diamonds records inc}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diamonds records inc|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diamonds records inc}} open RfD subpage]</span> Garsh2 ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' I don't see evidence of notability for this record label, no coverage in reliable sources [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:03, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''22:03, 25 August 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> roz0y9xu19kxpksy6gjyek03vb84xwd 3 1279678 10967035 2026-08-18T22:03:42Z Garsh2 1475106 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Diamonds records inc]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967035 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Diamonds records inc== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Diamonds records inc]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diamonds records inc]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:03, 18 August 2026 (UTC) e7q2jybas6bhqb4sgsu1c1rkgpmzz4r 10967120 10967035 2026-08-19T00:48:07Z Passengerpigeon 264719 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Diamonds records inc]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967120 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Diamonds records inc== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Diamonds records inc]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diamonds records inc]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:03, 18 August 2026 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Diamonds records inc== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Diamonds records inc]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Diamonds records inc}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g5|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 00:48, 19 August 2026 (UTC) e606qzj3cfjm0cdtib0emesir6c1g5x 0 1279679 10967063 2026-08-18T23:16:36Z ~2026-45447-63 1857697 Created page with "{{Infobox album | name = Messengers | type = studio | artist = [[August Burns Red]] | cover = | released = June 19, 2007 | recorded = January 29 – March 3, 2007 | studio = {{ubl|Rebel Waltz Studio, Franklin, Tennessee|Sound Kitchen, Franklin, Tennessee}} | genre = [[Metalcore]], [[death metal]] | length = 48:11 | label = Solid State | producer = Tue Madsen, August Burns Red | prev_title = Thrill See..." 10967063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Messengers | type = studio | artist = [[August Burns Red]] | cover = | released = June 19, 2007 | recorded = January 29 – March 3, 2007 | studio = {{ubl|Rebel Waltz Studio, Franklin, Tennessee|Sound Kitchen, Franklin, Tennessee}} | genre = [[Metalcore]], [[death metal]] | length = 48:11 | label = Solid State | producer = Tue Madsen, August Burns Red | prev_title = [[Thrill Seeker]] | prev_year = 2005 | next_title = Constellations | next_year = 2009 }} '''''Messengers''''' is the second studio album by American [[metalcore]] band [[August Burns Red]]. The album was released on June 19, 2007. ==Track listing== {{Track listing | title1 = The Truth of a Liar | length1 = 4:12 | title2 = Up Against the Ropes | length2 = 5:04 | title3 = Back Burner | length3 = 3:42 | title4 = The Blinding Light | length4 = 5:28 | title5 = Composure | length5 = 4:13 | title6 = Vital Signs | length6 = 3:17 | title7 = The Eleventh Hour | length7 = 4:05 | title8 = The Balance | length8 = 3:20 | title9 = Black Sheep | length9 = 3:53 | title10 = An American Dream | length10 = 4:41 | title11 = Redemption | length11 = 6:16 | total_length = 48:11 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:2007 albums]] meby4tjo6w5lnmyo78dahulumxobge9 0 1279680 10967065 2026-08-18T23:24:06Z ~2026-43444-90 1851094 Created page with "{{Infobox song | name = Two Hearts | cover = | alt = The song's title surrounded by various rectangles | type = single | artist = [[Phil Collins]] | album = [[Buster (soundtrack)|Buster: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]] | B-side = The Robbery | released = 14 November 1988 | recorded = | genre = *[[Pop music|Pop]] *[[Soul music|soul]] | length = {{duration|m=3|s=23}} | label = * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]..." 10967065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Two Hearts | cover = | alt = The song's title surrounded by various rectangles | type = single | artist = [[Phil Collins]] | album = [[Buster (soundtrack)|Buster: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]] | B-side = The Robbery | released = 14 November 1988 | recorded = | genre = *[[Pop music|Pop]] *[[Soul music|soul]] | length = {{duration|m=3|s=23}} | label = * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] * [[Warner Music Group|WEA]] | composer = [[Lamont Dozier]] | lyricist = Phil Collins | producer = * Phil Collins * Lamont Dozier | prev_title = [[A Groovy Kind of Love#Phil Collins version|A Groovy Kind of Love]] | prev_year = 1988 | next_title = [[Another Day in Paradise]] | next_year = 1989 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|SidxJz94Svs|"Phil Collins - Two Hearts (Official Music Video)"}}}} }} "'''Two Hearts'''" is a 1988 song by [[Phil Collins]] and was taken from the 1988 movie ''[[Buster (movie)|Buster]]''. It went to number 1 in the United States, Canada and Denmark, number 21 in New Zealand, number 3 in Ireland, Germany and Belgium and number 6 in the United Kingdom, Norway and the Netherlands. It won a Grammy Award in 1989. ==Track listings== '''7-inch single'''<ref name="hm">{{cite web |url=https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Phil+Collins&titel=Two+Hearts&cat=s |title=Phil Collins - Two Hearts |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=December 25, 2018 }}</ref> # "Two Hearts" – 3:24 # "The Robbery" - London Film Orchestra, conducted by [[Anne Dudley]] (edit) – 3:18 '''12-inch maxi'''<ref name="hm" /> # "Two Hearts" – 3:23 # "The Robbery" - London Film Orchestra, conducted by [[Anne Dudley]] (full length) – 7:20 ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Phil Collins songs}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:1988 songs]] [[Category:Phil Collins songs]] ff9lvf0pg1rrz7wo3hfb64tg8f0pjt0 0 1279681 10967071 2026-08-18T23:35:47Z ~2026-43444-90 1851094 Created page with "{{Infobox song | name = World in My Eyes | cover = | alt = | type = single | artist = [[Depeche Mode]] | album = [[Violator (album)|Violator]] | B-side = * "Happiest Girl" * "Sea of Sin" | released = {{start date|1990|9|17|df=y}} | recorded = 1989 | studio = * [[Puk Recording Studios|Puk]] ([[Gjerlev]]) * Logic (Milan)<ref name=Q90>{{cite magazine|last=Cranna|first=Ian|date=April 1990|title=Insidious|magazine=Q (magazine)|Q..." 10967071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = World in My Eyes | cover = | alt = | type = single | artist = [[Depeche Mode]] | album = [[Violator (album)|Violator]] | B-side = * "Happiest Girl" * "Sea of Sin" | released = {{start date|1990|9|17|df=y}} | recorded = 1989 | studio = * [[Puk Recording Studios|Puk]] ([[Gjerlev]]) * Logic (Milan)<ref name=Q90>{{cite magazine|last=Cranna|first=Ian|date=April 1990|title=Insidious|magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|page=77}}</ref> | venue = | genre = [[Synth-pop]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531/depeche-mode-violator-20120524 |title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time; Depeche Mode, 'Violator' |date=31 May 2012 |website=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref> | length = * 4:26 (album version) * 4:00 (edit) | label = [[Mute Records|Mute]] | writer = [[Martin Gore]] | producer = * Depeche Mode * [[Flood (producer)|Flood]] | prev_title = [[Policy of Truth]] | prev_year = 1990 | next_title = [[I Feel You]] | next_year = 1993 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|nhZdL4JlnxI|"World in My Eyes"}}}} }} {{Music ratings | rev1 = [[AllMusic]] | rev1score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|last=Raggett|first=Ned|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/world-in-my-eyes-mw0000528793|title=World in My Eyes – Depeche Mode|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> | noprose = yes }} "'''World in My Eyes'''" is a 1990 song by [[Depeche Mode]] and is the fourth single from their seventh studio album ''[[Violator (album)|Violator]]''. It went to number 17 in the United Kingdom, number 52 in the United States, number 30 in Hungary and France, number 2 in Spain and Denmark, number 5 in Switzerland, number 4 in Finland and number 7 in Ireland and Germany. ==Track listings== All songs were written by [[Martin Gore]]. {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''UK 7-inch and cassette single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=UK 7-inch single sleeve|publisher=[[Mute Records]]|id=Bong 20}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=UK cassette single sleeve|publisher=Mute Records|id=C Bong 20}}</ref> # "World in My Eyes" – 3:58 # "Happiest Girl" (Jack mix) – 4:57 # "Sea of Sin" (Tonal mix) – 4:43 '''UK 12-inch single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=UK 12-inch single sleeve|publisher=Mute Records|id=12 Bong 20}}</ref> :A1. "World in My Eyes" (Oil Tank mix) – 7:29 :B1. "Happiest Girl" (Kiss-A-Mix) – 6:15 :B2. "Sea of Sin" (Sensoria) – 6:06 '''UK limited-edition 12-inch single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=UK limited 12-inch single sleeve|publisher=Mute Records|id=L12 Bong 20}}</ref> :A1. "World in My Eyes" (Dub in My Eyes) – 6:55 :B1. "World in My Eyes" (Mode to Joy) – 6:32 :B2. "Happiest Girl" (The Pulsating Orbital mix) – 6:28 '''UK CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=UK CD single liner notes|publisher=Mute Records|id=CD Bong 20}}</ref> # "World in My Eyes" (7-inch version) – 4:00 # "World in My Eyes" (Oil Tank mix) – 6:53 # "Happiest Girl" (Kiss-A-Mix) – 5:24 # "Sea of Sin" (Tonal mix) – 3:37 '''UK limited-edition CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=UK limited CD single liner notes|publisher=Mute Records|id=LCD Bong 20}}</ref> # "World in My Eyes" (Dub in My Eyes) – 6:57 # "World in My Eyes" (Mode to Joy) – 6:31 # "Happiest Girl" (The Pulsating Orbital vocal mix) – 8:01 # "Sea of Sin" (Sensoria) – 6:07 # "World in My Eyes" (Mayhem Mode) – 4:58 # "Happiest Girl" (Jack mix) – 4:57 {{col-2}} '''US 12-inch and maxi-cassette single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=US 12-inch single vinyl disc|publisher=[[Sire Records]], [[Reprise Records]], Mute Records|id=0-21735}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=US maxi-cassette single cassette notes|publisher=Sire Records, Reprise Records, Mute Records|id=4-21735}}</ref> # "World in My Eyes" (Oil Tank mix) – 7:29 # "World in My Eyes" (Dub in My Eyes mix) – 6:54 # "Sea of Sin" (Sensoria mix) – 6:07 # "World in My Eyes" (Mode to Joy mix) – 6:32 # "Happiest Girl" (Jack mix) – 4:58 '''US maxi-CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=US maxi-CD single disc notes|publisher=Sire Records, Reprise Records, Mute Records|id=9 21735-2}}</ref> # "World in My Eyes" (single version) – 3:59 # "World in My Eyes" (Oil Tank mix) – 7:29 # "Happiest Girl" (Pulsating Orbital mix) – 6:28 # "Sea of Sin" (Tonal mix) – 4:44 # "World in My Eyes" (Mode to Joy mix) – 6:32 # "Happiest Girl" (Jack mix) – 4:58 # "Sea of Sin" (Sensoria mix) – 6:07 '''Japanese CD EP'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=World in My Eyes|year=1990|type=Japanese CD EP liner notes|publisher=Mute Records|id=ALCB-159}}</ref> # "World in My Eyes" (7-inch version) # "Happiest Girl" (Jack mix) # "Sea of Sin" (Tonal mix) # "World in My Eyes" (Oil Tank mix) # "Happiest Girl" (Kiss-A-Mix) # "Sea of Sin" (Sensoria) # "World in My Eyes" (Dub in My Eyes) # "World in My Eyes" (Mode to Joy) # "Happiest Girl" (the Pulsating Orbital mix) # "World in My Eyes" (Mayhem Mode) {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Depeche Mode}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:1990 songs]] [[Category:Depeche Mode songs]] [[Category:Synth-pop songs]] afsflqta8tjq2z1dcfgzfpdrujgq7jg 0 1279683 10967079 2026-08-19T00:03:46Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image =Gastrotheca dunni.jpg | status = | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Gastrotheca dunni | authority = Lutz, 1977 | range_map |synonyms=*''Gastrotheca argenteovirens dunni '' Lutz, 1977 *''Gastrotheca dunni'' Duellman, 1987 *''Gastrotheca (Duellmania) dunni'' Duellman, 2015 | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''Dunn's marsupial frog''' (''Gastrotheca dunni'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Colombia]]...." 10967079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image =Gastrotheca dunni.jpg | status = | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Gastrotheca dunni | authority = Lutz, 1977 | range_map |synonyms=*''Gastrotheca argenteovirens dunni '' Lutz, 1977 *''Gastrotheca dunni'' Duellman, 1987 *''Gastrotheca (Duellmania) dunni'' Duellman, 2015 | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''Dunn's marsupial frog''' (''Gastrotheca dunni'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Colombia]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Gastrotheca dunni'' Lutz, 1977 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Hemiphractidae/Gastrotheca/Gastrotheca-dunni |access-date=August 18, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Gastrotheca dunni'' Lutz, 1977 |author1= |editor1= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1373 |access-date=August 18, 2026}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title=Dunn's Marsupial Frog: ''Gastrotheca dunni'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/55331/85899588 |article-number=e.T55331A85899588 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55331A85899588.en |id=55331 |year=2018 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |accessdate=August 18, 2026}}</ref> ==Home== This frog lives in [[primary forest|forests that were never cut down]] and [[secondary forest|forests that are growing back]] and in grassy places. People have also seen it on farms and gardens in towns, so long as there is water for its young. Scientists have seen the frog between {{convert|2000| and |4000|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.<!--using wider range from multiple sources--><ref name=AMNH /><ref name=IUCN /> ==Young== The female frog carries her eggs in a [[pouch|bag of skin]] on her back. She brings the tadpoles to water.<ref name=IUCN /> ==Danger== Scientists from the IUCN say the frog is [[least concern|not in danger]] of dying out.<ref name=IUCN /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2246269}} {{biology-stub}} nbsz7oipisoyh9pdglpa9xufc5gdb42 3 1279684 10967081 2026-08-19T00:05:10Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967081 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made may not meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it will shortly be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> ''Please do not use ask to create articles for you. '' [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:05, 19 August 2026 (UTC) 7ej4qk7hxd77bm82nff49yhcfdmqe5x 10967082 10967081 2026-08-19T00:05:35Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* August 2026 */ typo 10967082 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made may not meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it will shortly be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> ''Please do not use AI to create articles for you. '' [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:05, 19 August 2026 (UTC) pd5t1zg4mv02l39yrw90yu50ag424af 2 1279685 10967087 2026-08-19T00:18:20Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/QuickRfDclose.js]] to [[User:Max/QuickRfDclose.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967087 javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Max/QuickRfDclose.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); dm24hihb42lrxnrupdepbt5qbx5l0u6 2 1279686 10967089 2026-08-19T00:18:20Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/sandbox]] to [[User:Max/sandbox]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967089 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Max/sandbox]] 1obzassa9vs7ne95hbx4x2xhqyfhv5g 2 1279687 10967091 2026-08-19T00:18:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/QDA7endsore.js]] to [[User:Max/QDA7endsore.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967091 javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Max/QDA7endsore.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); qftsxeicql4j4jn608l6pj6u9g8xkb8 3 1279688 10967094 2026-08-19T00:18:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User talk:DreamRimmer]] to [[User talk:Max]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967094 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Max]] di6dc1hi375rekjkf3vlpmpqeylvbhw 2 1279689 10967096 2026-08-19T00:18:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/common.js]] to [[User:Max/common.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967096 javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Max/common.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); lq3f078q0bjvgk7l8y7a0l24y1u5aeu 2 1279690 10967098 2026-08-19T00:18:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/test.js]] to [[User:Max/test.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967098 javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Max/test.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); 1uruaxewinp8n5zpicsbmb04q689lwl 2 1279691 10967100 2026-08-19T00:18:22Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/sandbox 2]] to [[User:Max/sandbox 2]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967100 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Max/sandbox 2]] 07tqf9svlh8z7u1vr6v6vzjcpfijaso 2 1279692 10967102 2026-08-19T00:19:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/QD log]] to [[User:Max/QD log]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967102 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Max/QD log]] 64y314kr79f2g8zz4xfbyb5i1f0lw71 2 1279693 10967104 2026-08-19T00:19:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/morebits.js]] to [[User:Max/morebits.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967104 javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Max/morebits.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); dk51pwj9gl41rxbgtvomvw4z4eu4kgf 2 1279694 10967106 2026-08-19T00:19:21Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer/twinkleoptions.js]] to [[User:Max/twinkleoptions.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 10967106 javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Max/twinkleoptions.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); jjv056f4ci8tnlh5urm4xv9rim2zx6c 0 1279695 10967110 2026-08-19T00:23:41Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status = | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Gastrotheca chrysosticta | authority = Laurent, 1976 | range_map |synonyms=*''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' Laurent, 1976 *''Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) chrysosticta'' Dubois, 1987 "1986" | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} The '''Salta marsupial frog''' or '''Baritú’s marsupial frog''' (''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in Argentin..." 10967110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status = | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Gastrotheca chrysosticta | authority = Laurent, 1976 | range_map |synonyms=*''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' Laurent, 1976 *''Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) chrysosticta'' Dubois, 1987 "1986" | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} The '''Salta marsupial frog''' or '''Baritú’s marsupial frog''' (''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Argentina]]. Scientists think it could also live in [[Bolivia]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' Laurent, 1976 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Hemiphractidae/Gastrotheca/Gastrotheca-chrysosticta |access-date=August 18, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' Laurent, 1976 |author1= |editor1= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1370 |access-date=August 18, 2026}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title=Baritú’s Marsupial Frog: ''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/55328/176391065 |article-number=e.T55328A176391065 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T55328A176391065.en |id=55328 |year=2020 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |accessdate=August 18, 2026}}</ref> ==Home== This frog lives high in the trees, in holes in trees, and in [[bromeliad]] plants that grow on trees. It lives in Yungas forests in the Andes Mountains. Scientists have seen the frog between {{convert|600| and |2500|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=IUCN /> Scientists have seen this frog a protected place: [[Baritú National Park]].<ref name=IUCN /> ==Young== The female frog carries her eggs in a [[pouch|bag of skin]] on her back. The female brings the tadpoles to water on the ground in the forest. The tadpoles grow into frogs there.<ref name=Amph /> ==Danger== Scientists from the IUCN say the frog is [[endangered|in danger]] of dying out. People let cows go into Baritú National Park. People [[habitat loss|change the places where the frog lives]] by cutting down trees to [[logging|get wood to sell]], raise cows, and make [[infrastructure|things people need]] [[transportation|to move around]].<ref name=IUCN /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2209476}} {{biology-stub}} ecrwska65mnuzgn7xhvaiel9v988j3l 10967111 10967110 2026-08-19T00:23:57Z Darkfrog24 508885 10967111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status =EN | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Gastrotheca chrysosticta | authority = Laurent, 1976 | range_map |synonyms=*''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' Laurent, 1976 *''Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) chrysosticta'' Dubois, 1987 "1986" | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} The '''Salta marsupial frog''' or '''Baritú’s marsupial frog''' (''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Argentina]]. Scientists think it could also live in [[Bolivia]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' Laurent, 1976 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Hemiphractidae/Gastrotheca/Gastrotheca-chrysosticta |access-date=August 18, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' Laurent, 1976 |author1= |editor1= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1370 |access-date=August 18, 2026}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title=Baritú’s Marsupial Frog: ''Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/55328/176391065 |article-number=e.T55328A176391065 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T55328A176391065.en |id=55328 |year=2020 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |accessdate=August 18, 2026}}</ref> ==Home== This frog lives high in the trees, in holes in trees, and in [[bromeliad]] plants that grow on trees. It lives in Yungas forests in the Andes Mountains. Scientists have seen the frog between {{convert|600| and |2500|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=IUCN /> Scientists have seen this frog a protected place: [[Baritú National Park]].<ref name=IUCN /> ==Young== The female frog carries her eggs in a [[pouch|bag of skin]] on her back. The female brings the tadpoles to water on the ground in the forest. The tadpoles grow into frogs there.<ref name=Amph /> ==Danger== Scientists from the IUCN say the frog is [[endangered|in danger]] of dying out. People let cows go into Baritú National Park. People [[habitat loss|change the places where the frog lives]] by cutting down trees to [[logging|get wood to sell]], raise cows, and make [[infrastructure|things people need]] [[transportation|to move around]].<ref name=IUCN /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2209476}} {{biology-stub}} l1qnqcfvr41yvz6cmdvvxfrk8jyefok 1 1279696 10967113 2026-08-19T00:25:59Z Mrfgdddff 1855636 /* Conspiracy theories */ new section 10967113 wikitext text/x-wiki == Conspiracy theories == According to some Conspiracy theorists, Abubakr al-Baghdadi is a Mossad agent named 'Simon Elliott' whose agenda is to try to weaken the Middle East. [[User:Mrfgdddff|Mrfgdddff]] ([[User talk:Mrfgdddff|talk]]) 00:25, 19 August 2026 (UTC) g5qnggxibzuombvci0ljurcz5bo1i5i 10967396 10967113 2026-08-19T10:22:07Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) 10967396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 2 1279699 10967123 2026-08-19T00:52:03Z JJPMaster 641508 JJPMaster moved page [[User:DreamRimmer Alt/common.js]] to [[User:Max Alt/common.js]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer Alt|DreamRimmer Alt]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max Alt|Max Alt]]" 10967123 javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Max_Alt/common.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); f3gkjpyquw4n4xl7iwgljorpq3041gr 3 1279700 10967131 2026-08-19T01:08:50Z NX3710 1629609 /* */ 10967131 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made{{#if:Hoshyar Zebari|, [[:Hoshyar Zebari]],}} {{#ifexist:Hoshyar Zebari|may not|did not}} meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it {{#ifexist:Hoshyar Zebari|will shortly be|has been}} [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> [[User:NX3710|NX3710]] ([[User talk:NX3710|talk]]) 01:08, 19 August 2026 (UTC) hg6xoujdnje3voemp8ljuw67csd0dnb 10967384 10967131 2026-08-19T09:58:02Z Mrfgdddff 1855636 /* */ Reply 10967384 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made{{#if:Hoshyar Zebari|, [[:Hoshyar Zebari]],}} {{#ifexist:Hoshyar Zebari|may not|did not}} meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it {{#ifexist:Hoshyar Zebari|will shortly be|has been}} [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> [[User:NX3710|NX3710]] ([[User talk:NX3710|talk]]) 01:08, 19 August 2026 (UTC) :Actually, some Arabs believe that he collaborates with the Turkish government and his second wife is a Dönmeh Jew from Türkiye instead of Hana Abdulsattar al-Dulaimi. According to the Iraqi government, she is married to an Arab instead. But for me it is better to wait, before publishing these accusations or allegations. [[User:Mrfgdddff|Mrfgdddff]] ([[User talk:Mrfgdddff#top|talk]]) 09:58, 19 August 2026 (UTC) 6oyojp12n9072068egrol8w2uhpj64p 10967395 10967384 2026-08-19T10:21:18Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* */ Reply 10967395 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made{{#if:Hoshyar Zebari|, [[:Hoshyar Zebari]],}} {{#ifexist:Hoshyar Zebari|may not|did not}} meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it {{#ifexist:Hoshyar Zebari|will shortly be|has been}} [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> [[User:NX3710|NX3710]] ([[User talk:NX3710|talk]]) 01:08, 19 August 2026 (UTC) :Actually, some Arabs believe that he collaborates with the Turkish government and his second wife is a Dönmeh Jew from Türkiye instead of Hana Abdulsattar al-Dulaimi. According to the Iraqi government, she is married to an Arab instead. But for me it is better to wait, before publishing these accusations or allegations. [[User:Mrfgdddff|Mrfgdddff]] ([[User talk:Mrfgdddff#top|talk]]) 09:58, 19 August 2026 (UTC) ::Wikipedia isn’t a plaxe for “accusations or allegations.” Please stick to the facts and not conspiracy theories. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:21, 19 August 2026 (UTC) 18me7aj5wpeni2kwsm95dk234vnl2pm 0 1279703 10967254 2026-08-19T06:25:55Z Werner100359 106408 Created page with "{{Infobox football biography | name = Yerwin Sulbarán | image = | fullname = Yerwin Antonio Sulbarán López | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|3 | 3|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[El Tigre]], [[Venezuela]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Forward]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 7 | youthyears1 = -2025 | youthclubs1 = [[Monagas SC]] | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = | youthyears3 = | youthclubs3 = | years1 = 2024-2026 | clubs1 = Mon..." 10967254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Yerwin Sulbarán | image = | fullname = Yerwin Antonio Sulbarán López | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|3 | 3|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[El Tigre]], [[Venezuela]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Forward]] | currentclub = [[FC Liefering]] | clubnumber = 7 | youthyears1 = -2025 | youthclubs1 = [[Monagas SC]] | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = | youthyears3 = | youthclubs3 = | years1 = 2024-2026 | clubs1 = Monagas SC | caps1 =15 | goals1 =0 | years2 = 2026- | clubs2 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps2 =0 | goals2 =0 | years3 = 2024-2026 | clubs3 = [[FC Liefering]] | caps3 =2 | goals3 =1 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Venezuela national under-15 football team|Venezuela U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2025 | nationalteam2 = [[Venezuela national under-17 football team|Venezuela U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 12 | nationalgoals2 = 3 | nationalyears3 = 2026- | nationalteam3 = [[Venezuela national under-20 football team|Venezuela U20]] | nationalcaps3 =2 | nationalgoals3 =0 | pcupdate = 19 August 2026 | ntupdate = 19 August 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Yerwin Antonio Sulbarán López''' (born March 3, 2008, in El Tigre) is a Venezuelan footballer. He plays for FC Liefering as forward in the Austrian [[2. Liga|2nd league]]. ==Career == Sulbarán began his career at Monagas SC. In July 2024, he was included in the Monagas professional squad for the first time. He made his professional debut in the Primera División in August 2024 against Portuguesa FC. During the 2025 season, he played five matches in the Venezuelan top league. After making another nine appearances at the start of the 2026 season, Sulbarán moved to Austria in April 2026 . He joined the Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg. He signed a contract running until 2031. They loaned him to FC Liefering. <ref>[https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/aktuelles/news/yerwin-sulbaran-transfer-monagas-sc FC Red Bull Salzburg (German)] </ref> By August 2026, he had already been named in Salzburg's Bundesliga squad for the first time. He debuted for Liefering in the first round of the 2026-27 season versus Kapfenberger SV. In this match he also scored his first goal for the team. <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/1._Runde,_Saison_2026/27,_Kapfenberger_SV_gegen_FC_Liefering FC Salzburg Wiki] </ref> ==International == He participated in the 2024 South American Championship with the Venezuelan U-15 squad. He played in all four of the team's matches during the tournament.In the spring of 2025, he competed in the South American Championship with the U-17 team. He played in all six matches, and the Venezuelan side finished third. This secured the country's qualification for the World Cup held that same year. Sulbarán was selected for that tournament as well. Venezuela reached the Round of 32, and he once again played in all four of the team's matches. {{FC Liefering squad 2026/27}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Sulbarán, Yerwin}} [[Category:2008 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Venezuelan footballers]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] 45ulce598av79tkj7v50nkdz1qzr8yz 0 1279704 10967259 2026-08-19T06:27:45Z Werner100359 106408 Redirected page to [[Yerwin Sulbarán]] 10967259 wikitext text/x-wiki #Redirect [[Yerwin Sulbarán]] a5tpvitgrykwov2dq6okp3c7mm9erfd 0 1279705 10967291 2026-08-19T06:58:15Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 Created page with "{{Infobox television |name = Flip Flappers |image = |caption = |native_name = フリップフラッパーズ |genre = Adventure, comedy, drama, fantasy, science fiction |writer = Yuniko Ayana |director = Kiyotaka Oshiyama |studio = Studio 3Hz |country = Japan |language = Japanese |num_episodes = 13 |runtime = 24 minutes |first_aired = October 6, 2016 |last_aired = December 29, 2016 }} '''Flip Flappers''' (フリップフラッパーズ) is a Japanese anime television ser..." 10967291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television |name = Flip Flappers |image = |caption = |native_name = フリップフラッパーズ |genre = Adventure, comedy, drama, fantasy, science fiction |writer = Yuniko Ayana |director = Kiyotaka Oshiyama |studio = Studio 3Hz |country = Japan |language = Japanese |num_episodes = 13 |runtime = 24 minutes |first_aired = October 6, 2016 |last_aired = December 29, 2016 }} '''Flip Flappers''' (フリップフラッパーズ) is a Japanese anime television series.<ref name="ref1" /> It was made by Studio 3Hz and directed by Kiyotaka Oshiyama.<ref name="ref1" /> The series was written by Yuniko Ayana.<ref name="ref2" /> It has 13 episodes.<ref name="ref1" /> It first aired in Japan from October 6, 2016 to December 29, 2016, on Tokyo MX, AT-X, BS Fuji, and Sun TV.<ref name="ref1" /> In North America, the series is licensed by Sentai Filmworks,<ref name="ref8" /> and it streamed on Crunchyroll and other services.<ref name="ref1" /> An English dub was released in 2018.<ref name="ref9" /> The opening theme song is "Serendipity" by ZAQ. The ending theme song is "FLIP FLAP FLIP FLAP" by TO-MAS feat. Chima.<ref name="ref3" /> == Plot == Cocona is a cautious second-year middle school student who cannot decide what she wants to do in the future.<ref name="ref4" /> One day, she meets Papika, an energetic and mysterious girl.<ref name="ref4" /> Papika takes Cocona into a parallel dimension called "Pure Illusion," where many different and strange worlds exist.<ref name="ref4" /> The two girls join an organization called Flip Flap and travel through Pure Illusion together, looking for pieces of a wish-granting crystal called the "Shard of Mimi."<ref name="ref4" /> A rival organization called Asclepius is also searching for the same fragments.<ref name="ref4" /> As Cocona and Papika visit more worlds, they learn more about themselves, each other, and the truth behind Pure Illusion.<ref name="ref4" /> == Cast and characters == * '''Papika''' – An energetic and cheerful girl who belongs to Flip Flap. She suddenly appears in front of Cocona and pulls her into Pure Illusion. She is usually bright and active, but her fearless personality sometimes causes trouble.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Cocona''' – A second-year middle school student who lives with her grandmother. She is a serious and careful class representative who finds it hard to try new things.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Yayaka''' – Cocona's childhood friend and classmate. She has a cool, strong-minded personality and works for the rival group Asclepius.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Salt''' – A man with sunglasses who is collecting the Shards of Mimi. His expression is hard to read. He belongs to Flip Flap.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Toto''' – A mysterious elementary school student who works for Asclepius. He is Yuyu's twin brother.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Yuyu''' – A mysterious elementary school student who works for Asclepius. She is Toto's twin sister.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Hidaka''' – A scientist studying the Shards of Mimi. He created the robot TT-392 and other inventions. He belongs to Flip Flap.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Sayuri''' – An operator at Flip Flap who is often troubled by Hidaka's strange inventions.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''TT-392''' – A robot made by Hidaka. Despite its appearance, it has many functions, though Papika often orders it around.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Uexküll''' – Cocona's pet, which can grow and shrink and make many different faces. It likes small spaces.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Iroha (often called Senpai)''' – A third-year student at Cocona's school and a member of the art club.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Nyunyu''' – The third amorphous child to appear.<ref name="ref5" /> == Episodes == {| class="wikitable" |- ! No. ! Title ! Original air date ! Summary |- | 1 | "Pure Input" (ピュアインプット) | October 6, 2016 | Cocona, who cannot decide on a future career, meets a strange girl named Papika, who takes her to a snowy world called Pure Illusion.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 2 | "Pure Converter" (ピュアコンバータ) | October 13, 2016 | Papika transfers into Cocona's class and keeps asking her to return to Pure Illusion. The girls follow Cocona's runaway pet into a new world.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 3 | "Pure XLR" (ピュアXLR) | October 20, 2016 | Cocona and Papika travel to a desert world and are separated. Papika is helped by villagers before a masked stranger appears.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 4 | "Pure Equalization" (ピュアイコライゼーション) | October 27, 2016 | Told that their unstable transformations come from not understanding each other, Cocona and Papika are ordered to live together.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 5 | "Pure Echo" (ピュアエコー) | November 3, 2016 | The girls enter a world based on a girls' school, where every day repeats itself.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 6 | "Pure Play" (ピュアプレイ) | November 10, 2016 | While competing with Yayaka, Toto, and Yuyu for a fragment, Cocona and Papika find a new entrance in Pure Illusion and begin reliving someone else's memories.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 7 | "Pure Component" (ピュアコンポーネント) | November 17, 2016 | Cocona wonders whether what happened in Pure Illusion was really her senpai's past, and begins to hesitate about returning there.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 8 | "Pure Breaker" (ピュアブレーカー) | November 24, 2016 | A city under attack by monsters is defended by two robots that combine into one, and Papika and Cocona must Flip Flap to help.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 9 | "Pure Mute" (ピュアミュート) | December 1, 2016 | A third amorphous child, Nyunyu, appears, and Cocona is caught in a trap along with Toto and Yuyu.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 10 | "Pure Jitter" (ピュアジッター) | December 8, 2016 | As the truth behind earlier research on Pure Illusion begins to surface, Asclepius attacks the Flip Flap base and Cocona and Papika are separated.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 11 | "Pure Storage" (ピュアストレージ) | December 15, 2016 | The last fragments gather around Cocona, and Mimi, who is said to protect her, appears with power greater than expected.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 12 | "Pure Howling" (ピュアハウリング) | December 22, 2016 | Mimi shuts herself away inside Pure Illusion, and Papika and Yayaka try to reach Cocona through her defensive traps.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 13 | "Pure Audio" (ピュアオーディオ) | December 29, 2016 | In the final episode, Cocona and Papika face Mimi together to bring the story to its conclusion.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |} == Production == ''Flip Flappers'' was Kiyotaka Oshiyama's first work as a series director.<ref name="ref2" /> He had earlier worked as an animator on shows such as ''Space Dandy'' and ''Den-noh Coil.''<ref name="ref2" /> Takashi Kojima designed the characters and served as chief animation director, and tanu created the concept art.<ref name="ref2" /> The series was produced by Infinite, with Takayuki Nagatani as producer, and animated by Studio 3Hz, a studio that had previously made ''Celestial Method.''<ref name="ref2" /> Staff, cast, and other credits are listed on the official website.<ref name="ref6" /> == Release == ''Flip Flappers'' aired weekly in Japan starting October 6, 2016.<ref name="ref1" /> Outside Japan, the series was simulcast by Crunchyroll, the Anime Network, and Viewster, and later streamed on HIDIVE.<ref name="ref1" /> Sentai Filmworks licensed the series for North America<ref name="ref8" /> and released it on six Blu-ray and DVD volumes between January and June 2017.<ref name="ref7" /> A complete collection on Blu-ray Disc, including a limited premium edition, was released in North America on February 27, 2018.<ref name="ref10" /> An English dub, directed by John Swasey, was also produced and began streaming on HIDIVE in February 2018.<ref name="ref9" /> MVM Films released the series in the United Kingdom.<ref name="ref1" /> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |title=Flip Flappers (TV) |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=18177 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web |title=Studio 3Hz's Flip Flappers October TV Anime Revealed |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-25/studio-3hz-flip-flappers-october-tv-anime-revealed/.100249 |date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{Cite web |title=News |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/news/ |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref4">{{Cite web |title=Story |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/story/story.html |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref5">{{Cite web |title=Character |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/character/ |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref6">{{Cite web |title=Staff & Cast |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/staff_cast/ |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref7">{{Cite web |title=Blu-ray & DVD |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/bluray/ |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref8">{{Cite web |title=Sentai Filmworks Licenses Flip Flappers Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-09-28/sentai-filmworks-licenses-flip-flappers-anime/.107012 |date=2016-09-28 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref9">{{Cite web |title=Flip Flappers English Dub Launches on HIDIVE |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-02-16/flip-flappers-english-dub-launches-on-hidive/.127901 |date=2018-02-16 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref10">{{Cite web |title=Section23 Films Announces February Slate |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2017-10-20/section23-films-announces-february-slate/.122963 |date=2017-10-20 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref11">{{Cite web |title=Flip Flappers (TV) episode titles |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=18177&page=25 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Anime television series]] [[Category:Japanese television series]] [[Category:Japanese-language television programs]] otbj97pn6nmjlzwwbttnmbj302ugwna 10967314 10967291 2026-08-19T07:38:45Z Apep the Serpent God 1710776 10967314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television |name = Flip Flappers |image = Flip_Flappers_logo.svg |caption = |native_name = フリップフラッパーズ |genre = Adventure, comedy, drama, fantasy, science fiction |writer = Yuniko Ayana |director = Kiyotaka Oshiyama |studio = Studio 3Hz |country = Japan |language = Japanese |num_episodes = 13 |runtime = 24 minutes |first_aired = October 6, 2016 |last_aired = December 29, 2016 }} '''Flip Flappers''' (フリップフラッパーズ) is a Japanese anime television series.<ref name="ref1" /> It was made by Studio 3Hz and directed by Kiyotaka Oshiyama.<ref name="ref1" /> The series was written by Yuniko Ayana.<ref name="ref2" /> It has 13 episodes.<ref name="ref1" /> It first aired in Japan from October 6, 2016 to December 29, 2016, on Tokyo MX, AT-X, BS Fuji, and Sun TV.<ref name="ref1" /> In North America, the series is licensed by Sentai Filmworks,<ref name="ref8" /> and it streamed on Crunchyroll and other services.<ref name="ref1" /> An English dub was released in 2018.<ref name="ref9" /> The opening theme song is "Serendipity" by ZAQ. The ending theme song is "FLIP FLAP FLIP FLAP" by TO-MAS feat. Chima.<ref name="ref3" /> == Plot == Cocona is a cautious second-year middle school student who cannot decide what she wants to do in the future.<ref name="ref4" /> One day, she meets Papika, an energetic and mysterious girl.<ref name="ref4" /> Papika takes Cocona into a parallel dimension called "Pure Illusion," where many different and strange worlds exist.<ref name="ref4" /> The two girls join an organization called Flip Flap and travel through Pure Illusion together, looking for pieces of a wish-granting crystal called the "Shard of Mimi."<ref name="ref4" /> A rival organization called Asclepius is also searching for the same fragments.<ref name="ref4" /> As Cocona and Papika visit more worlds, they learn more about themselves, each other, and the truth behind Pure Illusion.<ref name="ref4" /> == Cast and characters == * '''Papika''' – An energetic and cheerful girl who belongs to Flip Flap. She suddenly appears in front of Cocona and pulls her into Pure Illusion. She is usually bright and active, but her fearless personality sometimes causes trouble.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Cocona''' – A second-year middle school student who lives with her grandmother. She is a serious and careful class representative who finds it hard to try new things.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Yayaka''' – Cocona's childhood friend and classmate. She has a cool, strong-minded personality and works for the rival group Asclepius.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Salt''' – A man with sunglasses who is collecting the Shards of Mimi. His expression is hard to read. He belongs to Flip Flap.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Toto''' – A mysterious elementary school student who works for Asclepius. He is Yuyu's twin brother.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Yuyu''' – A mysterious elementary school student who works for Asclepius. She is Toto's twin sister.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Hidaka''' – A scientist studying the Shards of Mimi. He created the robot TT-392 and other inventions. He belongs to Flip Flap.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Sayuri''' – An operator at Flip Flap who is often troubled by Hidaka's strange inventions.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''TT-392''' – A robot made by Hidaka. Despite its appearance, it has many functions, though Papika often orders it around.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Uexküll''' – Cocona's pet, which can grow and shrink and make many different faces. It likes small spaces.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Iroha (often called Senpai)''' – A third-year student at Cocona's school and a member of the art club.<ref name="ref5" /> * '''Nyunyu''' – The third amorphous child to appear.<ref name="ref5" /> == Episodes == {| class="wikitable" |- ! No. ! Title ! Original air date ! Summary |- | 1 | "Pure Input" (ピュアインプット) | October 6, 2016 | Cocona, who cannot decide on a future career, meets a strange girl named Papika, who takes her to a snowy world called Pure Illusion.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 2 | "Pure Converter" (ピュアコンバータ) | October 13, 2016 | Papika transfers into Cocona's class and keeps asking her to return to Pure Illusion. The girls follow Cocona's runaway pet into a new world.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 3 | "Pure XLR" (ピュアXLR) | October 20, 2016 | Cocona and Papika travel to a desert world and are separated. Papika is helped by villagers before a masked stranger appears.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 4 | "Pure Equalization" (ピュアイコライゼーション) | October 27, 2016 | Told that their unstable transformations come from not understanding each other, Cocona and Papika are ordered to live together.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 5 | "Pure Echo" (ピュアエコー) | November 3, 2016 | The girls enter a world based on a girls' school, where every day repeats itself.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 6 | "Pure Play" (ピュアプレイ) | November 10, 2016 | While competing with Yayaka, Toto, and Yuyu for a fragment, Cocona and Papika find a new entrance in Pure Illusion and begin reliving someone else's memories.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 7 | "Pure Component" (ピュアコンポーネント) | November 17, 2016 | Cocona wonders whether what happened in Pure Illusion was really her senpai's past, and begins to hesitate about returning there.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 8 | "Pure Breaker" (ピュアブレーカー) | November 24, 2016 | A city under attack by monsters is defended by two robots that combine into one, and Papika and Cocona must Flip Flap to help.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 9 | "Pure Mute" (ピュアミュート) | December 1, 2016 | A third amorphous child, Nyunyu, appears, and Cocona is caught in a trap along with Toto and Yuyu.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 10 | "Pure Jitter" (ピュアジッター) | December 8, 2016 | As the truth behind earlier research on Pure Illusion begins to surface, Asclepius attacks the Flip Flap base and Cocona and Papika are separated.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 11 | "Pure Storage" (ピュアストレージ) | December 15, 2016 | The last fragments gather around Cocona, and Mimi, who is said to protect her, appears with power greater than expected.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 12 | "Pure Howling" (ピュアハウリング) | December 22, 2016 | Mimi shuts herself away inside Pure Illusion, and Papika and Yayaka try to reach Cocona through her defensive traps.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |- | 13 | "Pure Audio" (ピュアオーディオ) | December 29, 2016 | In the final episode, Cocona and Papika face Mimi together to bring the story to its conclusion.<ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref4" /> |} == Production == ''Flip Flappers'' was Kiyotaka Oshiyama's first work as a series director.<ref name="ref2" /> He had earlier worked as an animator on shows such as ''Space Dandy'' and ''Den-noh Coil.''<ref name="ref2" /> Takashi Kojima designed the characters and served as chief animation director, and tanu created the concept art.<ref name="ref2" /> The series was produced by Infinite, with Takayuki Nagatani as producer, and animated by Studio 3Hz, a studio that had previously made ''Celestial Method.''<ref name="ref2" /> Staff, cast, and other credits are listed on the official website.<ref name="ref6" /> == Release == ''Flip Flappers'' aired weekly in Japan starting October 6, 2016.<ref name="ref1" /> Outside Japan, the series was simulcast by Crunchyroll, the Anime Network, and Viewster, and later streamed on HIDIVE.<ref name="ref1" /> Sentai Filmworks licensed the series for North America<ref name="ref8" /> and released it on six Blu-ray and DVD volumes between January and June 2017.<ref name="ref7" /> A complete collection on Blu-ray Disc, including a limited premium edition, was released in North America on February 27, 2018.<ref name="ref10" /> An English dub, directed by John Swasey, was also produced and began streaming on HIDIVE in February 2018.<ref name="ref9" /> MVM Films released the series in the United Kingdom.<ref name="ref1" /> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |title=Flip Flappers (TV) |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=18177 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web |title=Studio 3Hz's Flip Flappers October TV Anime Revealed |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-25/studio-3hz-flip-flappers-october-tv-anime-revealed/.100249 |date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{Cite web |title=News |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/news/ |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref4">{{Cite web |title=Story |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/story/story.html |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref5">{{Cite web |title=Character |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/character/ |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref6">{{Cite web |title=Staff & Cast |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/staff_cast/ |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref7">{{Cite web |title=Blu-ray & DVD |website=Flip Flappers official website |url=http://www.flipflappers.com/bluray/ |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref8">{{Cite web |title=Sentai Filmworks Licenses Flip Flappers Anime |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-09-28/sentai-filmworks-licenses-flip-flappers-anime/.107012 |date=2016-09-28 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref9">{{Cite web |title=Flip Flappers English Dub Launches on HIDIVE |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-02-16/flip-flappers-english-dub-launches-on-hidive/.127901 |date=2018-02-16 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref10">{{Cite web |title=Section23 Films Announces February Slate |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2017-10-20/section23-films-announces-february-slate/.122963 |date=2017-10-20 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> <ref name="ref11">{{Cite web |title=Flip Flappers (TV) episode titles |website=Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=18177&page=25 |access-date=2026-08-19 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Anime television series]] [[Category:Japanese television series]] [[Category:Japanese-language television programs]] nnji4rrp27m4dffhmm5zwsujhmyx0e4 3 1279709 10967304 2026-08-19T07:23:49Z Hockeycatcat 1070632 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Columns in 30 minutes or less]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967304 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Columns in 30 minutes or less== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Columns in 30 minutes or less]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Columns in 30 minutes or less}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Hockeycatcat|Hockeycatcat]] ([[User talk:Hockeycatcat|talk]]) <small>([[Special:Contributions/Hockeycatcat|changes]])</small> 07:23, 19 August 2026 (UTC) oxhk6ha0eqxnwv4xwl62ojfxhwlttsk 0 1279713 10967334 2026-08-19T08:13:08Z ~2026-44268-24 1854323 Created page with "{{Infobox song | name = Sweet Harmony | cover = | alt = | border = yes | type = single | artist = [[The Beloved (band)|the Beloved]] | album = [[Conscience (The Beloved album)|Conscience]] | B-side = Motivation | released = {{start date|1993|1|11|df=y}} | recorded = | studio = [[Sarm West Studios|Sarm West]] (London, England) | genre = * [[Electronica]] * [[House music|house]] * [[synth-pop]] | length..." 10967334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Sweet Harmony | cover = | alt = | border = yes | type = single | artist = [[The Beloved (band)|the Beloved]] | album = [[Conscience (The Beloved album)|Conscience]] | B-side = Motivation | released = {{start date|1993|1|11|df=y}} | recorded = | studio = [[Sarm West Studios|Sarm West]] (London, England) | genre = * [[Electronica]] * [[House music|house]] * [[synth-pop]] | length = 5:02 | label = [[East West Records|EastWest]] | writer = * Jon Marsh * Helena Marsh | producer = * Jon Marsh * Helena Marsh | prev_title = [[It's Alright Now]] | prev_year = 1990 | next_title = Celebrate Your Life | next_title2 = You've Got Me Thinking | next_year = 1993 | misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|rP9Z5Pc8cRM|"Sweet Harmony"}}}} }} "'''Sweet Harmony'''" is a 1993 song by [[The Beloved (band)|The Beloved]] and is the leading single from their second studio album ''[[Conscience (The Beloved album)|Conscience]]''. It went to number 8 in the United Kingdom, number 6 in Switzerland, number 7 in Italy and Greece, number 24 in Iceland, number 14 in Ireland and Sweden, number 16 in France and number 21 in the Netherlands. ==Track listings== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * '''7-inch single''' # "Sweet Harmony" — 5:02 # "Motivation" (Energised) * '''12-inch single''' # "Sweet Harmony" (Live The Dream Mix) — 7:15 # "Sweet Harmony" — 5:02 # "Motivation" (Empathised) — 6:44 # "Sweet Harmony" (Fertility Dance Mix) — 5:56 * '''CD single''' # "Sweet Harmony" — 5:02 # "Motivation" (Energised) {{col-2}} * '''CD maxi''' # "Sweet Harmony" — 5:04 # "Sweet Harmony" (Live The Dream Mix) — 7:15 # "Motivation" (Exercised) — 7:11 # "Sweet Harmony" (Love The Dub Mix) — 5:14 * '''EP''' * For the 7-track "Sweet Harmony" [[extended play|EP]], see the ''[[Conscience (The Beloved album)|Conscience]]'' [[record album|album]]. {{col-end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{The Beloved}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:1993 songs]] [[Category:Synth-pop songs]] [[Category:The Beloved (band) songs]] dy3eqrq3lhxnj7tl50xmjxbb1o4xby3 10 1279714 10967335 2026-08-19T08:13:34Z ~2026-44268-24 1854323 Created page with "{{Navbox musical artist | name = The Beloved | title = [[The Beloved (band)|The Beloved]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = group_or_band | group1 = Studio albums | list1 = * ''[[Where It Is]]'' * ''[[Happiness (The Beloved album)|Happiness]]'' * ''[[Conscience (The Beloved album)|Conscience]]'' | group2 = Remix albums | list2 = * ''[[Blissed Out (The Beloved album)|Blissed Out]]'' | group3 = Singles | list3 = * "Your Love Tak..." 10967335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | name = The Beloved | title = [[The Beloved (band)|The Beloved]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = group_or_band | group1 = Studio albums | list1 = * ''[[Where It Is]]'' * ''[[Happiness (The Beloved album)|Happiness]]'' * ''[[Conscience (The Beloved album)|Conscience]]'' | group2 = Remix albums | list2 = * ''[[Blissed Out (The Beloved album)|Blissed Out]]'' | group3 = Singles | list3 = * "[[Your Love Takes Me Higher]]" * "[[The Sun Rising (song)|The Sun Rising]]" * "[[Hello (The Beloved song)|Hello]]" * "[[Time After Time (The Beloved song)|Time After Time]]" * "[[It's Alright Now]]" * "[[Sweet Harmony (The Beloved song)|Sweet Harmony]]" * "[[Satellite (The Beloved song)|Satellite]]" * "[[Deliver Me (song)|Deliver Me]]" | group4 = Related articles | list4 = * [[The Beloved (band)#Discography|Discography]] }}<noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:Beloved, The}} {{collapsible option}} [[Category:United Kingdom musical group navigational boxes]] </noinclude> oubf5vokdh2ve3x93rwoj6u6d4dbpj3 0 1279718 10967380 2026-08-19T09:35:15Z ~2026-45403-09 1857836 Created page with "[[File:Citroen Osee.jpg|thumb|Citroën Osèe ]] The '''Citroën Osèe''' is a [[Concept car|concept]] [[Coupé|coupe]] presented in [[2001]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Citroën Osée|url=http://www.citroenet.org.uk/prototypes/osee/osee.html|access-date=2026-08-19|website=www.citroenet.org.uk}}</ref>. Designed by [[Pininfarina]], the Osèe was available with a 3.0-[[Litre|liter]] [[V6 engine|V6]]. It had a 5-speed [[ZF transmission|ZF]] [[Transmission|automatic transmission]],..." 10967380 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Citroen Osee.jpg|thumb|Citroën Osèe ]] The '''Citroën Osèe''' is a [[Concept car|concept]] [[Coupé|coupe]] presented in [[2001]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Citroën Osée|url=http://www.citroenet.org.uk/prototypes/osee/osee.html|access-date=2026-08-19|website=www.citroenet.org.uk}}</ref>. Designed by [[Pininfarina]], the Osèe was available with a 3.0-[[Litre|liter]] [[V6 engine|V6]]. It had a 5-speed [[ZF transmission|ZF]] [[Transmission|automatic transmission]], [[rear-wheel drive]], and a [[mid-mounted engine]]. The only [[engine]] offered was the 200 [[Horsepower|hp]] (149 [[Watt|kW]]) with 267 [[Newton (unit)|Nm]] at 6,000 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]]. It has 3 [[Seat|seats]], but above all it's a gateway: [[canopy doors]]. The Osèe doesn't have a [[Rear-view mirror|rearview mirror]], just an interior [[camera]]. The design is inspired by the [[Matra Bagheeria]]. The rearview screen is [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] type, positioned behind the [[steering wheel]]. == References == {{Commons category-inline|Citroën Osèe}} t2mbhggfsgqvlb3cwqd19ql61mmkdez 10967381 10967380 2026-08-19T09:37:24Z ~2026-45403-09 1857836 10967381 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Citroen Osee.jpg|thumb|Citroën Osèe ]] The '''Citroën Osèe''' is a [[Concept car|concept]] [[Coupé|coupe]] presented in [[2001]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Citroën Osée|url=http://www.citroenet.org.uk/prototypes/osee/osee.html|access-date=2026-08-19|website=www.citroenet.org.uk}}</ref>. Designed by [[Pininfarina]], the Osèe was available with a 3.0-[[Litre|liter]] [[V6 engine|V6]]. It had a 5-speed [[ZF transmission|ZF]] [[Transmission|automatic transmission]], [[rear-wheel drive]], and a [[mid-mounted engine]]. The only [[engine]] offered was the 200 [[Horsepower|hp]] (149 [[Watt|kW]]) with 267 [[Newton (unit)|Nm]] at 6,000 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]]. It has 3 [[Seat|seats]], but above all it's a gateway: [[canopy doors]]. The Osèe doesn't have a [[Rear-view mirror|rearview mirror]], just an interior [[camera]]. The design is inspired by the [[Matra Bagheeria]]. The rearview screen is [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] type, positioned behind the [[steering wheel]]. == References == {{Commons category-inline|Citroën Osée}} llha1u0vfzj0eejo262f6u502poc6yh 10967417 10967381 2026-08-19T11:36:42Z WalnutBloom 1773816 Copyediting; moved Commons category inline into new 'External links' section. 10967417 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Citroen Osee.jpg|thumb|Citroën Osèe]] The '''Citroën Osèe''' is a [[Concept car|concept]] [[Coupé|coupe]] presented in [[2001]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Citroën Osée|url=http://www.citroenet.org.uk/prototypes/osee/osee.html|access-date=2026-08-19|website=www.citroenet.org.uk}}</ref> Designed by [[Pininfarina]], the Osèe was available with a 3.0-[[Litre|liter]] [[V6 engine|V6]]. It has a 5-speed [[ZF transmission|ZF]] [[Transmission|automatic transmission]], [[rear-wheel drive]], and a [[mid-mounted engine]]. The only [[engine]] offered was the 200 [[Horsepower|hp]] (149 [[Watt|kW]]) with 267 [[Newton (unit)|Nm]] at 6,000 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]]. It has 3 [[Seat|seats]], but above all it's a gateway: [[canopy doors]]. The Osèe does not have a [[Rear-view mirror|rearview mirror]]. It only has an interior [[camera]]. The design is inspired by the [[Matra Bagheeria]]. The rearview screen is a [[liquid crystal display]] (LCD) screen. It is behind the [[steering wheel]]. == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == *{{Commons category-inline|Citroën Osée}} 8jqnsuyfg6nlhezd5tuwd3h1gccoa0g 0 1279719 10967390 2026-08-19T10:12:29Z Greenock125 652309 Redirected page to [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest]] 10967390 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest]] twfdypa4saawixt9649gk8j4x051m6r 10967391 10967390 2026-08-19T10:12:41Z Greenock125 652309 Removed redirect to [[Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest]] 10967391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Alyona Alyona | native_name = {{Nobold|Альона Альона}} | image = Alyona alyona.jpg | caption = Alyona in 2025 | birth_name = Aliona Olehivna Savranenko | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|6|14|df=yes}} | birth_place = Kapitanivka, [[Kirovohrad Oblast]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], USSR | genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop|Ukrainian hip hop]]|[[pop music|pop]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|Singer|Songwriter}} | years_active = 2018–present | label = [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] }} '''Aliona Olehivna Savranenko''' (born 14 June 1991), better known as '''Alyona Alyona''', is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rapper, singer, and songwriter. She represented {{ill|Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024|en|lt=Ukraine}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2024]], in a duet with [[Jerry Heil]] with "{{ill|Teresa & Maria|en}}", the song finished 2nd in the first semi-final with 173 points and 3rd in the grand final with 453 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/malmo-2024/|title=Malmö 2024|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col"| Title ! scope="col"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Pushka'' | * Released: 8 April 2019 * Label: Hitwonder * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] |- ! scope="row"| ''V khati MA'' | * Released: 25 November 2019 * Label: Hitwonder * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''Galas'' | * Released: 16 April 2021 * Label: Come True GmbH, [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''Lava'' | * Released: 10 December 2021 * Label: [[Columbia Records]], ENKO * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''Naymuzychnisha yalynka krayiny'' | * Released: 5 December 2025 * Label: ENKO * Formats: Digital download, streaming |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col"| Title ! scope="col"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Dai Boh''<br/><small>(with [[Jerry Heil]])</small> | * Released: 26 August 2022 * Label: Columbia Records, ENKO * Formats: Digital download, streaming |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] ivegvbn6dfb3jppy8zl92g9ksc5o5uq 10967405 10967391 2026-08-19T10:36:07Z Greenock125 652309 10967405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Alyona Alyona | native_name = {{Nobold|Альона Альона}} | image = Alyona alyona.jpg | caption = Alyona in 2025 | birth_name = Aliona Olehivna Savranenko | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|6|14|df=yes}} | birth_place = Kapitanivka, [[Kirovohrad Oblast]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], USSR | genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop|Ukrainian hip hop]]|[[pop music|pop]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|Singer|Songwriter}} | years_active = 2018–present | label = [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] }} '''Aliona Olehivna Savranenko''' (born 14 June 1991), better known as '''Alyona Alyona''', is a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rapper, singer, and songwriter. She represented {{ill|Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024|en|lt=Ukraine}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2024]], in a duet with [[Jerry Heil]] with "{{ill|Teresa & Maria|en}}", the song finished 2nd in the first semi-final with 173 points and 3rd in the grand final with 453 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/malmo-2024/|title=Malmö 2024|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col"| Title ! scope="col"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Pushka'' | * Released: 8 April 2019 * Label: Hitwonder * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] |- ! scope="row"| ''V khati MA'' | * Released: 25 November 2019 * Label: Hitwonder * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''Galas'' | * Released: 16 April 2021 * Label: Come True GmbH, [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''Lava'' | * Released: 10 December 2021 * Label: [[Columbia Records]], ENKO * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''Naymuzychnisha yalynka krayiny'' | * Released: 5 December 2025 * Label: ENKO * Formats: Digital download, streaming |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col"| Title ! scope="col"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Dai Boh''<br/><small>(with [[Jerry Heil]])</small> | * Released: 26 August 2022 * Label: Columbia Records, ENKO * Formats: Digital download, streaming |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ukraine|UKR<br>Air.]]<br/><ref name="UKR">{{cite web|url=https://tophit.com/ua/artist/19780-alyona%20alyona|title=alyona alyona|website=TopHit|language=uk}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alyona+Alyona|title=Discographie Alyona Alyona|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/alyona-alyona/|title=Alyona Alyona|publisher={{ill|Musiikkituottajat|en}}|website=ifpi.fi|language=fi}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alyona+Alyona|title=Discography Alyona Alyona|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s20-3/|title=2024 20-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|language=lt|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|date=17 May 2024}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alyona+Alyona|title=Discografie Alyona Alyona|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sverigetopplistan.se/search/?query=Alyona+Alyona|title=Alyona Alyona (Swedish Chart History)|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alyona+Alyona|title=Discographie Alyona Alyona|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/alyona-alyonajerry-heil/|title=Alyona Alyona/Jerry Heil songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|website=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard (magazine)|WW<br/>Excl. US]]<br/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-excl-us/2024-05-25/|title=''Billboard'' Global Excl. US: Week of May 25, 2024|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Rybky" | rowspan="2"| 2018 | 104 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Holovy" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''Pushka'' |- ! scope="row"| "Jak by ja bula ne ja" | rowspan="4"| 2019 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Litak" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Pushka" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mrija"<br/><small>(with Brosko)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Stershenʹ (Own Core)"<br/><small>(with [[Kalush (rap group)|Kalush]], {{ill|Otoy|uk|OTOY}}, {{ill|Bilyy Bo|uk|Білий Бо}}, {{ill|Shersen|uk|Шершень (репер)}}, Dyktor & Djadja Vova)</small> | rowspan="2"| 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Galas'' |- ! scope="row"| "Dancer"<br/><small>(with [[Vladimir Cauchemar]])</small> | 70 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="5" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Tvij denʹ (Z k/f najkrashchi vykhidni)"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Onuka (band)|en|lt=Onuka}}, {{ill|Artem Pyvovarov|en}}, and [[Julia Sanina]])</small> | rowspan="11"| 2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ridni moji"<br/><small>(featuring [[Jerry Heil]])</small> | 7 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Chomu?"<br/><small>(featuring Jerry Heil)</small> | 54 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Kupala"<br/><small>(featuring Jerry Heil and ela.)</small> | 14 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Dolja"<br/><small>(with Krechet)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Ukrajinofikacija'' |- ! scope="row"| "Viter viie"<br/><small>(with Jerry Heil and {{ill|Gedz|pl}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3"| ''Dai Boh'' |- ! scope="row"| "Dai Boh"<br/><small>(with Jerry Heil and [[Monika Liu]])</small> | 190 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Zozulia"<br/><small>(with Jerry Heil and Ginger Mane)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ljuli, ljuli"<br/><small>(with Artem Pyvovarov)</small> | 195 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Posmakuj"<br/><small>(with Jerry Heil and {{ill|Trill Pem|pl}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ekzamen"<br/><small>(with Jerry Heil)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Palaj"<br/><small>(with Santorin)</small> | rowspan="3"| 2023 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Shto ya?'' |- ! scope="row"| "Nebo khylytʹsja"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Kola (singer)|en|lt=Kola}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Shchedra nich"<br/><small>(with Kola and Jerry Heil)</small> | 91 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Teresa & Maria|en}}"<br/><small>(with Jerry Heil)</small> | rowspan="6"| 2024 | 1 || 38 || 14 || 55 || 2 || 68 || 30 || 18 || 100 || 130 | ''Maria'' |- ! scope="row"| "Podolyanochka (Get Up)"<br/><small>(with Jerry Heil)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="10" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Tato" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Moye pokolinnya"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Pavlo Vyshebaba|en|lt=Vyshebaba}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Til'ky v tvoyikh obiymakh"<br/><small>(with Kler)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "A shcho bude" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Dvi dushi" | rowspan="11"| 2025 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Zaprosi mene"<br/><small>(with Kler)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Tam, de nemaye lyudey" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "A khto kheytytʹ" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mriy smilyvo"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Svitlana Tarabarova|en}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Lety"<br/><small>(with Skylerr)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2"| ''Naymuzychnisha yalynka krayiny'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ne skhozhi"<br/><small>(with [[Melovin]])</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Stantsiya osin'"<br/><small>(with Steblyuk)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Tam, de zhyve lyubov"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Maksym Borodin|uk|Бородін Максим Леонідович}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3"| ''Naymuzychnisha yalynka krayiny'' |- ! scope="row"| "Z ponedilka"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Sugar (singer)|en|lt=Sugar}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Hosti"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Fiïnka|en}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Bat'kam" | rowspan="5"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="5" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sumno meni" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "My zalyshymos' lyud'my" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Vesnyanka"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Ivanka Chervinska|uk|Іванка Червінська}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Smereky oseni ne znayut'"<br/><small>(with Stepan Hiha Jr.)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] atwhh2yr085jsoaspuuvzoi36h37h9u 3 1279720 10967400 2026-08-19T10:24:54Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Only warning: Vandalism. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967400 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''only warning''' you will get for the bad changes you made. If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-vandalism4im --> ''Please stop adding yourself to name articles at different wiki projects. '' [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:24, 19 August 2026 (UTC) b37njlpk8xrbd9l7d56lmr38eufsfed 0 1279721 10967404 2026-08-19T10:35:36Z ~2026-45523-23 1857927 Redirect to FIFA World Cup. 10967404 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[FIFA World Cup]] aupvkkf5t7tb3i8ckl59rn9uj1yysoz 3 1279722 10967415 2026-08-19T10:52:05Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 General note: Adding spam links on [[Personal injury lawyer]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10967415 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|left]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Personal injury lawyer]]", seemed to be [[WP:SPAM|advertising another website]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|Wikipedia is not]] a place to [[advertising|advertise]]. You are, however, [[m:When should I link externally|encouraged to add information instead of links]] to the encyclopedia. If you think the links you recently added should be added to an article, please discuss this on an article's talk page. See the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thanks.<!-- Template:Uw-spam1 --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:52, 19 August 2026 (UTC) eka0fmsxoqgn2a8eyxi0g7eplg5ndj0